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Key Performance Indicator is a set of quantifiable measures tools that demonstrates how effectively is the company achieving from the key business objectives. Company use KPIs at multiple levels to evaluate the success of it in a particular activity such as project, product, programs .and its success to reaching their targets.
Get original essayThe key Performance Indicator characteristics must be based on a factors that show how its related to the business objectives. And another important factor is that they have specific time-frame divided into key checkpoints.
In term of developing a new strategy for formulating KPIs, your team should understand what your organizational objectives are and start with the basics, and how you plane to achieve the organization target.
Most organizations use the industry-recognized KPIs and then they ask why that KPI doesn't reflect their own business and fails to make any positive change. One of the most important aspects of the KPI is that they are a form of communication. And it is controlled by the same rules as any other type of communication.
The high-level of the key Performance Indicator is focus on the overall performance of the company while low-level of key Performance Indicator may focus on processes in the departments of the organization.
Honesty
A good leader will be able to establish an honest connection with his or her peers. A relationshipbased on trust and reliability makes the team know that their leader is always there for them, which in turn motivates them with an idea to be there for their leader.
Get original essayAbility To Person
Each person in a group will be able to bring something different to the table, and a good leaderwill work with each member's strengths and weaknesses in order to make sure that the best isbeing done.
Ability To Communicate
By clearly describing his or her idea to their team, the leader will be able to create a sense ofease and understanding with his peers. When every member of the team is trying towards acommon goal, then there is nothing that cannot be very skillful.
Sense Of Humor
Negative situations will always arise, but a good business leader will know how to thinly spread them and help give his team peace of mind. A stress-free work conditions often gathers the mostresults, and sometimes all that is necessary to help push your team forward is a healthy dose of humor in the face of difficulty.
Confidence
A good leader will show confidence in the face of challenges, and will inspire confidence in histeam by reminding them that (blocking or stopping things) are just there to be overcome. The confident leader will keep his eye on the goal and will not allow anything discourage him or her, or their team, from success.
Commitment
Some leaders may drive their teams to work hard, while others will constantly be at their sides, giving every job their one hundred percent. The last thing just mentioned is the type of leader that can expect to accomplish more. Teams work better when they see that the one that they answer to is right by their side, sharing their struggles and triumphs.
Positive Attitude
Desire to do something is the key to success, and it can be hard tostay (gave a reason to do something) in negative surrounding conditions. By keeping yourteam's spirits up, you will be able to give a reason to do something them to accomplish more, and not let them be bothered by minor setbacks.
Ability to create interesting new things
Sometimes a very hard situation will arise that will require you to think outside of the box andhelp your team do the same. At such extremely important movements, a good leader will be able to show a (like nothing else in the world) type of ability to create interesting new things that can help his team push through any situation.
Ability To Inspire
Inspiration can take many forms, but a capable leader will be able to show his ability tolead and inspire by giving a reason to do something his team to share his vision.
Gut feeling or deep-down opinion
Finally, a good leader will have gut feeling. Sometimes blocking things will arise that nobody will know how to handle, maybe even you. In suchsituations, it is important to be confident and make a decision. No matter what the decision is, ifyou show that you are giving the problem everything you have got, it will inspire your team to dothe same, which can often be just all that is needed to help get past the situation to begin with.
The selected theory is the Keynesian theory which is articulated in a news article published in The Washington Post. The news article published by Carter (2020) is titled ‘the $1 trillion stimuli isn’t about cash. It’s about restoring faith in the system’. It was published on March 18 to analyze the explanation of the Keynesian theory in the era of coronavirus. Zachary D. Carter is a senior reporter at Huff Post. He is also an author of the forthcoming biography “The Price of Peace: Money, Democracy and the Life of John Maynard Keynes.
Get original essayThe article argues that the global economy is headed for an irreversible recession. It argues that the question is how severe the recession will affect the economy with millions losing their jobs, revenues disrupted and companies shutting down. The article leans on John Maynard Keynes’ argument that the government should spend more money to counter recession even if their budget deficits will lead to extra borrowing (Carter, 2020). Currently, the world including the American economy will need a huge amount of money to help those under enormous stress. It also focuses on the argument of Keynes that economics is a large-scale therapy to calm anxious minds (Krugman et al., 2017). The world needs calming therapy today in the era of the coronavirus pandemic.
Carter (2020) continues to emphasize that Keynes was a prophet of numbers who explained that during the world war, businesses were not ready for a sudden change. They did not know what time the war would end to resume normal businesses. Similarly, businesses today cannot estimate the impact the coronavirus pandemic will have on their businesses and for how long. Carter (2020) also argues that people cannot calculate their advantage or value if they do not see beyond the horizon. As such, the current pandemic requires the government to make various efforts to boost or restart the economy.
Carter (2020) presents various macroeconomic concepts in the article by articulating their arguments of Keynes. One of the concepts is that the government needs to spend more money to jumpstart the economy. It also identifies that the expenditure of the government should be in a way that will restore peace of mind among citizens (Sebastiani, 2016). The article argues that while businesses are in a panic mood, it is only the political class that can drive people out of the crisis. One of their tactics would be to convince people that the situation will get better soon (Krugman et al., 2017). A reduction or elimination of anxiety would ensure people do not make decisions based on fear. Another macroeconomic concept is that the government should increase its expenditure by supporting needy families and companies on the brink of collapsing. The purpose is to increase the expenditure and thus allow companies to continue operating, reduce the rate of unemployment, and increase the circulation of money in the economy (Krugman et al., 2017). Carter (2020) argues that the private sector cannot lift the economy out of distress and thus the government has to step forward to relieve the economic stress.
The article indicates that the pandemic has led to a disruption of supply and demand. Supply chains have been disrupted while the demand continues to rise. Carter (2020) argues that it is the role of the government to restore the balance between supply and demand. One of the issues identified is the dwindling shortage of medical supplies necessary to tackle the pandemic. The article argues that it is the role of the government to boost the confidence of the people even if they run into a huge debt. Carter (2020) argues that a surge in confidence will ultimately take care of the economy's debt and budget deficits. For example, according to Keynes, the government should spend more money to salvage struggling companies from total collapse (Michie, 2018). The focus is to ensure the distribution lines have not been affected and the supply of critical products is sufficient.
According to the article by Carter (2020), government intervention remains critical to boosting the slow economy. Keynes argued that active government intervention is important during a recession. Carter (2020) states that wages and employment opportunities cannot sustain the economy and thus the need for further intervention. He also states that no matter how governments may be corrupt, they need to create employment opportunities and share prosperity with everyone. According to Murakami (2019), Keynesian theory indicates that if a government fails to create job opportunities or restore its ability to purchase products and boost the supply.
The American government is working according to the Keynes argument by ordering meat companies to keep their facilities open to avoid a shortage of meat. The order is despite the high rate of infection among the meat companies that have recorded thousands of infections. Another attempt by the government is to reopen the economy to avoid further loss of jobs and the collapse of companies (Carter, 2020). States have outlined reopening strategies even if the risk of infection is still high in states such as New York. The focus is to restore the confidence that Keynes indicated was crucial to keep an economy from a recession.
The article articulates various decisions that political leaders should be taking to restore the confidence of the people. However, some of the arguments of Keynes do not auger well with the current pandemic. In the 1920s when over one million Britons were laid off, it was important for the politicians to urge the people to remain hopeful (Murakami, 2019). However, Carter (2020) does not present an argument that can be applied in the current situation. The reason is that governments across states are pushing for reopening while the risk is still high. Therefore, the risk could lead to the second wave of infection which could trigger a severe effect on people and the economy. It is also controversial since it argues that it is the politicians who can deliver people from the turmoil (Datta, 2020). However, most of the politicians are acting in a manner to suggest they are preferable candidates in the coming elections. The decisions of the political leaders are still embroiled by the desire for reelection and thus cannot be effective.
In the last paragraph, the article is controversial since it does not offer hope for tomorrow. The argument of Carter (2020) is that the government should be working to restore the confidence of citizens. However, it ends by indicating that in the long run, we are all dead and that anything is possible. It is a weakness to conclude an article on the Keynesian theory that would, however, offer hope to the world during the pandemic. Indicating that we would all be dead eventually is a way of showing that the death toll could continue climbing and the economy could deteriorate further (Sebastiani, 2016). Therefore, it is a weakness since ending the article with words of hope would be better. It is also important for the author to avoid borrowing the words of Keynes since some do not apply to the current pandemic (Scott, 2018). While in the early 1900s the issue was a recession, today, the risk of death due to respiratory disease. Therefore, the approach needs to be customized for the current pandemic to avoid replicating the information yet the dynamics are different.
