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Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. The meaning of Human Capital
3. Concept of Human Capital

Introduction

The use the term today as if it were always part of our lingua franca. But it wasn’t. Not long ago, even economists mocked at the understanding of “Human Capital.” As Theodore Schultz noted many thoughts that free people were not to be associated with property and marketable assets . To them, that implied enslavement, in 1961 American Economic Association presidential address. But the concept of Human capital according to Adam Smith. He noted in his fourth definition of capital: “The acquisition of expertise during education, study, or apprenticeship, costs a real expense, which is capital in a person. Those expertise are part of his portion and likewise that of society” .

The term “Human capital” is the earliest formal use in economics is apparently by Irving Fisher in 1897. It was later adopted by various writers but did not became a serious part of the economists’ lingua franca as far as the late 1950s. It became greatly more popular after Jacob Mincer’s 1958 Journal of Political Economy article “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution.”

In Gary Becker’s Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, published in 1964 and preceded by his 1962 Journal of Political Economy article, “Investment in Human Capital”, Becker notes that the term “human capital” hesitated to use in the title of his book and employed a long subtitle to against guard criticism.

Schultz’s article (1961) the importance of the Human capital in explaining various economic anomalies. Some are easy to examine, such as why both immigrants and students are overly young persons. Some are more difficult, such as why the ratio of capital to income has decreased over time, what defines the growth “residual,” and why Europe recovered so speedily after World War II. Some are more difficult, such as why labour earnings have surged over time and why they didn’t for much of human history. As the clear from most of these issues, the study of Human capital is genetically historical.

The meaning of Human Capital

The successful peoples depend on higher level of competence. In response the peoples are becoming valuable assets. In economics viewpoint, the capital refers to factors of production used to create goods and services. The human is the subject in economics to take power of all activities such as production, consumption, and transaction. Thus it can be identified that human capital means one of production element which can generate values through inputting it.

What is Human Capital Human Capital is defined in oxford English dictionary as ‘the skills the labour force possesses and is regarded as a source or asset.’ It encompasses the conception that there are investments in people (education, training, health) and that these investments increase and individual’s productivity, performance.

An organization can’t carry on if there are no employees. Organization runs with the help of individuals who devote in their own way in its success and productivity. Employees spend maximum part of their day in offices and attempt hard to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. Employees attachment towards their organization to be motivated from time to time so that they develop a sense of deliver their best.

Every employee in his/her tenure get some set of skills through his experience, exposure, trainings and so on which further increase his/her productivity eventually benefitting the organization. Awareness and expertise which employees flourish in due course of time to further increase the productivity at organizational level refer to human capital. During his stint with the organization employee tries his level best to sharpen his/her skills, progress. Human capital is defined as the collective stock of skills, attributes, knowledge, expertise of employees which further plays an integral role in increasing the productivity of the organization.

Every organization has his lifeline in shape of trained employees, so every organization invests its money and resources to train new employees to get value for organizational goals. Employees in order work hard, upgrade their existing attainments and contribute in their own way to increase the productivity of their organization. In “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, The word “Human Capital” was introduced by A. W. Lewis. Human capital plays essential role in increasing the productivity and output of an organization.

Concept of Human Capital

The first viewpoint is based on the individual aspects. Schultz (1961) recognized human capital as ‘something akin to property’ against the concept of labour force in the classical perspective. There is second viewpoint on the human capital itself and accumulation process of it. This context drives knowledge and skills obtained throughout educational activities such as compulsory education, postsecondary education and vocational education. The third is closely linked production-oriented perspective of human capital.

Frank & Bemanke (2007) define that human capital is ‘an amalgam of factors such as education, experience, training, intelligence, energy, work habits, reliability, and initiative that value of a worker’s marginal product. Produce economic value embodied the ability to perform labours skills and Knowledge (Sheffin,2003). Consequently, human capital simultaneously includes both instrumental concept to produce certain values and the ‘endogenous’ meaning to self-generate it. Human capital is a synonym of knowledge embedded in all levels such as an individual, an organizations/a nation.

Impacts of human capital: on the aspects of individual, organization and society Individual: Much possibility of increasing individual income, living standard, resulting from the individual productivity.

