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Justice is a concept based on numerous ideas and theories coming from many different fields, viewpoints, and perspectives. Simply stated, justice means to be fair to all, or to set things right (Pomerleau n.d.). Although this definition seems simple it sparks important questions such as; who “sets things right”, what is “right”, and why is justice good. Humans have an innate sense of right and wrong, and along with it a conviction that wrongdoers should be punished and the weak or victimized should be protected and made whole again. Mankind as a collective wants justice and believes that it is good. This justice comes from God, since God created the humans in his likeness, and justice is an attribute of God. The Bible, the prophets, and Jesus showed mankind the correct path, and inspired people to live justly. The idea of justice is presented different ways throughout scripture, in matters between people, as an attribute of God, and as a path to living a righteous life in attempt to earn salvation. In the Old Testament, Justice is presented as a theme in the creation and exodus stories, reiterated by prophets, and displayed instances where God himself acts as a judge. In the New Testament Jesus and his mission inspire followers to live justly and seek salvation and God acts as a judge. In the church today, justice still plays a prominent role in the lives of Christians in the mandate to do justice from scripture, and the call to protect all of God's creations. Many people have their own standard for how the choose to live their life. Some people chose their moral standard based off of what they believe is right. Many Christians chose to lead a just life, because they believe that the right thing to do is to follow in the example of Christ, and living according to God’s plan.
Get original essayThe Christian God is a monotheistic being, the creator of heaven and earth, who is pure of spirit, existing outside of human constructs, such as time and space. “Theists believe that reality’s ultimate principle is God—an omnipotent, omniscient, goodness that is the creative ground of everything other than itself” (Wainwright 2005). The main attributes that are typically tied to God are; God is loving, God is all-knowing, and God is all-powerful. Another important attribute associated with the Christian God is justice. Justice as an attribute of God is demonstrated in Deuteronomy 10: 9, 10 where God is described as “not partial and takes no bribes”, and continues to say that “He executes justice”. This concept is also demonstrated in Isaiah 33:22 “For the lord is our judge, the lord is our lawgiver, the lord is our king; He will save us”. Since God is the creator and he is all-powerful, God must always be just, God defines what is right and wrong, and God sets the standard for justice. As God acts justly, he maintains faithfulness to the people of Israel, His chosen people with whom he has a covenant. God makes a covenant with mankind and adheres to it justly, and sets terms for this agreement. Since God is able to perfectly exemplify justice, people seek God’s wisdom to understand how to live justly and in accordance with the will of God.
God is just, and since it is one of his attributes, he cannot be unjust. Humans on the contrary are endowed with free will and don’t have to be just. God gives mankind a guide for how to live justly in accordance with his will, by giving them the ability to tell the difference between Good and evil. Mankind's sense of justice is imparted by their creator. God delivered justice to mankind when he gave them the gives the Sinai Covenant (Exodus 20:23-23:19). In return for God’s commitment to mankind, they should remain faithful to the covenant and commandments. The 10 Commandments are 'written with the finger of God' (Exodus 31:18) and delivered to humans (Exodus 25:21) so that they may live according to his will. Acting justly, doing well, and helping the oppressed are some of mankind's responsibility that are presented as part of doing God's will (Isaiah 1:17). Humans who chose to follow God have the responsibility to keep their covenant with God and ensure that they are living according to his will, with the commandments as a guide.
In today's society justice is often associated with the law or the judicial system (Dupuy, 1999). It is a judge's responsibility to act justly and rule fairly. An excerpt from Romans 13:1 says “God is the highest authority”, which means that God is the highest judge, alluding to his omnipotence. Humans can strive to live justly according to earthly standards, but must ultimately live in accordance with God's will and plan if they intend to attain salvation.
Justice is a prominent theme throughout the Old Testament. It is originally established in the creation narrative, it is displayed again through the Exodus narrative, it is a theme reiterated among prophetic writings, and there are many occurrences where God is portrayed as a judge and has to handle injustice himself.
In the creation narrative God’s gift of justice and call for justice is rooted in the creation in the Imago Dei. The Imago Dei is the notion stemming from the creation story in Genesis 1:26-27, that God created mankind in his image and likeness (Middleton 1994). God himself sees all humans as equal, and doesn't differentiate between different types of humans. Since justice is one of the attributes of God and humans are created in his image and likeness, humans therefore are inherently valuable and have basic human rights that relate to equality and justice.
The theme of Justice is also present in the Exodus story. In Exodus 1:11-14 the Egyptians oppressed the Israelites, and held them as slaves subjecting them to harsh labor. God recognized this injustice and responded by working through Moses to serve justice. In Exodus 1:7-10, God recognizes the injustice occurring in Egypt, and acts to make right the situation. This is significant because it clearly illustrates God acting to solve injustice, and doing so by interacting with humankind and showing them how to act justly.
God also used prophets to help guide humans to act justly and follow the will of God (Houston 2019). Throughout history there have been specific times when humans significantly struggle to keep the covenant and follow the commandments. In these times, prophets were sent by God in order to redirect mankind whom had deviated from God’s will. A common theme that is reiterated within the message of these prophets is that God is just (B?l?j?, Groenewald. 2014). The Prophets that spoke of justice in the Old Testament were messengers from God who spoke to the people of Israel to get them back within God’s will. The best example of Justice as one of the Prophets’ main points of emphasis comes from Micah, “He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God” (Micah 6:8). Prophets do God’s work and inspire justice in the community by bringing people back within the will of God.
There are many examples throughout the Old Testament of God himself resolving injustice. This is the most literal way God impart his will relating to justice onto mankind. In Old Testament scriptures there were references to two types of judgments. The first type of judgment is one of acknowledgement of injustice and a punishment, and the other is in reference to a final judgment or a judgment day. Examples of instances where God “executed judgment” against those he recognized to be unjust come in Genesis 2:17, Exodus 32:26-35 and Isaiah 66:16. All of these sections of scripture have God as the judge and give punishments to injustices that have occurred. The other type of God’s judgment portrayed in the Old Testament is one that refers to a “final judgment” where God judges goodness versus evil (Ecclesiastes 12:14). This threat of a final judgment incentivizes good and just behavior by humans.
Justice is a significant theme in the New Testament as well, but the concept and execution of Justice shifted slightly. The New Testament authors exhibit a different portrayal of justice, there is a change from the powerful God that should be feared that is presented in the Old Testament, to a more loving God in the New Testament (Foster n.d.). This depiction of a loving God and the call to seek him out and the opportunity to achieve salvation by acting justly and living his will, is brought about by the life and mission of Christ.
In Christianity, justice has often been seen as something of a concept, but the life and teaching of Jesus encapsulated the term and provided an example for others. Jesus, his life and ministry, and his mission are captured in the Gospels. His mission is carried out by his followers today, who are inspired to live justly and seek salvation because of the example of Christ. Throughout his life Jesus exemplified, and talked about the importance of living justly, and protecting those less endowed than you because all people are equals under their creator God. Examples of Jesus bringing justice to those in need and compelling others to do the same come in; Matthew 19:21, Matthew 25:35, 1 John 3:17-18, and Luke 14:13. These actions and words from Christ, give the message that Jesus wants us to follow in his example and live justly and presents a call for justice from all of his people. Jesus spends much of his ministry throughout the gospels speaking of salvation and how to attain it. A central theme found throughout the New Testament that is heavily centered in the gospels is the coming of the kingdom of God. This theme and the call to act justly and seek salvation is especially prevalent when Jesus came to Galilee and said “The kingdom of God has come near; repent, and believe in the good news” (Mark 1:14-15). Jesus also gave his followers a new commandment (John 13:34-35, 15:12, 17). Jesus died for the sins of mankind so that they may receive forgiveness and receive salvation. Christ, through his life, mission, and the gospel inspires people to act justly and seek salvation.
There are many examples throughout the New Testament of God himself executing justice. In New Testament scriptures there were references to two different types of judgments by God. The first type of judgment is one punishment for an injustice, and the other is in reference to a final judgment of all souls. Examples of instances where God “executed judgment” against those he recognized to be unjust come in Romans 12:19 and Acts 12:21-23. Both of these sections of scripture have God as the judge and give punishments to injustices that have occurred. The second type of judgment portrayed is one that refers to a final judgment where every God judges the earth. Examples of this type of justice come in Romans 2:16, Psalm 58:10-11, and 1 Peter 4:5. This idea of a final judgment, compels Christians to be prepared for this judgment by remaining in God’s light and doing God’s will throughout their lives so that they may achieve salvation.
