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Ken Yeang (6 October 1948) is an architect, ecologist, planner and author from Malaysia, best known for his ecological architecture and ecomasterplans that have a distinctive green aesthetic. He pioneered an ecology-based architecture (since 1971), working on the theory and practice of sustainable design. The Guardian newspaper (2008) named him "one of the 50 people who could save the planet". Yeang's headquarters is in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) as Hamzah & Yeang, with offices in London (UK) as Llewelyn Davies Ken Yeang Ltd. and Beijing (China) as North Hamzah Yeang Architectural and Engineering Company.
Get original essayEco-design is designing in such a way that the human built environment or our design system integrates benignly and seamlessly with the natural environment. We have to look at it not just as designing a building as an independent object in the city or in the site where it's located. We have to look at it in the context of the characteristics of the site in which it's located, the ecological features and we have to integrate with it physically, systemically and temporally.
Can the work you do be used to improve the ecology of current buildings?
Yes. We shouldn't just look at new buildings but at existing stock building because that's an even greater problem than the new buildings being built. The renovation of existing buildings and making them green is just as important as designing new green buildings.
Back to Top The ecological system theory was formulated by psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner. According to the Ecological Systems theory human development is influenced by the different environmental systems. The ecological system theory explains the difference in behavior of human beings in different environments. This theory believed that the development of human beings was affected by their surrounding environment.
This theory divided our surroundings into five different levels:
Microsystem: The system in which person is in closest proximity or they have direct contact system such as home, work place, school, daycare etc. Such systems include family, peers, classmates, teachers, neighbors or caregivers.
Mesosystem: It is next ecological system which consists of the interactions between the different parts of microsystem of person. The Micro systems of a person is always interconnected and assert influence upon one another. For example, parents neglect their child; he may have a low chance of developing positive attitude towards others like his friends or teachers.
Exosystem: In this setting, there is a connection between the context in which person does not have any active role and the context in which he is actively participating. For example; a child is more attached to his father and father goes outstation for some time, than there possibilities. Either there may be a conflict between the mother and the child's relationship, or it may result to a positive relation between the mother and the child.
Macrosystem: This system encompass with the cultural environment of people. It connects other systems with people.
Chronosystem: It includes the life transitions and shifts such as divorce affects the couple's relationship
There is some of the ways we could make these buildings environmentally friendly, is just common sense. Better use of space, improving the insulation, getting more daylight into the buildings, reducing the energy consumption of the air conditioning and heating systems, making sure that the internal air quality is good, that we have increased natural ventilation opportunities in the mid seasons. *Another process that we should imitate is that in nature the only source of energy is from the sun. So in ecological systems everything comes from the sun through the process of photosynthesis whereas now in human built environment our source of energy is from fossil fuels, renewable, wood energy or hydro-energy but it is not from the sun. So until we are able to operate and run a human built environment by imitating photosynthesis it will be a long while before we can have a true eco-system.
Today more than half of the population of the world lives r in cities. This momentous shift from rural to urban living poses numerous challenges that have led to an increasing emphasis on issues of sustainability.
The high population density and the dependence on industrial and commercial productivity found in cities results in massive consumption of resources and acute pollution. Ecologically, natural habitats are either disfigured or destroyed by urban development
Some of the best meals we’ve ever had have come from quaint little “mom & and pop” restaurants, many of them offering a variety of ethnic foods. They may not be big chain franchises but they make up for it with nostalgia and good food. One of the negatives of these dining establishments is that nutrition details will probably be much harder to come by. There are still plenty of options for making meals low-carb, they just won’t be as easily accessible on the menu. If you find you are having trouble putting together a low-carb meal, it’s never wrong to politely ask an establishment how some of their menu items are prepared. Here are some tips of how to make some of these ethnic and generic restaurant foods more Keto friendly.
Get original essayWhenever we think “Italian food”, we immediately imagine pasta, bread, pizza, cheese, more bread...so, essentially, carb heaven! Italian food is easily a favorite for many people, and initially, it may seem that low-carb choices will be impossible to find. Thankfully, that is not the case.
Pasta and pizza are very much staples in Italian food restaurants here in America and a big part of these dishes are the toppings, which usually consist of good meats and healthy veggies. Try ordering a pasta or pizza meal but ask for the topping to go over lettuce. If you can, make sure the vegetables are cooked in olive oil, or even butter, if it’s full fat. Grass fed is preferable but not always attainable. Opt for straight olive oil and vinegar for the dressing, unless you’ve confirmed that their ranch or Caesar does not have excess amounts of sugar, especially if it’s house-made.
Grilled chicken, beef, or fish will also most likely be on the menu, you’ll just have to forgo carb-loaded sides and sauces. Pesto is an option to spread over chicken, but use sparingly because of the pine nuts.
Antipasto (“before meal”) platters are often available for appetizers. These plates usually consist of meats, vegetables, and sometimes seafood, all of which are excellent low-carb options.
Soups can be a good Keto meal as well, as long as they are made with thinner broths rather than thicker “chowder” bases. Chowders often need starch and/or flour to make them thicken which will knock you out of ketosis very quickly. Steer clear of soups with pasta, beans, or gnocchi in them as well.
Mexican cuisine is delicious and exciting, but much of it includes beans and rice in a variety of forms witch is not conducive to staying in ketosis. Requesting meals without the rice and beans will immediately lower the carb count.
You can get just about any meal that comes in a tortilla either on the side or over a bed of shredded lettuce. Cheese, full fat sour cream, red salsas, and avocado are all Keto approved. Watch out for the additives in guacamole. If you would rather have that over plain avocado slices, be sure to ask what the ingredients are.
Any meat that is grilled is fine and you can even request it over fajita-grilled vegetables rather than inside a tortilla. Sides such as ceviche and pico de gallo are also options for spicing up your modified meal.
A lot of Japanese and sushi dishes already cater to low-carb diets with little to no modification. Granted, sushi does come with rice so sashimi is a better choice. Avoid edamame as well; ½ a cup of those little guys easily reaches 9-10g net carbs!
Miso soup is a good low-carb choice. It is a good Keto friendly starter and will help fill you up if you find you have limited Keto options. Some Japanese restaurants have a dish called Konjac Ramen, which is one of the few noodle-type dishes that will be low-carb enough for your diet. The noodles are made out of the root of the elephant yam and the single serving size only comes to about 2-3g net carbs. Granted, there are other toppings on ramen bowls, so you will have to be conscientious about the other ingredients to keep it low carb.
As with the other restaurants, grilled meats are always a good choice provided they are not covered in any kind of sauce. Non-seafood options at sushi restaurants often consist of either beef or chicken teriyaki bowls. You could modify these by getting the sauce on the side and forgoing the rice.
Indian cuisine might be a bit more difficult to get low-carb options for. While the spices are very good, many of the dishes come with sauces and unless you’re making it yourself, it could be difficult to find any without sugars or flours used to thicken them. Try to order meat dishes, with little to no sauce if possible, and always skip the naan and rice.
Tandoori chicken can be a good choice; just keep in mind tandoori marinade usually contains yogurt, a lot of which is not very low-carb. Also, any kind of kabobs with meat and veggies are good as long as the meat is dry.
Once of the biggest carb hang-ups you’ll come across at a BBQ joint is the sauces. Asking for your baby back ribs with no sauce does seem like it defeats the purpose. But BBQ restaurants are all about the smoking and the seasoning as well. A well-seasoned dry rubbed steak or rack of ribs will be just as enjoyable without the sauce. If asking for no sauce seems like a big deal you can always request it on the side. Sadly, just about every version of a BBQ sauce will off limits due to the high amount of sugar, even in house-made sauces.
Also try to avoid pre-sauced dishes like pulled pork, barbecoa, or other shredded meats that are prepared in the sauce. Some southern BBQ places might use a sauce made with vinegar and mustard, which will be Keto friendly.
If you’re ordering wings, ask if there is a dry rub version (like they offer at Buffalo Wild Wings) or simply get them dry with buffalo sauce on the side. Pair them with ranch or blue cheese and celery sticks (try to avoid starchy carrots).
The same salad and side rules apply here as any other restaurant; steer clear of sweet, fruity dressings, hold the croutons, no breads or fried sides!
Sports bars will probably have similar choices to chains like Applebee’s, Chili’s, and Buffalo Wild Wings, with the exception of limited nutrition facts and few low carb choices on the menus. Still, the same concepts work for these non-chain restaurants.
If you’re hanging with friends watching the big game, it’s easy to just start munching whatever lands on the table while you watch. Order all of your own appetizers and entrees rather than sharing orders with others who don’t have the same diet requirements.
Steak is always a win, which will mostly likely be one of the options on the menu at a sports bar. The same goes for chicken, as long as it’s not breaded. Grilled fish, pork chops, and bunless burger are wise choices as well. Again, be mindful of sides and swap out dippable veggies like cucumbers and celery for the fries or potatoes.
Let’s face it…we all need vacations in our lives! Figuring out what to eat once you’re at your destination is one problem. What to eat along the way is another. Any long road trip or even time spent in an airport is going to require a pit stop of some kind. These stops are usually at stores with nothing but chips and candy…or so it seems. Even if there is no road trip involved, a quick trip to a 7/11 store to satisfy the “munchies” could be dangerous ground. Here are some quick, easy, and Keto friendly finds.