Organization: Collective competence, organizational routines, tacit knowledge, collective learning, company culture; and rational capital’ (Edvison & Malone, 1997)

Society: The possibility of human capital for ‘democracy, human rights, and political stability’ on common awareness of social constituents (McMahon, 1999). Increase of social awareness of constituents within community (Beach, 2009)Consequently, the link between human capital and social consciousness is based on a close inter-relationship resulting in socio-political development (Alexander, 1996; Grubb & Lazerson, 2004; Sen, 1999).

To be Understandable, every work must have to formulate the objectives of the study. Moreover, objectives are more normally suitable to the research community as evidence of the researcher’s clear sense of the purpose and direction. So, in the light of the research topic, the main objective of this study is to1. “Examine the impacts of human capital on organizational productivity.

There are number of limitations in this study:

• Firstly, in Pakistan, there are so many branches of NBP for research, but we have just one city’s branches; for case study. So, it was difficult to collect complete data and finds its accuracy.
• Secondly the work overload and short time during the final year’s last semester, researcher had to do a lot of academic work such as write-up of internship report, preparation of viva exams, presentations, midterms, assignment etc. and in this short time I had to finish all the work which apparently affected thesis work.

Implication/significance: For increasing organizational productivity in NBP Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan, the human capital specifically. The Pakistan’s Advans Microfinance Bank can and has been attempting to reduce poverty via focusing loaning in areas such as social and economic development, overpopulation, women empowerment, and income. Further this theory can help financial policy makes at Federal and provincial governments to invest on areas, social and economic development, overpopulation, women empowerment and income to reduce poverty by microfinance. More ever, educational institutional and donor of NGOs can also be benefited from this researcher study.

Table of contents

1. Land Cover and the Need for Introduction of MTS
Historical Perspectives Forest Restoration in GhanaDeforestation and forest degradation in GhanaThe Modified Taungya SystemPesticides and the need for themBrief History of Pesticides ApplicationEffects of Pesticides

Land Cover and the Need for Introduction of MTS

The total Agricultural land area of Ghana as at 2012 stood at 14,038,224 hectares, out of which 7,847,300 hectares is under cultivation (MOFA/SRID, 2013). The population of the country keeps increasing at an alarming rate of 2.2% as at 2012, with its attendant increased mouths to feed. In order to continue cultivating and increasing yield, farmers are faced with the task of using various pesticides to control weeds, pests and diseases.

The rate of deforestation in Ghana is estimated to be one of the highest in the world after Togo and Nigeria. At an estimated annual rate of 2%, equivalent to 135,000 hectares per annum (ENA Ghana, 2017). This has been brought about by increasing population and the resulting growth in the demand for food, for other agricultural products, for energy (fuel wood and charcoal) and other forest products FAO. This is exacerbated by unsustainable harvesting practices for timber and other forest products.

Historical Perspectives Forest Restoration in Ghana

Since 1946, there has been several attempts at increasing the stocks of high value timber species in Ghana’s forests.

According to Nolan & Ghartey, 1992, in order to improve the stocking of the Wet Evergreen forest reserves (which were in their view poorly stocked) and sustain the supply of the then ‘desirable’ species such as Khaya, Entandrophragma, Lovoa and Heritiera, the enrichment planting strategy was adopted. The program was however abandoned after planting an area of about 2,500 ha, due to lack of budgetary support.

After many other similar attempts were made at restoring most degraded forest reserves or protecting and increasing the forest cover of Ghana had yielded no significant results, the government of Ghana in September 2001 launched the National Forest Plantation Development Program (NFPDP) to accelerate the rate of establishment of forest plantations in the country. The program according to FC, 2016, had among others, three key objectives: restoring the forest cover of degraded forest lands; generating employment as a means to reducing rural poverty; addressing the future wood deficit situation and enhancing food production through the adoption of the Modified Taungya System.

Deforestation and forest degradation in Ghana

Agricultural pesticides are powerful substances that are developed, produced and used to mitigate crop damage or loss by pest organisms. Increasing yields in agriculture and checking insect-borne diseases (malaria, dengue, encephalitis, filariasis, etc.) in the human health sector are significantly enhanced by controlling pests and diseases.

