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Table of contentsAbstractIntroductionLiterature reviewDifferent classification a ...

Table of contents

  1. Abstract
  2. Introduction
  3. Literature review
  4. Different classification algorithm comparison
  5. Choice of the topic with reasoning
  6. Conclusion

Abstract

k Nearest Neighbor (KNN) strategy is a notable classification strategy in data mining and estimations in light of its direct execution and colossal arrangement execution. In any case, it is outlandish for ordinary KNN strategies to select settled k esteem to all tests. Past courses of action assign different k esteems to different test tests by the cross endorsement strategy however are typically tedious.

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In previous work proposes new KNN strategies, first is a KTree strategy to learn unique k esteems for different test or new cases, by including a training arrange in the KNN classification. This work additionally proposes a change rendition of KTree technique called K*Tree to speed its test organize by putting additional data of the training tests in the leaf node of KTree, for example, the training tests situated in the leaf node, their KNNs, and the closest neighbor of these KNNs. K*Tree, which empowers to lead KNN arrangement utilizing a subset of the training tests in the leaf node instead of all training tests utilized in the recently KNN techniques. This really reduces the cost of test organize.

Introduction

KNN method is popular because of its simple implementation and works incredibly well in practice. KNN is considered a lazy learning algorithm that classifies the datasets based on their similarity with neighbors. But KNN have some limitations which affects the efficiency of result. The main problem with the KNN is that it is lazy learner as well as the KNN does not learn from the training data which affects the accuracy in result.

Also KNN algorithm computation cost is quite high. So, these problems with KNN algorithm affect the accuracy in result and overall efficiency of algorithm. This work proposes the new KNN strategies KTree and K*Tree are more productive than the conventional KNN strategies. There are two recognized contrasts between the past KNN strategies and proposed KTree strategy. In the first place, the past KNN methods have no training stage, while KTree method has a sparse-based preparation stage, whose time complexity is O(n2).

Second, the previous methods need at least O(n2) time complexity to obtain the ideal-k-values due to involving a sparse-based learning process, while KTree method just needs O(log(d) + n) to do that via the learned model. In this work, additionally stretch out proposed KTree technique to its change rendition called k*Tree strategy to speed test organize, by just putting additional data of training tests in the left node, for example, the training tests, their KNNs, and the closest neighbors of these closest neighbors. KTree methods learns different set samples and add a training stage in the traditional KNN classification. The K*Tree speed up its test stage. This reduces running cost of its stage.

Literature review

Efficient kNN Classification With Different Numbers of Nearest Neighbors:

In this paper[1] they proposes the new KNN technique KTree & K*Tree to conquer the impediments of customary KNN techniques. Accordingly, it is trying for all the while tending to these issues of KNN technique, i.e., ideal k-values learning for various examples, time cost lessening, and execution change. To address these issues of KNN techniques, in this paper, they initially propose a KTree technique for quick taking in an ideal k-esteem for each test, by including a training organize into the conventional KNN strategy. They additionally broaden proposed KTree strategy to its change form i.e K*Tree technique to speed test arrange. The key thought of proposed techniques is to outline a training stage for lessening the running expense of test arrange and enhancing the classification execution.

Block-Row Sparse Multiview Multilabel Learning for Image Classification:

In this paper [2] they lead multiview picture order by proposing a piece push scanty MVML learning structure. They inserted a proposed blockrow regularizer into the MVML structure to lead the high level highlight choice to choose the instructive perspectives and furthermore lead the low-level element choice to choose the data highlights from the instructive perspectives. Their proposed strategy adequately led picture grouping by evading the unfriendly effect of both the excess perspectives and the boisterous highlights.

Biologically Inspired Features for Scene Classification in Video Surveillance:

In this paper[3] they introduces a scene order technique in view of an enhanced standard model highlight., In this paper they recently proposed technique is more roboust more specific and of lower complexity. The moved forward models reliably beat as far as both power also, grouping exactness. Moreover, impediment and confusion issues in scene order in video observation are contemplated in this paper.

Learning Instance Correlation Functions for Multilabel Classification:

In this paper[4], a powerful calculation is produced for multilabel order with using those information that are significant to the objectives. The proposes the development of a coefficient-based mapping amongst preparing and test examples, where the mapping relationship misuses the connections among the examples, instead of the unequivocal relationship between the factors and the class marks of information

Missing Value Estimation for Mixed-Attribute Data Sets:

In this paper[ 5], they thinks about another setting of missing information attribution that is ascribing missing information in informational collections with heterogeneous traits, alluded to as crediting blended quality informational indexes. This paper proposes two predictable estimators for discrete what's more, constant missing target esteems. They additionally proposes a blend piece based iterative estimator is pushed to attribute blended characteristic informational indexes.

Feature Combination and the kNN Framework in Object Classification:

In this paper[6], they take a shot at normal blend to investigate the fundamental instrument of highlight blend. They examine the practices of highlights in normal blend and weighted normal mix. Further they coordinate the practices of highlights in (weighted) normal blend into the kNN structure.

A Unified Learning Framework for Single Image Super-Resolution:

In this paper[7], they propose another SR structure that flawlessly incorporates learning-and reconstruction based strategies for single picture SR to keep away from sudden relics presented by learning-based SR and reestablish the missing high-recurrence points of interest smoothed by recreation based SR. This incorporated structure takes in a solitary word reference from the LR contribution rather than from outside pictures to daydream points of interest, inserts nonlocal implies channel in the recreation based SR to improve edges and stifle ancient rarities, and step by step amplifies the LR contribution to the coveted top notch SR result

Single Image Super-Resolution With Multiscale Similarity Learning:

In this paper[8] they propose a solitary picture SR approach by taking in multiscale self-likenesses from a LR picture itself to diminish the unfriendly impact brought by incompatible high-recurrence subtle elements in the preparation set, To incorporate the missing points of interest they proposes the HR-LR fix sets utilizing the underlying LR information and its down inspected form to catch the similitudes crosswise over various scales

Classification of incomplete data based on belief functions and K-nearest neighbors:

In this paper[9] they proposes an option credal arrangement strategy for deficient examples (CCI) in light of the framewok of conviction capacities. In CCI, the K-closest neighbors (KNNs) of the articles are chosen to appraise the missing esteems. CCI manages K forms of the inadequate example with evaluated esteems drawn from the KNNs. The K variants of the fragmented example are separately arranged utilizing the traditional techniques, and the K bits of order are marked down with various measuring factors relying upon the separations between the protest and its KNNs. These reduced outcomes are all around combined for the credal grouping of the question.