We can learn a lot about justice and how it should apply to our lives and in the church today by looking at the scripture and applying the lessons and teaching to situations in today's world. Justice is a significant part of today's church and two of its important applications are the mandate given in scripture and the dignity of the human person. Christians seeking salvation should live good and just lives fulfilling God's will until judgment (Hosea 12:6). Justice is a good place to start for those looking to make a difference in their community while living in accordance with God’s plan.
When reviewing the life and works of Christ, his followers are mandated or called to “do justice” (Micah 6:8). This call to “do justice”, consists of recognizing and confronting evil, caring for the lesser privileged, and the recognizing and undoing of injustices (Isaiah 1:17). This call to live and act justly is reiterated many times throughout the bible. The call to recognize and confront evil and undo injustices asks followers of Christ become aware of injustices, and to act on them as God would, by actively pursuing justice. By doing this, Christians can help rectify an unjust world with the justice of God. The call to care for the lesser privileged comes from Psalm 82:3-4, which tells us to “give justice to” or care for those whom are lesser privileged than us. People can work to fulfill this call by using the virtue of solidarity. “At the core of the virtue of solidarity is the pursuit of justice and peace”.
Throughout scripture we as Christians are also called to care for God's creation. This refers to primarily the treatment of other humans, because man was the pinnacle of God's creation. This call comes in the parable of The Final Judgment, when God rewards those who acted justly and showed love to fellow humans, but damned those who did not (Matthew 25:31-46). In today's world where there are many injustices occurring, we should follow in Christ example and actively pursue justice while attempting to rectify injustice. We should consider if our actions as an individual or society respect or threaten the dignity and life of the human person. We should also participate in a society that supports the wellbeing of all whom are in it. We should protect the basic rights necessary so that everyone may have a decent basic human life. We should also are pay special attention to the needs of those less endowed than us. Scripture, Jesus’s example, and prophetic writings are all good places for us to take an example for how to properly live according to the will of God.
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Get custom essayThere are many different conceptions of justice, each of which has a slightly different meaning, but it has always remained one of the key aspects for people trying to live a righteous life. Justice is an attribute of God, and therefore anything God does is just and he can’t be unjust. In the Old Testament, God created humans in the Imago Dei, endowing them with fundamental principles including justice because of their likeness with God. Humanity has a covenant with and commandments from God to keep in his plan and them on his plan. Despite this, mankind has at times struggled to keep their commitments and have required God to send prophets to lead them back onto the right path. Even after sending prophets humans were still lost, so God sent His son, Jesus. Jesus was truly God, so he too was completely just. Through his life and ministry Jesus set an example of what it means to live a just life, and his future followers are called to do justice through the scriptures. Jesus endowed mankind with the opportunities of freedom from sin, and the hope of salvation. These opportunities as well as the call to act justly are seen as prevalent aspects in the church today. Justice is present in the virtue of solidarity, and the call to do justice is actively worked by the members of the church throughout society.
Justice and its relationship with prejudice is the central theme of the timeless 1960 novel, Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. Its focal point is the trial of Tom Robinson, an African-American erroneously charged with the rape of a white girl, Mayella Ewell. Racial prejudice is, of course, thoroughly explored in the novel. However, what originally transpires as discrimination develops into an inferno of injustice, particularly in the debasement and death of an innocent Samaritan, the impoverishment of his family and the humiliation of his race.
Get original essayThe story is narrated by the protagonist, Scout, as an adult woman nostalgically recalling her early childhood over a two-year period. It is presented with the naivete and youth which characterise the observations of an innocent. Because Scout does not perceive or understand the full implications of what she sees and hears, Lee is able contrast the consistency, justice and honesty of children and the double standards, prejudice and sordid adult values inherent in her revelations and mature characters. The first half of the novel revolves around the Scout’s childhood in Maycomb, a fictional “tired old town” in Alabama, before the alleged rape to enlighten readers on the entire social backdrop and subconsciously groom the children for “Maycomb’s usual disease”. In the course of the novel, Lee uses the symbol of a mockingbird to articulate justice by stressing the sin of killing one, as it is utterly innocent and defenceless. Tom Robinson, convicted of crime he did not commit because of his race, and Boo Radley, imagined as a lunatic and monster by townspeople who consider him an outsider without attempting to seek the truth, are both metaphors for a slain mockingbird and for the perversion of justice. The language is appropriate for the various contexts and speakers of the book: Similes and metaphors are constantly used to creates images and emphasize major ideas, objects are personified to give a homely impression, and a range of dialects and southern colloquialisms are applied to attach authenticity and construct a social comment about a character. Notably, prejudiced and unprejudiced characters differentiate in their description of African-Americans and whether their relative poverty is a social or racial dilemma.
Lee positions the plot during the height of the Great Depression when most Southerners believed in the inferiority of African-Americans and their desire for the possessions and status of Whites, including Anglo-Saxon women. The classroom preaching of “equal rights for all, special privileges for none” was far from the practiced reality. Scout ponders the hypocrisy of Miss Gate’s revulsion of Hitler’s persecution of Jews as well as her proclamation that “Over here we don’t believe in persecuting anybody” and her prejudice against African-Americans. Similarly, she learns of prejudice from Dolphus Raymond, a white man who pretends to be a drunkard to furnish townspeople with an explanation for his residing with his black mistress. Meanwhile, racial segregation is implicitly applauded by most citizens, such as Scout’s Aunt Alexandra, who believes that an individual’s superficial attributes, such as race, gender and class, deposits them within a definite rung in the social hierarchy. She discourages Scout from socialising with the Cunninghams, a family of the lower class, and from visiting the African-American Calpurnia’s home.
The conduct of Maycomb’s white population towards African-Americans culminate in a society and judiciary that is openly discriminatory, making injustice inevitable. Tom Robinson is legally entitled to the benefits of a fair trial by his peers, the supposed impartiality of the jury and an assumption of innocence under the law. However, African-Americans are barred from the jury box, as are women (much to Scout’s indignation), while the incensed and racially prejudiced mob tries to prevent the court hearing itself. In the description of the courthouse, the supposed seat of blind justice, we learn African-Americans are legally required to be separated from white onlookers. The scene where four African-American men rise to give Scout and her companions their seats may appear as an act of respect for Atticus, but in truth the law demanded that the men the men to vacate their seats for any white citizen who desired them.
Scout’s father, Atticus, believes that prejudice stems from a lack of understanding of other people’s opinions which leads to fear and intolerance. The community and all-white jury continuously assume “that all blacks lie, that all blacks are basically immoral beings” and take the word of white man over a black man, despite evidence proving otherwise, so the “rigid and time-honoured code” they live by is not upset. As Reverend Sykes says, “I ain’t ever seen any jury decide in favour of a coloured man over a white man.” Yet Atticus, who represents Robinson, launches the best defense he can, believing that the slight chance of justice offered by the legal system is the light of reason compared to the anarchy of the lynch mob. His shooting of the mad dog symbolises his resolve to suppress and protect his community from misguided prejudice, even if it means deviating from the norms of his personality and beliefs. He presents the certainty of facts and reason against the hypocrisy of prejudice born out of ignorance. However, Scout reveals a profound grasp of the situation when she says that “Atticus had used every tool available to free men to save Tom Robinson, but in the secret courts of men’s hearts Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed”.
It is possible to conclude from To Kill a Mockingbird that the extent of prejudice’s influence on the legal system results in injustice. Nowhere does it execute more damage than it does to Tom Robinson, a man who sets out to assist a neglected, forlorn girl but consequently ends up convicted of rape because his skin colour predetermines his guilt. However, the book also lights the path out of prejudice and injustice, which can be achieved if human beings purge themselves of hypocrisy and paranoia and separate the facts from preconceived assumptions by examining life and evidence with a child’s objectivity.
Uniforms have been an important part of school life since the turn of the century. The reasons why this custom-turned-rule became so popular are easy to see. Supporters of implementing uniform in schools argue and put up in their writing and publications that it promotes discipline in class, that it helps protect the family's economy by preventing students' daily wear from being worn out, and that with uniforms, bullying can be directed to the different socioeconomic levels of the students.