The decimation of beneficial agricultural predators of pests has led to the proliferation of several pests and diseases. Despite all these impacts and costs, farmers continue to use pesticides in most countries at an increasing rate, while biological methods of pest control have become limited.

Continuous use of pesticides has resulted in damage to the environment, caused human ill health, negatively impacted on agricultural production and reduced agricultural sustainability.

In Ghana, an extensive forest estate, consisting of 1.6 million hectares of forest reserves, was gazetted in the High Forest Zone (HFZ) in the 1920’s. At the time there were large areas of forests outside these gazetted forest reserves across the country. Over the period significant portions of these forests have been lost or degraded. The key underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation include population and economic growth and weak governance structures. High population and economic growth have led to high domestic wood consumption and high demand for timber to satisfy export markets.

Additionally, growing domestic and export demand for agricultural commodities such as cocoa, oil palm, cashew, and food crops has led to large scale conversion of forests to agricultural uses.

The government of Ghana, through the Forestry Commission, came up with an approach to rejuvenating old degraded forests that took into account financial benefits for farmers and other stakeholders involved and transferred ownership of the trees from a single entity (the government) to multiple owners (farmers, local communities, government and land-owners). MTS is an approach to the allocation of economic benefits and resources. Farmers were therefore allocated a portion of degraded forest land to cultivate food crops while at the same time planting and tending to forest trees until the tree canopy closes after 3 years, then they are moved to other plots. With food crop cultivation came the need to control weeds, diseases and pests which necessitated the introduction of pesticides by the farmers.

The Modified Taungya System

Taungya was developed in Burma as a result of numerous confrontations between farmers and the British forestry service, and was used primarily to allow the Karen much needed access to reserve forest land (Bryant 1994), and was introduced in Ghana as early as 1928 when the then Forestry Department was charged with the responsibility of establishing forest plantations for the production of wood in the long term and also to meet the needs of farmers for fertile land in areas where farm land outside the national permanent forest estate was infertile and limited. There was an intensification of taungya plantation establishment in Ghana between 1969 and 1985 (FD, 1985) as part of the Operation Feed Yourself Program. It was however not widely adopted despite the supposed advantages, and virtually came to a halt due to the problem of co-partnership since farmers had no right in the benefit sharing.

The Ghanaian government, within its 1994 Forest and Wildlife Policy (FWP) and forest plantations development program, reviewed and reintroduced the traditional Taungya system in 2002 as the Modified Taungya System (MTS).

Taungya starts as an agroforestry system during the initial three years, and then evolves to a plantation system when the trees form a closed canopy, and farmers are expected to tend the trees to maturity. Farmers are also expected after three years to move to other plots, mostly degraded state-owned/managed forest reserves, to repeat the agroforestry practice. Interactions between crops and trees under taungya systems are designed to achieve complementary rather than competitive effects.

The farmers were permitted to cultivate their food crops which were interplanted with the forest trees on the same piece of land. The farmers, in addition to the food crops they harvested, have a 40% share in the Standing Tree Value (STV) of the planted trees. The Government has a 40% share while the landowner and community will have a 15% and 5% share respectively (GFPS, 2016).

The FC provided technical direction, surveyed and demarcated degraded forest reserve lands and supplied pegs and seedlings while the farmers provided all the labor inputs in the form of site preparation, pegging, planting, tending and fire protection. Tree planting was strictly monitored, but no restriction was made on the types, dosages and forms of pesticides which can and cannot be used by the farmers in achieving their crop production goals as long as the trees are being ‘protected’ form them.

Pesticides and the need for them

In order to reduce time, energy, resources and funds spent in manual land preparation, weed, and disease and pests control, MTS farmers turned to the use of pesticides for their crop production activities.

Pesticides are widely used in most sectors of the agricultural production to prevent or reduce losses by pests and thus can improve yield as well as quality of the produce, even in terms of cosmetic appeal, which is often important to consumers.

The term pesticide includes a broad range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, nematicides, plant growth regulators and others.

In many countries, achieving food security is a primary concern in agriculture. Sustainable intensification of production and prevention of post-harvest losses are key elements.