Feature Learning for Image Classification via Multiobjective Genetic Programming:

In this paper[10], they plan a developmental learning procedure to consequently create space versatile worldwide component descriptors for picture classification utilizing multiobjective hereditary programming (MOGP). In this design, an arrangement of crude 2-D administrators are haphazardly consolidated to develop include descriptors through the MOGP advancing and afterward assessed by two target wellness criteria, i.e., the grouping mistake and the tree many-sided quality. After the whole development system completes, the best-so-far arrangement chose by the MOGP is viewed as the(near-)ideal component descriptor got.

An Adaptable k-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm for MMSE Image Interpolation:

In this paper[11] they propose a picture introduction calculation that is nonparametric and learning-based, principally utilizing a versatile k-closest neighbor algorithm with worldwide contemplations through Markov arbitrary fields. The proposed calculation guarantees picture comes about that are information driven and, subsequently reflect true pictures well, sufficiently given preparing information. The proposed calculation works on a nearby window utilizing a dynamic k-closest neighbor calculation, where varies from pixel to pixel.

A Novel Template Reduction Approach for the k-Nearest Neighbor Method:

In this paper [12]they propose another consolidating calculation. The proposed thought depends on characterizing the supposed chain. This is a succession of closest neighbors from substituting classes. They make the point that examples additionally down the tie are near the order limit and in light of that they set a cutoff for the examples keep in the preparation set.

A Sparse Embedding and Least Variance Encoding Approach to Hashing:

In this paper[13],they propose an effective and proficient hashing approach by scantily implanting an example in the preparation test space and encoding the inadequate installing vector over a scholarly word reference. They segment the example space into bunches through a direct ghostly grouping strategy, and after that speak to each example as a scanty vector of standardized probabilities that it falls into its few nearest groups. At that point they propose a minimum difference encoding model, which takes in a word reference to encode the scanty implanting highlight, and therefore binarize the coding coefficients as the hash codes

Ranking Graph Embedding for Learning to Rerank:

In this paper[14], they demonstrate that bringing positioning data into dimensionality decrease altogether builds the execution of picture look reranking. The proposed technique changes chart inserting, a general system of dimensionality decrease, into positioning diagram implanting (RANGE) by demonstrating the worldwide structure and the nearby connections in and between various pertinence degree sets, separately. A novel essential parts investigation based closeness estimation strategy is introduced in the phase of worldwide chart development.

A Novel Locally Linear KNN Method With Applications to Visual Recognition:

In this paper[15], a locally straight K Nearest Neighbor (LLK) strategy is given appli-cations to strong visual acknowledgment. In the first place the idea of a perfect portrayal is displayed, which enhances the conventional inadequate portrayal from numerous points of view. The novel representation is handled by two classifiers, LLKbased classifier and a locally direct closest mean-based classifier, for visual acknowledgment. The proposed classifiers are appeared to interface with the Bayes choice run for least blunder. The new techniques are proposed for include extraction to additionally enhance visual acknowledgment execution.

Fuzzy nearest neighbor algorithms: Taxonomy, experimental analysis and prospects:

In this work[16],they exhibited a study of fluffy closest neighbor classifiers. The utilization of FST and some of its expansions to the improvement of enhanced closest neighbor calculations have been checked on, from the principal recommendations to the latest methodologies. A few segregating attributes of the procedures has been de-scribed as the building pieces of a multi-level scientific classification, formulated to oblige introduce.

The Role of Hubness in Clustering High-Dimensional Data:

In this paper[17], they take a novel point of view on the issue of bunching high-dimensional information. Rather than endeavoring to stay away from the scourge of dimensionality by watching a lower dimensional element subspace. They demonstrate that hubness, i.e., the propensity of high-dimensional information to contain focuses (center points) that much of the time happen in k closest neighbor arrangements of different focuses, can be effectively misused in grouping. They approve their theory by showing that hubness is a decent measure of point centrality inside a high-dimensional information bunch, and by proposing a few hubness-based grouping calculations.

Fuzzy similarity-based nearest-neighbour classification as alternatives to their fuzzy-rough parallels:

In this paper[18], the hidden instruments of fluffy harsh closest neighbor (FRNN) and enigmatically evaluated unpleasant sets (VQNN) are in-vestigated and examined. The hypothetical confirmation and exact assessment demonstrate that the subsequent arrangement of FRNN and VQNN depends just upon the most noteworthy similitude and most noteworthy summation of the likenesses of each class, individually.

To enhance the arrangement productivity of KNN algorithm by presenting new techniques KTree and K*Tree by outlining a training organize for ideal k esteems learning for various examples, reducing the cost of test organize, enhancing the exactness in result and enhancing the classification execution. Additionally we will outline and actualize framework which works and process high dimensional data to enhance the performance of proposed techniques and plan soft clustering classifier and compare this with KNN strategies.

Different classification algorithm comparison

Table 1 discuss all about classification algorithm and comparison over different parameters

Table 1

DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM COMPARISON

Sr.No Algorithm Features

1.Build model can be Effectively deciphered 1 C 4.5 Algorithm

2. Easy to execute.

3.Can use both discrete & continuous values.

4. Deals with noise.

1.It delivers more accuracy result than the 2 ID3 Algorithm C4.5 algorithm

2.Detection rate is increment & space utilization is lessened 3 Artificial Neural - need to parameter adjust

Network Algorithm - learning is required

1.Easy to implement 4 Naive Bayes Algorithm

2.Great computational productivity & characterization rate

3.Accuracy of result is high

1. High exactness.

2. Support Vector

3. Work well regardless of whether information isn't straightly distinguishable Machine Algorithm in the base element space

1.Classes need not be directly distinct.

2.Zero cost of the learning process. 6 K- Nearest neighbor Algorithm

3.Sometimes it is vigorous with respect to uproarious preparing information

4.Well suited for multimodal classes

Decision Tree

A decision tree is a tree in which each branch hub speaks to a decision between various choices, and each leaf hub speaks to a choice. Decisions trees order occurrences by navigate from root hub to leaf hub [43]. We begin from root hub of choice tree, testing the characteristic indicated by this hub, at that point moving down the tree limb as per the quality incentive in the given set. This procedure is the rehashed at the sub-tree level. Decision tree learning calculation has been effectively utilized as a part of master frameworks in catching information. Decision tree is moderately quick contrasted with other order models. It additionally Obtain comparative and once in a while better exactness contrasted with different models

Decision stump

A decision stump is an extremely basic decision tree. A decision stump is a machine learning model comprising of a one-level choice tree. It is a decision tree with one inner hub (the root) which is quickly associated with the terminal hubs (its takes off). A decision stump makes a forecast in light of the estimation of only a solitary info include. At times they are additionally called 1-rules. It's a tree with just a single split, so it's a stump. decision stump calculation takes a gander at all conceivable incentive for each quality. It chooses best quality in view of least entropy. Entropy is measure of vulnerability. We measure entropy of dataset (S) concerning each trait. For each characteristic A, one level processes a score estimating how well trait An isolate the classes[44]

Choice of the topic with reasoning

K Nearest Neighbor is one of the best ten data mining algorithm on account of its simplicity of comprehend, basic execution and great characterization execution. Be that as it may, past shifted KNN strategies typically first take in an individual ideal k-esteem for each test or new example and after that utilize the conventional KNN order to anticipate test tests by the educated ideal k-esteem. In any case, either the way toward taking in an ideal k-esteem for each test or the way toward examining all training tests for finding closest neighbors of each test is take additional time.