Get original essayThese are all debatable points, but what is increasingly real, as put in by writers on the issue, is that uniforms are becoming obsolete and this has opened the way to one of the most critical discussions in basic and upper secondary education: gender bias in dress codes.
Those who went to classes in schools that asked for the use of uniform by regulation, will remember stories of students who were reprimanded or even suspended for missing two centimeters in the height of their regulated skirts, or that were sent to their homes to change their clothes for wearing the pants or shorts regulated for the sports class on the day that they did not apply. There are also cases of students who have been forced to wear skirts in temperatures below 10° Celsius – all this even in women's exclusive schools.
Those who support the use of the uniform and dress codes in schools argue in their reviews and opinions that its use is a means to create in the student a notion of discipline, order and sense of belonging. But can we say that this is achieved when the imposition of these rules disproportionately affects female students and alters their educational experience? Do the arguments that defend this scrutiny about students have to do with their ethical-social education, or with factors completely unrelated to them? What are some of the most intricate notions in society to support the use of these rules and why do they ignore the impact they have on women's education?
In a school, the image is an important aspect to ensure a stable enrollment, especially in the case of private institutions. The product of basic and secondary education is difficult to position, after all, the institution asks parents to trust them on the development and welfare of their children.
The construction of an image that guarantees this trust is crucial for the survival of any school. Both uniforms and dress codes are important elements of this “educational branding”, since they create a notion of order, prestige, and care for the well-being of students. These codes are so popular to form a good image of an institution, but its main fault is to put the majority of this marketing strategy on students.
It is true that there is no better reputation for a school than the one that builds the testimonies of those who studied there, creating and maintaining the image of the institution should be the responsibility of that school, not of the students.
To impose on students a dress code that can potentially disrupt their educational experience is to assign them extra pressure that works more to grow the reputation of the institution in which they study than for their own integral development. We've seen in several argumentative essays these students' stand against it.
The job industries have rules and an important part of the purpose of education is to prepare students to become familiar with these guidelines and integrate seamlessly into professional life.
There are jobs that will require more strict dress codes than others, jobs for which it will be necessary to dress formally daily or even wear a uniform. But, except in the case of those students who will develop in a labor field that requires daily uniform use, the usefulness of a dress code is debatable and vulnerable to gender discrimination.
Going to school every day with a uniform does not necessarily help educate students to decide which is the most optimal wardrobe for a medium or high profile business job, these are skills that most newly graduated professionals learn outside of the educational framework, through social coexistence.
This is undoubtedly the most harmful argument to support the need for a dress code. Before beginning to explain why, it is necessary to clarify that ethical training in schools is as crucial as academic and that it is essential to teach all students about the respect and adoption of a set of social behavior that project personal values laudable and consideration for their peers.
Teaching students to see their classmates as a distraction based on a judgment about their bodies and not as people with the same right to education and decent life experience, is unethical and contravenes the most basic purpose of education.
The objectives that educational institutions want to reach through the use of dress codes are still valid and are necessary points for a comprehensive education. It is necessary to instill in students a personal discipline, a sense of order, of belonging and even of duty. But the so-called objectives are only on paper and far from actualized.
School uniforms has always been a long debated question. Although the opponents present various negative effects of wearing uniforms in schools, there are some valid justifications to support the use of uniform in schools. First of all uniforms play a role in maintaining the positive image of educational institutions. It also positively affects students by avoiding distractions that create an immoral or insecure school environment. And, finally, wearing school uniforms helps to forge a character and prepare for future professional life.
Juvenile Justice has enhanced lives for some adolescents. It is essential for adolescent equity offices to cooperate to ensure adolescents who are agitated realize that they are cherished and have individuals that consideration for them and need the best results for them for the duration of their lives. A portion of these adolescent equity instruments incorporate, intercession programs and "Frightened Straight. " Using these projects allowed, adolescents are given to perceive the improper things they have done and are given mindful examination into how they can settle on better decisions for their lives. Besides, the last factors are child rearing and instruction. Child rearing is a central point with the advancement of an immature. Since their psyches are not as gainful as grown-ups they can without much of a stretch be influenced. Instruction is a key factor also. Without the correct establishment for instruction an immature won't have much learning into the world he/she is in and the world he/she will enter going into adulthood.
Get original essayAdolescent Justice is a branch inside the criminal equity framework that entirely manages relations to minors. Adolescent Justice has distinctive laws and principles with how grown-ups are to indict and handle adolescents. Grown-ups that are in the adolescent equity field need to ensure that adolescents who are agitated put forth a valiant effort when they return society and be dynamic individuals all through the network and all the more significantly, avoid inconvenience. Another type of this is recidivism. Recidivism manages guilty parties consistently backsliding into a similar conduct that influences them to return into the criminal framework. The Juvenile Justice change means to enhance the lives of adolescent's that experience difficulty with the law; However, this change additionally considers them responsible for their activities. While enhancing their activities, giving them appropriate training, the Juvenile Justice change accomplishes positive results for disturbed youth inside our nation.
Training has turned into a noteworthy hazard factor including adolescent wrongdoing on account of poor perusing, ineffectively accomplishing all through school, and no projects for underprivileged youngsters in low-wage networks. Educational systems can likewise influence a teenager learning capacity if the school does not have the best possible assets to successfully instruct the understudy. On the off chance that minors don't have the correct instruments, instruction, and learning abilities then they will start to gradually die down in school or feel the need that they never again need to go to class. Instruction is critical inside our general public regardless of in the event that you are a grown-up or minor. Ensuring minors are given the best possible instruments and instruction so they can additionally propel themselves inside our general public is imperative. Minors are commonly not as experienced all through the world as grown-ups seem to be. Subsequently, it is simple for a minor to be controlled since they don't have a decent heading of good and bad.
Another reason including adolescent misconduct is family inconveniences. Family inconveniences have turned into another issue including adolescents. Careless guardians can influence youths all through their youngsters’ years in negative ways and continue into their adulthood. Guardians who have horrendous medication propensities or manage maltreatment inside their family can influence youngsters. Guardians who disregard their youngsters don't see the amount of a negative effect that abandons them with. Here and there the disregard still conveys into adulthood. As youngsters are growing up regardless of the age they require the affection and reliance from their folks or whoever might be their lawful gatekeeper. In the event that an immature does not get that then they will search for the love somewhere else. That affection might remain around others that are disturbed themselves. Not realizing this is the wrong activity. Having peers around you that influence you contrarily can affect your pre-adulthood. Young people are an objective to end up effortlessly impacted by antagonistic environment. Companions that are delinquents themselves can influence the decisions you make and your mind state perspective. However, to them it feels like that is the correct activity since they relate more to the individual that is pained or they might experience similar things together, so they would feel more at home. God instructs us to adore our kids and shield them from good and bad and to direct them through life emphatically. "Begin kids off the manner in which they ought to go, and notwithstanding when they are old they won't abandon it”.
There are various projects that assistance beset delinquents inside the United States. They are intended to encourage youths appropriate from wrong to guarantee they don't go down the wrong way through life. They additionally demonstrate young people the unpolished truth behind the adverse decisions they pick in life they will before long face. One of these projects is Scared Straight, as observed on TV. These projects are utilized to lessen recidivism among adolescents. At times these projects help and now and again they don't arrive themselves into the criminal framework once more. It is essential for more young people to find out about these projects and how they influence you decidedly. "These projects center not around lessening wrongdoing, since now youngsters are excessively youthful, making it impossible to carry out violations. Or maybe, the attention is on focusing on hazard factors that later anticipate reprobate conduct. In the event that these hazard factors are appropriately managed, they will diminish the odds of this future negative conduct". The utilization of mediation projects to helps adolescent guilty parties. Mediation sessions with adolescents and their friends and family can influence the adolescent to comprehend they have individuals that consideration for them. Treatment sessions are demonstrated tube accommodating with adolescent wrongdoers, seeing that huge numbers of them feel as though they have no one that tunes in to them.
