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The movie Iron Jawed Angles was set between 1912 and 1920 and this time period was nearing the end of the women’s suffrage movement. In 1916 the NWP lead by Alice Paul broke from NAWSA, and was more aggressive in its actions. In 1917 the US went to war and throughout the year of 1917 suffragists were jailed. They were finally released in 1918, and the suffrage amendment was passed up to senate where it was denied by only two votes. And on August 18th 1920 the 19th amendment was ratified.

The women’s suffrage movement affected many existing social issues, and unearthed new ones. There was still much social injustice with blacks and women; even among each other, black women were rarely accepted by white women. This is evident when Alice Paul told Ida B. Wells she and other African American women must march at the back of the parade; Wells demanded to walk next to her white sisters or not at all. When Wells walks up next to Paul it is obvious she wanted her to but couldn’t condone it, because it was socially unacceptable. The war was also a major factor in social changes during this time. People seemed to gain a huge sense of patriotism, and change their preexisting views or strengthen them. Some who were for suffrage abandoned it, and those opposed became more violent with their opposition.

The government was in a constant stalemate throughout this time period, being pushed from all directions. The political parties also had greatly different platforms. Teddy Roosevelt adopted women’s suffrage when he ran for his third term in 1913; but Woodrow Wilson ran opposed to it, although when quoted by Paul it seem like he was for equal rights of all mankind. The war was a large factor governmentally as well. The president had to suppress the suffrage movement to keep people behind the war. It was considered treason to protest a war time president, and such actions lead the illegitimate arrests of the suffragists, this after the fact seemed to cause more trouble than it was worth. The war really just added more problems to the political disarray at the time.

Cultural differences in the movie were most evident between older and younger women. The biggest cultural change was the formation of the NWP from the NAWSA; their beliefs were obviously different with the NWP being more aggressive than the NAWSA. Their beliefs also showed in where they sought change, the older women, the NAWSA sought change on a state level, while the NWP, younger women, chose to lobby for federal change. The way they dressed was another very evident change. The older women dressed more conservative, where the younger women seemed to dress more flamboyantly in flashier clothes.

This movie by far is now one of my favorites, entertaining yet very informative. One thing I learned and was truly appalled by is the cruelty in US prisons. I had no idea that for one there were working prisons still at that time and farther more how horrifically bad the people were treated in them. Another thing I was surprised about was the extreme patriotism that was brought up by the war. All issues were pushed aside and full focus on the war, and how much hatred there was to those who continued to protest. But what I think is the most valuable thing I learned from this whole movie was how big of a part the NWP played in passing the amendment. If it wasn’t for their constant push and aggressive attitude the amendment might not have been past for years after, it is truly amazing how hard they pushed to reach their goal.

Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro is a dystopian novel set in London, focusing on the lives of special humans called donors. These donors are actually human clones, who are raised in private schools until adulthood, when their vital organs can be used for transplants to normal humans with health issues. Not only is Ishiguro's novel dystopian, it's also uncanny, offering "the revelation of what is private or hidden: that which should have stayed secret but has been revealed" (Marks 341). The novel can be considered an uncanny one because "bioethical alarm at the prospect of human cloning is clearly linked to a fear of the uncanny, in the sense that the clone constitutes a crisis of the 'proper' and of the 'natural'; a comingling of the familiar and the unfamiliar" (Marks 341). The uncanny nature of the novel is significant because it creates a sense of discomfort for the reader; the emotional and moral implications of this discomfort force the reader out of his comfort zone. In Never Let Me Go, Ishiguro uses the genre of the uncanny to subtly criticize the modern-day class system and general ignorance of suffering. This is done with the use of a clone's perspective to tell the narrative, the humanization of the clones, and the societal implications of the existence of the clones.

Ishiguro's use of Kathy's perspective in Never Let Me Go allows for the readers to sympathize with the clones. The readers are introduced to the frame story with a greeting from older Kathy (Ishiguro 13), which puts the story into reference. Because Kathy is the central voice of the story, Ishiguro inherently grants significance to the clone's perspective. This "[has] the virtue of presenting the cloned life, however problematically, as an imagined and embedded social and psychological experience" (Marks 333). Because the readers are faced with the reality of clone-living, they are forced to consider the depth of the implications of societal class, and likewise apply the implications to their own lives, in the real world. Further, Ishiguro has Kathy tell the story by "[drawing] upon autobiographical conceits—that is, the memory of education. However... [it] is an autobiography drained of its usual depth and acknowledgment of a fuller life outside of the textual boundaries... fixated instead on what little experience the protagonist holds" (Mcdonald 78). Not only is the story from the perspective of a clone, it is a telling of a clone's life within a clone society. In fact, the story's scope is generally limited to the clone culture. Kathy discusses the social and romantic aspects of her life, but spends little time discussing the events of the world outside her private school, Hailsham. Her naiveté of the world contrasts sharply with the harsh nature of her looming future: "You'll become adults, then before you're even middle-aged, you'll start to donate your vital organs. That's what each of you was created to do" (Ishiguro 364). Even when faced with this reality, her character avoids any discussion of tragedy or equality for most of the novel. This tugs at the sympathy of the reader, who sees the injustice objectively and thus reacts with appropriate anger. Overall, "Kathy simply does not seem to recognize the full horror of what she is telling the reader: '...It is in this sense that Kathy H.s voice can appear uncanny, a term that captures the disturbing mixture of the familiar and the unfamiliar characteristic of nonhuman automata and doubles, to which Sigmund Freud first attributed the term '" (Marks 348). Kathy's apparent apathy in regards to her tragic future creates discomfort for the reader, who wonders why the main character is breaking a binary and treating injustice with passivity. This breaking of the heroic protagonist archetype by an objectively likeable character allows for the reader to sympathize with the oppressed, but does not directly attack the position of the reader. Essentially, Ishiguro utilizes a theoretical world to make her protagonist universally likeable, no matter the background of the reader, and thus have a reader sympathetic to the plight of Kathy.