Along these lines, it is trying for at the same time conquer a few issues of KNN technique like optimal k-values learning for various examples, decreasing time cost, and enhancing execution proficiency. To overcome the restrictions of KNN techniques to enhance the effectiveness and exactness in comes about and controlling the time cost, this framework, to begin with propose a KTree strategy for quick taking in an optimal k- esteem for each test, by including a training arrange into the customary KNN technique. Additionally proposed framework outline the new form of KTree technique called K*Tree to speed test organize and diminishes the time cost of test arrange.

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Conclusion

In previous work, to conquer some issues of KNN technique, authors[1] have proposed two new KNN classification algorithms, i.e., the KTree and the KTree strategies, to choose ideal k-esteem for each test sample and successful KNN classification. The aim of proposed strategies is to plan training arrange for reducing the running expense of test organize and enhancing the classification execution. Additionally we will plan framework which works and process high dimensional data to increase the performance of proposed strategies and plan soft clustering classifier and compare this with KNN strategies.


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Table of contentsWhat is Kabaddi?The Upsurge of Kabaddi in IndiaPro Kabaddi Leag ...

Table of contents

  1. What is Kabaddi?
  2. The Upsurge of Kabaddi in India
  3. Pro Kabaddi League

Kabaddi is a sport that urban India has not traditionally adopted. So how does the modern-day revived Kabaddi and became India’s fastest-growing sport? This is the question that people might ask if it stays to grow at its own pace. Definitely, sounds mindboggling but one day it might happen and could surpass all other sports and turn into India’s number one sport. Unfortunately, once it was overlooked and left unnoticed, but now it is rising from being disregarded.

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What is Kabaddi?

Kabaddi is a contact team sport played between two teams of seven players each. An ancient wrestling sport that was originated from South Asia, though primarily an Indian game. The word Kabaddi might have been derived from the Tamilnadu word “KAI-PIDI” meaning to hold hands. This sport requires both the skills and strength to wrestle against opponents within the game. It is meant to require self-defense in response to attack and reflexes counter-attack. This is played on dirty and dusty courts.

The?main aim of the game is for a player “raider” on offense run into the opposing teams half-court, tag out as many of their offenders as possible to score a point. Then return to their own half-court without being an?attack by the defenders. The game’s purpose is to score points within the time. When defending, the aim is to capture the invader by wrestling them to the ground to prevent returning to their half-court.

The future of Kabaddi is still unknown because, despite the upsurge of Kabaddi in India, it stays second against cricket. The number of based fans of cricket are much way bigger than kabaddi. However, it still shocks us with the views and acceptance of Indian residents it gets. Unfortunately, the PKL does not have yet a global fan-based up to know. But we never know in the upcoming years it might get global attention next to sport cricket. Nothing is impossible since Kabaddi is now getting so much attention to everyone.

The Upsurge of Kabaddi in India

The fame of Kabaddi has seen a significant rise to the point it became India’s fastest-growing sport. The attention it gets from the public was started with the 2006 Asian Games. From then on, the limelight to Kabaddi has been revived since the launching of the Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) in 2014. PKL has elevated the sport and now continues to raise awareness for Kabaddi’s interest. The attention in Kabaddi has grown up to 14% since 2015, and the interest in PKL has grown to 33%. The cognizance of the said sport has increased expeditiously and even overcome the popularity of football in the country.

In the same year, Star Sports had bought the TV rights to the Pro Kabaddi League as it became one of the network’s largest viewership and country’s main biggest leagues of all time. Though at first, it seems implausible because of the unpopularity of the sport. ?It has proven the skeptics?wrong since Kabaddi gain the attention of the many. This sport has been embraced from rural to urban residents and turned out to be the second most-watched sport in India next to cricket.

In the years 2016 - 2017, the Pro Kabaddi League (KPL) has amplified TV viewership by almost a hundred million views in a year and surpassed the views of other sports in the?world cup. This PKL league had become one of the world’s most-watched sport having the highest tv ratings compared to other most-watched sports in India. In addition, the investments and sponsorship for the sport had also exponentially increased, for a non-cricket sport, this is a surprise. As a result, the salaries of the players also improved along the way and were increased by 60%.

Thanks to well-planned advertising, marketing, and word of?mouth about Kabaddi. Those were the main reasons behind the success of the popularity of the sport. And the TV appearances that have reached and attract viewers to watched the sport, while PKL has transformed the feedback and reviews regarding the sport into a positive?connotation.

Pro Kabaddi League

The Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) is a sports initiative by Mashal Sports Pvt. Ltd and Star India Pvt. Ltd. It was first launched in 2014 and currently?known as Vivo Pro Kabaddi League. The history of KPL all started when the PKL founder, Charu Sharma, was inspired by the success of the 2006 Asian Games Kabaddi competition, an indoor version of the game played on a court. PKL then expected to use a franchised based model after that, therefore, the league began from then on. At first, concerns and doubts were posed whether PKL would succeed. Surprisingly, the opening of the season was viewed by 86.4 million viewers and was beyond amazing for success.

In addition, PKL?has evolved into a professional level kabaddi league that is being broadcast on Star Sports which is happening in India. The competition set-up is?based on and inspired by the successful Indian Premier League (IPL).

With the number of teams, the league has shown a rise from eight in its first launched to 12 teams in 2017. Since its first introduction, PKL has changed the sports culture in India and all completed its seven seasons. The league has therefore developed and revolutionized the kabaddi game with amazing improvements.

 


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Topic analysisMarsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of pla ...

Topic analysis

Marsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of placental mammals. During embryonic development, a choriovitelline placenta forms in all marsupials. In bandicoots, an additional chorioallantoic placenta forms, although it lacks the chorionic villi found in eutherian placentas. Female marsupials have two lateral vaginas, which lead to separate uteri, but both open externally through the same orifice. A third canal, the median vagina, is used for birth. This canal can be transitory or permanent. As with all marsupials, the female kangaroo has 3 vaginas and uteruses (uteri). The two outermost vaginas are used for sperm transportation to the uteruses. Babies are born through the middle one.