Yes, cheese is our friend; and a very low-carb, fulfilling snack for on the go. You can get mozzarella string cheese or even jack or cheddar cheeses that come in a similar form. Make sure they are full fat and limit yourself to one or two to keep carbs down.
Many convenience and gas station stores have small refrigerated sections where you can find great Keto options, like raw veggies. Try to pick celery or broccoli over carrots and get a ranch dressing packet to go with it. Steer clear of peanut butter and hummus.
Perhaps not every convenience store will have these, but bigger ones like Walgreens or 7/11 might. These are literally the perfect Keto snack and if the egg isn’t enough you could even pair it with the veggies.
You might also find some cold cuts in the refrigerated section. Take care to read the ingredients, however. Some may be packed with sugary or really high sodium extras. These would also go well with the veggies and boiled eggs.
Jerky is definitely an American staple! It is a great source of protein, and you can find it literally anywhere. Poultry jerkies will have less fat than beef, so go with the beef it you need to up your fat intake. Look at the ingredients before you buy it to make sure there aren’t any added sugars and get original rather than flavored, like teriyaki.
These suckers have been around forever and have taken the Keto world by storm! These are an excellent choice if you just need something to munch and you can even dip them in ranch or blue cheese if you need to.
Kale chips are a fairly new addition to the convenience store roster and not every establishment will have them. If you find a store along the way that sells them, you might want to stock up for the rest of your trip. They are also an excellent substitute for chips or pretzels and can effectively satisfy the need to munch.
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Get custom essayAny convenience store and most gas station stores will have a hot food section, with items like burritos, burgers, and hot dogs. The burgers will probably come already in the bun but the dogs are usually kept hot on their own. Grab one or two, skip the bun, add some mustard or ranch, and you have a Keto snack to go along with your veggies or kale chips.
Always Aim High and Think Big
Get original essayLimit only exist in the mind, never see anything as impossible because once your mind is set to achieve a certain goal, it doesn't matter if you're zero in your business today, never stop aiming and believing. Aim big, make plans that will turn out great of worked out, believe in God and believe in yourself. When you start people will laugh at you but never allow that stop you from pursuing. No great man made it one day but it was as a sum of daily sweet and some failure, then the victory comes. Have genuine friends who are always ready to stand by you and render help in time of need.
Pride
Like the saying goes Pride comes before fall endeavor to stay humble when success comes. After years of struggle and climbing, you're finally there, you're known for your services, you become an important person, those who looked down on you and mocked you are now trying to come closer. In this point remain humble as you have been from the onset, don't let the new phase of life you're in take control of you. Now people will praise you too much even when you've done nothing, don't let this get to your head and at this point, your inner circle has to be very small, keep a low profile and keep working hard. If you fail after attaining success, you'll know that those people who were praising you then were only waiting for your downfall to crush you.
There is No Shortcut to Success Except Hard Work
In the business world or I'll say on life, no matter how good you plan, failures are bound to happen. In business, as u grow in business failures are bound to happen so be prepared to face it. He who never failed have never tried, there is no short cut to success. You need to work physically and mentally in the initial stage of your business to make the foundation strong. Never look for short cuts, it might work at the beginning but I can bet you it never last.
True Leadership
A successful entrepreneur needs to have the qualities of a good leader, empowering others to create more leaders. When you have the leadership qualities, massive success will come to you. Have multiple skills, technical and marketing strategies, empower them on others and see the outcome of that.
Write Down the Worst That Can Happen to You
Have you ever sat and imagined the worse situation you could ever face in your business? You can try that, it helps you make a better plan for your business and execute them after thorough thinking. We always hope for the best but expect the worse. If you have not faced huge crisis in life, there will be a limit to which you can grow to. The biggest education is not what we learn in school but what reality teaches us.
The best is yet to come.
Game theory is a mathematical technique used to interpret the behaviour of interdependent decision makers who use strategic behaviour. It assumes that players are rational and that payoff matrices are predetermined and known to everyone. Most of these assumptions do not hold true in real life. Managers may be motivated by other factors when making strategic decisions like growth and revenue maximization or their corporate social responsibility. Additionally, it is hard to achieve complete information in real life which is when all players within the game are aware of the payoffs when they switch strategies.
Get original essayOne such game is based on the Prisoner’s Dilemma and it predicts that 2 oligopolistic firms who use strategic behaviour will always end up worse off due to their incentive to collude and then cheat. This has been historically accurate as seen through the U.S. Market for Automobiles in the 1950’s. Another such game is the Cournot Duopoly model which predicts that a duopoly produces more favourable market outcomes compared to a monopoly. It does this by having firms compete based on changes in quantities since ‘increasing prices would result in a decrease in market share’ (Ferguson, n.d.). This model is not easily testable, however its conclusions are considered accurate by economists.
This model can be improved by acknowledging the key information differences between players in order to make it more accurate. The model can also be improved by acknowledging that there can be multiple ideal equilibria or Nash equilibria for the player. This model has several implications for our understanding of oligopolistic firms. It explains why firms avoid non-price competition, why prices are considered to be rigid and why they face the incentive to collude. It can also be used to analyse how other large entities like governments from around the world work together for issues like international trade.
In this report, we will be having an in depth look into an economic model known as the game theory. This theory analyses your opponent’s reactions in order to help you make a decision to give you the most favourable result. Decisions taken by other players in the game can change the outcome for all the individuals involved and thus, can affect the outcome of the player. There are two different types of game theory, non-cooperative and cooperative. An example of non-cooperative game theory is the Nash Equilibrium, where no player has an incentive to change strategy, even if they know all the choices of their opponent (MBA Crystal Ball, n.d.). We will explore multiple examples of the Nash Equilibrium known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma and the Cournot Approach, and its implications for the study of economics.
Cooperative game theory is where players form groups and compete against other groups. This can be likened to cartels such as OPEC as this organisation works together to keep the supply of oil low between member states and therefore keep the price high to maximise profit. In this report we will discuss the fundamental elements of this theory and it’s real life applications as well as it’s flaws.
The key assumption of the game theory is that all players are rational in the sense that they all ‘strive to maximise their payoffs within the game’ (Economics Discussion, 2019). While this assumption may make the model confined in the real world, it is crucial to justify why players make the decisions they do. The next assumption is that there exists a ‘finite number of competitors and a set number of predetermined outcomes’ (Ferguson, n.d.). It is important that all of the outcomes can be foreseen before the game has begun. Players will try their best to maximise their win and will only make concessions when that increases their risk of winning. Lastly, all the players can adopt multiple strategies and everyone is aware of the different rules of the game
The assumption that all players act rationally does not hold in real life as individuals could make decisions based on impulse or emotions. For instance, an individual could reject investing in a football team that is more likely to win a competition and essentially give the best return at a lower risk in exchange for a team who they have supported since childhood. In cases of oligopolistic firms, managers may choose to overlook profit maximisation and instead base their decisions on other factors like growth maximisation, revenues and corporate social responsibility.
Next, the assumption that all outcomes can be foreseen before the game has begun is not realistic for multiple reasons. Firstly, in real life, unexpected events can always occur which would change the outcomes to the game. Secondly, ‘most firms will not have enough knowledge of their own payoffs, let alone those of their competitors’, hence, in cases like this, managers cannot make strategic decisions (Osak, 2010). Additionally, it is hard to achieve complete information in real life which is where ‘each player is aware of its opponent’s payoffs’ (Kovach, Gibson & Lamont, 2015). One player might have more information than another, so they may be in a more favourable position to make a strategic decision compared to its opponent.
The assumption that players will only make concessions when that increases their risk of winning holds true in real life. The TV game show “Golden Balls” is an example of this where in the final round the players have the option to split or steal the money. In a lot of cases, contestants are happy to share the prize as they would feel bad about themselves if they screw the other player over and take all the cash (Investopedia, 2019). Lastly, the assumption that players would be capable of adopting multiple strategies and change their prices in response to their competitors may be harder to accomplish in real life. This could be due to any legislation within the industry like price ceilings that may inhibit firms from raising their prices above a certain point.
The model is concerned with predicting the outcome of a game in which players are affected by the decisions of its opponents. One such example of this is the Prisoner’s Dilemma. This model predicts that ‘two rational decision makers who attempt to make themselves better off by using strategic behaviour always end up becoming worse off’(Tragakes, 2015).
Initially, both firms adopt a low price strategy where they earn profits of $20 million. They eventually realise that by colluding and adopting a high price strategy together, they can earn profits of $50 million. However, each firm now faces a dilemma: the incentive to cheat the agreement and enter a low price strategy in order to capture their opponent’s market share and increase profits to $70 million. Each firm also thinks that if they do not do it first, then their opponent will beat them to it. They both cut their prices, and profits reduce back to $20 million.
The game theory predicts that two firms who use strategic behaviour will always end up worse off due to their incentive to cheat, therefore it concludes that price competition between oligopolistic firms should be strongly avoided (Tragakes, 2015). This model also reveals the strategic interdependence that exists between oligopolies and their conflicting incentives to cheat or collude. Unfortunately, this prediction is not easily testable due to the inherent shortcomings of the game theory discussed previously. However, there have been cases which indicate that the conclusions of the Prisoner’s Dilemma have been accurate. In the 1950’s, GM, Ford and Chrysler dominated the U.S. Market for automobiles and colluded with one another when they introduced their own versions of small cars. During the 70’s, Chrysler continually introduced sustained increases in the price of its small cars which were meant to be followed by GM and Ford. However, in an attempt to capture some of Chrysler’s market share, GM increased their prices by a smaller margin than Chrysler. They were successful until Chrysler reduced their price to its original one. This shows how the conflicting incentives to cheat and collude due to the strategic interdependence between oligopolistic firms will always leave them worse off.