Ishiguro further allows the reader to sympathize with the clones by humanizing them as a group. Kathy is kind and sensitive, as seen in her dealings with the bullied boy Tommy (Ishiguro 390-3). So, "The reader is left to wonder why Kathy H. - an otherwise apparently perceptive, sensitive individual, who clearly has a recognizable interior life (a 'soul') - can accept her difference and her fate with such equanimity" (Marks 348). Because the clones in the book show traits of normal humans- sensitivity, creativity- their sense of otherness is diminished. The possibility of a soul means the clones are no different than humans; it turns the act of donation into systematic genocide. Kindness is not the only proof of soul: "the pupils from Hailsham cultivate the hope that they might be able to locate their 'possibles', in other words the individuals from whom they were originally cloned... We, too, are copiers, and their vain search for 'possibles' constitutes an affecting parallel with our own efforts to give narrative coherence to conventional biological kinship relations" (Marks 349). Most of the clones hope for a sense of family; they want to feel like legitimate beings in a world which tells them they are unnatural. Loyalty and sense of family is a central motivator within biological beings. Because the clones are largely isolated from the outside world, this act of seeking relations is not a mimicking of normal humans. It is an inherent component of their sense of self. The society within the novel does not recognize this evidence, though. Within the society, "The children (or captives) are described as "special" and "gifted" by their guardians (or wardens), and their murders are described as "completions," a jarring reminder of their sole purpose in the eyes of society, and of the ways in which language can normalize atrocities deemed necessary in a given ideology" (Mcdonald 78). The society within the novel uses language as a barrier between themselves and their immoral activity. In the novel, "special" carries the implication that the clones are sub-human, and so they do not have essential human rights. They are different, so they are not equals. The term "completion" is a mechanical interpretation of death; it implies the clones are machines whose lives are not fulfilled or useful unless they are sacrificing it for the good of normal humans. Language, as a component of the culture of the book, is used to manipulate public opinion and discredit the claims of those who are suffering. Because the culture has been shaped to approve this activity, the people of that society are trained not to question the nature of the activity. The fact that the argument that clones are sub-human is not based on any behavioral evidence does not bother the society which benefits from the lie. The society within the book is willing to live in dishonesty as long as it is comfortable.

In order to make the plight of the clones more personal to the reader and consequently criticize modern society, Ishiguro utilizes mirroring of behavior within her story. Within Hailsham exists the Exchange system, in which students trade their crafts and belongings with each other (Ishiguro 390). This "aesthetic economy of exchange at Hailsham is not mirrored in the outside world, where the students' organs are regarded, precisely as 'donations'" (Marks 349). In this case, the lack of mirroring gives more significance to the sacrifice of the clones; the clones appear to be the only individuals who are giving in a society which seems to like taking. Simply put, the clones are giving up everything for the improvement of the lives of others; they are not being treated fairly. The balance of sacrifice and reward is put into question: Does the severe immorality of the donation system equal out with the benefits of an otherwise healthy society? This question applies to the real world too: Here and now, in the absence of segregated clones or a system of obligatory organ removal masquerading as voluntary "donation," it is almost equally certain that the futures the vast majority of children dream of will not be realized. The organ-donation gulag, tucked away from public view and yet not kept secret, has its obvious real-world counterpart in what we call class (Robbins 292). The reader must ask themselves of the real world: Does the severe immorality of the class system equal out with the benefits of a wealthy upper class? This mirroring is direct and personal; with the realization of this reflection, the reader is taken from his seat of objectivity and placed in the figurative hot seat.

Ishiguro's novel forces readers, especially those of wealth or living in the western world, to question their own position in life, and their sources of contentment. Ishiguro, in a way, puts the reader through a journey of emotional maturity as they learn to sympathize with a powerless and oppressed minority. Contemporary readers need to read the perspective of the clones and see the mirroring of the clones with the humans, as well as the society in the novel with real life society; they need to be completely immersed in the story in order to fully sympathize with the clones and make the connection between the clones as an oppressed minority and real-life oppressed minorities. The combination of the breaking of the binary, the humanization of the clones, and the uncanny nature of the clones creates discomfort for the reader, forcing them to critically consider their own biases. Specifically, that perhaps Ishiguro's depiction of passive clones is not an attack at the oppressed who do not fight, but a poignant appeal to the oppressors to consider the effects of their actions. Additionally, Ishiguro argues that distancing the mind from unpleasant oppression with tainted language and false argument does not make the systematic oppression any less tragic.

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Finally, instead of turning the tables on the reader by making the story of oppression a personal one, Ishiguro turns the figurative scales, forcing the reader to question the value of his own happiness in the balance of sacrifice and gain. Ultimately, it is the uncanny nature of the novel which grants it appeal and melancholy nature- "The world we are presented with is disturbingly similar to our own, and crucially, the practice of harvesting has become a largely unspoken but widely recognized fact of life, drawing parallels with the everyday human injustices witnessed in contemporary culture" (Mcdonald 76). Never Let Me Go is a call to action, with the unhopeful underlying understanding that it is the oppressors who are most in need of changing, yet it is the oppressors who will keep perpetuating a cycle of oppression as long as they are reaping the benefits.

John Keats' poems "When I Have Fears" and "Bright Star" are remarkably similar, yet drastically different at the same time. The Shakespearean sonnets share rhyme scheme as well as subject matter, yet deal with different facets of the same topic. Each describes love as something extraordinarily important that one cannot live without, but neither reaches this conclusion until late in the poem.

Both poems can be broken down to reveal the emotion rooted in the structure. "When I have Fears" makes excellent use of parallel construction. The first 12 lines are split into three sections, each consisting of the word "when" and an action: "When I have fears..." (1), "When I behold..." (5), and "When I feel..." (9). Keats breaks this construction only for the couplet at the end of the poem. In this manner, the speaker first explores his emotions, then realizes what their result is.

"When I Have Fears" can also be broken down in another way. Rather than three quatrains and a couplet, it can be separated into an octave and a sestet. During the first eight lines Keats concentrates on musings, while during the final sestet he makes an address; the reader finds that it is to a "fair creature of an hour" (9) that he is speaking. Keats appears to be subscribing to a Shakespearean structure, but falling to a Petrarchan mold as a result of the speaker's unstable emotion. "Bright Star," likewise, is constructed in an octave followed by a sestet, with its volta yielding a change in perspective for both the speaker and the reader. Keats also resorts in this poem to musings until line 9, in which the subject matter turns to love and his lover.

In fact, love is the subject of both poems, though neither mentions it until the final sestet. "When I Have Fears" focuses on the speaker's fear of dying before he is able to capture the true nature of romance on paper or experience artistic creation. We learn in lines 9-14 that he has such fears because a lover has left him; he "shall never look upon thee more" (10). He is alone, and "Love and Fame to nothingness do sink" (14). The focus of the poem changes at the volta from the speaker to his lover, and describes the effect that she has on him. This is because love is subordinate to the speaker's poetic aims, but central to his ability to reach them.