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With this unusual reproductive system a female kangaroo can be in a continuous state of pregnancy, with a fertilised egg in one uterus waiting to be released, a baby growing in the second uterus, one in her pouch and another hopping outside but coming to its mother for milk. Another unique feature of these animals is that during time of extreme draught and starvation the female kangaroo can practice birth control by putting the babies growing in the uteruses “on hold”, stopping their future development until the conditions improve.

This is called embryonic diapause. When the mother’s pouch becomes free the next baby will be born and move into the pouch and the fertilised egg “on hold” in a uterus will start developing into a new foetus. Because of this multiple offspring strategy and other adaptabilities are unique to kangaroo, populations can increase rapidly when food is plentiful.

Kangaroo females get pregnant in the regular way. They shed an egg from their ovary and it drifts down the fallopian tube where, if it meets up with sperm, the egg is fertilized and then embeds itself in the wall of its mother’s uterus. BUT, here’s the big difference between us regular mammals and marsupial mammals, no placental connection is formed. As soon as the marsupial egg has consumed its own yolk to stay alive and develop (just like a bird egg), it has to be born. So the whole pregnancy is only about 28 days long!

At the end of the pregnancy the expectant mother takes up a sitting position and grooms her pouch. The baby emerges from an opening at the base of her tail called the cloaca. The infant is very tiny, only about the size of a lima bean. It’s pink and largely undeveloped except for its two front arms that are crucial for its climb up its mother’s abdomen to the pouch.

The baby, which is little more than a foetus, makes this climb completely unaided and guided only by instinct. Once inside the pouch the baby finds one of its mother’s four nipples and takes the end of one in its mouth. The baby doesn't have the muscles to suck at this stage. Instead, the nipple swells inside the baby’s mouth so that it can't disengage and milk is secreted very slowly into its mouth. Later, once the baby’s jaw is more developed, it will be able to disengage and suck at will.

BABY 1: firmly attached to the teat, the mother kangaroo can basically wipe her paws on it. Red kangaroo joeys spend about 235 days in the pouch before popping out, and grey kangaroos joeys stay pouched for a better part of year. Starts to explore outside the mother’s pouch. As the joey experiments with the new plant foods full of carbohydrates, it suckles less.

This lets mother’s baby know that its ready for BABY 2, at which point it allows another fertilised egg to begin cooking. After just 33 days of development, BABY 2 makes the journey to the pouch and starts to suckle. Amazingly, the presence of BABY 2 does not mean that BABY 1 gets the boot. Instead, the momarroo’s mammary glands start churning out 2 different kinds of milk- carbohydrate rich meals for the neonate and fat rich meals for the yearling.

About 2 weeks after BABY 2 made the pilgrimage from cloaca to pouch, the female kangaroo got busy with a male kangaroo and she now has a fertilised egg waiting in her womb. And it will stay there, real chill like, until BABY 2 starts vacationing outside pouch. The mother kangaroo’s body is now supporting 3 joeys, all at completely different stages of development.

References

1. The Life of Mammals by David Attenborough, Inside Nature’s Giants by David Dugan, Aardvarks to Zebras by Melissa S. Tulin.

2. Dawson, Terence J. (1995). Kangaroos: Biology of the Largest Marsupials. Cornell University Press/Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-8262-3. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine by Murray Fowler, 2nd edition.


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In the novel, We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves, the subject of what it mea ...

In the novel, We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves, the subject of what it means to be human is explored throughout the entire text. The interesting thing about Fowler’s text doesn’t demonize neither human or non-human animals for making mistakes. She shows the rawness of reality when it comes to family struggles and forgiveness.

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Something that separates humans from nonhuman animals is our ability to expand our horizons and adapt. The human race has evolved beyond animals with technological advances, discoveries, and new knowledge. We are the most advanced species on Earth, but not the only inhabitants of this natural world. We have to learn to share and adapt to new research. Using gentle wit at times, other times writing with searing intensity, Fowler’s message throughout this novel is that animal rights are on the same continuum as human rights.

Communication is a big part of any species, but humans have developed a more complex version. The concept of languages comes into play when asking the question, “What makes us human?”. Non-human animals do have verbal and nonverbal communication, but not to the same level of complexity that humans interact with one another. The difference is that communication can happen in all levels of intelligence, while language is much more complex. Language is a subcategory of communication, one that is elaborate and requires higher brain capacity. Before the human invention of writing, language was just an auditory channel. Communication can happen in any of the five senses and more, for example, smell, visual, sound, vibrations, body language, or echolocation. With over 6,500 languages in the world, all with their separate grammar, conjugations, and dialects, accents, it is self evident that humans have a more advanced type of communication than other animals.

Looking closer at the human race, we are controlled by currency. Money is one thing we have that non-human animals do not. Non-human animals do trade and barter, but they don’t have the type of advanced brains that humans do, and have no need for highly refined exchanges. Connecting this idea to the book, Fowler (2013) writes, “Money is the language humans speak, Lowell told me once upon a time, long, long ago. If you want to communicate with humans, then you have to learn how to speak it.” (pg. 305). Our socioeconomic system is centered around money. Humans work to make more money to buy food and clothing; it’s a desire and now a part of our human nature.

An interesting point about human behavior is the fact that we don’t recognize animal intelligence being on the same spectrum as our own. We view nonhuman animals as lower than us, and degrade their intelligence just because they aren’t as advanced as the human race. While contemplating the manner in which humans interact with each other, I realized the concept of being a human being is confusing. In history and even in current events, some races, genders, sexualities, etc., have been lowered to the status of an animal, mistreated, discriminated, even killed. Fowler (2013) expresses her thoughts on this subject through a college professor's lecture; “‘Do unto others’ is an unnatural, inhuman behavior. You can understand why so many...say it and few achieve it. It goes against something fundamental in our natures. And this, then, is the human tragedy - that the common humanity we share is fundamentally based on the denial of a common shared humanity.” (521). Being apart of human race, we’re supposed to be the most advanced species; so why do we have no empathy for some groups of people and completely wipe away their human status?


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The Manifesto of the Communist Party is an 1848 political pamphlet written by Ge ...

The Manifesto of the Communist Party is an 1848 political pamphlet written by German philosophers Karl Marx then translated into English by Friedrich Engels, which is recognised as one of the world’s most influential political manuscripts. This piece was written under the context of bourgeoisie domination, rapid social change, and revolutionary developments in production. Marx took an analytical approach to the nature of society and politics, and explained how capitalism will be replaced with communism overtime. This paper will demonstrate the connection between the Manifesto of the Communist Party and various aspects of the European culture since the Enlightenment: Romanticism, New-Rising Bourgeoisie, and State and Democracy. It will also show which part of Marx’s work strikes me as a reader most and establish a relationship between that part and one crucial aspect of European culture since the Enlightenment.