The Cournot Duopoly Model also uses game theory to predict that firms have within a duopoly market structure are more beneficial to society compared to monopolies as they produce greater quantities at lower prices. Suppose within an industry, there exist two firms who produce a homogenous product, who act strategically, do not collude and are completely rational. If any of these firms wants to increase their profit, they can do so by increasing prices. However, increasing profitability through higher prices results in a loss of market share which is why ‘Cournot’s approach attempts to maximise both market share and profits by defining optimum prices’ (Ferguson, n.d.). This price would be accepted by both firms, making it a Nash Equilibrium. Since this approach assumes that firms compete through changes in quantities, it predicts that this market structure is better able to produce socially optimal quantities of the good compared to monopolies.
While this model is not easily testable, its predictions are considered to be accurate because it is generally agreed upon by economists that from society’s point of view, monopolies the worst market structure. However, in real life, monopolies are either illegal or regulated by the government, so they may produce market outcomes more favourable than that of firms within a duopoly.
The word normative means to follow a set of rules in the context of your behaviour. The model does generate a few normative conclusions. The player should follow the option which is most likely to give them the better outcome, even if this means getting a lower reward but at a lower risk. Furthermore, by forming groups and conducting cooperative game theory, you should have a better chance of gaining a good result as you will be turning potential enemies into allies.
Improving the game theory would allow it to transcend some of the challenges it currently faces. By doing this, it can achieve or produce conclusions that would be more useful to different stakeholders within society. The game theory is used to answer how individuals behave in strategic situations when ‘opponents know very little about one another’ (Kovach, Gibson & Lamont, 2015). While many oligopolistic firms may fit this notion as they attempt to shield information from their rivals, this assumption may not always hold in the real life. In such cases, the game theory model becomes less accurate in ‘providing solutions for complex real-world conflicts as information differences exist between key players’ (Kovach, Gibson & Lamont, 2015). Hence, a way to improve the game theory would be to develop different game models for each player, in order to take into account ‘the differences in each player’s information, beliefs and understandings of the game’ (Kovach, Gibson & Lamont, 2015).
Another shortcoming of the game theory is that it assumes that players act strategically and always consider the competitors’ response to their actions. However, not every manager thinks in this mindset which ultimately invalidates its conclusions. Additionally, this model can only be effective when managers make sense of the expected positive and negative payoffs of their actions. In reality, this is difficult because ‘most firms will not have enough knowledge of their own payoffs, let alone those of their competitors’ (Osak, 2010). Unfortunately, these challenges are inherent to the nature of the model and there remains no way to improve it. This means there remains an increasing need ‘for empirical tests of these theories’, which are frankly impossible due to its highly simplified assumptions (Reinganum, 1984).
The game theory significantly impacts our understandings of oligopolistic firms, ‘given that each firm functions as part of a complex web of interactions’, where a business decision taken by one firm can severely affect the profits of another (Osak, 2010). Hence, this model allows firms to formulate an optimal strategy in order to reach a desirable outcome based on a pre-calculated payoff matrix. It also provides significant insights into the behaviour of firms in terms of their incentives to collude and cheat. This can be useful when studying the operations of cartels like OPEC and other forms of tacit collusion between oligopolistic firms.
This model can also be useful for the ways that government make decisions relating to international trade. For instance, countries who would want to achieve allocative efficiency within the market for common access resources like fish may cooperate to introduce a cap and trade scheme. However, these countries now face a dilemma. If Country A joins then they can only catch a set quantity of fish whereas if they remain independent, they are free to catch as many fish as they want. At the same time, Country A believe that other countries will not join the agreement, allowing them to catch a higher quantity of fish within that area. This demonstrates how game theory can be used by governments when making decisions related to international trade and cooperation.
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Get custom essayThe game theory looks over the behavioural decision making of individuals in situations where they are against an opponent. Many assumptions have to be made and these are not always present in the real world. The Nash Equilibrium has shown strategic behaviour between competitors will always end up worse off due to their incentive to cheat by collusion and have a win-win situation between themselves. The Cournot Duopoly model shows that competitors can maximise their market share and profits by finding the optimum prices. The game theory could be used to describe many real world situations. However, the model is not perfect and has room for improvement. It considers players to always act strategically and think of their competitors response, which is not always the case.
Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character give him power.
Get original essay- Abraham Lincoln
Politicians crave power. I have always been fascinated by the ways and means that politicians use to attain power and what ultimately happens when they get that power. My political allegiances have been shaped by my roots, having grown up in deep in the countryside on a remote peninsula. My family’s political values, held close to the heart, were always on the republican side. During my early years, my views on politics were basic. A politician would show up at an event, shake a few hands or cut a ribbon and the crowd would smile. It seemed to me that politicians had a great job, a glorified celebrities to all. That's why the main topic of my essay is politics.
With the passing years, my involvement and understanding of politics grew, as I was afforded the opportunity, alongside members of my family and neighbors, to play a part in getting our candidate elected to the local town council. At the age of 10, I was still clueless about the big picture, all I knew was that there was a job to be completed and a race to be won. Naively, I thought that I could win that race by beating my neighbors’ children and putting my manifesto sheets in the doors of the houses and apartments in the housing estates first.
When I reached second-level education, my involvement and understanding of politics deepened. I was allowed to attend local Cumann meetings with my family and observed politicians up close and personal as they interacted with party members. My thoughts about politics changed once again, as I could see that the job of a politician is a tiring one requiring long hours of activity and I became aware that different politicians had distinct motivations. While I did not at that time understand the influence of charisma on political success, I observed that some politicians articulated an ideology that was self-serving and showed little interest in policy, while others seemed genuinely interested in the common good.
Halfway through my second-level education, I was well-equipped with a basic knowledge of Irish politics, the workings of an Irish political party, and how a general election is run. My understanding of politics grew further when I was given the opportunity to work alongside the Cathaoirleach of the Seanad on a week of work experience. This gave me unfettered access to learn about the workings of the Dáil and the civil service. It was a pivotal week in Irish politics, when the then Taoiseach and leader of Fine Gael, Enda Kenny, was trying to navigate a course that would provide him with a clean retirement from politics. Politicians huddled in corners, quietly sharing the latest gossip, as rumors of Mr. Kenny’s imminent retirement swept through the Oireachtas. This whole melodrama taught me two things about politics; one, in the game of politics there will be many hungry wolves waiting to take up your position in power from the minute you begin to let the reins down, and two, leaving a life of politics cleanly is easier said than done.
Through studying this module, I learned about political theories and perspectives and I was given the tools to critique politics in an objective way. Politics is about the organization of power and having control over decision-making. At the beginning of the module, the lectures focused on how power is used within a state. Power was traditionally used to get things done or to prevent things from being done. These is commonly known as the first two faces of power. Control over the agenda of politics is very important in maintaining power, as power can be exercised by confining the scope of decision-making.
Traditionally, political legitimacy is gained in three ways, one of which is charisma. Charisma is the personal magnetism and charm which gives a politician the ability to inspire enthusiasm, interest, or affection in others and thereby gain their support. While charisma often proves electorally successful, I believe that it does not always correlate with the good use of power. Charismatic authority is not based on formal rules or procedures, thus giving it no limits. By learning about legitimacy during this module, I now recognize that charismatic authority can create problems. This module has enabled me to reflect on the way past leaders gained legitimacy through their charisma and were then able to exert control, with detrimental results.
Many political thinkers have come to realize that without a society obeying its authority, a government will start to crumble. That is not to say that a government's legitimacy will automatically be questioned, as no political establishment will automatically get overwhelming approval from the public.
In a paper written in 2010, entitled ‘Political Legitimacy’, political scientist and socialist, Mattie Dorgan, states that a regime is not necessarily challenged, except in the case of economic, military, or social disaster. In this reading, he points to the fact that many feel it is better to ‘have a mediocre parliament than no parliament at all’. This made me reflect on why the current Irish government is still intact, despite calls from various political opponents for it to step down and call a general election. Fear of no working parliament is a real apprehension that many citizens on the island of Ireland face at this current time, thus letting politicians choose to keep an underperforming government in power.
I was fascinated to learn about Steven Lukes’ theory of the third face of power. Power can be wielded through the use of coercion or by obtaining consent. Where a society recognizes the legitimacy of a government, there is less need for a government to use coercion to control its society by force. Lukes advanced the theory that power is a relationship and can be exercised by making people think that a course of action is in their interest. On learning about Stevens Lukes’ theory, I was able to see that power is often used in this way in Irish politics and particularly in the local party branch where I am involved. In this third face, people give their consent to a certain course of action when they think that it is in their best interest. The loyalty of members and supporters to a particular political party and their desire to help that party attain power enables politicians to use the power of their position to influence party members to support them. Lukes explains that power can enable a person to influence another by shaping what he or she thinks, wants, or needs.
From learning about the third face of power, I am now able to see that many politicians use manipulation in a wider sense to make the public think that what they are doing will benefit them. We see this most clearly in the run-up to elections when political parties make general and sectoral promises. This usually involves commitments to provide increased funding or other benefits after the election, as long as people vote for them and they are returned to power. This is sometimes referred to as auction politics when opposing groups try to outdo each other with larger offers to the electorate.