The fear of a rising number of infections prompted the United States to call for lockdown in various states. Different states are not implementing a reopening strategy to cushion the economy from further negative effects (Carter, 2020). Reopening is also a move to boost the confidence of the citizens that the situation will get better eventually. Conversely, for a country such as Sweden, the country did not call for lockdown and allowed companies, schools, and people to continue with their normal lives. In Sweden, there was surging confidence that the economy would not be hurt by the lockdown. Interestingly, with a lockdown, Sweden has recorded a few cases compared to the United States. Currently, there is an ongoing discussion about whether Sweden will experience a surge in its economic performance due to the lack of a lockdown. However, their companies will not be affected since the investors are confident and companies have not laid people off.
Sweden and the United States have various similarities in their approach to handling the pandemic. One of the common approaches according to Keynes is to boost the confidence of the people during the crisis (Krugman et al., 2017). Top government officials including President Trump and Prime Minister Stefan Löfven and health experts have held regular briefings to convey a message of hope. The briefings comprise information to demonstrate the drastic measures that every government is taking to curb the crisis. It is also an avenue to lower the risk of loss of confidence which can affect individual citizens, companies, and investors. The two countries have taken different measures to curb the spread of the virus and boost confidence and economic growth.
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Get custom essayCoronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented eventuality that has caught many countries unawares. Governments including the United States and Sweden have taken different measures to communicate hope to the citizens and also increase their expenditure to stabilize the economy. According to Keynes, the government should spend more money to stabilize the economy but more so to eliminate the fear that would lead to bad economic decisions (Krugman et al., 2017). One of the weaknesses of the article by Carter is that it does not offer that Keynes ascribes is important during a crisis. It indicates that ‘eventually we would all die’ which is against the theory Carter uses to pitch his argument. Sweden and the United States continue to make different approaches such as on their issue of a lockdown. However, their approaches are similar since they continue to offer hope that the situation will get better in the future in accordance with Keynesian theory.
Extinction is a natural occurrence that transpires at a natural rate of about one to five species per year. Scientists estimate we’re now losing species at 1,000 to 10,000 times that rate, with dozens going extinct every day. There is no mystery that our human activity can be damaging to animals and their habitats. People are unaware of the impact that the extinction of some species may cause. There are animals in this world that are vital to the ecosystem, yet their populations are dropping. Many of these endangered animals are keystone species. A keystone species is defined as a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
Get original essayPerhaps ecosystems would collapse if some keystone species disappeared, but how could this happen and why should we care? The Earth is currently experiencing a mass extinction of life; one out of six mass extinctions that have occurred throughout our planet’s history (based on scientific estimations). Since the number of species on Earth is an estimation, it is challenging to accurately determine how many species are becoming extinct. However, according to the World Wildlife Fund, scientists believe between 10,000 and 100,000 species cease to exist every year due to habitat loss, resource depletion, climate change, and other factors. How could this be? Wouldn’t we hear about these organisms on the news? Perhaps the projected tens or hundreds of species going extinct each day are not the cute or beautiful creatures we are taught to care about. In fact, you may not be aware of many species that are actually very important to our own existence! If we lose keystone species, extinction rates will dramatically increase. We cannot afford to be losing more species!
When I was little I heard stories about people being attacked by a large fish with sharp teeth. It struck 6 year old Mike Feltham with fear to discover that these victims were beach-goers just like me. I was constantly alert every time I was in the ocean, but my family would try to comfort my fear by telling me that there weren’t sharks in New England waters. As I got older, seeing the movie “Jaws,” which portrayed sharks as man-eating monsters, only heightened my fear. After that, even when I stepped in a swimming pool I was paranoid, because it felt like something was there. Then, upon turning 11, my fear developed into a curiosity when I watched an annual shark week program on the discovery channel. Seeing these magnificent creatures swim and hunt gave me a feeling of awe. One diver said something I’d never forget, “By getting in the water with this animal I am entering it’s home.” Its home is not our home. It was later revealed in more shows that many species of sharks are very low in numbers because of our human activity. This perplexed me that the most fearsome creature in all of the ocean was being killed off by us humans.
So really, who are the monsters; us or them? They rarely mistake us for their prey and in return for this confusion we develop wild stories that promote fear and hate towards these animals. On average 100 million sharks are killed per year by humans and the US averages just 19 shark attacks each year and one shark-attack fatality every two years. They are beautiful animals that we have given the image of a monster to. They must be preserved because the role of sharks is to keep other marine life in healthy balance and to regulate the oceans. Removing sharks could seriously upset that balance to the point where the ecosystem may collapse. This is a prime example of endangered species in need of our protection because sharks are vital to the ecosystems of the ocean and can be found in every ocean around the world.
Many ecologists consider apex predators like sharks, killer whales, and wolves to be keystone organisms, since they maintain the balance of biodiversity and resource availability. From the top to the bottom of the food chain, all of these endangered species have been greatly affected by our human activity. As species are disappearing so too are our alternatives for future discoveries and advancements. The impact due to the loss of variety of life in the world include fewer new medicines and greater vulnerability to the ecosystem. The extinction rate of endangered animals has increased a hundredfold over the last century, and we are to blame.
Just like humans, an individual plant or animal could not live by itself. It has to interact with the other organisms in its environment to survive. Removing one animal or plant species from the ecosystem will compromise the life of other organisms that interact with it. Leaving out a legacy of unique animals for the next generation is a desirable value. We would like our children also to enjoy the benefits that could be gained from wildlife species, not only of their mere existence but for the potential benefits that they can provide.
We must now answer the questions that determine a just topic for the Rotary Speech. Is it the truth? Yes, the loss of endangered species threatens the ecosystem which could become a potential threat to us. Is it fair to these animals that we take their homes and kill them to extinction? No, we share this planet. Will bringing awareness to and protecting species build goodwill and better friendships? Yes, animal conservation can bring communities together in order to save a species. Will it be beneficial to all concerned? Yes, Saving species will keep all the ecosystems of this planet in a healthy balance.
Nature is a beautiful thing and provides us with all the resources we own. It is our duty to conserve the multitude of animals that are affected by our human activities and fear. We are taking over other animals homes and causing species to go extinct that are important to the ecosystems. Keystone species must be preserved in any way possible because the collapse of a food chain could be a great threat to us too. Animals must be protected so that we may all thrive on this planet. If endangered animals die, it could cause a ripple effect and put us in danger too. Then us humans would become the endangered animal.
A kidney transplant is the transfer of a kidney (healthy kidney) from a donors body into the body of a patient who has very little / no kidney function. There are two types of donations for kidney transplants, living donations, deceased donations. Although there are major differences between both of the donation types, they both need to meet certain conditions/ standards.
Get original essayThese conditions are the ability to meet the donor/ recipient compatibility e. g. if the donor and the recipient do not have the same blood types, then the compatibility will be affected and the transplant will not be a success as the recipient will reject the kidney. The ability to meet certain standards/ requirements of the donor condition such as if the donor does not meet the minimum age requirements (for a living donation) or does not meet the certain requirements in terms of physical well-being or if they have diseases such as diabetes or high blood pressure etc. The ability to meet certain requirements of the patient condition such as if the patient has any diseases such as HIV, hepatitis A or B, cancer or diabetes.
These requirements mostly apply to live donations but some also apply for deceased donations such as donor/ recipient compatibility. If these conditions are not met, there can be serious complications for the patient mostly but also the donor, these complications can affect the kidney survival times (how long the kidney lasts for in the patient) and can cause the patient to develop
Chronic rejection, acute rejection and/or cause the patient to develop diabetes, cancer (there is a higher chance of developing melanoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma or lymphoma) and so on.
However, ethical issues are present in living donations, there is a high risk-benefit ratio, there is a higher risk to the donor. Additionally, the process of giving a kidney can result in some negative psychosocial consequences and so on, this will be discussed in detail in the essay.
The patient/ recipient compatibility is crucial to consider when going through a kidney transplant. A number of issues/ problems can arise if the donor/ recipient compatibility does not meet the standards and requirements that healthcare professionals have ruled out. Firstly, the blood type needs to match the donor’s blood type so that it is compatible. This means that if the patient has type A, B, AB or O, the donor must also have the same blood type or have a blood type of O as blood type O is universal. If the patient’s blood type is not correctly matched to the right donor blood type, it will have serious implications, because a reaction occurs when the antigens on the red blood cells of the donor blood react with the antibodies in the recipient's plasma. For example, if a small amount of blood type A, possibly a unit of this type of blood which consists of A antigens is transfused into someone with type B who have anti-type A antibodies in their blood, a transfusion reaction will occur.