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Romanticism and Rousseau’s Confessions is very related to the Manifesto of the Communist Party because they share the same passion for freedom and equality, and both put emphasis on men’s creativity. Marx wanted to build an utopian ideal society where class antagonisation and exploitation of individuals does not exist, reflected through him statement that “in proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another will also be put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to” (Marx, Chapter 3). His Communist ideals are well supported by reasoning under the context of his society, yet is also driven by his passions for “free development of each” and “free development of all” (Marx, Chapter 3). Marx’s passions echoes with Rousseau’s feelings that his love of liberty and freedom “rendered [him] impatient of restraint or servitude” (Rousseau, 4). Similarly, Marx’s notion that it’s unjust that the proletariats are alienated from their species-being since their work has stopped them of creativity can be compared to Rousseau’s emphasis on emotions and creativity as the key elements that connect humans to Nature. In that society, though many proletariats might not understand communism fully, but as Rousseau asserted that passions and emotions can be felt wholly before they are conceived or understood (Rousseau, 3), a great number of them must have felt the impact of the unequal treatment and is willing to make a change.

The main purpose of Marx’s work is aimed at convincing and emotionally appealing to the public, especially the proletariats, to take control of their own fate and unite against the rule of the bourgeoisie, which can be compared to the Republican’s actions in the movie Les Misérables. Throughout the piece, language is used by Marx in a very strong, assertive, and affirming way that calls for actions. For instance, sentences like “the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society”, “society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie”, and “its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable” (Marx, Chapter 1) appeals the pathos and inspires passion. Arousing and powerful slogans like “Working Men of All Countries, Unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!” (Marx, Chapter 4) are also use to serve the same purpose. Similarly in the movie, the Republican leaders made inspiring statements and slogans like “we are citizens of the Republic”, “we cannot abandon our Motherland”, and “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” to motivate and keep the followers. This reveals that the Communist ideals of Marx and his supporters back then are not only supported by reasoning, but further powered by passion and Romanticism.

Marx’s concept of alienation resonates with the new-rising bourgeoisie and Tocqueville’s Democracy in America. As Marx suggests that the proletariats are alienated from the production process since they do not enjoy working at all by stating that “as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases”, Tocqueville questions what would happen to the mental state a man who who has spent twenty years of his life in making heads for pins (Tocqueville, Chapter XX). Marx’s arguments that the proletariats are separated from their natural creative abilities as humans can also be compared to Tocqueville’s opinion that “in proportion as the workman improves the man is degraded” and that the workman “no longer belongs to himself, but to the calling which he has chosen” (Tocqueville, Chapter XX). As Tocqueville states that the mind of the bourgeoisie is enlarged in proportion as that of the workmen is narrowed (Tocqueville, Chapter XX), it can be inferred that both Marx and him agree that the workman (proletariat) in a democracy become increasingly narrow-minded, dependent and degraded.

Furthermore, Marx and Tocqueville share the awareness that while the production process becomes far more economically efficient and the trading and manufacturing becomes more globalised, this does not mean everybody’s life improves along with these advancements. Marx is fully aware that while the “markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising” (Marx, Chapter 1), the proletariats are not benefited because the “bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe” and the wage-labour does not create any property for the labourers (Marx, Chapter 2). Similarly, Tocqueville stated that this new mode of production “impoverishes and debases the men who serve it”, and that “the manufacturing aristocracy which is growing up under our eyes is one of the harshest which ever existed in the world” (Tocqueville, Chapter XX). Even though Tocqueville claims that democracy and Bourgeoise bring about “the equality of conditions” and did not offer a solution, just like Marx he understands the social problems the bourgeoisie can bring.

Marx’s methods to achieve a Communist state and to eliminate class antagonism can be related to State and Democracy and also the Social Contract Theory. According to Marx, his intentions are precisely to do away with all forms of bourgeoisie property (Marx, Chapter 2); the bourgeoisie must sacrifice their property and their individual rights in order to reach equality. This can be compared to the idea of Social Contract Theory that people arrange themselves into a functional society by making a contract with each other to give up all or part of their individual rights to the proposed society. Marx’s wish to give the rights back to the majority, which are the proletariats, would seem to match with Locke’s idea that sovereignty should belong to the majority of the people as Locke states that “the majority having, as has been shewed, upon men's first uniting into society, the whole power of the community naturally in them” (Locke, Chapter X). However, Marx then makes the assertion that most of the power should be centralised in the capable hands of the state. He suggested the “centralisation of credit in the hands of the state”, “centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State”, the “extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State”, and the “confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels” (Marx, Chapter 2). Parallels can be drawn between his beliefs and Hobbes’s idea that the government is the head of the society and therefore has the sovereignty over the people, since they both assume the State knows what is best for its subjects. Marx, to a certain extent, justifies taking away bourgeoisie property and individual rights based on the Social Contract Theory.

The part that I personally find most striking was Marx’s progressive mindset and his open-mindedness towards change. He first asserts that “the bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations”, “has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his “natural superiors”, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous “cash payment”, “has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation”, and “has resolved personal worth into exchange value” (Marx, Chapter 1). But simultaneously, he also acknowledged the fact that “the bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together”, that “it has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life”, and that “the bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation” (Marx, Chapter 1). This reflects that despite all the harm the bourgeoisies as a class was doing to the society, Marx is not unaware of the benefits and wonders they have created for the modern world. Therefore, it can be implied that Marx does not emphasise religion and the social relationship between individuals in order to convince people that the feudal way of life is better; he is not trying to make things go back to the way they were before the bourgeoisie. Instead, he wants to keep the beneficial aspects of the bourgeoisie—their machinery, factories, scientific innovations, and division of labour—but improve upon them by proposing methods to improve the relations of production. Thus, it can be deduced that he wants the society to continuously progress forward in a way so that while production and trade remains effective and active, no forms of exploitation and oppression occur.