Later in the module, we came to study political philosophy and within that, a key concept, the state of nature, which is a hypothetical condition where there would be no central authority to govern. The 17th century English philosopher, Thomas Hobbs, believed that in a state of nature there would be a ‘war of all against all’, as there would be a scarcity of goods and people would not have a concept of what is right or wrong. Hobbs argued that authority has always naturally existed among the human race, as a child is understandably weaker than its mother and is dependent on her to keep it safe, thus making the point that some are much stronger than others. Reinforcing his argument, Hobbs stated that a state of nature is a habitual environment one should avoid. He believed that individuals should engage in a social contract. In order to avoid the state of nature and live in a land of peace, they must both agree to live together under common laws and create an enforcement mechanism for the social contract and the laws that constitute it. David Miller notes that when we partake in elections by using our democratic vote and thus electing a government, “we agree to comply with them and abide by the laws that they enact”. We recognize the government as a legitimate authority and thereby form a social contract with it to control our nation. This whole theory caused me to think about how the Irish government is eager for the restoration of a working Assembly in Stormont in Northern Ireland to avoid the danger of a war against all.
During my late teenage years, a revolution shook up the Irish political scene. After years of recovering from the Irish economic crash and having a right-wing party in government or leading the government, the general election of 2016 produced no majority consensus in Dáil Éireann. Thirty-four independents and candidates from small parties won seats as TDs. This new era of politics made it clear to me that politics and power are closely intertwined and, for things to happen, politicians need cool heads and calm temperaments to negotiate peacefully and work in the interest of the country in order to create a government.
At local political party Cumann meetings, I learn about the issues affecting my community. Many members are concerned about the younger generation leaving our local community in search of new opportunities. Others worry that no new, fresh blood was engaging with the party. I perceive a sense of isolation and frustration with the status quo.
My local community is concerned about many national issues. The crises in housing and health are evident problems that worry many, as the lack of affordable housing in nearby cities continues to prevent their loved ones from buying a house, getting on the housing ladder, and thereby escaping the vicious cycle of rising rents. The problems that affect and concern my rural community cannot be easily resolved, as the drift of population, services, and employment towards large, urban centers are relentless. The broader national problems of an inadequate housing supply, deficient health service, and the need for rural broadband require a substantial investment of resources. A new way of thinking and a change in the political agenda are required in order to get things done. The government may still have legitimacy, but there is a deficit and defect with its legitimacy, as many citizens feel that this current government is not serving and addressing their needs.
Despite their evident dissatisfaction, the same cohort of people continues to attend party meetings and functions and it is an unquestioned fact that they will canvass for party candidates prior to elections. Many politicians in Ireland benefit from personal loyalty over a long period of time. We regularly see generational continuity when personal loyalty is transferred to the next generation, resulting in the election of a son/daughter to replace a retiring/deceased TD. This creates tradition and political dynasties. I believe that the small size of our country and the personal relationships many of us have with our political representatives promote such personal loyalty, However, surrounding oneself with die-hard loyalists breeds insularity. Over time, in my opinion, uncritical loyalty can lead to a stop-at-nothing view of politics and a higher chance of political corruption.
I hear frequent calls on local representatives to stand up and take action to lower hospital waiting lists. On numerous occasions at meetings, the older generation speaks passionately about how badly they were personally treated while waiting for emergency care after suffering accidents while working out on farms or slipping on the ice while collecting coal for the fire. Issues such as the high cost of insurance and the perceived failure of the likes of Minister Shane Ross to recognize how the new drink driving limit is discriminating against and isolating rural communities are quite prevalent at many meetings. I note with interest the ways that local representatives deal with criticism and defend themselves to their party members. These interactions have taught me that politicians need to master the art of diplomacy in order to face both internal party meetings and members of the public.
This module has helped to reinforce my views on politics and power. Power can be a great changing-making tool, yet it has the ability to influence people toward a dark road. Politicians who climb the political ladder often find themselves at a crossroads. Some choose to disregard their values and ideological beliefs in order to stay in line with the successful elite. The higher one climbs, the farther one can fall. Through learning about the state of nature and the social contract theory, I gained a better insight into how nation-states began. The understanding of politics that I had as a young girl has progressed a long way through the years and has definitely been widened further by studying this module. Through discussions at my tutorials, I now feel more able, as a member of a political party and an observer of the political scene, to view political issues and situations in a more objective way. I have become more aware of the need to focus on issues rather than consistently supporting certain parties and politicians.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, the key concepts of politics are analyzed in this essay, such as power, legitimacy, and authority. Success in getting elected to political office confers power and authority on individuals. Politics has a huge impact on our lives and everything we do. I believe that politicians need to realign their priorities and perspectives, become less concerned about maintaining their own positions and concentrate more on building a better society. Politicians need to have a clear vision of the future and take innovative measures to achieve that vision. As Abraham Lincoln once said, “the best way to predict the future is to create it”.
The Key Cultural event of 2017 that I have chosen to write about is the Galway International Arts Festival. I have Chosen this Cultural event because it is something that I have heard about in passing yet don’t really know what it involves, so I used this opportunity to properly learn.
Get original essayThe Galway Arts Festival takes place in Galway, Ireland, which is a city in Ireland that has an extremely rich culture varying from theatre to music, and hence the festival covers a range of different art forms. In 2017, over the course of two weeks, 200 events took place in 33 venues with an attendance of 210,000. The festival has been running for 40 years and this year (2018) it will be celebrating their 41st year. The first ever Galway arts festival was help between the sixth and twelfth of April, and was described by the Galway Advertiser as; ‘ Galway’s Art Society; week of craic.’ According to the Galway arts Festival’s website previous festival highlights include Brian Wilson, Joni Mitchell, Bill Viola, The National, Grizzly Bear, Bon Iver, St. Vincent, John Grant, The Gloaming, Elvis Costello, John Gerrard, Hughie O’Donoghue, Sophie Calle, Louise Bourgeois, Marina Abramovic, Steppenwolf, Royal Court, New York Theatre Workshop and Circa. The festival is unique in the sense that it showcases various performers and productions that are only new and upcoming but also well-known and widely loved. GIAF also works regularly with leading Irish companies including Druid, an Irish Theatre company which was set up in Galway itself and has now gone on to achieve international and national success. “With regard to Theatre, Galway International Arts Festival also produces its own theatre, touring both nationally and internationally.
The organisation has produced or co-produced 15 productions in the last five years and, with its co-producing partners, has toured to London, Paris, New York, Edinburgh, Chicago, Adelaide, Sydney, Hong Kong and Washington”. In 2017, similar to all previous years there was a wide array of events to attend of all different categories, one of the reasons why this festival is so particularly unique; as unlike other big festivals held in Ireland, such as for example: forbidden Fruit, St. Patricks day Festival, Dublin Film Festival, it offers attendees a wide range of types of events to attend rather than just one main one for example music, then with different acts. The Galway Arts Festival offers; comedy, talks, spectacle, Theatre &Opera, Music and Visual Art. The Organisation for the GIAF, by creating this festival has significantly put Galway on the map. Not only as a key hub for the arts and culture but also this festival has made Galway’s a prime spot for tourists to be immersed with all things culture, on top of the beautiful scenes from the wild Atlantic way which was already a popular choice for tourists. In 2017, the Galway Arts Festival produced a variety of artists such as The Coronas, Saint Sister and The Power of Words to name a few. GIAF’s Chief Executive is John Crumlish and its Artistic Director is Paul Fahy.
With regards to funding, the Galway art festival is a non-profit organisation and a registered charity and hence all of the money generated from each year goes towards the production for the next year’s festival. This money would go towards the likes of bulbs for a set, costumes and also flights for artists flying over internationally for example, however in saying this, it is also to be noticed that over 25% of the festival’s programme is free. As the aim of this festival is for there not to be any restrictions for those who want to enjoy or get involved with the arts. It now looks forward to playing a central role in the European Capital of Culture imitative as Galway was the destination for Europe’s Cultural Capital in 2020. The funders and partners of GIAF are; NUI Galway, Ulster Bank, Failte Ireland, Wild Atlantic Way, The Arts Council and Galway 2020.
From the 16-29 July 2018 the 41st year of the Galway International Arts Festival will take place, where it was announces that Irish Alternative rock band Walking on Cars will play at Live at the big top, while more acts are going to be announces in late December or early January.
With regards to policy I will be focusing on Culture Irelands strategy for the years of 2017 leading up to 2020 in relation to the Galway Arts Festival I will then talk about the European Culture Capital Initiative of 2020 in relation to Galway also. The mission statement of the idea, in its most basic form is to promote Irish art, to increase career opportunities for Irish artists and to also cement and strengthen Ireland’s global profile and reputation through the arts. There are seven actions in this policy.
The first action is to provide resources such as funding, expert advice and promotional supports to the different Irish Art and cultural events nationally. This act would ensure for example that funding would be delivered to whichever platform necessary in the event taking place. It would also make sure of maintenance and upkeep of social media sites. With regards to the Galway, as some platforms of the event could be in more need of funding that others as well this would be helpful as the more promotion the festival receives the wider of an audience it will have.