When a transfusion reaction does occur, an antibody attaches to antigens on several red blood cells. This, in turn, can cause the red blood cells to clump/ form together and block up blood vessels. Hemolysis then takes place where the cells are destroyed by the body causing the body to release hemoglobin from the red blood cells into the blood. Bilirubin is then produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin, which can cause the patient to develop jaundice. It can cause the patient to also develop acute hemolytic reaction where the patient can develop fevers, chills, chest or back pain, bleeding, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, a rapid drop in blood pressure, and/or kidney damage. A delayed hemolytic reaction can also occur, which is generally less severe or even asymptomatic, but there will still be the destruction of blood cells.
The patient will need an emergency blood transfusion, if however for some reason, the blood type of the patient is unknown it is safe for the patient to receive type O- blood. Type O- blood (which has no antigen on its surface) will not react with antibodies in the recipient's plasma (Blood type O- is universal and can be used for all blood types). Those with type AB blood (which has no antibodies) are universal recipients because their plasma will not react with donated blood. This can severely affect the process of a kidney transplant as it will slow down the process of the transplant surgery, so the determination of blood type of the patient and the donor is crucial. All of this, however, does not affect the donor. Secondly, HLA typing is carried out. HLA typing is also called “tissue typing”. HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen, antigens are proteins on the cells in the body and there are six that are proved/ shown to be the most important in organ transplantation. Each person's tissues (there is an exception for identical twins) are all different when compared with each other’s. The transplant will be much more successful and will last over a longer period of time if the HLA match is better between the donor and the recipient. This is due to the way chromosomes/DNA are inherited or passed down in a family, for example, a parent and their offspring have at least a 50 percent chance of matching, however, siblings have varied compatibility, it can range from 0 to 100 percent match rate. Unrelated donors (those who are not from the same family as the patient) The best match for the recipient is to have 12 out of the s12antigen match. (This is known as a zero mismatch.) are less likely to match at all. Although, if the patient has a very common HLA type it is possible and likely for all 12 markers to match, even if the deceased donor is unrelated, this may be a different case for live donations.
Furthermore, patients are required to go through a blood test where they measure antibodies to HLA; it is repeated monthly (sometimes) but less than that depending upon the transplant program policy. While waiting for a transplant, the level of HLA antibodies can increase or decrease over time, HLA antibodies can be harmful to the transplanted organ, so they must be measured while waiting for a transplant, this includes before the transplant surgery and after the transplantation. Patients are considered HLA “sensitized” if their blood contains HLA antibodies, this means that it is best to find a donor with HLA types that avoid the HLA antibodies that are present in the patient’s blood. If this is not met then there is a 13% higher risk of organ mismatch in the patient’s body [1]which can lead to side effects that can reduce the patient’s quality of life as well as reducing the kidney’s working ability throughout the years of transplant.
The crossmatch test is considered to be very important and is repeated before the kidney transplant. Blood is taken from the recipient and the donor and is mixed together, if the recipient's cells attack and kill the donor cells, the crossmatch will be positive meaning that the recipient has antibodies against the donor's cells meaning that It is not compatible and carrying out with the transplant will result in kidney rejection. It is considered compatible if the results are negative.
Overall, the donor/ recipient compatibility is crucial for the process of kidney donation and transplantation as if the tissue typing, blood types or the crossmatch does not match with both the patient and the donor, it can cause complications for the patient, they can develop a number of diseases such as CKD or can reject the kidney which can cause the whole donation process and the transplant surgery to be unsuccessful and a waste of time, it can also cause lower survival rates in worst case scenarios. It can also affect the donor as it can cause them to also lose a kidney due to the unsuccessful operation, this can affect their quality of life and can cause emotional distress as well as physical complications such as high blood pressure, trauma, and diabetes etc.
Secondly, the donor condition can affect the process of the kidney donation/ transplant. Factors such as age, diseases/illnesses, whether the person consumes drugs or smokes can all affect the kidney transplant and donation. To start with, the age of the kidney donor and its recipient has to be taken into consideration in the matching process due to donated kidneys being a scarce, life-saving resource, this is because it would help extend lives and reduce the number of patients on the transplant waiting list. This means that optimal young healthy kidneys are given to recipients who die long before the kidney would stop functioning. If young patients were to obtain kidneys from an old donor it can deteriorate long before the patient dies, this, in turn, means that it would require them to return to dialysis or be re-transplanted, making the procedure much more time-consuming as well as further increasing the number of patients on the waiting list. Donor age is proved to be a powerful factor in terms of predicting the long-term renal allograft function as “Histopathological studies reveal a 20–25% loss of volume particularly in the cortex, fibrous intimal thickening of arteries as well as the loss of glomeruli because of global sclerosis with enlargement of the remaining glomeruli and lastly patchy tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis [4] in particularly aged kidneys.”
A research conducted by a medical professional in the American Society of Nephrology's 37th Annual Meeting and Scientific Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. They examined over 74,000 deceased donor kidney transplants between 1990-2002, the age of the donors and their recipients were compared. The ages were compared because doctors were trying to determine how to maximize the use of the donated kidney and how to maximize it’s lifespan when it is transplanted into the patient. The findings showed that 6,850 graft years could have been saved over this twelve year period if young donor kidneys (ages 15-50) were matched with young recipients under the age of 60 and older kidneys (age 50+) were given to older patients over the age of 60. The kidneys could have increased the life of each transplant patient by an average of nine months. because of the 9,250 transplants that would have been affected by this reallocation, this would have saved 6,850 graft years over a twelve-year period. A total of to 27,750 more graft years could’ve been saved as well as the kidney surviving for 3 more years over the time of the transplanted kidney.[3] Additionally, In 1991, Donnelly et al. [5] published the results of 141 consecutive first cadaveric transplants and noted that graft failure at 2 years was significantly greater when the donor was more than 5 years older than the recipient suggesting that age is a factor that should be taken into consideration when carrying out with a kidney transplant and can affect the lifespan of a kidney.
Another factor that should be taken into consideration is whether the donor has 20% more protein in their urine. This is because it can be a sign of the donor having kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure (hypertension). This can affect the process of the kidney transplant as it can mean that the kidney will not function properly and the kidney life-time will be reduced as well as the donor developing even higher hypertension or worsening of kidney disease which means that the donor will also need dialysis and in worst cases a kidney transplant, this will slow down the process of a kidney donation and transplant due to the complications that the donor faces as well as the patient as it means that the kidney does not function well and so the patient will require further dialysis or another kidney transplant.
The last factor that should be taken into consideration is whether the donor smokes or consumes alcohol Firstly, smoking can affect the process of a kidney transplant as smoking slows the blood flow to important organs like the kidneys and can make kidney disease worse, it can increase hypertension as well as reducing the ability of kidneys. This is detrimental to the health of the patient as it can mean that the kidney will not function to the best of its abilities and can mean that the patient will have to receive further dialysis to increase the function of the kidney. It will not be long-lasting and the patient will be required to have another kidney transplant.
Alcohol consumption can affect the kidney as it has been proved that there is an “increase in kidney swelling, impaired renal functioning, and enlarged kidney cells containing a considerable increase in water, fat, and protein”. [8] The increased amount of fat and other components can mean that the kidney will be unhealthy and it will be harder to find correct arteries due to the increased fat and so the kidney transplant process will be slowed down as well as the patient receiving a kidney that is unhealthy and unable to function properly, the whole process of the kidney donation and the kidney transplant will be seen as a waste of time as the kidney transplant will have a reduced chance of being successful.
In conclusion, if one condition is not met properly, it can mean that the kidney transplant and donation process will become a “waste of time” due to the unsuccessful outcome (the patient needing another possible kidney transplant and more kidney dialysis, if this is not met then the survival rate of the patient is quite low). Factors such as alcohol consumption and the age can make a subtle difference between life or death of the patient as well as determining the lifespan of the kidney which can affect the quality of life of the patient. This determines that the donor condition can majorly affect the process of kidney transplantation and donation but significantly less than the donor and recipient compatibility as only age is a major concern, other factors can be fixed to make sure that the lifespan of the kidney is longer such as quitting smoking or reducing alcohol consumption.