"Bright Star" has a similar change at the volta; the focus of the poem changes from Keats' appreciation of nature to his feelings for his "fair love" (10). While "When I Have Fears" waits until line 10 to reveal to person to whom the poet is speaking, "Bright Star" alerts the reader to the subject in the first line. The poem is addressed to a star, and the speaker concentrates on the wonderful aspects of the star until the final sestet, in which the focus changes, and the speaker describes the similarities between himself and the star.

Keats' deliberate word and punctuation choices help uncover hidden emotions. "When I Have Fears" centers on a loved one, who is not present. However, the repetition of the word "I" reveals that the poem is actually about the author and his reaction to the absence of love. The many breaks and pauses in the poem aid reveal the speaker's dismay and intense emotion. There are a total of ten commas - mostly breaking up thoughts, rather than completing them - two semi-colons, and one dash, which is preceded by an exclamation point. The word "I" is used seven times in 14 lines. With this repetition and hesitant word placement, Keats deftly shows that the speaker's mind is a jumble of unorganized thoughts.

"Bright Star," which contains 11 commas, uses them in a more pedestrian manner. The commas are often placed at the end of lines, so that they do not indicate a break in the speaker's thoughts. There are four dashes, each carefully placed. The first dash, in line one, does not significantly change the meter of the poem. The other three dashes, all found in the last seven lines, show the speaker's strong reaction to his own musings. They show that though he is not as "steadfast" or "unchangeable" (9) as the star, he still has those qualities when it comes to love. The final dash, in fact, precedes the poem's last five words; it prepares the reader for the speaker's claim that without love, he would die.

One point of contrast between these two poems is the tone: "When I Have Fears" is a dark poem, reflecting on death and the loss of love. "Bright Star", however, has a far lighter tone, covering subjects such as purification, innocence, and never-ending love. The two poems do, however, share a common ending. The couplets at the end of each poem deal with the speakers' inability to exist without the presence of their loved ones. Together, "When I Have Fears" and "Bright Star" create a poetic arc; the latter begins where the former leaves off. The speaker of "When I Have Fears" frets over his ability to convey true romance and the absence of a loved one. It is only at the end of the poem that he is able to escape these fears. He is left utterly alone, and all that he has been thinking about disappears only to be re-engaged at the opening of "Bright Star". Here, the speaker describes a star that he wishes he resembled, but this star is "not in lone splendor" (2), as the speaker of "When I Have Fears" finds himself. It is at the end of "Bright Star" that the arc is completed, and the speaker once again finds himself contemplating death in the absence of love.

Table of contents

1. Surya Namaskar A
2. Surya Namaskar B
3. Spiritual Benefits
4. A Continuing Evolution

There’s been a changing attitude towards incorporating Surya Namaskar as part of a full sequence in a class. Also known as Sun Salutation, it is a series of transitional poses typically used for warming up at a start of a vinyasa practice. With new trends and ideas emerging within the yoga world, its significance and priority has begun to falter. Even though many are familiar with the practice of Surya Namaskar, few today hold it as an essential part of their sequence. Hence why, it’s worth reminding ourselves of how the Sun Salutation came about, its evolution and benefits and why it should remain as an irreplaceable part of our practice.

There’s debate over how the practice of Surya Namaskar originated. Some say that the sequence dated back to Vedic times, at least 2,500 years old, and evolved from a ritual prostration to the dawn while in a study conducted by Chris Tompkins, he traced the practice back as early as 100 CE, to a sect from the Tantra tradition called Pasupats who performed linked poses inspired by a sacred dance for a devotional ceremony. There are also others who say it was invented by the Raja of Aundh (a former state in India now part of Maharashtra) in early 20th century and spread to the West around the 1920s and 1930s, despite the Raja claiming that this practice was already in existence then.

What’s widely agreed is that Surya Namaskar is popularised by the guru, K. Pattabhi Jois, disciple of Krishnamacharya and founder of Ashtanga yoga, who was using the sequence in his yoga routines and evolved it to the form that is best-known today.

“Surya” means “sun” in Sanskrit while “Namaskar” derives from the word “nama” which means “to bow”. As such, it’s commonly referred to as Sun Salutation in English too although a fuller expression would be “to bow with reverence to the sun”.

Physical Benefits

Generally, one can assume the mention of Surya Namaskar to mean Sun Salutation A or B from the Ashtanga Primary Series. The asanas (aka pose) used in each sequence and their benefits are listed below and each inhale and exhale are specific and matched to each pose or transition to support greater extension or deeper stretching:

Surya Namaskar A

Tadasana (Mountain Pose): Encourages good posture and alignment when standing whilst strengthening and toning legs and core.

Urdva Hastasana (Upward Salute Pose): Tone legs, lengthens and tones abdomen, shoulders and arms.

Uttanasana (Standing Forward Fold Pose): Lengthens spine and stretches back, hips and hamstrings.

Ardha Uttanasana (Halfway Lift Pose): Strengthens lower back, hips and core. Lengthens spine and tones thighs, glutes and calves.

Adho Mukha Dandasana (Plank Pose): Lengthens spine. Engages the entire body – legs, hips and especially arms, shoulders, upper back and core – to promote strengthening

Chaturanga Dandasana (Four-Limbed Staff Pose): Full body strengthening especially arms, shoulders, upper back and core.

Urdva Mukha Svanasana (Upward Facing Dog Pose): Full body strengthening especially arms, shoulders and upper back. Promotes spinal extension and chest expansion.

Adho Mukha Svanasana (Downward Facing Dog Pose): Helps to build strength in the upper body and arms. Encourages chest to open and supports stretching along the back body. Tones thighs whilst stretching hamstrings and calves.

Surya Namaskar B

A longer sequence of version A with the addition of these two postures.

Utkatasana (Fierce Pose): Builds strength in the legs especially quadriceps and hamstrings, groin and hips. Opens chest and shoulders. Engages and tones core, upper back and arms.

Virabhadrasana I (Warrior 1 Pose): Strengthens hips, groin and legs, and tones the core and arms. Promotes lengthening of the spine as well as the stretching of the chest and shoulders.

The most amazing feature of Surya Namaskar is that it engages such a wide range of body movement – flexion to extension, concentric, eccentric and isometric muscle contractions – each pose has its counter-pose to maintain balance, all of it helping to lubricate the joints, tone, strengthen and build flexibility in the body. It helps to raise our physical awareness whilst encouraging and supporting the distribution of energy and oxygen throughout.