The second act is to showcase uniquely curated Irish art, Irish artists and to provide networking opportunities at key events, festivals, in Ireland and to programmers and providers. This act not only ensures effective promotion but it also means the ability to track and evaluate the outcomes of performances. The Galway Arts festival is one of the many examples of this second act in Ireland, as it showcases some of Irelands most unique and rich talent and talented Irish Artists. Similarly this act makes it available for organisers to see what did well maybe in others years and what didn’t so in future years, the festival will be able to produce what the target audience really like.
The third act is to work with research organisations and to deliver key cultural objectives by working closely with Ireland’s cultural hubs on an annual funding basis. This act enable the working with resource bodies such as Irish theatre institute, dance Ireland and music networks, all organisations which have global reach and will further opportunities for Irish artists abroad.
The fourth action is to strengthen Irelands International profile through government and state promotion. This act also means the engagement with government supported cultural centres abroad and with Irish foundations and associations. An example of government and state promotion is when Michael D. Higgins the president of Ireland, wrote a personal letter to The Galway Arts Festival which was featured on their website. In this letter he gave nothing but praise towards the festival, how they had gone from strength to strength and how it has “…sought to give witness to the power of creative exploration”. Through this letter (and the power of governmental promotion) anyone would be more willing to go to the festival, more so tourists.
The fifth action is to advise and assist the minister for arts, heritage, regional, rural and Gaeltacht affairs in working with creative Ireland but to also to maximise the government investment in the wider interests throughout the country. Action 5 ensures close working with the arts council (one of giaf’s funding partners) with regards to grant funding and international promotion of the arts.
The sixth action is to maximise and help promote international cultural relationships and research in new global opportunities. This act would include attending a broad range of cultural industry events to evaluate trends, and to also measure and analyse audience attendance to inform for future funding. In relation to the Galway Arts festival, many relationships internationally have been formed, as the Galway arts fest is not solely a festival celebrating national arts but one alike many festivals which inhabits talent from all over. Examples of acts coming over include the New York Theatre, blah, blah. Similarly some of the productions successes have led to theatre productions from the festival touring internationally to places such as Sidney, Edinburgh. By touring internationally this will help raise awareness of not only the success of the festival but also making other countries aware of what we have to offer her in Ireland.
The final and seventh action is to make a global footprint through culture Ireland and creating a digital presence for target markets. The Galway Arts festival has achieved this in the sense that they have a main website which ranges in information such as the history of the festival to the programme of the next festival. It is also referenced on many Irish tourist websites such as the Galway tourism website, discover Ireland as well as triavgo. It also has an email which will send frequent newsletters while also having an Instagram, Facebook and twitter page which are all easily accessible and means that one could keep up with all notifications and proceedings of the festival. This last action is extremely important as now that we are in a digital era, most people are using their phones and other devices to keep updated.
As I mentioned earlier on Galway has been awarded the home of the European Capital of Culture for 2020 along with Rijeka (Croatia). The European Capital of Culture Initiative was developed in 1985 and has since been awarded to over fifty cities who are members of the European Union. The Initiatives’ aims are to highlight the diversity and richness of culture across Europe, celebrate the common features shared in culture across Europe, and Increase the sense of belonging for European citizens to a common cultural area and to foster the contribution of culture to the development of Cities.
This is also an amazing opportunity as it raises the international profile of cities, boosts tourism, breathes a new life into cities and enhances the city in the eyes of its own citizens. This is a once in a lifetime opportunity and it is most rewarding that Galway has been chosen to represent Ireland to showcase the world its creative and cultural aspects. With regards to thoughts on being the awardees for this initiative, the GIAF, shares on their website that Galway is “…a place where people come for a week and stay for good, a place where artists are inspired and people find their place.”
With regards to theory then, realistically the basis of policy is on theory. So fundamentally in this circumstance the theory is with regards to funding, promotion, international profile and government involvement in the cultural spectre. The way I understand theory is as a sort of cycle with regards to policy, as without theory there is nothing for policy to rely on. I have focused this way of thinking in relation to my key event as I focused on my key event in relation to policy. The Galway Arts Festival is unique in the sense that it has many diverse art forms which are both inclusive and exclusive as well as creating an impressive cultural profile for Ireland. But what is the theory behind this? Are we naïve enough to think that the theories of funding and promoting of the arts is solely for the purpose of having a more diverse culture and to enhance Ireland’s Cultural profile? The theory which seems most evident to me with regards to this and many other Irish cultural events is financial aid. The theory that this is the funding that is given towards the likes of the Galway arts festival will eventually pay off when tourism in that set location boosts with a 50% increase for example as because at the end of the day by creating networking, and high end promotions and also having Irelands international profile as a place with a ‘deeply rich and unique culture’, you are turning Irelands culture into a commodity, a sales pitch for tourists who will then visit Ireland, boost the economy and hence the cycle will repeat again. It is clear that really the theory of it all is on the basis and the stability of the Irish Economy.
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Get custom essayOne of the reading, which I think further this theory was from the reading list; Whither Cultural Policy in Post Celtic Tiger Ireland. It talks about how when the economy was flourishing during the Celtic tiger, the arts council and the government were able to fund the arts a lot more heavily than in contrast to when the economy flopped and the levels of funding severally dropped. The Celtic tiger was from 1994-2008 – “Between 1994 and 2008, Arts Council funding rose by 40%” (slabey), which was fantastic that the arts were being so heavily funded but then in contrast, as soon as things went south “… it was announced that the overall cultural expenditure would be reduced by just under 10%, the Arts Council’s grant by 12% and the budget of the national cultural institutions by 20%”. From this reading it sounds as though, because the funding was reduced, it gives of the idea, that the government or whomever it was who decided to make these cuts only saw the arts and culture as a leisure. Like in the sense I would only by myself coffee if I had the money to spend but not if I was broke. So therefore it is my opinion that the theory behind these cultural events in unfortunately to benefit the economy.
This dissertation investigates how content posted on Instagram related to the beauty industry affects the self-images of Millennials and Generation Z females. It also aims to determine whether there are differences between these two generational cohorts. By investigating this, the study aims to fill in some of the gaps in the current academic research. This study provides a clear definition of both generations and gives an overview of their key characteristics, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours in general and regarding their self-image and the role Instagram plays in this.
Get original essayThis is done through two research strategies: a critical analysis of secondary data and qualitative primary research in the form of semi-structured interviews with several Millennial and Generation Z females. Data have been collected from online reports, books, articles, and interviews. This study identifies Instagram as being the most-used social media platform among Millennial and Generation Z females and challenges the argument that Instagram is considered the social media platform with the most negative effects on mental health and self-image among these demographics. Furthermore, the analysis of the collected data enables noting relevant relationships between the differences in macro-environmental factors influencing both generational cohorts affecting their social media use and the effect Instagram has on their self-image.
This dissertation aims to determine how content posted on Instagram related to the beauty industry affects the self-image of Millennials and Generation Z females and to determine whether there are differences between these two generational cohorts. This study defines the Millennial generation as everyone born between 1981 and 1996 and Generation Z as everyone born between 1997 and 2010 (Scott, 2016). Due to the constraints in the word limit and the amount of time that can be spent on this dissertation, the choice has been made to focus this study solely on these generational cohorts living in North America and Western Europe.
While both demographics have been shaped by similar macro-environmental factors like digital media, an unstable economy, and a potentially threatening environment with wars and terrorist attacks, there are some critical differences between the two that might affect the way they interact with social media (specifically Instagram) and how the images they see influence their self-image.
First, this study will give an overview of both demographics, what has shaped them, and how they interact with social media, focusing on Instagram and how this might have affected their self-image. It also provides a comparison of these generational cohorts. This will be done by conducting secondary research.
In addition to the analysis of relevant secondary research, primary research will be conducted to dig deeper into the minds of the individuals of both demographics to gain a clear understanding of how the images they see on Instagram affect their self-image and how these feelings differentiate from one demographic to another. Since there is no comprehensive body of academic research available on this topic, this study aims to fill in some of the gaps in the current academic research that has been conducted so far.
Since the research question is quite current, not much academic research has been conducted so far. Therefore, the secondary research is based on industry reports from renowned companies like WGSN (2017), Nielsen (2018), Ernst & Young (2015), the Business of Fashion (2018), and the Pew Research Center (2018).
All of these institutions are highly regarded and are considered suitable for this study, as they discuss both generational cohorts and the use or effects social media has on them. The strengths of these reports are that they are very factual and current. The weaknesses of the evidence presented is that the reports provide quite limited and basic information and do not give a comprehensive comparison of both generational cohorts.
A crucial theory relating to self-image in Maslow’s book A Theory of Human Motivation (2013) has informed this study since it forms a fundamental basis of understanding the human mind and its motivational drivers and is applicable to every generational cohort. The information presented in the next chapters forms the secondary research findings from which the primary research investigations will be built.
Generation Z, also known as the iGeneration, is the demographic cohort following the Millennials (or Generation Y). Defined as those born between 1997 and 2010, this generation outsizes the 60 million Millennial demographic with one million (Scott, 2016). Generation Z were born in a digital world and have grown up with technology at the forefront of their lives, meaning they have been brought up with the knowledge that they can speak to anyone, anywhere in the world with a single click of a button.