Juveniles who have made a less genuine wrongdoing ought not be detained and detracted from learning instruction. They ought to invest their energy in offices that offer them probation while having the opportunity to proceed with training, so they don't fall behind. Nevertheless, on the off chance that they are rehashed guilty parties then they ought to be imprisoned. "40% of adolescent responsibilities and confinement are because of specialized infringement of probation, tranquilize ownership, and so on. " In spite of the fact that, these wrongdoings are not considered as a danger to open wellbeing they are a threat the wrongdoer. These peaceful violations have likewise declined the detainment rates in certain states. Probation has been utilized for delinquents for a long time. This is the point at which a wrongdoer is put under supervision as opposed to being detained. Probation will confine you from associating with specific individuals. You are subjected by guidelines that your post trial supervisor offers you and on the off chance that you reprieve those principles you can return to imprison. In the event that your post trial supervisors feel as though you have battled with keeping up with your way of life or you have been missing gatherings, issues at home or work they will add more opportunity to your probation till they feel you are physically, inwardly, and rationally fit to have your probation period finished. While on post-trial supervision you can be tried for liquor and medication utilize. Doing either is an infringement to your probation and can arrive you back in prison too.
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Get custom essayThe Juvenile Justice change plans to enhance the lives of adolescent's that experience difficulty with the law. Subsequent to perusing this exploration the peruse ought to have a superior comprehension of the Risk factors including adolescent wrongdoing. Next, they ought to have a superior comprehension of the projects that assistance harried delinquents. In conclusion, the peruse ought to have a superior comprehension of the factual rates and impacts of adolescent detainment. I figure this exploration can help the criminal equity framework give a superior change program to adolescents that are imprisoned in the United States.
Youthful crimes have become more evident and common in the modern society. Alike adults, kids can also run afoul of the law. Cases such as burglary, heist, and even murder, are now reportedly committed by individuals of younger and younger ages. Upon violating the constitution, an involved child then enters the criminal justice system, enlisting his/her act called as the Juvenile Delinquency.
Get original essayIt may seem unfamiliar but this term is not anymore new to the present-day vocabulary. As what the Collins Dictionary defines the word Juvenile Delinquency, it is the destruction of property and another criminal behaviour that is committed by young people who are not old enough to be legally considered as adults. Breaking it down into two different words, which are Juvenile and Delinquency; Juvenile which pertains to the children or younger people and Delinquency as “the behavior against the criminal code committed by an individual” (Bartol, 1989, p. 8). Although, the word Delinquency itself is a continuously altering concept in the study of literature; moreover, varying from distinctive manners. Oftentimes, we disregard the power of its meaning especially if it is being defined word for word but once combined as one, manifests our slowly developing mind to the ever-evolving words in the language today. By means of evolving, it puts us back to the idea that most definitions are somehow imperfect and presents flaws as well. Thus, defining what Juvenile Delinquency, then, is most likely complicated.
Throughout the years, we are living in a world wherein laws identify our community’s sense of discipline. An example of such is the establishment of our Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act or better known as the Republic Act no, 9344. It has been a continuous process of observing the law with respect to its given limitations. Being applicable to the law’s qualifications, I am quite troubled with my own rights and freedom. Not just about my safety, but similar to those of my fellow “juveniles” as well. Laws are created to maintain order but true enough that one cannot avoid abusing the power we contain as “juveniles”.
As stated in the Republic Act no. 9344, our Juvenile Justice and Welfare System is a system dealing with children at risk or those vulnerable in committing criminal offenses; it provides those involved with child-appropriate proceedings including programs and services for prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, reintegration and aftercare as assurance for their normal growth and development. This Act is applicable to a ‘child’ under the age of eighteen, caused by his/her personal, family and even social circumstances. Upon the inauguration of the law, many citizens were relieved, in the hope that it would cause a huge impact towards the power of the youth in achieving a brighter future ahead. As a matter of fact, in the year 2006, the proclamation of the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act or otherwise called the Republic Act no. 9344, was a great stepping stone towards achieving a much more corrective and child-oriented system of the minor’s integrity as individuals.
All laws apply efficiently once the community fully partakes to the limitations of the law. Abusing such opportunities will then lead to a serious downfall for every individual especially those being covered by the law. Just like these past few years wherein news reports are heard everywhere particularly recognized as a case of Juvenile Delinquency. What has happened to the purpose of the law? Why does its efficiency seem to have faded away? What could have been wrong? It is for certain that not all laws are perfectly established. Laws are made for our comfort but we, ourselves, should also not take for granted these kinds of matter. With all of these in mind, it can be claimed how Juvenile Delinquency worsens in our country because of the insufficient coverage of the established laws which still leaves room for young offenders to commit violence without having to be punished by the law.
Juvenile Delinquency is not only a prevalent issue but a serious concern of the government since the late 1980s that until today, not all cases are given immediate action thus worsening the situation of the problem. Numerous documents were filed regarding the issue and one of which speaks about a 10-year-old boy named Marlon. Yna Soriano, a reporter, indicates that Marlon was guilty of molesting and worst, raping his younger sister for several times in their Guinayangan residence in the Southern Quezon. Though Marlon refuses to accept this, saying he does not know what the word ‘molest’ or ‘rape’ means. Being a part of the history of Juvenile Delinquency, Marlon was known to be the youngest ward in the National Training School for Boys in Tanay, Rizal, in facing the consequences for his misbehavior with his fellow ‘juvenile offenders’. The issue was further noticed as he mentioned the main reason for such action; he only followed what his father had been doing to his sister. Not long after, his father also met the aftermath of his actions.
Old records show that there are more than 10,094 Filipino children who have been involved in committing various crimes and Marlon is only one of them. How many more is there to the increase in a number of the youth being blamed, especially nowadays wherein violence and abuse are seen everywhere? Looking back, we have come to the realization that every action has a reason. For instance, it was indicated that Marlon committed a crime because of an incident he mistakenly witnessed. And so, does report of Juvenile Delinquency root from the influences of the elderly?
Not all cases are same as the intention of Marlon. Indeed, Juvenile Delinquency is a broad and complicated subject in the human affairs. To begin with, several reasons or causes why offenses and the like are created varies with how the person behaves. Parenting is one of the many factors that contribute to this. A child’s growth requires guidance and support from the parents and elderly. However, being one with the continuously developing technology of today’s world, most cases of the said issue reflects irresponsible parents that caused the child in doing such acts or offenses. Hence, some cases of Juvenile Delinquency are due to the bad monitoring or supervision of the youth with the proper usage of electronics.
“Even age is not a simple issue,” (Bartol, 1989, p. 8). Growing up means to utilize our acquired competence before we come in contact with the absence of restrictions. In fact, as young as we are, we are granted the ability to perform tasks that we desire to do, as long as we adhere to the rules and responsibilities established for us. This, therefore, indicates the sense of freedom that the youth cherishes while living.
Taking everything into consideration, it is crucial to identify what could possibly be the foundation of such knowledge. Looking back to the case of Marlon, his poor origin is a major determinant of his misdemeanor. Records show that most of the young offenders in our country have come from poor families specifically those suffering in poverty. Due to the terrible discomfort that they feel, they don’t have the power to fully satisfy their needs and wants in life, this forces them to do things in their own manner. Thus, the crimes that they reportedly commit are recognized to be against the law; showing how injustice towards the social status of people is greatly frequent, in not just a certain community but throughout the whole nation.
Due to the increasing cases of the said issue, new viewpoints were soon suggested specifically from the different sides of the government. Several meetings have been held reporting about the law being faulty. In fact, the government, too, has shown several complaints towards how the law is performed and/or performing. These occurrences can be seen everywhere, such as in the news wherein recordings of their gathering took place. In a news report published in the website of the CNN Philippines, Fiona Nicolas reports that, “Lawmakers are getting more alarmed as juvenile delinquents get younger and younger,” “In response to this, the House of Representatives is looking into a House Bill that was filed by Davao del Sur Rep. Mercedes Cagas”, she added.
Nonetheless, not only does it affect those in the government but it also pertains to everyone regardless of their gender, age, and social standing. Many have addressed their views and beliefs towards the said issue. Some were of good terms with the current condition of the law but the others insist on reconsidering the restrictions it includes. From the prior report of Fiona Nicolas with several lawmakers, an unspecified representative asserts that she, as a mother, is also disturbed to the fact that the youth nowadays is given easier access to the modern communications technology hence influencing them in many vague circumstances. Indeed, every individual has their own perspectives and viewpoints needed to be expressed; either beneficial or unfavorable, it must be given a response. However, up to this date, numerous complaints are still not given acknowledgment.
For the past few years, the total amount of youth offenders is gradually yet deliberately increasing; it has not anymore reduced its value. Along with the many juveniles involved in the issue, provided provisions of the established law is constantly changing throughout the years. Juvenile Delinquency is not simply affecting minors but also to those manipulating the performance of the law/act established. It is yet one of the timely issues in the news of the modern society. It was and is still challenging the abilities of every person in encountering abuse and trouble of power; which is one of the many reasons for how terrifying today’s generation is becoming.