In this regard, there is a need for sustainable responses to outbreaks of endemic and trans-boundary pests and diseases that are affecting agricultural production and food security. With growing global trade in agricultural commodities and produce, it is also important to ensure that transport of agricultural produce does not lead to the spread of pests and diseases.

While pesticides play an important role in plant protection, in many cases, misuse and other inappropriate use has actually exacerbated pest problems through destructive effects on natural control mechanisms and development of pesticide resistance.

To reduce yield losses, farmers frequently apply higher rates of pesticides than those recommended by experts and extension agents, usually as a result of the common belief that the application of high pesticide rates is more effective. In this context, however, decisions on pesticide applications are made without consideration of human health and environmental concerns by many farmers.

As an agriculture-based nation, the use of pesticides contributes much to the national development and public health programs. Since the introduction of pesticides in Ghana, its use to protect crops from pests has significantly reduced losses and improved the yield of crops such as cereals, vegetables, fruits and other crops. There has been a study growth of pesticide usage in Ghana, both in number of chemicals and quantities because of the expansion of area under cultivation for food, vegetables and cash crops.

Some farmers are of the view that the more or as often as they apply pesticides the greater the chances of higher yield and also destroying crop pest. They have no idea of the half-lives of these chemicals no the dangers they pose when misused.

Pesticide related issues have increasingly and extensively been highlighted in the media and have attracted sharp focus among industrialized and developing countries (FAO, 2005). It is estimated that, about one third of the world’s agricultural production is lost every year due to pests, despite pesticide use which totaled more than 2 million tons. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (2005), more than 99% of world pesticide poisonings are reported in developing countries, although they accounted for 20% of worldwide pesticide use; due to easy access to more toxic products, less protection against exposure, limited knowledge to health risk and safe use of pesticides.

During the last decades, agricultural production has undergone immense growth, relying heavily on external inputs, such as pesticides and inorganic fertilizers, as means of increasing food production.

Brief History of Pesticides Application

Humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops before 2000 BC. The first known pesticide was elemental sulphur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda which is about 5000 years old mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulphate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide.

The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum which is derived from chrysanthermuons and rotenone which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables (Miller, 2002).

Until the 1950s, arsenic based pesticides were dominant (Ritter, 2001). Organochlorines were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Herbicides became common in the 1960s led by atriazine and other nitrogen-based compounds carboxylic acids such as 2, 14 dichlorophenoxyacetic acids and glyphostate. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the pesticides era. Pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tons of industrial pesticides are now used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing (Miller, 2004). In the 1960s, it was discovered that DDT was preventing many fish-eating birds from reproducing, which was a serious threat to biodiversity. Rachel Carson wrote the best-selling book Silent Spring about biological magnification of pesticides. According to Lobe (2006), even though the agricultural use of DDT is now banned under the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, it is still used in some developing nations to prevent malaria and other tropical diseases by spraying on interior walls to kill or repel mosquitoes.

Effects of Pesticides

Indeed, the use of pesticides boosted crop productivity and improved product quality, in terms of cosmetic appeal of fresh produce, but there are now concerns about overuse, mainly relating to contamination of water bodies, pesticide residues on food, and consequent negative effects both on wildlife and human health. The deleterious effects of these organochlorine pesticides on wild life primarily led to their ban from routine use in the US and many other countries in 1970’s and 1980’s (Dunlap, 1981). With the exception of endosulfan which was considered for restricted use in 2008, Ghana has banned the use of many organochlorine pesticides since 1985.

Fauna and flora have been adversely affected. Numerous short- and long-term human health effects have been recorded. Human deaths are not uncommon.

Pesticides are generally considered a remedy for farmers’ pest and weed concerns, farmers’ perceptions and use of the chemicals have not received much attention.

In Ghana, there has not been any known comprehensive study of the perceptions that drive pesticides use and its impacts in the Modified Taungya system of farming.

The perceptions of farmers regarding, in particular, pesticide risks to human health are important for a number of reasons: first, they may influence decisions regarding pesticide use; second, if these perceptions differ from expert opinion, it is useful to know why and whether they lead farmers to take more risks than they realize; third, they may influence the methods of protection used against pesticides; and, last, technical advice given to farmers on pesticide use and crop protection may be useless and irrelevant when it does not tally with their own perceptions of pesticide health effects.