Many aspects of Marx’s description of bourgeoisie’s relationship with the proletariats are similar to Tocqueville’s negative depiction of the new relations of production in Democracy in America. Tocqueville pointed out that in this new world, “no profession exists in which men do not work for money” and that “men clearly see that it is profit which, if not wholly, at least partially, leads them to work” (Tocqueville, Chapter XVIII), which is in line with Marx’s opinion that men became increasingly materialistic and motivated by self-interest. Tocqueville also mentions that between the rich and the poor, “their relative position is not a permanent one; they are constantly drawn together or separated by their interests”, and that the social relations between the two classes becomes more and more distant because “the manufacturer asks nothing of the workman but his labor; the workman expects nothing from him but his wages” (Tocqueville, Chapter XX) just like Marx accused the bourgeoisie for replacing all connections between men with the callous cash payment which caused alienation (Marx, Chapter 1). Furthermore, even though bourgeoisie was just beginning to rise as a class during that time, Tocqueville already made the early prediction that he expects there to be a large amount of inequality and oppression by stating that “the poor have few means of escaping from their condition and becoming rich” and that “the elements of which the class of the poor is composed are fixed” (Tocqueville, Chapter XX). His prediction eventually became the reality of Marx’s society, as Marx realises that inequality is an issue to be solved since can stop the society from progressing.

Despite the similarities Marx and Tocqueville’s work shares, they greatly differ in their perspective, context, and solution. Tocqueville, born an entitled aristocrat, has a very different perspective in comparison to Marx, who was born in an ordinary middle-class family. Tocqueville wrote his piece from the perspective of an aristocrat by constantly comparing the aristocracy to the new bourgeoisie class, their different notion of labour, choice of professions, and modes of production. As an aristocracy whom, under that social context, was witnessing the decline of his own kind and the rapidly rising bourgeoisies taking over as the ruling class, he felt very threatened (Chapter XX was literally titled “That Aristocracy May Be Engendered By Manufactures”) and frustrated, yet he was forced to accept and acknowledge the rationale behind this inevitable change. Marx on the other hand, wrote his book under the social context when the bourgeoisie class has already passed its peak and begun to decline. Consequently, due to his background, Marx is more open towards social change and constantly look forward into the future instead of indulging in the past in comparison to Tocqueville, because even when Tocqueville discusses the future of the manufactures, he asserts the possibility that the society will decline back into a system that resembles the past aristocracy. Fundamentally, Marx and Tocqueville are different in the sense that while one offers a solution for possible improvement and sees society as growing, the latter does not.

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With so many parallels and comparisons made between Marx’s Manifesto of the Communist Party and central elements of European Culture since the Enlightenment, it is evident that culture builds upon one another and continues to evolve as new thinkers emerge. Even though not all nations became communist societies, Marx’s ideas are very progressive and his work definitely pushed people to be aware of their social conditions and encouraged many countries to develop more socialist and equitable policies.


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Marx’s and Engels’ book talks extensively from the Conflict perspective, whi ...

Marx’s and Engels’ book talks extensively from the Conflict perspective, which deals with the Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie. The purpose of it is to expose the viewpoint and workings of the Communist Party. The Proletariat is a group of people that work to create labor. Their exported labor is greatly desired by the Bourgeoisie, the wealthy business owners, because it generates a profit that benefits them. The Bourgeoisie exploits the Proletariat by plaguing them with bad working conditions and low wages. The book highlights information about the working class. During the time it was written, Marx did not know about labor unions, so he predicted the Proletariat would eventually tire of their continued subordination and seek to get rid of the oppressive arrangements the Bourgeois placed on them. He theorized that Capitalism would be overthrown and a class-less system, one in which there was no class structure and no property owned by individual people, would result. This new system would be communism.

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Although most likely accurate during the time it was written, we now have labor unions to help protect workers from unfair treatment and working conditions, also the ability to strike. This oppressive, exploitative system is still relevant because our current society is very similar. The focus between the two group’s interaction is struggle. The business owners control how and what things are produced, such as the factories and the land. They take advantage of the workers, while keeping the profits and accumulating and hoarding the wealth entirely for themselves. This is one thing that started the income inequality that exists today. The people who worked (Proletariat) was engaged in a battle against those that owned the businesses. The clash would result in a revolution said to restructure society into a classless society. The Bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat extensively. The work that the Proletariat did made the Bourgeoisie very wealthy. If the Bourgeoisie sought continued control, they had to spread their reign across the land, find things to create and sell them. They also were tasked with finding and keeping new customers. They also had to have an adequate supply of workers.

The Proletariat have cruel working condition because life is very impersonal and the only thing that matters is making money and making a profit. The Proletariat strives amongst themselves and other Bourgeoisie. The Bourgeoisie clashes against others in their same positions and the Proletariat.The Bourgeoisie thinks the Proletariat conspires to rid everyone of owning property privately. However, the Communists wished to get rid of the business owner’s individua property. To enact this, the Communist party desires to give the control of production to those in the community. Personal affects would not be affected. Some background information was that during this time there were people dwelling in overpopulated cities. Those cities were expanding. A lot of the people who were in the working class that lived in those cities were poor. The goods that the Proletariat produces were sold at a profit that the Bourgeoisie kept themselves. The workers received no benefit from the work they did.

Marx believed Capitalism was self- serving and destructive. It was a very dependent system. The business owners depended greatly on the work from the Proletariat, as they would not do the work themselves. So, to keep the system of oppression operating, there had to be lower-class citizens. Without them, no work was done, and no profits were made. That is where Marx’s predictions originated from, that Proletariat would eventually tire of their oppression and overthrow the system. The Bourgeoisie would no longer be able to control the Proletariat. The Proletariat should then make sure the rich do not get to keep their capital and lose their inheritance. Once this is accomplished, a new world system can be ushered in. Once the system was overthrown, a new, class-less society would be created. It was fantasized that most things would be shared in this society, such as land and wealth. Everyone would be able to get an education and there would be no set structure to the class system. structure. The workers would have to make sure that no one would own property, since they could not, to obtain and maintain control.

Works Cited

  1. Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848). The Communist Manifesto. Verso Books.
  2. Bottomore, T. (1991). Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Oxford University Press.
  3. McLellan, D. (Ed.). (2000). Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Oxford University Press.
  4. Hobsbawm, E. J. (1998). The Age of Capital: 1848-1875. Vintage.
  5. Harvey, D. (2010). A Companion to Marx's Capital. Verso Books.
  6. Callinicos, A. (2010). The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx. Bookmarks Publications.
  7. Sayer, D. (2004). Marx's Method: Ideology, Science, and Critique in Capital. Haymarket Books.
  8. Wood, E. M. (2017). The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. Verso Books.
  9. Fromm, E. (2000). Marx's Concept of Man. Continuum.
  10. McLellan, D. (1995). Marxism: Essential Writings. Oxford University Press.

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Forensic science is one of the most important pillars used to understand the fac ...

Forensic science is one of the most important pillars used to understand the facts and events of crime, through the analysis of evidence in the crime scene and the re-creation of crime events that will help the crime investigators to solve there crime cases , through certain procedures of documentation and collection of materials available in the crime scene and through which are identified indications that can lead to arrest the perpetrator or to identify the victim or to know what happened at the crime scene. In this context we will focus on how we can detect a blood presence in the crime scene, this test will help to differentiate the blood from other substance which will save the time, effort and even the costs by transferring a lot of samples in to the lab to examine blood presence by using some tests at the crime scene which will indicate blood presence.