Even though most cases of the said issue are is still being processed as of today, there have also been accounts of provisions discussed and given consideration for the law’s development. Dating back to the year 2013, a law was approved by the former President Noynoy Aquino concerning to look after the misconduct of the youth. Although, the newly established law didn’t modify the given minimum age of criminal responsibility, remaining at the age of 15. Over the course of time, various amendments were attended to by the Congress. But the Department of Social Welfare and Development presumed otherwise, saying that some involved children in conflict with the law are often victims of the issue. Abigail Valte, a deputy presidential spokesperson, implies that “There are enough provisions in the existing law that would balance the concerns of some who are in favor of lowering the age of liability,” (Romero, 2013).
Juvenile Delinquency is truly an alarming issue regarding the overall performance of today’s generation. It is a developing yet worsening case of how established laws are not fully supported with enough provisions, therefore, contributing to the problems that society is facing nowadays. Indeed, there are a great number of young offenders reportedly admitted to being abusing their given rights and responsibilities in the community rather than those being victimized; through the law, it can be of help in disciplining us, juveniles, in properly handling the power we obtain, with respect to the integrity of others.
With this issue, it is clearly seen how it is terrifying to live in the society today. With the influence of technology surrounding us, we are oftentimes blinded by its convenience and practicality. Due to this, it takes us to risky situations. Risky enough that we fail to take into consideration the consequences it carries. It manipulates our thoughts and actions as well, which often lead to performing acts or offenses and misconduct against the law. It is, indeed, a creation of man that is destroying the mankind, itself, slowly.
However, it is not too late to put an end to this issue. All of us are encouraged to take part in the community through small deeds such as simply complying with the rules and regulations implemented to keep order. Everyone is given the rights and freedom to perform tasks which we desire to do with regards to the restrictions provided. Most importantly, we should never take for granted the abilities we acquire as individuals.
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Get custom essayChange starts among us. Every single day we are given the chance to be a better self. It is up to us to use that opportunity. There is no time to lose. To start as early as now is the best way to accomplish something. Abdul Kalam once said, “Small aim is a crime, have great aim.”
Diabetes mellitus (DM) includes a wide range of chronic metabolic disorders involving hypoglycemia due to lack of secretion of insulin
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects many people. It involves little to no production of insulin in the pancreas, which leads to no glucose being absorbed into cells. This can cause many complications, so the management of Type 1 diabetes is vital. Current treatments for Type 1 diabetes involve insulin injections, monitoring blood glucose levels, and lifestyle changes, but no cure has been found. Pancreas and islet cell transplantations have also been used as treatments for Type 1 diabetes, but these are not always feasible options due to the lack of availability. Stem cell therapy has shown promising possibilities in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes, as stem cells have been shown to treat a number of autoimmune diseases.
Get original essayAbout 1.25 million Americans alone are affected by Type 1 diabetes. It is estimated that 40,000 people are diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes each year, and it is expected that 5 million people will be diagnosed by 2050. Previously known as juvenile diabetes, Type 1 diabetes is “a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin”. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter cells in order to eventually produce energy. Type 1 diabetes usually presents itself during childhood, but it can also develop in adults. Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes can include frequent thirst, increase in urination, extreme hunger, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision, etc. The cause of Type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is thought that the body’s immune system mistakenly destroys insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells. While there is no cure yet for Type 1 diabetes, stem cell therapy has shown promising treatment options.
In patients with Type 1 diabetes or diabetes mellitus, there is no insulin to allow glucose into cells. This causes sugar buildup in the bloodstream, which can lead to life-threatening complications. There are several risk factors for Type 1 diabetes, including family history, genetics, geography, and age. People with a parent or sibling who have Type 1 diabetes are at a slightly increased risk of developing the disease. The presence of certain genes can also indicate an increased risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. Interestingly enough, the incidence of Type 1 diabetes seems to increase as people travel away from the equator. While diabetes can appear at any age, there are two notable peaks for risk of developing the condition: children between 4 and 7 years old, as well as children between 10 and 14 years old. Type 1 diabetes can affect major organs in the body, which can lead to life-threatening complications. These include heart and blood vessel disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy or blindness, foot damage, gum disease or dry mouth, and even pregnancy complications due to elevated blood sugar levels in the mother and baby. Currently, there is no way to prevent Type 1 diabetes.
The loss of beta cells, or insulin-producing cells, is characteristic of Type 1 diabetes. This results in little to no production of insulin in the pancreas. Without sufficient insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream. Alpha cells regulate the secretion of glucagon. These cells are often preserved in Type 1 diabetes. Studies have shown that blocking glucagon uptake can improve glycemic control, thus preventing diabetes. The severity of Type 1 diabetes is directly proportional to the number of beta cells remaining in the body, as this has been shown in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. In healthy individuals, a rise in blood glucose levels, such as after a meal, signals an increase in insulin and an inhibition of glucagon secretion by alpha cells. This loss of glucagon suppression through insulin that is seen in Type 1 diabetes results in high levels of glucagon in the blood. When glucose levels fall in healthy individuals, the secretion of glucagon is triggered. In patients with Type 1 diabetes, this response is absent. The lower the number of functional beta cells, the lower the glucagon uptake, thus increasing the risk for hypoglycemia.
Type 1 diabetes can be clinically diagnosed through several different methods. The glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test shows the average blood sugar level for the past several months. This test measures the percentage of blood sugar that is attached to the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, known as hemoglobin. An A1C level of 6.5% of higher indicates diabetes. A random blood sugar sample can also be taken to diagnose diabetes. Here, blood sugar levels higher than 200 mg/dL suggest diabetes. The last test used to diagnose diabetes is the fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken from the patient after fasting overnight. If this blood sugar level ranges from 100 to 125 mg/dL, the patient is considered prediabetic. Anything over 126 mg/dL on two separate tests indicates diabetes.