Besides having the means for global communication, they are also used to accessing any information, anywhere, all the time. Generation Z is considered the first generation for whom the extraordinary technological advances of the twentieth century are just a normal part of life (Oxford Royale Academy, 2018). Moreover, 92% of US teens have been reported to go online daily, and 24% are online almost constantly, according to a 2015 report by the Pew Research Center (Pike, 2016).
Born after 1997, Generation Z individuals have always known instability and even danger. They have experienced the Great Recession of the late 2000s and early 2010s, the threat of terrorism and war, and cyberbullying. This turbulent upbringing has made them more self-aware, self-reliant, and driven, according to a 2015 study by Ernst & Young (Ernst & Young, 2015). Because they have been brought up in this environment, they are more cautious and considerate consumers, resulting in spending less than previous generations. They are less brand loyal and are more demanding of brands they want to purchase (Pike, 2016).
Even though it may seem that the world has become a more dangerous place, it has become a more accepting one with the input of Generation Z. They are considered the most accepting generation to date (Pike, 2016). They have been raised with Barack Obama as the president of the United States, LGBTQ+ rights being openly discussed, and with the fact that gender roles are ever-changing and fluid. The fact that this generation is more self-aware and self-reliant has resulted in this generation being considered the entrepreneurial generation.
In fact, 62% would actually like to start their own companies rather than work for an established business, while only 43% of college students (the youngest of the Millennials) feel this way. Eighty-nine per cent say they spend part of their free time in activities that are productive and creative instead of just ‘‘hanging out’’. Moreover, 80% of high school students believe they are more driven than their peers (Ernst & Young, 2015).
Lastly, mental health and wellbeing are important for Generation Z. This generation drinks less alcohol, smokes less, and goes out less than previous generations. This partly has to do with the rise of social media. Generation Z individuals do not have to go out to socialise with their friends; they can do it online from the comfort of their own homes, which is also known as ‘’isolated socializing’’ (Daly, 2017). However, according to Chloe Combi, former secondary school teacher and writer of Generation Z (2015) in conversation with Vice journalist Max Daly, the most crucial effect on levels of drinking and drug use is the fact that social media has created a whole new level of vanity.
We live in a society that is becoming vainer and image conscious. It's like, don't take drugs, eat kale. Teenagers are thinking that if they don't drink and take drugs, if they sit at home drinking green smoothies and meditating, they'll be beautiful and have really shiny hair. And shiny hair looks great on Instagram (Daly, 2017).
Another pointer that might have influenced this behaviour from Generation Z is years of public health campaigning. A Business Insider analyst reported: ‘‘Twenty years of anti-drug, anti-smoking and anti-alcohol education has done its job: it is no longer 'uncool' to not drink or take drugs’’ (Taylor, 2018). It might be concluded that Generation Z is fundamentally different from earlier generations when it comes to their perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that have been formed under, one may argue, turbulent circumstances in an extremely fast-paced digitalised world. This has resulted in the key characteristics of Generation Z being self-aware, persistent, realistic, innovative, and self-reliant (Ernst & Young, 2015).
Millennials (or Generation Y) is the demographic cohort following Generation X and can be defined as those born between 1981 and 1996 (Scott, 2016). Just like Generation Z, Millennials have also been brought up in a world filled with danger and uncertainty, whereas Generation Z has not actually experienced 9/11 and the Iraq and Afghan wars.
Even though Generation Z is being described as the most diverse generation to date, most Millennials were between the ages of 12 and 29 when the first black president was elected, when the force of the youth vote became part of the political conversation and helped in the election. Additionally, Millennials are the most racially and ethnically diverse adult generation in the nation’s history, according to Michael Dimock, president of the Pew Research Center (Dimock, 2018).
Perhaps the biggest difference between Millennials and Generation Z is that Millennials are often described as Generation Me: being self-obsessed, narcissistic, and coddled. The 2008 book Trophy Kids by Ron Alsop discusses how many young people have been rewarded for minimal accomplishments (such as mere participation) in competitive sports and have unrealistic expectations of working life (Main, 2017).
This can be linked back to the fact that Millennials have grown up in an era where the Internet was gaining importance and Apple introduced a brand-new iPhone with a front camera designed for taking selfies. According to USA Today: ‘’The trend is more of an emphasis on extrinsic values such as money, fame, and image, and less emphasis on intrinsic values such as self-acceptance, group affiliation and community’’ (Healy, 2012).
However, this rise of individualism among Millennials has also brought its upsides. Because Millennials focus on the individual, as opposed to the collective, they are considered more open-minded, liberal, diverse, and accepting compared to previous generations (Dimock, 2018). They prefer to validate individual strengths and qualities rather than group people into categories.
Because of this, they feel the urge to stand out rather than fit in, which is also how a generation of young entrepreneurs like bloggers and YouTubers was born. Millennials have found ways to create their own jobs instead of following the known path of climbing the corporate ladder. To summarise, some of the main characteristics of Millennials can be described as self-centred, entitled, idealist, creative, and dependent (Ernst & Young, 2015).
Perhaps the biggest difference that can be seen when examining the key characteristics of both generational cohorts. Generation Z is self-aware, whereas Millennials are considered being self-obsessed. Generation Z is focused on evolving and improving themselves and becoming a better person as well as creating a better world for themselves and future generations to live in. Whereas Millennials strive for personal success, wealth and fame (Ernst & Young, 2015).
Another key difference, which is particularly relevant for this study, is the fact that Generation Z are digital natives, whereas Millennials are merely tech savvy. According to Kent State University: Millennials learned to use notebooks and tablets as those technologies became available to them. As toddlers, Gen Z played with iPads they found lying around the house. For Millennials, technology advanced faster than the guidelines for its use were established.
They posted private information on Facebook then later discovered that their employer was monitoring negative postings they had made about the company, creating unforeseen consequences. Gen Z has already heard about these consequences. The cautionary guidelines for use of technology are provided to them at the moment they first gain access to that technology. Their views on privacy are different. Their views of what to share and how to share it are different. Their views of sources of information are different. Millennials find “how-to” instruction on websites. Gen Z prefers instructional YouTube videos. (Kent State University, 2016)
It will be interesting to see how these fundamental differences and similarities between these generations will play a part in relation to the influence Instagram has on their ideal self-image. To gain in-depth knowledge and a clear understanding of these differences and similarities, qualitative primary research will be conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews with Millennial and Generation Z females.
Facebook has always been regarded as the most popular social media platform, however this is no longer the case among youth (aged 13–24). YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram are the three most used platforms among Millennials and Generation Z, according to research conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2018. According to the same survey, 95% of teens and young adults have access to a phone, and 45% claim to be online ‘’almost constantly’’ (Anderson & Jiang, 2018).
Even though YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram are the most used platforms among both generational cohorts, slight differences can be seen in their usage of these social media platforms. To put it into perspective, 85% of Generation Z say they use YouTube, 72% use Instagram, 69% use Snapchat, and 51% use Facebook. Among Millennials, these figures change quite a bit. In addition, 94% of Millennials say they use YouTube, 71% say they use Instagram, 78% use Snapchat, and 80% still use Facebook (Smith & Anderson, 2018).
Social media has become an increasingly important leisure activity for these demographics. These individuals interact with social media platforms to engage in many different types of entertainment, like playing games, socialising with their peers, passing time, communicating, and posting content (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017).
Nowadays, social media is part of the daily life of many individuals, and concerns have been raised regarding the potential addictive use of social media and concerns that some individuals are being driven by an uncontrollable motivation to log on to or use social media and devoting so much time and effort to social media that it impairs other important areas of life (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017).
Research has shown that addiction to social media is most visible in those in the demographic with the following traits: younger individuals, females, and single individuals (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017). According to this same study, research indicates that personality plays a role in the addictive use of social media (Andreassen, Griffiths, Gjertsen, Krossbakken, Kvam & Pallesen, 2013). Individuals with low self-esteem who believe that having a large following or a large group of friends might change the perceptions of themselves are more likely to use social media in an addictive manner. The same applies to individuals with elevated narcissistic traits who want to portray their successes and ambitions to the world. These individuals might addictively use social media as a gratifying medium (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017).
When looking a bit deeper into the potential positive and negative effects that social media might have on Generation Z, a mixed response can be seen: 31% view the effect of social media as mostly positive, 24% view the effect as mostly negative, and the remaining 45% says social media has neither a positive nor negative effect on them (Anderson & Jiang, 2018). Most of those individuals who believe social media has a positive effect on their self-image named connecting with family and friends as the main reason. This was followed by the ability to always stay on top of the news and having information at their fingertips. Individuals who believed social media has a negative effect on their self-image named bullying and spreading rumours as the main reason, followed by a lack of personal contact and having an unrealistic view of others’ lives.
In her book Face Value (2016), Autumn Whitefield-Madrano wrote the following: Digital photography and social media have combined to give us the illusion that we have control over our image. And to a point, we do. But when I think back to his profile picture – and to my own selfies, which reveal not so much how I actually look but how I want to be seen – I realize that they’re less about asserting control and more about fleshing out the ever-increasing self-consciousness primarily as a feminine attribute, a result of the mix of glorification and oppression that has marked womanhood for centuries. (Whitefield-Madrano, 2016: 173)
Even though the above-mentioned numbers clearly state that only 24% of Generation Z view social media platforms as having a mostly negative effect on their self-image, a recent study conducted by the Royal Society for Public Health states that social media has been described as being more addictive than cigarettes and alcohol. In addition, according to the study, the use of social media is closely linked with increased rates of anxiety, depression, and poor sleep and might be fuelling a mental health crisis. The #StatusOfMind survey included the input of 1,479 youngsters between 14 and 24 years of age from across England. The study looked at several social media platforms: Snapchat, YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. YouTube was the most positive platform, whereas Instagram was found to be the most negative platform regarding the way it influences the self (Royal Society for Public Health, 2017).