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There are three commonly known tests that can be applied at the crime scene, the Leucomalachite Green (LMG), phenolphthalein Kastle Meyer (KM) and the Luminal test. Those three tests can give us a fast result of a blood presence at the crime scene. We will explore one of those methods that can be used at the crime scene in detail.

Kastle Meyer (KM) test

Kastle Meyer (KM) test is a quick, simple, reliable, and not expensive forensic test for the presence of blood, its sensitive, specific, and consume as little of the sample as possible. The 3-stage Kastle Meyer (KM) test has been used for decades as a rapid, presumptive test for blood. The test identifies the heme component of hemoglobin, which in the presence of hydrogen peroxide catalyzes the oxidation of the indicator phenolphthalein, turning it to pink.

Materials & Procedure: To apply the test some material must be provide as follows:

  • Kastle-Meyer solution
  • 70% ethanol
  • distilled or deionized water
  • 3% hydrogen peroxide
  • cotton swabs or filter paper
  • dropper or pipette.

Procedure

  1. Add a few drops of distilled water on the swap or filter paper and gently rubbed to the dry blood sample only small amount needed.
  2. After that use 2 drops of the 70% ethanol to the swap or filter paper to increase the sensitivity of the test no reaction will accord.
  3. Adding 1-2 drop of KM (phenolphthalein) solution it should be colorless or pale on the swap or filter paper at this stage.
  4. Adding 1-2 drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution in this stage the swap or filter paper must turn in to pink instantly which will indicate a positive test for blood presence. This chemical reaction can help to distinguish blood from other substance instantly.

False positive

For the KM test the result must show negative and positive, as we know by now if the sample turns in to pink color this will be an indication of blood presence therefore if the sample doesn’t show any change in color instantly this will mean that there is no blood is detected although if the sample will kept for approximately 30 second their will be a chainage in the color due the reaction even if no blood is present. This is a result of hydrogen peroxide oxidizing the phenolphthalein in the indicator solution. This test also will provide false positive result for example as we mentioned above if there is no blood the sample will turn in to pink after a while this is because of the chemical reaction of the presence of oxidizing and it can be found in broccoli or cauliflower this is an important fact should be putt in consideration of the forensic team at the crime scene. One important fact about the KM test it cannot differentiate between human molecules or animal it only detects blood presence of any kind.

The Kastle-Meyer blood test is an extremely sensitive test, the analysis of a wet or dry stain should have no impact on the sensitivity capable of detect blood dilutions as low as 1:107. If the test result is negative, it is reasonable proof that heme is absent in the sample. This can show how efficient and sanative the KM test.


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In Katha Pollitt's essay, “ Why Don’t Boys Play with Dolls”, she responds ...

In Katha Pollitt's essay, “ Why Don’t Boys Play with Dolls”, she responds to the scientific research on boys and girls distinct preferences by explaining how children are constantly filled with messages on their gender role. She directs her work to all educators and parents to help them understand the impact they have on their children’s gender inclinations.

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Pollitt begins her essay by stating how we are told gender preferences are derived by genes, not societal factors, and how feminism has not completely changed sex roles among children.. She counteracts these two statements by explaining how we do not need science to understand the differences between both sexes and how feminism has only helped to an extent. Additionally, she explains how the way adults treat their children serves as proof to how incomplete the feminist revolution really is.

The author recalls a birthday party where a mother apologizes to the birthday girl’s mother for giving her daughter a Barbie doll as gift. She explains the importance of this apology by linking it to women’s concern for their physical appearance. The looks of a woman matter a lot in society and the Barbie doll represents an unreal depiction of the female body. The essay then introduces the idea that feminist mothers depict comical lack of interest for their son’s sport activities,yet never discourage them from participating. Pollitt explains how feminist mothers do not go against their own morals and associate sports as to be masculine characteristic in males.

The narrator adds to how culture never blames parents for any misstep on behalf of their child. Pollitt introduces the paradox of the world of hierarchical sex roles is passing away and the following of stereotypical gender norms are coming to an end. The author explains how the average amount of applicants to nursing school is now about balanced between both genders. Pollitt declares how for every kid following a stereotype, there’s another breaking it or one doing both. The essay concludes by stating how adults in general, unconsciously or consciously, implement their own “agenda”on their children by frequently delivering messages on masculinity or femininity.

All throughout the article, the Politt implements the use of rhetorical devices to help deliver her argument. The author uses ethos when she introduces her experience with the Barbie gift at a party. This personal anecdote establishes credibility to support her argument on the overwhelming gender messages children constantly receive. The author reminiscing on this event is used to convince the reader by a first hand experience. Pollitt uses this recollection to also appeal to our emotions by expanding on the apology the mom gives the birthday girl’s mother. She uses pathos to emphasize how the mother is apologizing for the Barbie doll, which follows the gender norms set by society. This causes the intended audience to feel guilty for giving sexist gifts and understand the implications they have on children. The implementation of these two rhetorical devices play a key role in unveiling and supporting the author’s main claim.


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Katherine Johnson was an African-American mathematician from 1953 to 1986 workin ...

Katherine Johnson was an African-American mathematician from 1953 to 1986 working for NASA. She was a machine which was human. Johnson was a trailblazer at a time when minorities had very few positions in mathematics and science. Her work in determining the routes to fly in spaceships was monumental, helping NASA successfully put an American in orbit around Earth. Then her work helped to land astronauts on the moon. Katherine Johnson was born in White Sulphur Springs, Western Virginia, in 1918. She loved to count things, as a young girl. She counted it all, from the number of steps she took to get to the road to the number of forks and plates she washed when she was making the dishes. Johnson was raised with a passion for math. She was very keen on going to school at a young age. Now in her 90s, Johnson can vividly remember watching her older siblings go to school and wishing she could go with them. Once Johnson finally started school she excelled so much that she was in high school by the age of 10. She will start college by age 15!

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Johnson was involved in the maths program at West Virginia State College. She enjoyed being surrounded by intelligent people, she said, and knew all the teachers and students on campus. One of her professors of mathematics, renowned Dr William W. Schiefflin Claytor, acknowledged the brilliant and inquisitive mind of Johnson. “You will be making a great mathematician for science”, he told her. (A research mathematician does a lot of things, one of which is solving major math problems.) Claytor then encouraged her to become one.