Thus, knowledge of farmers' perceptions of pesticide effects may help in predicting their behavior regarding pest control.

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Farmers' knowledge of the pros and cons of pesticides can be influenced by several socio-economic characteristics, but apart from socio-economic characteristics, farm characteristics are also related to the level of knowledge and ultimately reflect decision-making regarding pest control strategies and attitudes towards pesticide use. Farmers' awareness is often influenced by socioeconomic characteristics, such as formal education and level of technical knowledge regarding pesticide use. At the same time, decisions about pest control are quite subjective and may depend on several characteristics of farmers, including personal beliefs, perceptions, and preferences.

In this essay we will research the important question - was the American revolution revolutionary? The American Revolution is without a doubt the most important event in American history, where colonists separated from Great Britain, overthrowing an imperial monarchy and replacing it with a government that didn’t have a king, forming the independent United States. This was unheard of at the time when most of the world was ruled over by monarchs. The ideals of liberalism introduced during the American Revolution significantly shaped and influenced the political and social spheres of modern American culture. The revolution brought many benefits, such as the introduction of democracy and human rights. However, the revolution also brought a few drawbacks - including problems with certain rights like gun rights, and also inequality and racism.

The American revolution spread the ideals of liberalism throughout the country, and with it was the introduction of democratic principles. The United States today is not a direct democracy where citizens vote for themselves, but rather a representative democracy, or republic, where citizens vote for representatives to do it instead. The modern republican U.S. could only be how it is now as a result of the revolution. In the declaration of independence, Thomas Jefferson notes that the government’s power comes from the “consent of the governed”, a revolutionary ideal. Also, as George Washington stated in his farewell address: “The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their Constitutions of Government.” The act of a peaceful transfer of power was unheard of at the time, as anyone in power would stay in office until they died. This act cemented the country’s status as democratic. George Washington advocated for the rights of the people and the importance of a unified national government. His actions were greatly significant towards the shaping of modern America. Additionally, the issues targeted in his farewell address, such as ideas about political rivalry and mixing with foreign affairs are still relevant and debated in the modern world. The ideals of liberalism introduced during the American revolution allowed democracy to flourish, significantly shaping the political sphere in modern America.

Human rights were another ideal that sprouted from the American Revolution, also heavily influencing the modern United States. Becoming a republic nation was beneficial from even the perspective of a normal citizen, where the status wouldn’t be determined by lineage. The expansion of rights began during the American Revolution and went on to influence much more modern events, such as the civil rights movement. Specifically, rights pushed through the American Revolution are still apparent today - rights such as the right to life, liberty, property, etc. It was argued by John Locke, commonly known as the founder of liberalism that no government should violate these rights. These ideas about rights from liberalism were pushed through the American Revolution to establish the modern U.S., while also influencing the freedom of American citizen to think about both themselves and the government. Modern America, where freedom is perhaps the biggest aspect of life, was heavily influenced by the ideas of liberty and human rights from the American Revolution. The most notable being the right to life, where a being has the right to not be killed unlawfully or randomly, the right the liberty, where a being cannot be arrested or detained unlawfully, and the right the property, where people didn’t have to pay for rights to own a property. These human rights which sparked from the American Revolution significantly impacted the modern U.S.

Despite the myriad of benefits, the American Revolution brought to both the citizens and the government, there are without a doubt many drawbacks it brought. One of the most commonly seen being problems with certain civil rights, specifically gun rights. Gun rights are a prime example that the ideals of the American Revolution continue to play a role in modern American society. As written in the declaration of independence: “That whenever any form of government becomes destructive in these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it.” In modern American society, gun rights are protected by the people for both self defense and protection against the government should they attempt to take away their rights of the living. However, there seems to be more harm done than good with guns in America. Especially in our modern society, the idea of guns being available to almost anyone is extremely impractical as innocent civilians are at a greater risk of gun-related violence, threatening one of the most important human rights - the right to life. Since it was heavily influenced by the American Revolution, the ability for anyone to own a gun is an outdated and dangerous solution to the problem of a tyrannical government. While the American Revolution brought on many benefits to modern America, gun rights should have stronger restrictions or just be abolished.