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Get custom essaySince this particular dissertation focusses on Instagram, the effects as found by the Royal Society for Public Health will be outlined here. Among the negative points were aspects such as anxiety, depression, loneliness, lack of sleep, body image, bullying, and fear of missing out. Some of the positive points were awareness, access, emotional support, self-expression, self-identity, real-world relationships, and community building.
The culture of an organization speaks of its personality. Culture comprises the organization's values, norms, assumptions and tangible signs or artifacts that speak of its members and their various types of behaviors. A distinctive culture provides an organization a motivating environment and builds cooperation or synergism as the basic requirement to breed success. Additionally, culture establishes standards for the entire system; hence it would be expected of an organization to manage a culture that keeps the organization competitive, likewise making employees happier and healthier all the time. Basically, there are three basic functions of organizational culture such as, it provides sense of identity for all members, it enhances commitment to the organization's mission and it clarifies and reinforces standards and behaviors.
Get original essayMeanwhile, on the concept of ethics, it is a rational process founded on agreed-on principles; morals meanwhile are founded on the realm of religion. The choice to do the right thing is based on principle of what is agreed upon and while morals are always founded on the universal law or the commandments of God. Ethical choices are based on what you believe in as your duty and value and to whom do you owe this duty and what value does this duty adheres to. Ethics is not in the choice of what is right and wrong because it falls under morals but ethics starts when there is already that question of morality because it is the value of the individual and the society he serves that should prevail. Additionally, the concept of ethical leadership refers to leading the organization with a leader who chooses the right and avoids doing wrong that can destroy the image of an organization.
On the other hand, the idea of leadership styles refers to the techniques and strategies of an organizational on how he leads effectively his people to do act on certain decisions effectively and decisively. Two famous leadership styles are the transformational leadership and charismatic leadership. These two styles of leadership will be discussed in the proceeding sections of this paper.
Specifically, this paper will evaluate two famous business leaders by contrasting and comparing their respectives on organizational culture, ethical leadership and leadership styles and how these aspects impact their organizational behavior.
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates need no further introduction when it comes to business world. Both have unique set of leadership skills and styles. Also, the two are very successful business owners that made their companies landed among the Fortune 500 companies in the world, all because of these two great leaders when it comes to their leadership styles.
The Microsoft Culture that Bill Gates leads and manages is one where the culture of participation and empowerment prevail. Gates sees to it that his employees participate in decision making because this is his strategy to increase the engagement of his people towards their works in particular and to the entire organization in general. This great world business has the culture of empowered people because he motivated them to share their knowledge and let their ideas be transferred to others to help in the decision making process.
Ethical leadership is the standards by which businesses operate according to reference for business. They are best demonstrated through acts of fairness, compassion, integrity and responsibility. Bill Gates is very fair in dealing with his subordinates. He makes sure that everyone receives his salary and incentive package to which they are worth it. He is very compassionate to the pathetic plight of his people by raising their salary as the need arises to cover the rising cost of commodities especially when the US experiences economic crisis such as the increase inflation rate of dollars. Bill Gates sees to it that whatever he admonishes, he follows them and he always walks his talks. Finally, Gates is a very responsible leader by being there in the bottom pushing everyone to do accomplish their outputs effectively and efficiently while giving his full support to every problem encountered by his people especially during the tough times of Microsoft.
Bill Gates leadership style is participative in nature. He strongly believes in the value of input coming from his employees, and the reason of the overall success Microsoft. He leads the company with full of enthusiasm and hard work attitude. He was able to make his company withstand with storm and still come up as industry leader. He delegates works to his subordinates and he harnesses the full potentials of his employees to come out the best of their skills, talents and knowledge.
Apple co is a leader in innovation, designs and reliable connectivity. With Apple products, they are designed to respond to the real needs of the customers. As regards innovation, Apple leads the innovation strategy of their products so that they can always offer the newest features to improve and add more benefits and usefulness to their valuable customers. With the innovative Apple products, they are always updated with the newest trends in the market as regards product innovation. Perhaps, one of the key factors of Apple's enormous business success is Steve Jobs, its leader who is a most loved person in the industry. Steve is the inspiration of all marketers in the world on how he leads people. On one hand, Apple Inc core advantage is the margin that commands over its products. It keeps a good margin to invest R&D and brand building. Finally, Apple Inc has strong consumer focus, the reason that designs and innovations of products are based on customers' needs (Dudovskiv, 2018).
Steve Jobs believes that ethical leadership has good impact to the organization affecting positively the lives of the people like its employees, customers and stakeholders. Steve Jobs opined that ethical leadership attracts people to work in the organization because most people would like to work in an organization that pursues what is good for the organization and its people. An ethical leader is an effective leader that pursues what is best for his people, for the community and the environment.
Steve Jobs is apparently embracing the autocratic style of leadership. He wants to take charge of everything and collects little input or none at all from his team members. Being a leader, he believes to be the main person in-charge of the decision-making and just act based on his own ideas without even using the solid evidence. However, this style of Jobs may seem harsh and odd, but it opens doors for Steve Jobs success. Another leadership trait of Jobs is his being innovative. He created the most successful company in the world in the technological industry. He is dedicated to innovation and creative designs that do not only benefit his company Apple but become benefits to all consumers in the world. He is a risk taker and probably the biggest risk taker in the whole world. He wants to learn first before others and grow what he learns if he thinks they are necessary for success. Jobs, unlike Gates though did not understand the benefit of working as a team and with co-employees. He is demanding to team members and more of a dictator that a true leader. In reality, his techniques are very difficult for the employees to follow but they are the tools for success for Apple products. He created a design mindset because he develops his own as he deemed see them best. Jobs has the wide awareness of the ability of his people especially their skills, which could not be seen from Gates. Finally, Jobs is a motivational speaker because he can attract people to listen to him for longer period and he developed a working culture of positive thinking and innovative design.
Contrasting Bill Gates and Steve Jobs on their leadership style, we can say that Bill Gates is not as creative as Jobs. Gates does not share his passion by developing and nurturing his ideas alone. Yet, through Gates trust and confidence with his men, Microsoft was able to produce the biggest technological breakthrough that we have today in the market. Meaning, Gates is a genius in his own way. Additionally, Gates has a unique set of skills. He is a visionary because he clearly visualizes dreams for his company and works it hard for the achievement of that dream and goal. In fact, it was Gates who envisioned that every household should have a computer and this is gradually happening.
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Get custom essayIn summary, Gates and Jobs' leadership styles belong to different spectrum. Bill Gates has the leader and follower relationship style while Steve Jobs has the leader style of dealing with people. While the two leadership styles maybe are contrasting but the two leaders have one thing in common and those are the passion and dedication to innovation and design, which are the requirements in the world of computing technology. Jobs in front of the board presents only one set of ideas but still he is a genius when it come design innovativeness of the products. Jobs uses the trial and error and learned from every mistake to perfect the product design. This made Apple the most successful company in personal computing and mobile technology. Both Gates and Jobs as compared with other CEOs from other companies, these two have the comprehensive understanding of what would happen next and hence, they are always prepared to face the challenges. This is another leadership skill that sets apart Gates and Jobs from other leaders in the business world. Most importantly, they can recognize the needs of their companies and they know as well how to execute to make their companies more productive and successful.
The utilization of the care is a key for evacuating a hindrance to correspondence that has a place with multifaceted. It is additionally a key for decreasing the monetary, condition and administration challenges. In this part, the paper will clarify how the care is a key to correspondence's boundary by getting a kick out of the chance to social measurement, nervousness, vulnerability, generalization and prejudice.Indeed, the care is a genuine key for expelling obstruction to correspondence that produces the social measurement. In meeting of two or a few societies, the care help the Multinational Corporation’s chiefs and specialists to be centre around theirs every single social decent variety by practicing all together the four levels of social remainders as takes after: the progression of inspiration, the period of discernment, the progression of metacognition and the progression of activity. In applying both four levels of social remainder, the Corporations-bazaar's chiefs and specialists will have the capacity to adjust their conduct at the reality since they have a superior comprehension of all social decent variety. In that way, the care turns into a key expulsion of boundary to communication.In expansion, the care is a key evacuation of obstruction to correspondence has a place with open capability.
Get original essayFurthermore, the care is a solver of the test of tension and vulnerability, looked by individuals to correspondence in diverse. In culturally diverse, individuals are portrayed by tension and vulnerability as a result of not having the capacity to comprehend and translate other. That circumstance annoys and confound human and buy them to miscommunication. The care understands that by giving at Corporations-bazaar's administrators and specialists a decent level of affirmation and adjustment to the new truth of diverse communication.
Finally, the care is likewise something to be thankful for decreasing social generalization and partiality of individuals in multifaceted for encouraging correspondence. The speculation of one individual's conduct to all individuals from social gathering makes miscommunication between individuals in multifaceted. The care permits the Corporations-bazaar's supervisors and specialists to keep away from that miscommunication in giving them a decent social foundation before the fact.The use of the social affectability is fundamental as the key evacuation of the miscommunication in worldwide business. The social affectability will give at the Corporations-shop's administrators and specialists to get a capacity to see precisely all clients in remote market. That capacity is required for planning to understand a best benefit internationally.