When patients receive a diabetic diagnosis, separate blood tests are given to check for autoantibodies, which are indicative of Type 1 diabetes rather than Type 2 diabetes. Ketones in a patient’s urine also suggest Type 1 diabetes as opposed to Type 2. Repeated A1C testing after a diabetes diagnosis indicates how well the diabetic treatment plan is working for the patient. Doctors will also periodically check the patient’s cholesterol, thyroid function, liver function, and kidney function to ensure proper treatment. These treatment plans for Type 1 diabetes include taking insulin, counting carbohydrates, fats, and protein intake, blood sugar monitoring, healthy dieting, and exercising regularly. While these lifestyle changes are used to ensure lower blood sugar levels, patients with Type 1 diabetes need lifelong insulin therapy. There are four main types of insulin used. Short-acting (regular) insulin includes Humulin R and Novolin R. Rapid-acting insulin includes insulin glulisine (Apidra), insulin lispro (Humalog), and insulin aspart (Novolog). Long-acting insulin treatments are insulin glargine (Lantus, Toujeo Solostar), insulin detemir (Levemir), and insulin degludec (Tresiba). Lastly, intermediate-acting insulin includes NPH (Novolin H, Humulin N). Because insulin cannot be taken orally due to stomach enzymes that will break it down, insulin needs to be given to patients through injections or an insulin pump. Insulin injections use a needle and syringe or an insulin pen to inject insulin under the patient’s skin. For this treatment plan, a mixture of insulin types is needed to use throughout the day and night. Multiple daily injections including long-acting insulin combined with rapid-acting insulin are recommended because they better mimic the body’s natural use of insulin as opposed to insulin injections that only require one or two shots per day. With that in mind, treatment of three or more insulin injections per day has been shown to better improve blood sugar levels. The other treatment option is an insulin pump. This is a device worn outside the body with a tube connecting a reservoir of insulin to a catheter under the patient’s abdomen. The pump can be worn on the patient’s waistband, in his or her pocket, or on a belt designed specifically for pumps. Wireless pumps are another option. These pumps contain a pod that stores the insulin reservoir on the patient with a catheter inserted under his or her skin. Insulin pods can be worn on the abdomen, lower back, leg, or arm. All of these different types or pumps are programmed to dispense specified amounts of rapid-acting insulin. The steady dose of insulin is called a basal rate. This dose replaces the long-acting insulin treatment option. When patients utilizing insulin pumps eat, they need to program the amount of carbohydrates along with the current blood sugar level into the pump. This gives the patient a bolus dose of insulin that is needed to cover the desired meal and correct blood sugar if need be. While some research indicates that insulin pumps are better at controlling blood glucose levels than insulin injections, an insulin pump in combination with a continuous glucose monitoring device suggests the most effective blood sugar control. A newer treatment option for patients with Type 1 diabetes was approved by the FDA in September of 2016. This is known as an artificial pancreas for patients over 14 years of age. The implanted pancreas device works by linking a continuous glucose monitor to check blood sugar levels every five minutes to an insulin pump. This utilizes a closed-loop system of insulin delivery to automatically deliver the correct amount of insulin. Several additional medications, such as high blood pressure medications, aspirin, and cholesterol-lowering drugs might also be needed for patients with Type 1 diabetes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers are used to keep patients’ kidneys healthy and prevent high blood pressure, namely in patients with blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. Aspirin can be used daily to protect Type 1 diabetic patients’ hearts. Since people with diabetes are more at risk for heart disease, the American Diabetes Association recommends low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol be below 100 mg/dL, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol be below 50 mg/dL in women and 40 mg/dL for men. Triglycerides are another type of blood fat, and these are recommended to be below 150 mg/dL for diabetic patients. The only way to ensure that the blood sugar levels of diabetic patients remain in a proper target range is to carefully monitor it, as the American Diabetes Association recommends doing before meals and snacks, before bed, and before exercising or driving. Even more so, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is the newest development in monitoring blood sugar levels. The devices have also been shown to prevent hypoglycemia and lower the A1C. These continuous glucose monitors work by attaching to the body through a fine needle, located just under the skin that checks blood glucose level every couple minutes. However, CGM is not yet considered as accurate as blood sugar monitoring, so patients are encouraged to frequently check their blood sugar levels manually. One of the most important things for patients with diabetes to do is focus their diets on nutritious, high-fiber, and low-fat foods, namely whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Aiming for at least 150 minutes of aerobic exercise per week is also recommended for patients with Type 1 diabetes to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Along with these treatment and management methods, there are certain life circumstances that particularly affect people with Type 1 diabetes. Since hypoglycemia can occur at any time, it is recommended for diabetic patients to check their blood sugar before driving. With a blood sugar level lower than 70 mg/dL, type 1 diabetics should have a snack with at least 15 grams of carbohydrates and then retest their blood sugar to see if it is within a normal range. In terms of people with Type 1 diabetes in the work environment, they need to ensure that they will receive proper accommodations, such as additional meal breaks along with blood sugar testing. Federal and state laws are in place in order to require that employers properly accommodate workers with diabetes. Pregnancy also puts women with Type 1 diabetes at a greater risk. It is recommended that women be evaluated before trying to become pregnant in order to maintain A1C ratings of less than 6.5% prior to conception. There is a great risk for birth defects in women with Type 1 diabetes, especially when diabetes is not controlled during the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy. Old age is also an increased risk for people with Type 1 diabetes. If older patients are frail, sick, or have cognitive deficits, there is evidence that tight control of blood sugar may not be practical and could actually increase the risk for hypoglycemia. There are hopes for new potential treatments for Type 1 diabetes, such as a pancreas transplant and islet cell transplantation. With a pancreas transplant, patients with Type 1 diabetes would no longer need insulin. However, there are serious risks with these transplants, so these procedures are done only for patients with difficult-to-manage diabetes or who also need a kidney transplant. With islet cell transplantation, researchers are able to provide new insulin-producing cells from a donor pancreas. There have been issues with this procedure in the past, but better drugs and newer techniques can help prevent islet cell rejection and hopefully improve future chances of islet cell transplantation being a viable treatment option.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells within the body that have the ability to differentiate into any cell of an organism as well as self-renewal. These cells can exist in both embryos and adult cells. There are several types of stem cells based on their capacity to differentiate; these cell types include totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent. Totipotent stem cells are able to differentiate into all different cell types, even extra-embryonic tissues as well as bodily tissues and the germline. Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers, including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. However, pluripotent stem cells cannot generate specific extra-embryonic lineages. Multipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into confined cell generations. This includes bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells. Oligopotent stem cells show restricted lineages with the ability to differentiate a specific tissue, such as stem cells that reside on the mammalian ocular surface. Lastly, unipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into unilinear, such as progenitor cells involved in postnatal development. Stem cells can exist as either adult or embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells are plastic-like adherent cells that can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat in vivo and are found in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and adipose tissues of adults.
Mesenchymal stem or stromal, cells (MSCs) are plastic, adherent, spindle-shaped cells that can be gathered from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord, along with other tissue sources capable of differentiating in vivo. Mesenchymal stem cells have been vastly studied in recent decades since they were first isolated from bone marrow. According to the International Society for Cellular Therapy, there are several minimum characteristics that are set in order for cells to be classified as mesenchymal stem cells. These criteria are surface expression of CD73, D90, CD105 in the absence of CD14, CD34, CD45, and human leucocyte antigen-DR, plastic adherence, and most importantly the ability to differentiate into various cells such as adipocyte, chondrocyte, or osteoblast cells in vitro. While mesenchymal stem cells are mostly sourced from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord, there have been several other tissues in which these cells are found. Dental pulps, endometrium, peripheral blood, the placenta, skin, synovial fluid, and muscle are several examples of new sources where mesenchymal stem cells have been found. However, the characteristics and differential ability of these mesenchymal cells can vary based on their origins in the body.
On the other hand, hematopoietic stem cells possess the ability to generate all functional hematopoietic lineages. This includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Therefore, the lifelong production of all blood cells is dependent on hematopoietic stem cells. Through early on research, mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were studied through clonal in vivo assays, where labeled cells were studied for the ability of hematopoiesis after an injection into conditioned hosts. The first evidence of stem cells that form blood came from case studies in 1945 of people who were exposed to lethal doses of radiation. Scientists then duplicated this radiation sickness in mice, and they found that the mice could recover through bone marrow transplants from a healthy donor. Hematopoietic stem cells have been studied for over 50 years, and as a result, these cells are currently routinely used to treat cancer patients and patients with other blood or immune system disorders. Further along in the early 1960s, two scientists named Till and McCulloch started to analyze the bone marrow in order to determine what components were able to regenerate blood. This ultimately led to the discovery that hematopoietic stem cells can renew themselves as well as generate cells that give rise to all types of blood cells. Since the 1960s, HSC research began with studies in mice. However, this proves to be a challenge because 1 in every 10,000-15,000 bone marrow cells is thought to be a stem cell. Even further, only 1 in 100,000 blood cells is thought to be a stem cell. Tests have since then been focused on proving the self-renewal and plasticity characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells. This is still carried out based on the same proof used in mice decades ago. This consists of the cells being injected into a mouse that received a dose of irradiation that is high enough to kill its blood-producing cells; then, if the mouse recovers along with all types of blood cells, this means that the cells that were transplanted are considered stem cells. Based on these tests, scientists have determined two types of HSCs: short-term and long-term. Bone marrow cells from the transplanted mice that can be transplanted to another mouse with lethal radiation as well as regenerative the mouse’s hematopoietic system over several months are considered long-term stem cells. These cells are capable of self-renewal. On the other hand, there are cells derived from bone marrow that can immediately regenerate all types of blood cells but cannot regenerate themselves long-term under normal conditions. These cells are known as short-term stem cells that serve as progenitor or precursor cells. Precursor or progenitor cells are precursors to a fully differentiated cell that is of the same type of tissue. These cells are able to proliferate, with a limited ability to differentiate into more than one cell type. True stem cells are capable of self-renewal for an organism’s entire life, so long-term hematopoietic stem cells are currently the most important for stem cell-based therapies.
One important factor to understand when studying stem cells is the effect that age has on them. As with most things in the human body, wear and tear takes place over the aging process and causes parts of our body to not function as well as they once did. When stem cells age, their ability to differentiate into specific cell types is changed and their renewal abilities greatly lessen. Cell death, or apoptosis, senescence, and loss of regenerative potential can all result from aging in stem cells. The stem cell theory of aging “assumes that inability of various types of pluripotent stem cells to continue to replenish the tissues of an organism with sufficient numbers of appropriate functional differentiated cell types capable of maintaining that tissue’s (or organ’s) original function is in large part responsible for the aging process”. There are several molecular mechanisms that are involved in the aging of stem cells. These include telomere shortening, epigenetic dysregulation, oxidative stress, miRNA changes, as well as alterations of DNA, RNA, proteome, and other various organelles.