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Get custom essayThe third factor that can affect the process of a transplant and donation is the patient condition. Cancer is one of the main factors that can ultimately decide if a recipient is eligible for receiving a kidney transplant. This is because “transplantation does not improve and may reduce the patients’ prognosis, and to avoid placing scarce donated organs into recipients with a limited prognosis.”[9].. Additionally, it has been proven that patient lifespan is decreased to the median patient survival after the diagnoses of cancer were only 2.7 years, compared with an average survival of recipients without cancer of 8.3 years.[10] The patient’s risk of developing cancer will also be increased after the transplant.[11] All of these factors will affect the process of a donation and transplant as it would not take place due to the survival outcome of the patient, kidneys may be saved for other people on the ongoing transplant waiting list.
Imagine a day where you work 8 straight hours with someone telling you exactly what to do all day without a break, now think about how that will make you feel. That is how a kid feels without recess because recess is like our break at work. Recess is a time for kids to play without a teacher telling them how to do it. Research suggests that schools keep recess because it helps students social, emotional, and cognitive development, improves health in students, and helps with students’ academic achievement.
Get original essaySocial and emotional development during recess is a way for students to independently explore social situations. Recess can be used to help kids “develop important social and emotional skills, which is essential to a well-rounded education”. During recess, kids are encouraged to play with other kids which means they have to figure out how to engage with their peers. Teachers who were asked about recess for kindergarteners said that “social skill building happens during recess for young students”. Students get the chance to be in social situations like play together and resolving conflict without the teacher telling you what to do. This social skill building can help them with their emotional development because they can feel included in games with fellow peers. This is really important for kids with autism because they have a hard time interacting with other people. Autism is a developmental disorder that impairs a person’s ability to communicate and interact which means they “are less engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity than their typical peers and less engaged in social interaction with peers”. Teachers have to do things like “incorporated preferred toys and activities and prompts” for their Autism or ASD kids so they can get the same social benefits that the students get. The difference is that their social benefits have to be a little more teacher-led because of their ability disorder but they still get the chance to benefit from recess. “The ?LiiNK Project?, a school curriculum modeled after one in Finland (whose academic performance consistently ranks in the top five countries in the world—well above the United States)” which makes sure kids' emotional and social health is just as important as their academic goals. An example of the LiiNK Project working is a teacher not taking away recess from kids who aren’t paying attention in class because research has shown that students are more on task after recess”. Recess is also fun for kids so it makes them happier when they have recess. Parents have even noticed how research can benefit their child, they said that their kids “happier, more focused, alert, and refreshed”. Recess benefits kids’ emotional and social development and it also helps students cognitive development.
Cognitive development during recess is how students learn to problem solve situations on their own. Cognitive development is how children think, explore, and figure things out. Recess benefits students’ cognitive development because ”students time to learn conflict resolution, sharing, and problem-solving skills that are necessary for student success.” Problem-solving skills in students is a way for students to expand their way of thinking and improve their cognitive development. Recess is a break from the students' learning which allows students to process the information they learned so recess is necessary for cognitive development. Schools are expecting students to do more work than ever before and it starts as soon as kids start school, which can cause students to be stressed out. Recess gives students the break they need to be able to properly manage “the stresses and distractions that normally interfere with cognitive processes are diminished'. Since schools are making kids do more work than ever before then so it is important to give students breaks when they are dealing with “high cognitive loads” like when students are doing school work for hours. The mental break that recess gives students a chance to “refocus cognitively” afterward. Students have a hard time doing their best work when they are just doing work because it doesn’t give them a chance to process the information that they are given. Cognitive development in students is processed through breaks like recess which is also a physical and mental health benefit.
Students’ mental and physical health improves during recess because they get a mental break and their body is getting exercise. 1 in 10 young people struggle with mental health issues. Since students are dealing with more testing and schoolwork more than ever before it causes them to be more stressed. Schools in the US are trying their hardest to be the best of the best so they are focusing on students’ academic work than things like recess. Schools are shortening recess which makes it harder for students to process information without a mental break. When students are given recess it “affords the opportunity for mental change and physical release”. Students need mental breaks like recess to process information and also to reduce stress. Recess is a benefit to physical health especially in kids because of the “increases in childhood obesity rates“. Obesity rates have gone up but recess in schools is getting shorter. Recess is a physical activity and it has “many health benefits, like prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, etc“. Some schools think it’s ok to take away recess because the school offers physical education once a week but kids need to be physically active every day. Recess is a free play for students and if schools don’t think students are getting enough physical activity then they can provide things for kids to be more active. Recess can help mental and physical health but the biggest benefit is an academic achievement because that is what schools thrive off of.
Academic achievement is what schools are pushing for and recess is how they can get it. “Finnish schools provide their students with a first-rate education; however, their students are provided over an hour of recess per day” and this goes with students process information during recess. “Students in Japan score high on national tests. The elementary schools in Japan provide students with up to five recesses per day that range anywhere from 10 to 30 minutes“. “Elementary students in Shanghai, China receive daily recess time that amounts to almost 40% of an entire school day. Even though these students spend more time away from academic work every day, their ability to perform well on academic tasks has not declined”. The top countries academically are countries that give their students more recess. Recess is a break that allows students to process the information so if you give students a break after they learn a lot of information then they will be able to process more information. US school officials should look into other countries’ academic achievement and their recess rates so they can see the correlation between the two. Academically students do better when they are focused, healthy, and happy. Recess gives students all of that because it gives students a mental break and gets them physically active. Be physically active allows students to get the blood circulating to their brain which needs good blood flow to work at the fullest potential. Recess is a benefit for academic achievement so if you want your school to be better then they need more recess.
Recess is needed for kids to grow because it helps students’ social, emotional, and cognitive development, improves health in students, and helps with students’ academic achievement. Recess can help students’ social and emotional development by getting them to interact with peers independently. Recess improves cognitive development by giving them problem-solving skills that they don’t get in a classroom. Recess improves students’ mental and physical health by providing a mental break and allowing students to be physically active. Recess helps academic achievement because the break allows students to process the information that was taught to them. Recess is an important part of young students’ education.
While browsing daily on social media accounts, one can see a lot of news headlines that subjects one of the main problems of society today: mental health. It becomes normalize as time passes by, to the extent that it is often being misconceptualize. In example, there are a lot of memes that points on the disturbing concept of depression, existential angst, self-harm, and suicide. Hence, it follows the subjective truth about what is up in our age: the age of despair. On Kierkegaard’s famous work The Sickness unto Death: A Christian Psychological Exposition for Upbuilding and Awakening under his pseudonym Anti-Climacus, he explored the fixed structure of self. Self, as what can be read from the text, is a synthesized relation that relates itself to itself — namely the positive unity of finitude and infinitude, of temporal and eternal, of possibility and necessity. However, this moving relation has its erroneous flow thus giving the way to despair: the sickness that causes man to be hopeful to death, yet cannot still die because the said disease have been consummated by itself. This sickness has three different forms: the first one is the ignorance to despair of one’s self, second is the not having a will to be oneself, and the last is the will to be oneself. The first form comes with the minimum state of despair, thereby it is also called the not strict type of despair. On the contrary, the second and third form comes with moderate to severe type of sickness, ergo leads to path of what Kierkegaard called as demonization. With that being said, this paper aims to tackle only the exposition of conscious despair — specifically the second form and its relation to the Filipino concept of ginhawa whereby leads to the Kierkegaardian theological self. It will also argue that due to the lack of passion of an individual who is in his conscious state, he has the capacity to create his own concept of God in order to surpass his existential problem. Consequently, this paper will expose the different faces of pahinga and ginhawa that can be thoroughly be seen from the Kierkegaardian concept of despair, thus will be hopefully essential to next studies of self in relation with the current age of existentialism.
Get original essayOn the third division from the first part of his work, Anti-Climacus acknowledges the conscious despair: despair of having no will to be oneself and the despair of having will to be oneself, wherein the intensification of despair can thoroughly be seen alongside with his claim that the more a man is conscious of himself, the more intense will be the despair. To elaborate, this first section of my paper will first focus on the first type of conscious despair: the despair of having no will to be oneself, and afterwards will focus on the concept of pagod — the human exhaustion. The Man of Immediacy Man is struggling in the middle of its constituents. It is evident, as time passes by, that man is not just designed to live unexhausted. In fact, it is the other way around. Man is like an animal who is always hungry out of pleasure, out of something that will make him satisfy out of aestheticism. As a result, as he wishes to be someone else simply because he is not that someone who is capable of things he wishes he could, the feeling of despair would be visible than he ever realized. It will soon drain him through the reality of his fate — of his imperfect life. Take, for example, the current fanaticism over the internet: people seem to have everything as what have been posted in different social media sites. Consequently, a man who is in negation of participant’s luxurious life would be exhausted. He will suddenly feel the fantasy from possibilities and the magic of infinite hopes and dreams. This is the nature of pagod: it is the human exhaustion and tiredness to dream out of immediacy. The moment man realizes his incapacity to be someone, or even something else, he will later on feel the eternal exhaustion that will cause him to be drown in despair. It is a type of pagod that lives deep within and more painful than the physical exhaustion made by the draining crisis of transportation and traffic jam. Hence, this man of immediacy that is consummated by the earthly necessities thus experiences pagod is in necessity of help: either from someone or from himself alone. And 1 It must be noted that Søren Kierkegaard is also known as a master of irony, in line with his greatest influencer, Socrates. In this work, The Sickness unto Death, Kierkegaard used Anti-Climacus which means “higher rank”. This pseudonym was also used in his work Practice in Christianity. since this pagod is just based upon his earthly cravings, the kind of help that he will acquire will not fall to his real longing: the pahinga.