In the West, we tend to view warm-up exercises as gentle and even though Surya Namaskar is typically used for warming up, this is an inaccurate assumption. By altering the speed of the sequence, a practitioner can change the physical benefits quite differently, for example quickening the transitions will boost cardiovascular engagement and increasing the time each posture is kept with activate the isometric muscles even more.

Spiritual Benefits

In the Ashtanga tradition, Surya Namaskar is typically practised as part of the Primary Series around dawn, just as the sun is rising, however it’s common and widely accepted to practice at any time of the day. Despite so, it’s worth remembering its purpose – to honour the sun for its energy and for giving light and life to a new day. We began Surya Namaskar with the “Anjali” mudra, a symbolic hand gesture that guides energy flow in the body. This action of hands coming together in prayer at the heart instantly alters one’s emotional state, bringing a sense of contemplation and respect.

Several of the subsequent poses continue this feeling – from Anjali mudra, the arms extend skywards for Urdva Hastasana evoking a sense of surrender, it’s then followed by Uttanasana, a forward bend, akin to bowing which brings feelings of humility. It is why many consider Surya Namaskar to be a moving meditation in essence; to execute the sequence optimally, it requires total mindfulness and connection to body, breath and spirit.

A Continuing Evolution

Because the practice of Surya Namaskar has existed for so long, it’s natural for practitioners to sought newness. But rather than creating a sequence from scratch, what makes Sun Salutation so unique is also its versatility. Currently, there are around 24 recorded versions of Surya Namaskar, evidence that the sequence is open to interpretation. An easy approach to evolve the sequence is to use Sun Salutation A or B as foundation and build from them, for example from Virabhadrasana I in Surya Namaskar B, a practitioner can add on more standing poses like Virabhadrasana II (Warrior II Pose), then Uttitha Trikonasana (Extended Triangle Pose). It is this versatility that makes Surya Namaskar a key element for linking new and additional asanas together to create a smooth vinyasa sequence and establishes it as an essential part of a practice.

Twenty-one weeks into 2018, our country witnessed twenty-three school shootings where a person was either hurt or killed. That total is out to be more than one school shooting a week. Unfortunately, our minds have become conditioned to hearing about school shootings that as a society we do not react the way we should. Everyone should have the right to go to school and feel safe. A school should be a place where students can relax, their only focus being to learn. Believe it or not, school safety is something that is preventing students to learn to their fullest ability. The public policy challenge that I will be discussing is keeping schools safe. There was a mass shooting in Parkland, Florida resulting in seventeen people being killed and fourteen wounded. A few months after this shooting, a survey from the Pew Research Center was conducted showing that a staggering fifty-seven percent of United States teenagers fear that a school shooting could occur at their school. One of every four students are very concerned about the chance of this happening. This shows that more than half of the percentage of teenagers fear, which sounds astonishing but not surprising considering our past.

More than two hundred fifteen thousand students have experienced gun violence in recent years. For students, these encounters have traumatized them for the rest of their lives. Not only are they afraid in a school setting but they become scared when they have human contact with people. They begin to question the decency of intentions that any human has even if that means just passing someone while you are walking on a sidewalk. When a person is put through a disturbing situation it is human nature to not see things in the same positive aspect they previously had. Students are not the only people affected by this disturbing trend. Teachers are also very frightened when it comes to shootings. Teachers on campus are at the same amount of risk as students or even more. When these shootings occur, most adults feel responsible to protect the children. An example of this was when the heroic geography teacher sacrificed himself to protect a group of students from a school shooter in Florida. Students go to school for the sole purpose to learn and without teachers that would not be possible. It is very unfair that educators who work in the school setting have to fear for their lives when all they are trying to do is teach. Nobody should have the fear of being killed when simply doing their job. In order to solve what seems like a series of unfortunate events, teachers have proposed a notion that they should be armed in order to protect students from these shooters. After, a listening session at the White House the president came to the conclusion that allowing teachers to be armed may cause more problem than solution in the long run. There was a lot of backlash and conversation on whether or not educators should be able to carry a gun for safety purposes. Instead of granting this schools are putting an emphasis on how to handle when shootings take place by drills and active-shooter trainings.

Teachers and people who work in the educational field are becoming more and more aware on how to deal with these situations considering they happen often. Although, when an active shooter comes begins shooting on campus no preparation can do justice. The median age of school shooters is sixteen. These soon to be adults often have backgrounds of mental illness, family complications, poverty, or abuse. The media plays an enormous role in the motives behind the shooters. Jamie Rouse is a seventeen-year-old who attended Richland High School before he decided to shoot the school up. His actions lead to the death of a teacher and a student. After being interviewed due to the shooting Rouse made it clear that he did it because the movie Natural Born Killers made the act of killing look fun and easy. Violent videogames are commonly played by millions of children, out of those millions there are a couple who feel inspired by killing. These select few play enjoy killing not for the satisfaction of just winning the game but it goes deeper than that. In our society today, people thrive off of violence. Finding a way to balance the violence in the virtual and technology world and the real world is something that needs to be discovered to prevent more innocent children losing their lives. Shootings in schools have resulted into a heaty debate over if stricter gun control would help stop school shootings. This discussion seems endless. Pro-gun Americans will argue the point that it isn’t guns that kill people, rather it is the people killing themselves. They believe that taking away guns is a violation of people expressing their rights. I believe that restricting guns will only keep from the people who use guns for the right reasons and those who are determined to use them for the wrong reason will still get a hold of it. People who want to partake in a school shooting will find a way to get a gun even if they are illegal. For example, people still get drugs knowing they are illegal.

Therefore, I do not believe that gun control should be the main focus when trying to find a solution to this problem. I believe that the topic of focus should be on mental illness awareness. Again and again we see these murderers being those who have some sort of mental sickness. It is unfortunate that many of these shootings could have been prevented if society paid more attention to those who are ill. Their thinking is simply not in the right state of mind. Now, I am not saying their actions are justified but if people took this sickness more serious I definitely feel that we would see less shootings occur in a school setting. A reason that people tend to not speak out about their mental state is because of the portrayal that society has placed on those individuals. Some people are afraid that if they talk about their unhealthy state of mind that they will be looked at as “weird” or “different”. As humans we have been trained since youth to not talk publically about our issues that could involve something negative we are going through. The government could do a better job making people feel like it is okay to talk about their problems. They could do this by making more advertisements, magazines, commercial’s, and campaigns regarding the issue.