Due to the aging issues related to adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells have been studied as another viable option for stem cell therapy. As stated in their name, embryonic stem cells are taken from embryos during their developmental stage that occurs before implantation in the uterus. These cells, known as blastomeres, are undifferentiated and therefore has the ability to give rise to any cell in the body. After five days of development, the first differentiation event occurs when an outer layer of cells that will differentiate into the placenta separates from the inner cell mass. These inner cell mass cells have the ability to become any type of cell. However, if implantation occurs, they are differentiated into specific cell types and lose their developmental potential. If this inner cell mass is removed from its natural embryonic environment and then cultured appropriately, these cells can proliferate and renew indefinitely while maintaining the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. Therefore, these cells become pluripotent, inner cell mass-derived, embryonic stem cells.
Although embryonic stem cells hold promising hopes in the development of stem cell therapies, there are numerous ethical issues that come along with their use. The first human embryonic stem cell line was obtained in 1998. In order to harvest these cells, the five-day-old preimplantation embryo needs to be destroyed. Because of this, critics of embryonic stem cell research argue that since the embryo has the capability to develop into a human, there are major ethical issues that go into this research. The National Academy of Sciences created a committee in 2003 to generate guidelines for research conducted with human embryonic stem cells. Most opposition related to the use of embryonic stem cells is associated with the “pro-life” and anti-abortion movements. President Bush in 2001 allowed funding from the National Institutes of Health for stem cell research using embryonic stem cell lines that were already in existence. This policy, however, prohibited the use of further embryonic stem cell lines. In 2009, President Obama overturned President Bush’s executive order. This executive order, titled Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells supports responsible, scientifically worthy human stem cell research, including the use of human embryonic stem cells. A different source of embryonic stem cells involves the use of frozen embryos from women who had undergone infertility treatment and chose to donate their remaining embryos. Informed consent and confidentiality of the donor are two ethical concerns that need to be maintained when using embryonic stem cells obtained from infertility treatments.
Current research has allowed scientists to molecularly manipulate adult stem cells back into their pluripotent state to generate “induced pluripotent stem cells”. These stem cells share many of the same characteristics as embryonic stem cells, including proliferation, morphology, and gene expression, without ethical dilemmas. Multipotent stem cells have also proven to be useful in clinical settings because they have the ability to become all of the various progenitor cells for a specific germ layer or can be limited to differentiating into one or two cell types for specialized use. The best-known and studied source for these multipotent stem cells is in bone marrow, as these have been used in therapies since the 1960s in treating leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma.
There are two main types of stem cell transplants, based on the source of the donated stem cells. In autologous transplants, the stem cells come from the same person who is also receiving the transplant. These stem cells are either removed from the patient’s bone marrow or blood. One major benefit of autologous transplants is that there is no risk of donor cell rejection because the patient is receiving his or her own cells back. On the other hand, the engrafted cells can still fail by not returning into the bone marrow to make more blood cells. Even more so, harmful cancer cells might be obtained during the collection of stem cells and then put back into the host’s body. Autologous transplants are typically used in several types of cancers, including leukemias, lymphomas, neuroblastoma, testicular cancer, and multiple myeloma. These stem cell transplants can also be used to treat multiple sclerosis, system sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Allogeneic transplants are the other type of stem cell therapy used to treat diseases in which the stem cells come from either a matched related or unrelated donor. Here, the best option for donors is a close family member. If this is not possible, donors can be found through the national registry to find a matched unrelated donor, although these transplants are much riskier. One advantage of allogeneic stem cell transplants is the fact that donor stem cells create their own immune cells, which in turn could help kill cancer cells that remain. This is known as the graft-versus-cancer effect. Also, stem cells from healthy donors are guaranteed to be free of cancer cells. One risk of allogeneic stem cell transplants is the possibility that the graft might fail, where the transplanted donor stem cells could be killed or destroyed by the patient’s body before being able to settle into the bone marrow. Graft-versus-host-disease is also a risk of allogeneic transplants. Here, the immune cells from the donor could possibly attack healthy cells in the patient’s body, not just the harmful cancer cells. These stem cell transplants are mostly used to treat leukemias, lymphomas, myelodysplastic syndrome, multiple myeloma, as well as other bone marrow disorders.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplants involve the administration of high-dosage chemotherapy. E. Donnall Thomas performed the first successful allogeneic stem cell transplantation in 1957. Since then, stem cell transplants have been used in treating many diseases, such as congenital disorders, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. Many different new practices have extended the availability for stem cell transplants, including matched unrelated donors, partially matched related donors, and umbilical cord blood units. In 1939, the first human bone marrow transfusion was completed. Post World War II, scientists strived to find ways to restore bone marrow function in aplasia patients caused by radiation exposure due to the use of the atomic bomb. It was proven in the 1950s in a mouse that bone marrow aplasia due to radiation can be fixed by a syngeneic marrow graft. Further tests were performed and published on two groups of mice with acute leukemia, where both groups were irradiated as anti-leukemic therapy as well as saved from marrow aplasia through bone marrow transplantation. These experiments demonstrated three major principles of hematopoietic stem cell transplants: “the role of the preparative anti-leukemic regimen in hematopoietic stem cell transplants, the ability of the new engrafted immune system to prevent leukemia relapse, and the activity of the engrafted immune system against the recipient”.
E. Donnall Thomas developed methods to identify and type human leukocyte antigens to allow for donor and recipient matching in the mid to late 1960s. Later on in 1979, he reported a 50% cure rate in acute myeloid leukemia patients in first remission; he then went on to win the Nobel Prize in 1990 for his contributions and discoveries in stem cell transplantation in the treatment of human diseases. In more recent years, more research has been put in place to aid in the development of stem cell transplantation. The International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry was created in 1972 for documenting hematopoietic stem cell transplant outcomes.
With constant research on the use of stem cells in the treatment of diseases, mesenchymal stem cells have also been studied for their potential therapeutic use in immune-mediated diseases. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells have immense potential in the treatment of diseases because they are easily accessible in humans and the isolation of these stem cells is relatively straightforward yet holds the ability to expand rapidly in a short period of time. Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to treat numerous diseases of the liver, lungs, pancreas, and kidney. Because mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into insulin-producing cells in vitro with pancreatic disorders, these cells hold great potential for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells are thought of as relatively safer and more feasible in the preservation of beta-cell function. One downside of these cells, however, is the discrepancy between the observed recovery of pancreatic islet cells and the low functionality of integration of donor mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cells can be preserved with a minuscule loss of potency for on-site delivery and their human trials have so far shown no adverse reactions to autologous versus allogeneic transplants. This widens the availability in the clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cell treatments in cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological diseases. Despite these promising characteristics, mesenchymal stem cells still need to be studied and understood more. Initially, mesenchymal stem cells were thought to be stromal progenitor cells in the bone marrow with only one undifferentiated function of replenishing stromal tissue. Now, however, these stem cells are known for several other functions in bone marrow, which supports hematopoiesis.
One interesting source for mesenchymal stem cells has been found through hair follicles. These cells are readily accessible and can serve as a prime source of autologous stem cells for gene therapy in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. In one study, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from human hair follicles and then used to express the insulin gene. As a result, these cells were shown to be effective in releasing insulin in a manner that was dependent on time and dosing. Another source of mesenchymal stem cells is from adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells possess a strong potential for proliferation, show low immune rejection, and have multiple differentiation capacities. These cells have been reported to treat Type 1 diabetes because they are a good source of autologous stem cells and possess specific surface markers, such as CD73 and CD90, which can bring about prolonged incubation time and strong proliferative capacity. Also, these adipose-derived stem cells can reduce inflammation of cell infiltration and improve the expression of insulin in the pancreas.