Anti-Climacus continues to tackle the nature of man when he is in his conscious despair. A man who is in despair of not having a will to be himself seems like he is just sitting around the corner, watching his own self, pre-occupied of time, and in the state of contradiction: although he do not want to be himself, he still loves himself enough to enter his pahinga. The Abstract Self Pahinga, in Kierkegaardian concept, is something that binds an individual to his own self. It is just with himself alone, self-realizing everything that has had happened — it is commonly called as the inclosing reserve. For man who is in the state of inclosing reserve or pahinga, he sees the necessity of solitude. More than anything else, this is what he needed right after he realizes his responsibility out of his consciousness that he is in despair. He needs it; he longs for it. He needs a kind of help that he knows for sure, only himself can help him. He does not see the necessity of being with anyone, for then again, solitude is what he needed after he saw the earthly externalities and necessity. And with solitude, he could see his eternality, his abstract self. That Solitude A man who is in his inclosing reserve — that solitude will be his pahinga. It would be a complete silence that will give him rest. Finally, after facing all the banality of this cruelsome world, he will find rest. In the daily Filipino concept of pahinga, it means “to rest” after being exposed to some draining activities that eventually leads to pagod. One can either sleep, sit, or just stare blankly in the sky as he starts to ponder things. It is also the same type of solitude that Kierkegaard stated. A man who is in the state of pahinga does not want any noise or any companion. It is just as is, a philosophy of loneliness through the use of silence. Hence, this kind of view in solitude can also be seen in the work of Emil Cioran, On the Heights of Despair.
Soon enough, the dialectical process of man amid the wordly chaos will soon end as its phase. From pagod, there will come his pahinga. Obviously, a man who had finally has his solitude out of silence will feel that relief he once longed for. The Concept of Ginhawa Ginhawa does not only mean a mere relief. Back on its past studies, ginhawa means “the internal relief from within”. It is also often correlated with “breathe” or hininga that comes directly from intestine, stomach and liver from different Filipino natives, particularly Cebuano. Hence, this anthropological view of self who has ginhawa can be seen as linkage with Kierkegaard’s aftermath of solitude. To further elaborate, for a man who has finally endured all the havoc from his externalities and soon overcomes it by means of pahinga (solitude), his breathe, from the anthropological context of ginhawa, from his stomach will have its smooth flow; it is expected to lose all the chest pains and burden that he felt due to his own self exhaustion. In solitude, in silence, he will feel that complete freedom to be himself. In his pahinga, he can feel that uniqueness in himself; his true self and real frustrations. He has the capacity and freedom to cry and to shout. However, this solitude that is expected to have an outcome of relief also has its own problem: the problem of death.
By means of solitude, man will feel that refreshing atmosphere upon himself. Just like a husband who was drain enough to ask for loneliness in order to realize the potential “After having struggled madly to solve all problems, after having suffered on the heights of despair, in the supreme hour of revelation, you will find that the only reality, is silence.” Problems and thoughts that must be pondered, he will soon come out from his shelf and act as if nothing happened. After that hours of silence and that wet shirt due to his own tears, he will feel fresh and joy. The ginhawa is visible, not just in his face but also from within. However, Kierkegaard claims that too much complete solitude will cause the problem of death: the suicide. It is evident in a recent study that was accepted in the Journal of Adolescent Health. The researchers conducted a research study that aims to see the relationship between the preference for solitude and suicide. Its results have an affirmative hypothesis thus signifies that most individuals who prefers to be alone tends to commit suicide. On the other hand, they may also commit self-harming. Moreover, this claim of Kierkegaard has other side: a man who is in solitude might ask for help. He does not need that group of people who will listen — all he need is that single person who can give him that relaxing comfortability. However, his despair will not stop, for the reality will eat him again: he feels that he opened to a wrong person, or even that person did not really help him in a long span of time — thus will lead him even more to the danger of suicide. The Two Faces of Pahinga and Ginhawa From the given situation, the variation of pahinga and ginhawa can be thoroughly seen. One can find comfort by this concept: the comfort of being able to surpass his problem. Through that anxious feeling and fear that is brought by the havoc of externalities, he finds realizations and positive potentialities that must be actualized because he has already reached the ginhawa of his pahinga. To put in a short manner, he chooses to actualize his potentialities that he acquired during the times of solitude. “If this inclosing reserve is maintained completely, omnibus numeris absoluta [completely in every respect], then his greater danger is suicide. Most men, of course, have no intimation of what such a person of inclosing reserve can endure; if they knew, they would be amazed. The danger, then, for the completely inclosed person is suicide.”
On the contrary, a man who is in his inclosing reserve — as what Kierkegaard puts in, may find his ginhawa by the means of another context of pahinga: ang maihimlay. Himlay, in its daily usage of term, is an infinite rest: death. In this area, a man who is in solitude chooses to kill himself. He has a hope for death; in that way, he probably gets rid of that consuming despair of chaotic reality by the constituents of synthesis itself. In this manner, his himlayan is the infinite implication of his ginhawa.
In conclusion, the man who chooses to kill himself, in reality, will not get what he wanted. He may feel that he finally attained his ginhawa, but little does he know, as Kierkegaard states, he removes his capacity to be free. For it follows that the reality of despair is also its problem: Despair alone cannot consummate itself. It is like a virus that is in need of host, of someone whom can be consummated. And when it happens, it cannot be cured. There is no way that man — who is in despair, can get rid of it. Henceforth, it can be seen that the problem of man in relation of despair has its dead end: despair is despair and cannot be avoided. If one chooses to avoid it by killing himself, the despair itself continues in a sense that he was completely eaten up by the constituents of synthesis; by which is another form of despair. Furthermore, that sickness — the despair that causes pagod makes an individual to feel the absurd. According to Kierkegaard, in his Fear and Trembling, states that through leap of faith in the middle of absurdity, man can surpass that anxious state. He will have an inward “If a person were to die of despair as one dies of a sickness, then the eternal in him, the self, must be able to die in the same sense as the body dies of sickness. But this is impossible; the dying of despair continually converts itself into a living. The person in despair cannot die; “no more than the dagger can slaughter thoughts” can despair consume the eternal, the self as the root of despair, whose worm does not die and whose fire is not quenched.”On the Different Faces of Ginhawa passion as long as he has a personal and genuine relationship with God. Hence it follows that that certain misrelation in the constituents of synthesis, namely, the despair can be endured through faith. Without asking anything complex, faith to man’s concept of God will bring him that inner peace that he has been longing for during his times of solitude.
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Get custom essayTo finally end this paper, it is evident that there is still a necessity of God — as what Kierkegaard offers in his formula of self and despair: for God is the power relation of all relations, ergo the self must relate itself to Itself. In this manner, that incomprehensible leap of faith will give him an inward passion and eternal pahinga. Therefore, with that respect, since despair imposes a dead end for each and every single individual — man must come with the third and higher form face of pahinga and ginhawa: God that brings a triggering state of passion, whether it is the Christian God, as what Kierkegaard believes in, or the God/s of other religion, by which man will find comfort and peace. But the question in my head still lingers: isn’t it also a despair to not know the nature of God himself?
Several of Shakespeare’s plays, including historical and tragedy, involve the political intrigue which results in the killing of a king. While the action revolving around this event may involve many more obvious themes, it is interesting to note the common idea which Shakespeare invariably includes when his play addresses the killing of a king. Each character who murders, or is the instigator of the murder of, a king and takes his place faces the consequences for his actions. Often, Shakespeare makes these consequences more or less severe according to how involved the character is in the murder and how “pure” his motives may have been. However, regicide is never taken lightly in these dramas and no matter how good the motive.