Overall, if more attention was directed here then more people would feel like they are not alone and that is when we will see a difference in the world. The best governmental approach to solve this problem of mass shootings in the United States is for the government to be honest to the people. There are no laws that can be made that will entirely stop shootings for good. Gun control laws limit the right to guns but it will not stop people who are focused on shooting. Another action that the government could take is creating schools that are have more fences and stop building schools that are so widely open. Doing this would create less opportunity for unwanted trespassers strolling around on their campuses. The government could provide money to private security companies to construct metal detectors and other things that a person with a gun could not get past. Although, investing in these companies will be expensive I believe that it is worth it.

Protection and safety are two very important components when discussing what schools need to have in 2018. Parents, teachers, communities, and the government all play a vital role in giving qualities to children so that these shootings will not occur. Parents can work on paying more attention to their child’s life whether that be in school or home. Sometimes children just need to know that someone cares and they will not make actions that they will later regret. These are all approaches that can be made to slowly but surely solve this issue. Society hears about a school shooting and within a week or two people tend to tune the news out. This happens because the school shooting is not “old” news and something else has caught the attention of Americans. Because of this, the government also fails to do anything about the issue. America has to keep in mind that the families whose children have now passed will always be affected by these tragedies, just because it is not on the news does not mean the problem went away. The people in our country have very different opinions and at times it can be difficult to agree on things. Although, one thing that mostly everyone can agree on is that we are tired of seeing another mass shooting headline on the news. People are ready to do anything to seek change.

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I believe that when communities come together in hopes of achieving the same goal, anything can be possible with the participation of the government. Everyone should have the right to an education. Educating the youth is important because it allows for the newer generations to grow and explore ideas beyond our current thinking. The youth is the future of this country so it is important that we emphasize the safety in schools. If people feel terrified of going to school, there is no way that learning is possible. Feeling comfortable is the basic foundation in which you need to thrive. Teachers and students have the right to feel like they are in a safe environment at all times. This is a public policy challenge that needs to be addressed and solved before the situation gets even worse.

“A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen, in many ways, addresses the divide between the concept of work itself and the perceptions of one’s own work. In reality, a person’s idea of work can differ from the kind of work actually done. When people think of the word “work,” images that come into mind include physical labor or any type of visible and tangible job or career. Household duties and production, however, is hardly ever accounted for. The emotional and mental labor of being placed in a specific gender role is also hard work. There is no monetary compensation involved. Instead, the protagonist of the play, Nora, is dedicated to the subtle rewards of keeping up appearances, both her own and her family’s. This facade shows how a woman’s place at home or at work is solely based off producing a certain image at all times. Women are trapped by society’s forced idealistic view of who they should be, and true freedom is compromised when a sense of control and individuality is lost.

In the beginning of the play, Nora’s idea of the work she does equates to the work she is expected to do by her husband, Torvald. However, the play gets complicated when this divide is realized. Nora holds the family’s reputation in her words, behavior, and actions. She is dedicated to making her husband happy at all costs and even protects him to do so, much to Torvald’s dismay. Keeping up appearances is itself a form of work in this play and the theme evolves into something that is largely self-destructive. Nora is oppressed not only by both societal forces and her own husband. She is living a life she knows is a lie, and it almost acts as a daily performance. She acts unintelligent and child-like so as to validate Torvald’s masculinity and power. The image of the perfect housewife that she represents replaces her individuality and personhood with the illusion of a happy family and a husband to be envious of.

Torvald teases Nora and calls her belittling names like his “little squirrel” and “skylark.” (Ibsen 4). He toys with her emotions using the promise of money and materialistic items. In a way, Torvald controls Nora. Although, Nora may very well be aware of his control over her, she accepts it and her role as subservient and dependent on the man in her life. She succumbs to the role of the victim and this role becomes her work and her work begins to define who she is. The image she chooses to represent for the sake of a good reputation causes her to lose herself and become only an object of affection and Torvald’s “trophy wife.”

Nora perceives her work as performance. “Your squirrel would run about and do all her tricks if you would be nice, and do what she wants…I would play the fairy and dance for you in the moonlight, Torvald.” (Ibsen 39). She also uses her physical appearance and takes advantage of her feminine features in order to get her way. “If your little squirrel were to ask you for something very, very prettily—?” (Ibsen 39). Nora’s words confirm that she is putting on an act as the woman of the house and acknowledges that her “tricks” and childlike demeanor serves to please Torvald.. She constantly depends and works on this image of herself and falls victim to the lie itself. The more a person lives a lie, the greater the chance the lie will consume that person. Nora’s manipulation eventually ended up manipulating not only Torvald, but also and more importantly, herself. “To be able to be free from care, quite free from care; to be able to play and romp with the children; to be able to keep the house beautifully and have everything just as Torvald likes it!” (Ibsen 17). Here, Nora is addressing her desire for a state of freedom where she will no longer feel anxious or stressed. Ironically, she is referring to all the things that restrict or limit her including her husband who controls her. She thinks she can find true freedom confined in a traditional domestic sphere with Torvald. This quote is critical to her evolution and eventual change in beliefs as the play continues and Nora realizes what freedom really means to her. Thus, the true nature of her work is realized and she grows from it. Nora was manipulated by her own lies and the expectations of others, specifically the men around her. The expectation itself became an emotionally and mentally taxing workload and constraint. It is this sort of oppression from men and society that continue to hurt women and ultimately erase their importance and potential.

Nora’s idea of work evolves as the play continues. She has lived her life acting for and pleasing her husband. The climax of the play complicated Nora’s idea of working in a specific manner to preserve her marriage when she realize the truth about Torvald’s intentions and his relationship with her. When Nora admits to committing a crime to save Torvald’s life, he admits that to him, the illusion of happiness was more important than the reality of happiness itself. He stated, “From this moment happiness is not the question; all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments,the appearance—” (Ibsen 71). Nora chose to save Torvald’s life but Torvald did not reciprocate or show any sign of empathy. In fact, when he received the news that he was in the clear from trouble, he excitedly proclaimed that his life is saved, not Nora’s. Nora then realizes the selfish nature of Torvald’s affections and how he possesses no real love for her. It is then when the she realizes that keeping up appearances erases her existence and does nothing for her as an individual. Her idea of who controls her work has shifted from a man’s hold to her own.

“I have existed merely to perform tricks for you, Torvald. But you would have it so.You and papa have committed a great sin against me. It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life.” (Ibsen 74). Nora is aware that putting on an act will only hurt her in the end. She thought she was happy pleasing her father and then her husband when all she truly felt was remorse and emptiness. She understands that her life and behavior has been a performance forced by the pressures of society and her husband in order to create a fabricated image of an ideal family. During this turning point, Nora knows that she no longer has to please men and has the ability to be a real person. She can exist without Torvald’s presence and without his subtle or immediate control over her. Nora’s perspective on the type of work she does and why she does it changed for the better in Act III.