Early observations made by Cohnheim and Maximow in the early twentieth century served as the first indications of stromal cells in bone marrow involved in the body’s healing process and hematopoiesis. In the 1960s, in vivo transplantations of the bone marrow showed that these stromal precursors are vital in the formation of skeletal tissue cells. The method of isolating stromal cells from whole bone marrow based on differential adhesion to tissue culture plastic is still used today to separate mesenchymal stem cells and was first demonstrated by Friedenstein and his research team. These cells were adherent, clonogenic, fibroblastic, and nonphagocytic with the ability to produce colony-forming fibroblastic units. Later in the 1980s, Arnold Caplan hypothesized that there was a subpopulation of bone marrow stroma linked to mesenchymal tissues that were studied during chick embryogenesis. This eventually led to the coined term of “mesenchymal stem cells” to describe marrow stromal cells that are involved in melanogenesis. In more recent years, mesenchymal stem cells have been studied for their pleiotropic functions that aid in disease treatment. One problem, however, has existed in studying mesenchymal stem cells: the identification of a single marker that indicates a purified population of mesenchymal stem cells.
Currently, there is progress in stem cell therapy for treating Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Known in these research articles as T1DM, Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic autoimmune disorder in young patients. With this type of diabetes, insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia result from the loss of pancreatic beta cells. As mentioned, pancreas and islet cell transplantation have evolved as promising new treatments for Type 1
“According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the number of delinquency cases involving detention increased 29 percent between 1985 and 2009 from 246,300 to 318,000.” The dynamic role the Juvenile Justice System has structured has not only been beneficial for the individual, but the community as well. The next section with detail will be on: the history and evolution of the prisons, the controversies of the facilities, and the benefits that confinement bring to inmate and society.
Get original essayJuvenile prisons secure confinement for juvenile delinquents. These facilities provide structure and promote character. Implementing exceptional programs such as continuing education, rehabilitation, substance abuse programs, as well as counseling have all helped the inmates in promoting resources for their release.
Established in England, Bridewell was the first correctional facility that obtained both adult and juvenile inmates. This facility became commonly known as a workhouse, which taught habits of industry as well as learning a work trade. Examples of the work trades were baking, weaving, cloth making and the milling of grain. . With Parliament’s orders for expansion across the country, a large portion of prisoners flowed through the doors of these work houses. In result, the facilities goal and vision started to degenerate. It wasn’t until high sheriff of Bedfordshire, John Howard, sponsored the views in his book, The State of Prisons in England and Wales, describing “correctional facilities should be a tool used to reform and not to punish an individual.”. He wanted to establish “clean and well-run institutions, prisons in which the sexes were separated, and jails in which inmates were kept busy at productive work.”. Colonist then took Howard’s views and established them in America, forming a platform which we are acquainted with today.
The structure of the juvenile prisons has changed over time. Laws and acts have been implemented to change the juvenile system. For instance, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 was established with the goal of preventing and controlling juvenile delinquency by aiding assistance to the state and local governments.. The two main implementations of this act were “the deinstitutionalization of status offenders” as well as “sight and sound separation.”. The JJDPA has then established a third implementation. Which was in response to listening to juvenile’s concerns and testimonials, they have come to a conclusion that juveniles should not be held in adult facilities due to increase risk of suicide, physical, mental, and sexual abuse, inadequate care and programming, exposure to mental patients, serious offenders and negative labeling.. Although the JJDPA is a great act implemented by the Juvenile Justice System, other factors have caused controversies within the facilities.
Juveniles being tried as adults has always been a current topic to discuss. Criticism has been made toward the matter. Many will say that a juvenile does not think like an adult, so they cannot be tried as one. Others state that “serious and/or violent juvenile offenders are beyond the scope of what the juvenile justice system can successfully address.”. Regardless of the controversy Congress has established these laws and the age to be tried as an adult varies in different states. Potential Future For Juvenile Prisons Usually when it comes to the operational system of juvenile offenders. The detention centers are directed towards the male inmates. The female inmates have different difficulties than the male inmates. These difficulties need to be taking into consideration from the state and federal point. For instance, “female offenders are usually non-violent offenders, but have a high-need, meaning the girl poses little risk to the public, but enters the system with significant and pressing personal needs.”. Trying to promote a better environment and having assistance and programs readily available to access to these girls would promote a better future for all juvenile offenders.
My Interview with Nichole ChachereI had the pleasure of speaking with Mrs. Nichole Chachere, six-year corrections officer that had worked for the Clemens unit in Brazoria and the Barrington unit in Rosharon. While speaking with Mrs. Chachere, the question brought to her attention was “what surprised you the most in working with juveniles?” To which she responded, “my biggest surprise must have been realizing that these inmates would like to be acknowledge and heard, they are children after all”. She describes her time working in corrections as “life changing“ as well as having a different perspective on society. When asked “what her most difficult adaptation in working with juveniles was?” she replied, “In the community you are willing to give everyone the benefit of the doubt. In these facilities you must understand these inmates study you all day, they seek a reaction out of you.”. It’s obvious that the work load of a corrections officer can be very overwhelming and life changing. Due to much interference with her personal life, Chachere has changed her career direction and now works for a medical facility.
Participation of education and counseling should be considered as a mandatory asset to every offender. Due to lack of structure these offenders have trouble applying the skills learned during their time in a juvenile prison. Implementing the assistances and knowledge upon release is a major factor that most inmates have trouble with. Guidance and support from their friends and family members can also play a vital role. With programs in the facilities promoting education continuation, rehabilitation, and counseling many of these inmates have something to look forward to upon release.
Overall, juvenile prisons have progressed overtime. Rehabilitation and structure are vital assets when considering inmate release. Helping structure these individuals with a mentality and mindset that is acceptable to bring back to the community is the ultimate priority. The juvenile facilities can assist in creating a well-rounded individual ready to interact back with society.
Entering the web associated marketing business is extremely simple and easy. The initial step starts with finding the right associated projects and putting an application to start. A part of the web-based marketing programs have an extreme procedure for obtaining the endorsement, but all the projects do not fit into that classification.JVzoo is one of the payment partner systems of the moment. They have lots of providers that are in the system.
Get original essayThe JVZoo system is a simple access to the world of web marketing. Applying to advance requires a basic union. The procedure has not ended with the application procedure. In any case, affiliates should approach each vendor with whom they need to work. This involves putting additional applications. Vendors can govern to know who they need to advance their articles. Some providers need to see a specific measure of offers before endorsing a member.JVZoo teachers.
Teacher #1: Affiliate marketing does not have an initial start cost. You can become a subsidiary advertiser without a company related to money. Simply choose an item that you like and start moving forward. There are a lot of approaches to get your chosen item or service in the eyes of potential buyers for nothing; however, it may take some experimentation to find what works best.
Genius #2: You do not have to create your own product. Partner marketing allows you to capitalize on the information and inventiveness of others without putting all the work into making the items yourself. You have the opportunity to receive the rewards of getting commissions from someone else's work, which saves you a lot of cash and time.
Ace #3: you do not need a website. Most member articles do not expect you to have your own site. It simply sends movement to its subsidiary connection and acquires commissions when someone makes a purchase.Later on, you will have to have a page of crush and autoresponder, and perhaps an individual site as well, but these are, for the most part, insignificant costs that almost no one can manage.
With #1: You will have to motivate yourself .Teleworking in any way expects you to be extremely inspired by yourself. You will not have anyone investigating your shoulder guiding you and when to do it. You will be responsible for your own particular action or no action. Your disappointment or ultimate achievement will depend entirely on you.Numerous individuals think it is difficult to keep them on a calendar and put in the work required to prevail in branch marketing. Know this early: you must do the work required to receive the rewards.
With #2: take time to see results. In general, you will not see fast results. It has been said that people will not focus on making a purchase before they have seen their offer a normal amount of 7 times. You must establish partnerships with your previously planned buyers, they will click on your connection. This progression may take some time, and you must work on it every day. However, when you have gathered a strong establishment with your followers, the prizes will be considerable.
With #3: there is a learning curve. Be prepared to spend a good amount of time discovering how to be effective in partner marketing. Once again, this is something you should do alone. There is nobody who forces you to do it. There are numerous parts of marketing on the web that many people do not have any participation or much information. Like any other type of profession change, there will be a time of preparation for work.
The main difference is that, at the point where you work for yourself, you are responsible for your preparation.conclusionInvestigate other fruitful affiliates, consider what they have done to end up being pioneers in their specialty. If you can do it as such, get some instruction classes. Teach yourself about what is working and what is not, so that you can maintain a strategic distance from any possible waste of time. Information is control, so be sure to continuously adapt new and better approaches to build your member marketing business.