Get original essayThere are three noteworthy plays involving the killing of kings in which the murderer takes over the office. In Richard II, Henry Bolingbroke first deposes King Richard II and then implies that it would be easier if he was dead. He is the least involved in the killing of the former king and his punishment is the least severe, as is seen in Henry IV Part One and Henry IV Part Two. In Macbeth, King Duncan of Scotland is murdered by Macbeth. Macbeth does not even have the excuse of deposing an evil king, only the promise of three witches that he will rule. His triumph is extremely short lived. Finally, the tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark begins after Hamlet’s royal father has died and it is only later that his unhappy ghost makes it clear that King Claudius, brother to the dead king and uncle to Hamlet, is the murderer. Ironically, this play also ends with the killing of a king, although Hamlet dies immediately and is unable to take up his rightful throne. The murder of Claudius is closer to revenge than anything else.
Shakespeare takes a very serious view of the role of kings in all of these plays. It is a station not to be abused, but this works on both sides of royalty. A king is not to misuse his power, but those serving beneath him are supposed to defend him even if they do not entirely like his decisions. What becomes less clear is whether or not he approves of supplanting an evil or dangerous king. When Macduff speaks to Malcolm, the rightful heir to Duncan, about being king, Malcolm tests Macduff’s loyalty by pretending to be unimaginably vicious and evil. When Malcolm asks if “such a one be fit to govern” (Macbeth 4.3.101), he approves of Macduff’s answer: “Fit to govern? / No, not to live!” (4.3.103-104). However, Macduff does not go so far as to wish the death of Scotland’s rightful heir. He merely declares: “These evils thou repeat’st upon thyself / Hath banished me from Scotland” (4.3.111-112). He would rather leave than stay in a country so corrupted by a wicked king, but he does not go so far as to wish the king removed or killed.
Such is not the case for Henry Bolingbroke, future Henry IV. Bolingbroke has just cause to be angry at the king. King Richard has exiled him from his home and then proceeds to steal his rightful inheritance after his father dies. Bolingbroke returns, however, breaking his vow to remain in exile, but still planning to restore his own honor which has been besmirched by the thoughtless king. He tries to justify his return: “As I was banished, I was banished Hereford, / But as I come, I come for Lancaster” (R2 2.3.113-114), but the defense rings hollow. He is clearly ignoring his vow to seek retribution for an unconscionable wrong. Perhaps it is a fair trade, and as he moves through England, he is hailed the conquering hero whereas Richard is the bitter, tragic, failed king. However, it is worth taking notice when such august figures as the Duke of York bemoan the state of affairs. York is not happy with the actions of King Richard, but he does not believe he should be deposed: “Alack the heavy day / When such a sacred king should hide his head!” (R2 3.3. 8-9). It is the young, ambitious crowd that flocks behind Bolingbroke. He allows himself to dream of royalty. Closely related as he is to the king, he is not Richard’s heir. But that does not deter him.
King Richard II has lost his former arrogance almost entirely. He bows before superior forces, despite his previous declarations that “Not all the water in the rough rude sea / Can wash the balm off from an anointed king” (R2 3.2.54 – 55). Richard is not as arrogant when faced with Bolingbroke’s army, but he tells Henry: “No hand of blood and bone / Can gripe the sacred handle of our sceptre, / Unless he do profane, steal, or usurp” (R2 3.3.79-81). Bolingbroke goes forward despite this implication of profanity on his part. When Richard is deposed, he goes into exile and Exton, acting on a perceived word from Bolingbroke, now King Henry IV, kills him.
Whether Bolingbroke wanted Richard to be outright murdered is somewhat questionable. It can be seen that he wants him dead: “I hate the murderer, love him murdered” (R2 5.6.40), but he does not play an active enough role in Richard’s death to dub him murderer. Many years later, Bolingbroke makes it very clear that he feels himself entirely responsible for Richard’s death and he is repentant: “How I came by the crown, O God forgive” (2H4 4.5 218). He has paid his dues for his crime. He spends almost the entirety of his reign fighting for his crown and he passes it off to his son to enjoy the fruits of his hard work. Shakespeare seems to think that this was fair enough retribution for supplanting a king. Richard is, admittedly, a terrible king in many respects and Henry does not have a direct hand in his murder. But the fact remains that warnings and portents are constantly supplied all throughout Richard II, implying the dangers of taking the throne, and the life, of God’s ordained king, evil though he may be: “But ere the crown he looks for live in peace / Ten thousand bloody crowns of mothers’ sons / Shall ill become the flower of England’s face” (R2 3.3.95-97). These are prophetic words. Shakespeare makes painfully clear what the price will be. Bolingbroke seems willing to pay it, and pay it he does.
The murder of King Duncan in Machbeth is a much more clear picture of foul treason against a just king and the penalty paid by the murderer. Macbeth is an ambitious character from the beginning, but has nothing to complain about under the rule of King Duncan. He has just been given Cawdor’s title at the beginning of the play for his valiant deeds, speaking of Duncan’s faith in him as a worthy subject. However, Macbeth has loftier goals than gaining more titles under Duncan’s rule. The three weird sisters indicate that Macbeth “shalt be King hereafter” (Macbeth 1.3.50), and he is “rapt withal” (1.3.57). The idea takes hold instantly. However, it takes Macbeth more than the witches’ words to push him towards action: “If chance will have me King why chance may crown me / Without my stir” (1.3.143-144). He is enthralled with the idea, but only when his wife pushes him to act on the perfect chance given him, the arrival of the king at his house, does he finally commit the murder of the king.
Macbeth is unique in that he does not even try to justify his deeds. Perhaps this is because there is no justification. Duncan is, by all indications, a good king. Shakespeare gives a progression of indications as to the clear wickedness of this regicide. The fact that Macbeth’s prophecy is given to him by three witches ought to have been warning enough. Banquo sees the danger: “Oftentimes, to win us to our harm, / The instruments of darkness tell us truths” (1.3.123-124). Macbeth ignores this warning entirely. After speaking with his noble and trusting king, Macbeth admits immediately to having nefarious plans: “Stars, hide your fires; / Let not light see my black and deep desires” (1.4.50-51). Before the king is murdered, Macbeth sees a spectral dagger and as the deed is done, Lady Macbeth hears the ominous cry of an owl. Everything done here is dark and there is the sense of black magic surrounding the act: “wicked dreams abuse / The curtained sleep. Witchcraft celebrates / Pale Hecate’s offerings (2.1.50-52), reminiscent of the three witches whose hands are in this deed.
There is a stark difference between this and the killing of Richard II. Henry Bolingbroke is still guilty of killing a king and suffers for it, but he does everything openly with an army of supporters at his back. He proudly declares his right to depose the king. He believes he is doing what is good for himself, but also what is right for England: “necessity so bowed the state / That I and greatness were compelled to kiss” (2H4 73-74). There is little shame and no compelling need to hide everything in darkness.
Macbeth gains his crown when both sons of Duncan flee in fear of their lives. However, unlike Bolingbroke, he fails to keep it, Shakespeare’s indication that Macbeth has no right to it. His support dwindles quickly as the forces rally around Malcolm, the rightful heir. Whereas Bolingbroke’s opponent, the supposed heir Mortimer, is vanquished and he is able to hand his throne to his son and continue his line, Macbeth has no heir. His entire, brief reign is, in effect, sterile. It ends in a battle where he loses his life to Macduff. Ironically, both his rise to the throne and his death are inspired by the prophesies of the malicious weird sisters. Their final words tell him to fear no man born of woman. Macbeth does not remember Banquo’s words and trusts the manipulative witches. Macduff, who was “from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped” (Macbeth 5.7.15-16), defeats the unworthy king . Macbeth is dead and Malcolm ascends to the throne. Macbeth is remembered as nothing more than a “usurper” (5.8.55). In this case, the murder of the king ends with the supplanter being killed and the rightful heir taking his place as king. This is as just an ending as can be created.
In the case of Hamlet, the situation changes yet again. The murdered king does not appear during the play alive. His only words are given as a ghost after he is dead. Hamlet is mourning not only the death of his father, but the unnaturally quick marriage of his mother to his uncle and his uncle’s ascension as king. Shakespeare lays out a situation in which the act of murder is already completed and the usurper is in place on the throne. Also, in this instance, the murderer and supplanter, King Claudius, is not the main character of the story. Hamlet takes that role. He discovers the murder by way of the dead king who cannot rest because his death goes unresolved: “Murder most foul, as in the best it is, / But this most foul, strange, and unnatural” (Hamlet 1.5.25-26). Hamlet, who is the rightful heir to the throne, now has the duty to avenge his father’s murder.