Henrik Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House,” describes work in ways that are sometimes ignored. Nora’s idea of work is pleasing her husband and maintaining his version of who he thinks she should be and how she should act. This lie causes her to lose individuality and creates a performance out of her life. Nora worked to be the perfect wife and paid little attention to what she wanted. Her goals and beliefs were set aside for a man. Although in many ways, Nora worked to manipulate Torvald, she still ended up hurting herself in the process of constantly being someone she is not. Her work was defined and orchestrated by a man. Oppressive societal forces directs women to look and act a certain way at all times for the sake of maintaining an image. Unsurprisingly, Nora was not keeping up her appearance any more than she was keeping up Torvald’s.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Causes
3. Consequences
4. Effects in Third World Countries
5. Solutions
6. Conclusion

Introduction

We often take advantage of our daily necessities, whether that be food, water, clothes, or household appliances. These items, however, have journeyed a long way around the world to find solace in our homes. These things we depend on are largely affected by varying factors; such as politics, economics, the environment or industries. It is a horrifying thought to realize that a resource considered vital for life is growing scarcer by the day. Unfortunately, this is the case for the abundance of water.

Despite water covering a vast majority of the Earth’s surface, only a very small percentage of this water is safe for human consumption. According to the National Geographic, less than three percent of the Earth’s water is freshwater (Mohan, Postel, Treiber, Posner, Covitt, Miller-Rushing, 2012). Moreover seventy five percent of that three percent of water is frozen, which leaves us with only one percent of water to consume. In order to make the most out of the scarce amount of water we have, we must reduce and prevent the contamination of water.

Causes

Water is a soluble liquid, meaning it allows several pollutants to dissolve it thus contaminating it. There are several factors that contribute to the rise in water pollution, such as agricultural pollution, toxic waste, runoff, organic pollution and thermal pollution. In a single day, several animals and humans die from consuming polluted water. In order to minimize the consequences of water pollution, we must improve the quality of water.

Furthermore, the world’s population is constantly increasing and therefore there is naturally a demand for water consumption. A troubling reason that water pollution still exists is because of politicians” lack of interest; most politicians have expressed disinterest in maintaining or extending water quality services. There is an urgent need to repair the damage water pollution has inflicted on our environment and economy and the only way to do so is to tackle the rising pressures that affect water quality.

Consequences

The severity of water contamination effects not only the environment but also the economy; it impacts tourism, business, commercial fishing, in addition to other industries that are dependent on clean water. The costs of cleaning up polluted water bodies can range from millions to billions of dollars estimatedly. In fact, approximately $28.4 billion dollars has been lost in Africa due to the effect of mortality impacts from a lack of water and sanitation (Pacific Institute, 2010).

As for the tourism industry, polluted bodies of water symbolize losses in fishing and boating activities. In regards to agriculture, reduced water quality could be detrimental. For farmers, a lack of water reduces crop yields, which in turn can lead to food shortages as well as increases in commodity prices. Furthermore, lowered crop yields can negatively impact trading with other economies. Failure to accommodate for contaminated water leads to rising costs in association with illness and water-borne diseases.

To further complicate the effect of polluted water, illnesses will negatively affect education as well as productivity. Additionally, weather can also negatively impact water purity. Climate change has made droughts, rising temperatures, and intense downpours more common than ever before. The new conditions caused by these climates permit bacteria and viruses to thrive in our water, thus contaminating them.

Effects in Third World Countries

In comparison to first world countries, third world countries face a severe issue with water contamination. In third world countries, there are no proper ways to dispose of contaminated water and so, its inhabitants often reuse polluted water. According to the World Health Organization, 844 million people lack a basic drinking-water service and of that population, 159 million individuals are solely dependent on surface water (2017).

Consuming polluted water can lead to several health issues, such as diseases, deformities or even death. Furthermore, third world countries lack access to proper medical treatment; they lack medical staff, antibiotics, water purifiers, etc. In order to combat water communication in all countries around the world, a cost friendly and easy to utilize solution must be implemented.

Solutions

Diminishing water pollution completely in the next couple of years would be a near impossible feat. It would take several years in addition to several resources in order to minimize the extent of contaminated water. Although we cannot accommodate for conditions caused by the weather, we can minimize the damage done by other factors, such as agriculture and toxic waste. An easy solution that can be implemented rapidly is establishing laws for industries and businesses that work with water. These laws may fine industries for improperly disposing waste; this will help ensure that chemicals and toxic materials will be properly trashed and thus they will not reach large bodies of water.

Another factor that may reduce contamination is using eco-friendly chemicals that do not deter water quality. In regards to farming, farmers should be urged to practice using eco-friendly methods that reduce runoff. When water is acquired from accessible sources there is less time and effort put into collecting it, which means less expenditure on health and water purification.

Conclusion

Water is vital for our survival as humans. If we allow water to grow contaminated, we risk acquiring water-borne diseases, degrading our environment, and facing economic losses in industries dependent on water. In order to make the most out of the scarce amount of water we have, we must reduce and prevent the contamination of water. Through implementing rules and regulations for consumer based industries as well as water dependent businesses, we can greatly minimize water pollution.

Reading “The Yellow Wallpaper” is like being drawn into the imaginary world of someone who is slowly leaving reality behind them. The short story is written as a kind of journal of the narrator as she becomes more and more detached from her family and her life. The reader sees only the narrator’s perspective, but her jumbled and paranoid thoughts are enough to make it clear that her viewpoint is far out of touch with the truth.

The theme of insanity in The Yellow Wallpaper seems to show that the role traditionally available to females is not fulfilling enough to keep a relatively normal woman sane. As evidenced by the outlook of the central male character in the story, the narrator’s husband John, a female is a sort of delicate adornment for the home - not a living, breathing person with dreams, struggles, and needs. The more the narrator conforms to this belief, the more she loses her grip on reality.

From page one, Gilman’s narrator offers examples of her husband's belittling attitude. She writes, “John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that.” While certainly any loving, happy marriage will be filled with laughter, this is not friendly camaraderie: this is the kind of condescending laughter that says, “You are only a woman.” John treats the narrator like a child, even directly addressing her as “little girl” on several occasions. When discussing her illness, rather than supporting his wife through her difficulties, John “assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with [her] but temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency.” John seems to view her as dimension-less, consisting only of a physical body. She writes, “John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him.” Her husband is confident that there is nothing medically wrong with her, and therefore ignores her deep emotional pain.