The use of getting to be social mindfulness is likewise essential in universal business for acquiring a decent outcome. This measurement will give the Corporations-bazaar's supervisors and labourers to have great foundation of the way of life's comprehension of the neighbourhood and outside market.
That is vital for all achievement in worldwide business.For having the capacity to contend universally and get an ideal benefit, the Corporations-shop's directors and labourers can apply the care, social affectability and progress toward becoming mindfulness. If not, the Corporations-shop will diminish its movement in international.
There is no "one best way" to structure the Research Limitations section of the dissertation. However, we recommend a structure based on three moves: the announcing, reflecting and forward looking move.
In qualitative research certain limitations might mean that the findings cannot be generalized to the larger population. This is especially true when the definition of the population is broad (ex: elderly women)
Delimitations are choices made by the researcher which should be mentioned. They describe the boundaries that they have set for the study. This is the place to explain:
Captain Arthur Roy Brown was born on Dec.23, 1893 in a place called a Carleton Place, ON, Canada. He was a Canadian and also an ace during the First World War.
Get original essayHe was known for bringing down Manfred Von Richthofen (red Baron) who was the greatest ace during world war one. Roy Brown joined the Royal Naval Air Service as soon as he received his certificate from the school that taught him for to fly a plane (Wright brother’s school) in Dayton, Ohio.
During his times of training for the war he almost died by breaking a part of his spine on April 1916, everyone taught it would be a terrible injury but he recovered quickly.
The battle of Vimy Ridge is something that Canada was most proud of during world war 1 this precious day started on April 9th,1917 when Canada’s Army led and trained by Arthur Currie carried out their plan to attack in action.
Arthur Currie carefully planned out everything for make sure that this plan didn’t fail. He trained soldiers for weeks before the plan underwent action, first he started off by creating a mock ridge to practice on, and topographic maps to make sure the soldiers knew how to get in and out quickly. This plan was known as the “Creeping Barrage”. This battle started April 2, 1917, all types of soldier’s land and get into position without the Germans knowing since they had a hill which meant an height advantage to see if any enemies are trying to invade them.
Battle started April 9th when Canada put their plan into action (30,000 Canadian fought) Canada won the battle on April 12th, 1917.
The gas mask was invented by a Canadian physician and soldier known as doctor Cluny Macpherson at St. John Newfoundland.
During the battle of Ypres, a new form of weapon was used for the first time referred as chlorine gas. Many soldiers died from this and the only way soldiers could have survived was by using urine soaked piece of fabric over their mouth to filter out the gas. While many soldiers were dying because of this Cluny Macpherson thought of an invention which would save thousands of people called a gas mask. Macpherson took a German prisoner helmet and placed a canvas hood over it. This would filter out all the chemicals and absorb the gas. He saved thousands from suffering from choline gas.
The group of seven was a group of Canadian landscape painters from 1920-1933. The original members of the group of seven were Frederick Varley, Frank Johnston, J.E.H MacDonald, Franklin Carmichael, Arthur Lismer, A.Y. Jackson and Lawren Harris. This group of talented people brought a different style of painting that people weren’t expecting. They used bold colors and used large strokes of paint. They influenced many different painters to express themselves in many different forms and ways.
Before 1929, in the eye of law (government) women were not considered as a person, the North American Act stated that only “qualified persons” were given the right to become a Canadian senate. This “law” made a bunch of friends come together to create a group called “The famous five” and take the case into the provincial court of Alberta.
The famous five consisted of Emily Murphy, Louise Mckinney, Irene Parlby, Henrietta Edwards and Nellie McClung. When they presented their case to the supreme court of Canada they were denied but this group of women didn’t give up and decided to take the case to the only level higher than federal known as the privy court. They represented their case to the privy court and they decide to agree and change the law even if the federal court denied.
After this case, women were allowed to be accepted into a government job.
Diabetes was something that everyone feared because there was no cure for it and it would lead to death That is the reason insulin was created Millions of people had diabetes since their pancreas dint produce enough insulin for sugar to be processed by our body.
After a long period of research in 1921, two Canadians named Frederick Banting and Charles Best created a team that would discovery the formula for Insulin. This was first tested on dogs and cured dogs that had diabetes. 1922 was the year that insulin was used on a human. It was used on a teenager named Leonard Thompson and after a couple weeks the results came up positive and it was confirmed that Insulin controlled diabetes.
This was not a cure but helped millions of people with diabetes live normal lives. Insulin is Canada’s greatest discovery.
Agnes Macphail was born on March 24, 1890, in a place called Proton Township, Ontario, Canada. Agnes Macphail was the first even Canadian women to be elected into the house of commons in 1921-1941 which means she was the first women allowed to vote and run to office until 1940, she was also one of the first women to be elected towards the Ontario legislature she has an important role in Canada’s history since she was the first Canadian women to sit in parliament until 1935.
Because of the great depression, many people lost their jobs and became unemployed, Men started to leave their homes in search for a job and money the name given to these people was transients many people went homes during this time and they were given the name hobo’s.
The amount of unemployed people was getting out of control and many communities started to become scared, things were starting to get dangerous so Prime Minister R.B Bennet created relief camps in the northern British Columbia. The men in these cams did manual labor had were living a very poor lifestyle making 25 cents a day. The men went on strike to Ottawa demanding better work conditions and higher wages R.B Bennet had to stop them so he sent The Royal Mounted Police to stop the strike in Regina, Saskatchewan. Nearly 40 people were injured and 130 were arrested.
In the end, wages were increased to 40 cents.
Table hockey was originally invented in Canada, during the year of 1932, by a Canadian named Donald H. Munro Sr, In Toronto.
The creation of table hockey took place during the great depression. Donald has 3 young kids and a wife And didn’t have enough money to buy them a Christmas gift so instead, he took a bunch of household items like scrap pieces of wood, metal, coat hanger wire, clock spring. Unlike many games in our generations, other names given to table hockey at the time were rod hockey game, stick hockey and bubble hockey.
William Lyon Mackenzie King was born on Dec,17th 1874 in Kitchener Ontario, Canada he was the grandson of William Lyon Mackenzie, which was one of the leaders of the 1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada king was a journalist, author, civil servant and a politician.
William Lyon Mackenzie King had an important role that would affect Canada, which was the conscription crisis. Canada was fighting in the war and needed more soldiers to support them but at the start of world war two king promised there would be no conscription, he didn’t know what to do so he just asked the public to vote for what should be done.
The French Canadians didn’t want conscription while the English Canadians wanted conscription In 1940, An National Resources Mobilization act was established by the government, which limited conscription (trained soldiers but soldiers weren’t allowed oversea unless emergency) this was William Lyon Mackenzie kings plan to make both sides happy.
He also made Canada’s relation with the United States better, he signed an agreement with U.S.A’s prime minister Franklin Roosevelt for joining America’s and Canada’s forces.
He also contributed to ending the depression by mobilizing the economy for war.Longest Canadian prime minister serving for 22 years in office.
On June 6th, 1944, Canada, America and Britain join forces to fight of forces from Normandy France, The Canadians were given the responsibility to take one of the beaches which was given know as Juno beach The Canadians which landed there were part of Britain’s Second Army.
Juno beach was the second most defended beach at Normandy during the invasion.
Canada’s raid was one of the most successful attacks during the D-day. D-day(including the successful Canadian attack) is significant to Canada’s history because it was the battle that led to the end of world war 2, it made Germany and the Nazi Party surrender.
Wilbur Rounding Franks was a Canadian medical researcher and the inventor of the G-Suit. After Wilbur Rounding Franks graduated in medicine at the University of Toronto he went to train in cancer research, which is where he and his team created the G-suit (1941). The G-suit was created to prevent the pilots in world war 1 from blacking out when flying at high speed. This suit was also used by astronauts. This suit was made out of rubber and water filled-padding.
Many different people tried to replicate Franks idea and make it better or make it for different purposes.
Lester B. Pearson was born on April 23, 1897, in Newtonbrook, ON. Lester B. Pearson was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1957 by proposing the world’s first ever peacekeeping force in the United Nations in order to solve the Suez Crisis.
He is the first ever Canadian to win the Nobel prize of Peace in Canada’s history Lester B. Pearson helped Canada join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)In 1963 he came Canada’s Prime Minister, and during the election, he promised to make Canada its own flag.
The Red Maple Leaf on Canada’s flag was given to Canada on February 15th, 1965There was a huge argument about the design of Canada’s flag from 1867-1964It was In 1964 when Canada’s Prime minister (Lester B. Pearson) established a committee to create an official flag for Canada.
On January 28th, 1965, Queen Elizabeth finally decided that on the 15th of February, 1965 The Red Maple Leaf would become Canada’s new flag. This design was created by George Stanley and John Matheson, they were inspired to create the design form the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada.
The very First world’s blackberry phone was invented in 1999 by Mike Lazaridis, the president of a Canadian company called Research In Motion this device was created in Waterloo, Ontario.
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Get custom essayBlackberry was the first every wireless handheld device. Used to send/receive push emails and “instant messages” - Name given to this device was chosen as blackberry because the keys look identical to blackberry fruit seeds.