Johnson said, 'Many professors are telling you that you'd be good at this or that, but that career path isn't always helping.Professor Claytor made sure that I was trained to be a mathematician in research.' Claytor made sure Johnson took all the math classes she needed to fulfill her passion for life. He also created a class about outer space geometry — only for her. Geometry is the study of lines and angles and shapes.

When Johnson graduated from college it was still segregated from the United States. During this process, 'segregation' has meant that in many ways and events different races have been segregated from each other. African-Americans have never been able to get math and science jobs. It was also very rare for women of any race to hold mathematics degrees. Johnson's only professional job available at that time was teaching after graduation.She taught school for several years but stopped when she had children and was married. She began teaching again after her husband became ill, to support her family.

While Johnson was 34, she was applying for a position at the National Aeronautics Advisory Committee, or NACA. NACA was the official agency name that later became NASA. NACA had just begun its work on researching space in the early to mid-1950s. NACA hired women — including African-Americans — to become 'computers.' These female computers measured the engineers ' mathematics.” While Johnson was 34, she was applying for a position at the National Aeronautics Advisory Committee, or NACA.

As Johnson worked with the other female machines on math problems she would ask questions. She didn't just want to do the research — she wanted to know the 'how's' and the 'why,' then the 'why nots.' Johnson started to stand out by asking questions.

Women were not allowed to attend meetings with the scientists and the male engineers. Johnson decided to go to these meetings so she went to learn more about the programs. She was renowned for her geometry instruction, and began working with men's teams. She was gradually regarded as a leader and the men relied increasingly on her to get the answers that they wanted. Women were not allowed to attend meetings with the scientists and the male engineers. Johnson decided to go to these meetings so she went to learn more about the programs. She was renowned for her geometry instruction, and began working with men's teams. She was gradually regarded as a leader and the men relied increasingly on her to get the answers that they wanted.

NACA officially became NASA in 1958. Johnson was a member of the discovery team soon afterwards. She began to measure the flight path, or trajectory path, for the rocket to send the first American in 1961 into space. Astronaut Alan Shepard was the Canadian. The engineers understood when and where they wanted to land Shepard's space capsule, but the tricky part was to determine when and where to launch the rocket. Johnson had it worked out! And her calculations helped bring the first American into orbit around Earth in February 1962. He was named after John Glenn.

President John F. Kennedy threatened the nation in September 1962 with sending a man down to the moon. The equations of maths for sending a man to the moon is identical to those for putting a man in orbit. But this time it needed a lot more calculations.The mission would include a crew of three astronauts heading off from Earth to the moon; two astronauts landing on the moon; and then all three successfully returning to Earth.

Johnson collaborated with the NASA team to find out where and when to launch the rocket and get it on the right trajectory to land on the moon. Johnson's estimates have once again been instrumental in NASA's progress. On July 20, 1969, astronauts walked on the moon for the first time with the knowledge that she received.

In 1986 Katherine Johnson had retired from NASA. She received an honorary doctorate in science from the University of West Virginia and West Virginia State University in 2016. She's enjoyed traveling since her retirement, playing bridge (a card game), and spending time with her family and friends. She also told the students to continue to study and to work hard.ds. She always liked to talk about school with the students. She inspired students to learn more about science and mathematics — and never give up on their dreams. 


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Adolescence is a very important time in life which everyone has to go through. I ...

Adolescence is a very important time in life which everyone has to go through. It is like a journey, and yet you don't know what to expect on the journey. In Katherine Paterson's novel, Bridge to Terabithia, Jess Aarons, a very naive follower, goes through adolescence. He has a strong desire to become the fastest runner of the fifth grade to make his father notice him more. But suddenly, a new girl moves into the nearby house in Lark Creek, Virginia. The next day, during the boy's running races, the new girl, Leslie, bravely joins the race and beats them all, putting an end to Jess's dream. They soon become friends and create their own magical world, Terabithia, out of their strong imagination where they have no limits. But one morning a terrible tragedy happens. Jess, after the tragedy, realizes how much stronger he has become over Leslie's influence and no longer remains the weak, cowardly boy he once was.

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Jess Oliver Aarons Jr. is a very insecure, neglective boy who is very unsure about what he likes. One day, Mrs. Myers reads aloud Leslie's paper on her hobby, scuba diving. Jesse has written about a hobby that he didn't like. He lied because he did not want to get teased about his real hobby, drawing. For the essay, "Everyone had to write a paper about his or her favorite hobby. Jess had written about football but had enough brains to know that if he said drawing, everyone would laugh at him." (33) This event shows that Jesse is insecure. He choses to write about football when he actually hates it just to avoid people from teasing him. Jesse doesn't want people teasing him since his real favorite hobby is drawing. He is not sure about his feelings. Jesse is very insecure about his likes and to open up to his feelings.

After being friends with Leslie, Jess is trying to change and to get over his fear of water. Jesse is lying on his bed after going to Terabithia with Leslie. He is thinking about how he is afraid of water. He isn't afraid of telling Leslie about his fear, but is afraid of having the fear. Jesse thinks, "Lord, it would be better to be born without an arm than to go through life with no guts." (93). This event is important because it shows that Jess does not want to continue being afraid. Jesse wants to change, and overcome his large fear. He feels that he needs to "grow up" and try to have guts. Jess wants to discontinue being scared. Jess is trying to change and doesn't want to be afraid anymore.

Jesse, after the terrible tragedy strikes realizes how much strength and courage he has gained over Leslie's influence. Jess now comes to terms with his feelings and is reflecting back at the what Leslie has done to help him. After talking to Mrs. Myers, he starts showing sympathy for her. Looking back he realizes how much Leslie had changed him. He thinks "As for the terrors ahead—for he did not fool himself that they were all behind him—well, you just have to stand up to your fear and not let it squeeze you white. Right Leslie? Right." (135) This event is important because Jess is reflecting back and is now showing he understands that Leslie is dead. Leslie had turned him into a king from being the kid who wanted to impress his dad by running on the pasture field. He is now looking back and what Leslie's influence did to him. She had completely changed him to a mature adolescent. Now Jess is more mature and courages than ever before.

This story reminds us that adolescence is a big part in life. After Jesse's friend Leslie's large influence, Jess completely changed from a insecure, fearful boy to a sophisticated, dauntless boy. He realizes how self-centered and shy he was before. Then he realizes that their magical kingdom, Terabithia served to help him change and acted as a place "[...]where you came to be knighted. After you stayed for a while and grew strong you had to move on." (126) Jess later builds a bridge to get to Terabithia and crowns his little sister May Belle queen. The "Bridge to Terabithia" is a symbol. The water is all the troubles he has had and the bridge is what served as what he did to get over his troubles. The other side, Terabithia, shows the place where he stands now, after getting over his troubles. Adolescence, as shown by Jess Aarons is a very special and hard time in life.


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