One of the most visible ways John treats the narrator as a emotionless possession, rather than as an equal, is by forbidding her to write. John would rather “put fireworks in her pillowcase” than allow her too much stimulation in her condition. However, it is clear that this rule does the narrator more harm than good. At this point, she still views herself as more than an object. She ignores John's rule, and he inadvertently causes her to exhaust herself further because now must work twice as hard to be sure she keeps her pastime hidden. She writes, “It does exhaust me a good deal – having to be so sly about it, or else meet with heavy opposition.”

This prescription against writing negatively affects the narrator in another important way. She interrupts a train of thoughts about the wallpaper with, “There comes John, and I must put this away – he hates to have me write a word.” In a way, John is responsible for the thoughts that lead her deeper and deeper into lunacy. Perhaps if she were only able to sit and peacefully write about the wallpaper without interruption and fear, she would be able to better comprehend her feelings and avoid her spiral into insanity.

In a very telling statement, the narrator writes, “I have a scheduled prescription for each hour in the day; [John] takes all care from me, and so I feel basely ungrateful not to value it more.” It is important to notice that she does not write that John “takes care of everything for me” or that John “handles everything for me.” She says rather that “he takes all care from me.” The implication is that she is not freely offering something to him; he takes “all care” (control) completely out of his wife’s hands and schedules an activity for her for each hour of the day. While John likely feels he is doing this because he loves her – for her own good - he is still forcing her to conform to his worldview and think of herself as under him.

As the narrator’s illness worsens, John requires less and less of her: “Jennie sees to everything now.” Like the creeping woman in the wallpaper, the narrator is trying to escape from the world John has created for her. She is, essentially, bored to the point of having a complete breakdown. As she becomes what John wants – less a person and more an adornment – she drifts further and further into her delusions. However, in a way, her delusions are empowering, ultimately giving her the strength to stand up to John. She even refers to him as “young man,” returning his belittling address from earlier in the story.

Overall, one could blatantly say that the madness of the narrator stems from the restriction of female expression and her marriage's incompatibility. At the height of her mental breakdown, the narrator thinks that, “there are a great many woman behind [the wallpaper], and sometimes only one, and she crawls around fast… she is all the time trying to climb through. But nobody could climb through that pattern — it strangles so; I think that is why it has so many heads.”

As a result, she becomes desperate to help the woman escape from being trapped inside the wallpaper. The narrator takes advantage of this opportunity, as she states. “Then I peeled off all the paper I could reach standing on the floor. It sticks horribly and the pattern just enjoys it! All those strangled heads and bulbous eyes and waddling fungus growths just shriek with dension!”. By tearing down the wallpaper, she is able to free the woman and herself, including her insanity that her husband always chooses to ignore. “I’ve got out at last; said I, ‘in spite of you and Jane. And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!”. At this point, the narrator finally speaks in her own name. She proclaims that she finally breaks free through the constraints by her husband and able to reclaims her independence. Finally, the narrator is able to release herself from all the constraints that are imposed on her by her husband and society. In effect, it marks the completion of the narrator’s transition into insanity.

Introduction

Kegalle  is a large town in Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka. It is located on the Colombo–Kandy road, approximately 78 km (48 mi) from Colombo and 40 km (25 mi) from Kandy. It is the main town in the Kegalle District, which is one of two districts which comprise Sabaragamuwa Province. The town is governed by an Urban Council. The surrounding area produces graphite, precious stones and agricultural products such as rice.

Everything you wanted to know

Kegalle has an agricultural based economy and mainly produces rubber. Kegalle is the nearest town to the Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage, a major tourist attraction in the area, which is 10.5 km (6.5 mi) to the north-east. Kegalle District remarks on its great history dated back to the stone age of Sri Lanka.[citation needed] It is an assortment of proven evidence of the present day city formation. According to that evidence, there had been a prosperous civilization in Kegalle prior to 28000 years.

The caves of Beli Lena, Dorawaka Lena, Alu Lena, Asmadala, Padavigampola, Batalegala, Lenagala, Ambala Kanda, Hamada, Heenatipana, Uthuwankanda, Beligala, Salawa, Yahalena, Salgala and Kela Dambulla endow with the evidence for that. According to the archaeology of the Kegalle District, it has been a region in Maya Rata of the three divisions of Sri Lanka.

Further, it is noticeable by the latter half of the Sinhalese kingdom and also by the ruling period of the British. Those days Kegalle had been divided into three parts; named as “Satara Koralaya”,” Thun Koralaya” and “Patha Bulathgama”.Physical information[edit]Sir. Edwin WijeyeratneFirst elected Kegalle member, State Council of Ceylon & Sri Lankan independence activistKegalle, situated in between the central highlands and western southern planes and has an enchanting environment.

The height of the western region is less than 500 feet above sea level while the eastern region exceeds 1,000 feet. Rubber cultivation has stretched over most of the area of the district and minor export crops such as coffee, cocoa, pepper, clove, and nutmeg takes an important place in the district's economy. Sri Lanka’s best graphite mine is situated at Bogala in Kegalle District. The extent of the District is 1692.8 km2 (169,280 in hectares). Sri Lanka 65610 km2

The economic maturity. The land has become another fertile facilitator to the cultivation promoted needs of the citizens of Kegalle. The district mainly being an agrarian society, rubber, tea, and coconut are cultivated as the main crops of it. Apart from that clove, pepper, coffee, and cocoa to are being cultivated as secondary commodities.

As of the Rubber cultivation, 33% of the agrarian lands have been utilized for it.29000 acres of land area have been occupied for the paddy cultivation. The rainwater is the main resource provider for the cultivations in Kegalle. Minerals are another lucrative donor of the district of Kegalle. The Bogala graphite is one of the most notable mines in Kegalle district and marks a half amount of the total mineral export of Sri Lanka. The gem distribution near the Kelani River further boosts for the economic prosperity of the district.

At present, Kegalle being one of the most hospitable and cozy districts it has become one of the profitable tourist attractions of the country.The rhythmical plummet of waterfalls of Asupini Ella,the shabby of Kurulu Kelaya with the lengthiest fungi tree of Sri Lanka, Pinnawala elephant orphanage and the Pinnawala Open Air zoo (First Open Air Zoo in Sri Lanka) and pool resources into be another dynamic co -hand of the economy, culture and society of Sri Lanka .

Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage[edit]Main article: Pinnawala Elephant OrphanagePinnawala Elephant Orphanage is an orphanage, nursery and captive breeding ground for wild Asian elephants located at Pinnawala village, 13 km (8.1 mi) northeast of Kegalle town in Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka. Pinnawala is notable for having the largest herd of captive elephants in the world. Lupini Ella. Lupini Ella (waterfall) also called 'Asupini Falls' is a 30 meters (98 ft) waterfall that can be seen from the historic town of Aranayake.

According to ancient tales, it was named after the story about a King who had many queens. On his return from war, he assured them that he would give them a sign from the hills about the fate of the war. He said, “If his soldiers waved a white flag over the hills, it would mean he was defeated and killed in action. But, if he waved his own flag bearing his crest, that he was victorious". The King decided to play a joke on his wives, who were waiting with their horses near the waterfall to see the visual message, by waving a white flag. His wives were so upset that they all committed suicide by jumping over the falls which inspired the name Shuping, which is derived from 'Always' (Horse) and 'Pini' or 'Panina' (Jump) which combined means "the horses jumped over the falls".

Wewaladeniya Viharaya, also known as Kegalla Siri Mahindodaya Piriwen Viharaya is one of oldest temples in Kegalle. It is located at the center of the town. Other. Alagalla Mountain Range in Sabaragamuwa province is "Freedom Summit" in Sri Lanka, where an annual folk climbing event takes place on 4 February commemorating country's independence from the British empire.

Sir Edwin Wijeyeratne - First elected member of Kegalle to State Council of Ceylon, Sri Lankan independence activist & Cabinet Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development in the government of D. S. Senanayake.The Honourable Dr. P. B. G. Kalugalla - Member of Sri Lanka Parliament from Kegalle District for 26 years until 2000. He was the Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Canada and Ambassador to the Philippines.

The late 1950s and '60s saw a merging of government and corporation. For the most part, this took place during the Eisenhower administration. This new political climate seemed to be too powerful to many in the beatnik generation. One of these is Ken Kesey, whose views on the "new government" are reflected in his novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Dubbed the "Combine," this idea acts as a ruling power in an insane asylum. The hero's (or anti-hero's) struggles against the Combine parallel the struggles of Kesey and his peers against the policies of the Eisenhower administration.

One of the Eisenhower administration's most powerful platforms was the fight against communism, which is reflected in the Combine. The foremost concern of the administration was to contain communism. This is clearly reflected in the setting: a mental institution. Just as the United States (and other countries) labored to keep communism restricted to the Soviet Union and surrounding countries, as a society we try to keep the ill separated from the healthy, equipping our institutions with window screens such as that "a technician picked up a chair...and beat the screen till the chair was no more than kindling wood" (108).

Also visible in the novel is the clash between idealism and practicality. Recalling the differences between democracy and communism, the nurse tries to serve the majority despite the patients' wishes that she serve all. After a vote to let the Acutes watch a baseball game, she remarks that it may not be done because "Forty patients, and only twenty voted. You must have a majority to change the ward policy" (124). It may also be noted that Nurse Ratched's group meetings are distinctly suggestive of McCarthyism. During the McCarthy era, people registered as Communists were asked to give the names of all the others they knew to be Communists. Ratched fosters the same disloyal tendencies in her ward by asking men to write in a book when someone says something revealing, and rewarding them accordingly. McMurphy presents the analogy of a pecking party, where "the flock gets sight of a spot of blood on some chicken and they all go to peckin' at it...till they rip the chicken to shreds" (55).

It's is easy to find similarities between the workings of the Combine and the Eisenhower administration's domestic and fiscal policies. When Eisenhower, a celebrated World War II general, was elected, a large portion of previously domestic funds were diverted to the military. The military is like the Combine in that the institution depends on having clean-cut rules and a pyramidal authority structure (it can be noted, also, that Eisenhower used this method to organize his cabinet and departments). Like the diverting of funds, the institution is drawn away from a personal approach to solving the patients' problems, preferring to remain methodical and cold. The Combine's inhumane practices are explicitly detailed in a conversation between Harding and McMurphy in which Harding explains that "if she [Ratched] can't cut below the belt, she'll do it above the eyes" (165). It can be said that Eisenhower was somewhat of a "lame-duck" president; he proposed very few bills to Congress. Like Eisenhower, the Combine encourages its patients to leave policy be, creating an atmosphere in which change is dreaded. This attitude is asserted by an aide who denies McMurphy toothpaste, "It's ward policy, Mr. McMurphy, tha's the reason" (85). The policies aren't questioned simply because they are established.

Another of Eisenhower's main initiatives was to return many federal powers to the states. It is for this same reason that McMurphy is stuck at the institution: the state has given the Combine the power to decide when he can leave. The theme of leaving large powers to smaller governmental factions is apparent in the actions of Nurse Ratched. Toward the beginning of his stay, McMurphy pleads with the men to try and reduce her power: "Don't you see you have to do something to show you still got some guts? Don't you see you can't let her take over completely?" (65). The men are afraid of her because she has too much power for being so "local."

Despite their many similarities, Kesey's Combine departs from the idea of corporation that was integral to the Eisenhower administration. American corporation is tied directly to the free market and our emphasis on capitalism, but the Combine does not espouse these ideals. When the men seem to be using up too many cigarettes, they are rationed, thus taking away the sense of ownership the men once possessed. During a meeting, Cheswick shows his discontent at this policy by saying, "I ain't no little kid to have cigarettes kept from me like cookies!" (149). Nurse Ratched, in an attempt to alienate the patients from McMurphy, notes that many men on the ward have lost considerable amounts of money since he arrived. She even mentions the recent fishing trip and, in order to further spread doubt, asks, "What do you suppose Mr. McMurphy's profit was on this venture?" (223). In this action, she shows that she disapproves of McMurphy's ability to make money off the others, which is the primary idea behind capitalism. Also, in staff meetings, she dominates and gives final judgement on all matters. When they are discussing what to do with McMurphy, Kesey explicitly shows that the others are only there to please her: "They figured they were proposing just what she'd want, just what she was planning to propose in the meeting herself" (135). This again flies in the face of corporation, as the first requirement of corporations is that they are led by a board as opposed to by a singular boss.

Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest can be read as an overt opposition to the Eisenhower administration. Given this, it is somewhat surprising that he did not choose to model the Combine after a corporation. Otherwise, he paralleled the domestic, fiscal, and foreign policies held by the administration perfectly. Kesey obviously intended One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest to model the beatnik opposition to the government by comparing the Eisenhower administration to the all-powerful Combine.