In many ways, this seems similar to Macbeth. The murdered king’s son must do battle with the murderer, who now sits on the throne: “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life / Now wears his crown” (1.5.39-40). However, Hamlet does not prove himself as worthy a character as Malcolm. He does more planning and scheming than acting: “O, from this time forth, / My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth!” (4.4.65-66). Hamlet truly deserves to be named a tragedy. Shakespeare once again lays out a progression of actions, but it does not end with the sense of justice and satisfaction that Macbeth has. The beginning establishes the murdered king, the villain, and the would-be heroic prince who must avenge his father’s death. But the ending does not seem quite fitting. The wicked King Claudius seems to move toward his just reward for his actions. Hamlet has a play put on in which a king is murdered in like situation to his uncle’s and Claudius is distraught. However, this might be as much because the evil king’s nephew proceeds to kill the newly crowned king as because of the likeness to his own deeds. Claudius knows something is wrong.
But again, Hamlet does not fit the character of a noble hero. He kills Polonius without knowing who it is and seems to regret it very little. He sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their deaths in England with little qualm. He is constantly planning toward the murder of his uncle: “I have cause, and will, and strength, and means / To do’t” (4.4.45-46). Claudius is also planning Hamlet’s death. He makes use of Polonius’s grieved son Laertes. Ironically, Laertes parallels Hamlet in many ways. He returns home to the resounding “Laertes shall be king! Laertes king!” (4.5.108), a parody in that it ought to be Hamlet storming the gates and taking the throne. His father is murdered, once again ironic because it is Hamlet who has murdered him. Now he seeks revenge on the murderer.
In the end, the duel is between Laertes and Hamlet rather than between Claudius and Hamlet. Things have become tangled. Hamlet’s mother mistakenly drinks poison. Laertes and Hamlet both manage to cut one another with a poisoned blade, ensuring each other’s death. Hamlet does kill Claudius, but there is little sense of righteous judgment on the dying king and murderer. It is almost an afterthought, another bout of impulsive anger on the part of Hamlet: “The point envenomed too? / Then venom, to thy work” (5.2.310-311). The rightful heir does not ascend the throne. Hamlet dies and the country is, at least by Hamlet’s word, handed over to a foreign power. Horatio sums up the entire play:
Of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts,
Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters,
Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause,
And, in this upshot, purposes mistook
Fall’n on th’inventors’ heads. (5.2.370-373)
Shakespeare does not want this to be seen as natural or good. The story of Hamlet is a tragedy in that retribution, rather than swift and noble, is slow, convoluted, and eventually an almost unhappy accident. Hamlet murders a king who murdered a king, but no one is entirely sure where the good is in the situation.
Regicide is strikingly recurrent in Shakespeare. Its repercussions and intrigues deserve some attention. Shakespeare’s intricate drama allows for not only different situations in which to play out the murder of a king, but also gives multiple facets to the characters of the murdered rulers, their killers, and the relevant characters around them. It is never simple with Shakespeare. Each character’s motivation is inspired and driven by different circumstances. However, one underlying theme emerges in each of these three plays. Killing a king is a heavy and dangerous deed and the consequences will match the motive and the fairness of the act.
Works Cited
Shakespeare, William. “Hamlet Prince of Denmark.” William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. New York: Viking Press, 1969. 933-974.
Shakespeare, William. “Macbeth.” William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. New York: Viking Press, 1969. 1110-1135.
Shakespeare, William. “The Tragedy of King Richard the Second.” William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. New York: Viking Press, 1969. 637-667.
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Get custom essayShakespeare, William. “The Second Part of King Henry The Fourth.” William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. New York: Viking Press, 1969. 707-740.
In Kipling’s Kim, our protagonist fills the role of a hybrid: He is Irish, but born in India. As a result, his life is split in two by the different influences. His duality allows him to fill the various roles that are requested of him. Kim is a versatile boy, able to handle several difficult tasks beyond his age. Indeed, it is apparent that he is a “two-sided man.” This theme is introduced in the poem “The Two-Sided Man,” by Kipling, of which a section can be found in the introduction of chapter eight. It emphasizes the character’s duality in the phrase, “And praised be Allah Who gave me two / Separate sides to my head!” For Kim, it seems that each of his sides is separated into two separate worlds, one of being a chela and one of being a sahib.
Get original essayOne world, in which Kim lives, is the world created with the Lama. After he joins the Lama’s journey, he gets sucked into the world of the spiritual. In the poem, there is a reference to the “side” of the spiritual, as it says, ““Wesley's following, Calvin's flock, / White or yellow or bronze, / Shaman, Ju-ju or Angekok, / Minister, Mukamuk, Bonze.” This implies that all walks of the spiritual life are good, creating an equality reflected in Kim’s ethnic background. Although he is Irish, he is on the same level as any Indian. He fits the role of being an Indian, which helps him while doing his duties as a chela. Being the Lama’s chela, he is taken on to aid the old man in his basic needs, and he works to guide him to the river that he seeks. They get by together, often with the bare minimum. The poem makes reference to this, as well. It says, “I would go without shirt or shoe, / Friend, tobacco or bread.” Being an orphan, living on the streets, has enabled him to deal with such conditions, and thrive. His background, of an Indian street rat, comes in handy. It helps him to procure the needs of the Lama, as well as helping him to interact with the people. He knows the customs of the native people and takes advantage of this; also, his contacts are valuable throughout the novel. Although it does not aid the Lama, being the son of a soldier helped him obtain an education and St. Xavier’s. All his interactions with the Lama, and the native peoples, can be lumped into one section, which is his life as a chela.
On the other hand, however, Kim is also a sahib, or white. This side of Kim obviously strongly relates to colonialism. As the British Empire has a strong presence in India, Kim's whiteness reflects the role of the British Army in the novel. As Kim is recruited as a spy for Colonel Creighton, he falls into the world of the British. Everything that is British is separated from that which is Indian. His background, as a white, helps him to accomplish his tasks as a spy. He is clever, to start with, and his whiteness affects how people receive him. He enters into a world where Indians were generally not accepted. He fits comfortably in the world of Colonel Creighton. It even seems that Kim takes him on as a father figure and role model. Indeed, it seems that Creighton takes on a stronger role, as a father figure, than Mahbub Ali. But it is Mahbub Ali who says to Kim, “Once a Sahib, always a Sahib.” There is a certain permanence in Kim’s state. He cannot change his skin color, nor his heritage. He will always be a sahib to the native people. Even if he saw a role model in Mahbub Ali, he is of a different world. In the end, they will always be on other sides of the spectrum. Even his Indian friends are separate from him, regardless of his wishes. Once his whiteness is established, it prevents any further strong sentimental interaction between him and the Indian world. Even in the end, without the Lama, he seeks out more people like himself. He further immerses himself in the world of the sahib.
Kim’s hybridity makes him an ideal match for the duties he takes on. Being an Irish in India, Kim does not seem to have his own place. He is neither British nor Indian. For most of the story, he cannot fit in either world, so he takes on his own mix of the two. Being a chela, he utilizes the skills that he learned from the Indian streets. He knows who to beg from and how to act towards them in order to get the most out. He makes a great guide, being that he knows the land fairly well. Furthermore, he is familiar with the religious associations with the Lama, and he acts appropriately towards him. At the same time, being white, he assimilates perfectly into their world. He slips in and out of various social circles virtually unnoticed. He knows of their customs, and uses that to uncover information as a spy. He also fit in at his school. The men of his dead father’s army treat him kindly, almost looking after him. Thus, he has all the opportunities of not only an Indian boy but an English boy. It is appropriate, therefore, that throughout the novel, he is referred to repeatedly as, “The Friend of all the World.” He has the ability to be a friend to everyone he meets, even if he is spying on them. At the same time, this seems to give him an identity crisis. He does not know where he fits in. Even the poem, “The Two-Sided Man” goes back to the same theme. He lacks any strong religious association. As the poem says, “Much I reflect on the Good and the True / In the Faiths beneath the sun, / But most to Allah Who gave me two Sides to my head, not one.” He simply thanks Allah and hopes that any god will be there for him. While in the story he follows the Lama in search of the river, he is not wholeheartedly interested in his spirituality. This is clear because he is a spy: The act of eavesdropping and stealing secrets cannot be approved of by a deity. Hence, he is stuck in the middle of religion, too. All along, however, he respects the Lama for his devotion. It seems he may even envy how the Lama is so driven and has such strong direction. Being a hybrid, he does not have a strong drive to anything in particular. Until he found his niche with being a spy, he had little else to do. Being a white Irish boy in British colonized India, there is little he could be devoted to without sacrificing who he is.
Kim seems undecided of what “side” he would like to live on. As he fits into both worlds, it is hard for him to commit to one facet or the other of his life. It raises a question about the author. Being that Kipling was British and born in India, what influence did this have on the novel? Perhaps some of his feelings are transferred into Kim’s character. It seems he may have felt disconnected with England, while still feeling some loyalty to the land he was born into, just as Kim feels attached to his non-native Indian culture. At the same time, there is a point in chapter three when the Lama says, “There is no pride, there is no pride among such as follow the Middle Way.” The term “Middle Way” throughout the book refers to the Buddhist principle avoiding all extremes. Is it relevant then, that Kim does avoid all extremes? As a hybrid, he is neither white nor Indian. Hence, he does travel on the Middle Way. Unknowingly, he and the Lama travel the same path.
Throughout Kipling's Kim, the protagonist, Kim, moves between the white and nonwhite worlds in India with the ease and skill of a chameleon. His unique ability to ignore caste divisions and experience true freedom of motion allows Kipling to render a vision of India unconstrained by typical limits of perspective. The motif of Kim's white blood further provides a unifying theme for the portrayal of India's struggle between British Imperialism and national pride.
Get original essayKipling's main goal in Kim is to show a nostalgic picture of India with a savory attention to minute details of its rich tapestry of cultures to readers in Europe. With sweeping views of the country from southern cities to northern mountains, Kim's adventures explore the totality of the empire in a manner reminiscent of Odysseus. This clearly male novel focuses on men, leaving women in the margins because of their limited vision and inability to inhabit all worlds like Kim. "Seeing all India spread out to left and right?[and feeling] these things, though [Kim] could not give tongue to his feelings" is the objective of the novel (Kipling 77). Kipling wants the reader to be so enthralled with India and so familiar with his love for the land that he can share the taste of Kim's sugar-cane and the Lama's snuff (77). This scene on the Grand Trunk Road typifies the sweeping view of India Kipling is attempting to render. Yet, the novel's focus is not exclusively on a distant bird's eye view of India from above, where it can be seen spreading out from a distance, but an intimate safari into places Englishmen cannot enter without the help of Kim, who can befriend anyone and pass unnoticed into the heart of India.
Said, in his article, "Kim, The Pleasures of Imperialism," argues for the need to discuss the novel with a focus on its extrinsic context. "We must not unilaterally abrogate the connections in it [history and political circumstances], and carefully observed by Kipling, to its contemporary actuality" (Said 41). Said's main extrinsic connection is the Sepoy Mutiny, which was fresh on most English minds. He points out that most Englishmen perceived the rebellion as a localized confusion regarding cow and pig oils used in weapons of native soldiers. Kipling, he assumes, must have ignored the true drive behind the rebellion--freedom from English Imperialism--because he viewed British power as the logical and welcome goal in India.
Assumptions aside, Kipling clearly recognized the social hierarchy in India and is meticulous in his attention to castes and their mannerisms. In this manner Kim is aware of contemporaneous social and political baggage, incorporating current realities into the core of his novel. "The division between white and nonwhite, India as elsewhere, was absolute and is alluded to throughout Kim: a Sahib is a Sahib, and no amount of friendship or camaraderie can change the rudiments of racial difference" (Said 30). Yet, despite this absolute sounding thesis, Kipling manages to disprove Said with Kim, who is both white and nonwhite. Kim remains subordinate to the Lama for the duration of the novel in the position of chela, begging for him, washing his feet, and carrying his baggage. It is precisely this ability to shrug off a Sahib's niche in Indian society (and by extension reject all of British Imperialism) that allows Kim to enter the nonwhite world. Thus, Said's racist judgment of British absolutes finds an exception in Kim.
Race, nevertheless, plays a crucial role in the novel and is the focus of its main motif. Kim's white blood is referenced in various places, despite the lack of necessity, because of its significance in the context of an Empire ruled by white men. The opening lines of the novel identify Kim without complication as "white a poor white of the very poorest" (Kipling 3). This is the centerpiece of his personality and several of his non-Indian mannerisms and instincts are attributed to his English heritage, despite his total lack of white nurturing. In chapter 2, for example, Kim swiftly picks up the dropped silver because "he was Irish enough by birth to reckon silver the least part of any game" (Ch 2). This explanation of his behavior seems illogical because Kim does not even know what "Irish" means, much less how such people supposedly behave. Clearly Kipling's imagination wandered during this passage, but that hardly justifies other similar passages. For example, Kim claims to hate snakes and the narrator attributes this to "the white man's horror of the Serpent" (Ch 3). Considering both his parents died before he can remember and his adopted mother was a half-caste, it is difficult to determine where such instincts arise from other than from a genetic Irish predisposition that cannot be erased with nurturing.
Another scene shows "Kim's white blood set[ting] him upon his feet" "where a native would have lain down" (Ch 3). Kim does not understand Sahib's and cannot relate to them until he has finished his training at St. Xavier's. After living with white people and learning their customs, Kim can understand the priest's and Mahbub Ali's assertion that "once a Sahib - always a Sahib (Ch 5 and Ch 6). Yet, throughout the novel Kim rebels this labeling: "I do not want to be a Sahib" (Ch 6). To accept the priest and Mahbub Ali would mean his chameleon powers had vanished and he could no longer enter the nonwhite world.
This is the key dilemma in the novel, and it is something Kipling never resolves in the end. How Kim assimilates his work for the British Government and his love for Indian culture is an issue Kipling either fears to face or neglects to perceive. The closest the novel approaches to addressing this issue is in Ch 7:
"'But I am to pray to Bibi Miriam, and I am a Sahib.' He looked at his boots ruefully. 'No; I am Kim. This is the great world, and I am only Kim. Who is Kim?' He considered his own identity, a thing he had never done before, till his head swam. He was one insignificant person in all this roaring whirl of India, going southward to he knew not what fate" (Ch 7).
This existential passage faces Kim's duality head on. He cannot be both Indian and Sahib according to the rules of society, but somehow he is exactly that dichotomy. Kim concludes that he is Indian, as implied in the title "insignificant person." If he were a Sahib, he would not be insignificant and could not be mixed in the "roaring whirl of India." It is a pity Kipling does not do more with this passage. Another passage showing Kim's dichotomy is when he states his necessity to "be free and go among my people?otherwise I die!" (Ch 8). Kim accepts the Sahib training as practice for another disguise and a necessary step to play the Game, but does not embrace the training as a connection to his born heritage. The possessive connection with the people of India and the desire for freedom of motion betray Kim's true identity as an Indian at heart. "What am I? Mussalman, Hindu, Jain, or Buddhist? That is a hard knot" (Ch 8). The question he asks Mahbub Ali is the question of the novel and necessarily remains unanswered because Kim's identity is unanswerable.
The search for one's identity is a common theme in novels and perhaps the theme of American literature. It is interesting to contrast this importance to Kipling's rejection of it. Identity, as seen in Kim, is confining, thus the answer to Kim's question of "who am I?" is resolved with a simple answer "not a Sahib." Unfortunately, Kipling looses track of this and attributes special predispositions to Kim's white blood. Toward the end of the novel, for example, Kim attacks the Russian spy with a "blow [that] waked every unknown Irish devil in the boy's blood" (Ch 13). Such a reference to Kim's blood is totally inconsistent with his true identity, which cannot ever be narrowed into one category. Other references, such as on the mountain when Kim "remembered that he was a white man, with a white man's camp-fittings at his service" (Ch 13) also serve the same destructive end of weakening Kipling's craft.
Kim's lack of definable identity challenges the notions of empire as applied to the novel. Extrinsically, Kipling denies the absolute power of race in social order. White superiority is debunked and asserted in Kim's dichotomy. On the one hand, Kim is successful because he is not a British native and can view the richness of India because he is part of it. On the other hand, Kim is the only person in the novel who can see all the beauty in India and he happens to be a white man, thus implying that a nonwhite could not have the same vantage point. Thus, empire is in the back of Kipling's mind at all times, even while attempting to flee from it in the most genuine settings in India.
Kim's blood and related identity dilemma is best resolved when he speaks to the Lama, reminding him of his blindness to race:
"'Now I look upon thee often, and every time I remember that thou art a Sahib. It is strange." 'Though has said there is neither black nor white. Why plague me with this talk, Holy One? Let me rub the other foot. It vexes me. I am not a Sahib. I am thy chela, and my head is heavy on my shoulders'" (Kipling 323).
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Kim is a morphing chameleon who can inhabit different castes and roles with expert ease. His success ultimately lies in his faith that he is "Friend of the Stars" and can be, not just play the part of, anyone in India.