Despite the American Revolution being mainly about freedom and equality, this wasn’t the case for a lot of people, specifically the African American people who were used as slaves. Even George Washington, who advocated for the rights of the people was a slave owner himself. Following Dunmore’s Proclamation of 1775, which promised freedom to any slaves who abandoned their masters to join Britain. An estimated 30,000 to 100,000 slaves ran from their masters to join the British, in hopes that the English would win, rewarding them with freedom from slavery and allowing protection of their land rights. The Treaty of Paris ended the revolutionary war, and the British monarch accepted American independence. However, the treaty also demanded that any runaway slaves who joined the British were to be left behind. Despite this, military commanders still transported them to Canada, Great Britain, or the Caribbean, upholding their promise. After the revolution, racism towards African American people increased as a result of them abandoning their masters. Again, this event further influenced the modern world, as it eventually encouraged antislavery movements in America. The “revolutionary generation” of slaves significantly impacted the modern world, encouraging antislavery movements.

The American Revolution signified the separation of American colonies from Great Britain, serving as the building blocks of the modern American society that we recognize today. The revolution significantly impacted America’s political and social spheres and brought with it many benefits for the people, including the introduction of democracy and greater enforcement of human rights. However, it also came with many drawbacks, such as certain rights being problematic along with inequality and racism. Nevertheless, the American Revolution greatly impacted the world through the new ideals of liberalism, and the movements it inspired in our modern world.

Throughout history, those who are not on level with those around them tend to be neglected. This is a trend seen among animals as the runt of a litter gets killed, eaten, or left behind, and is seen among humans as the mentally challenged or physically handicappedIt is more appropriate to use "people with mental or physical disabilities" or "people with disabilities" since "mentally challenged" and "physically handicapped" are considered outdated and offensive terms. are treated differently and sometimes sent off to separated facilities to be dealt with. Although the treatment of lesser equipped animals has stayed the same over time, it has drastically changed for humans as they have raised the standard of living for those with mental and physical disabilities. Even though they are not yet treated as equals to non-handicapped peopleThe sentence could be revised to "Although people with disabilities are still not always treated as equals to those without disabilities," to avoid the use of the outdated terms mentioned earlier., their lifestyle has drastically changed from being abandoned in an inhuman “treatment” facility, to aided integration into daily life—enough at least for them to function semi-independently, with minor supervision or aid. In comparison to typical treatment of the mentally challenged during the depression era, Lennie, a central character in Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men, was quite pampered by his friend George.

What people define as “mentally challenged varies between person to person. According to a medical dictionary, “the United States Government defines a disability as ‘a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of an individual's major life activities’ this includes both those individuals with a record of an impairment and those regarded as having such an impairment” ("Mentally Challenged”). It also says, “The World Health Organization defines disability as loss of function at the level of the whole person, which may include inability to communicate or to perform mobility, activities of daily living, or necessary vocational or avocational activities; rehabilitation is aimed at teaching patients to remediate or compensate and thus maximize functional independence” ("Mentally Challenged”). So, as it will be defined in this paperThe essayist should avoid using the phrase "in this paper" to refer to the essay, as it is not necessary to indicate that since the essay's purpose is clear., mentally challenged will be used in reference to people who have an in ability to function normally in everyday life without aid. This applies most specifically to Lennie, who would not be able to continue working on a ranch successfully without George’s guidance.

Of Mice and Men in set during the depression era in the United States, where and when it was written by the author, John SteinbeckThe essayist could provide more analysis by explaining how the historical context relates to the theme of disability and mental health.. It takes place at a ranch and its surrounding areas. It starts off with Lennie and George after getting kicked off their bus. They are walking through the area as they head to the next ranch they're going to be employed at. They are "a few miles south of Soledad" (Steinbeck 1) by the Salinas River. It is spring based on the condition of the area, with the "willows fresh and green" (Steinbeck 1) and the "debris of the winter's flooding" (Steinbeck 1) going through the river. Here by the river is where the two men initiate their journey, and where they promise to meet up if anything happens at this new ranch they're going to. This is also a well-placed location so that when George shoots Lennie it is still in a near enough proximity for the ranchers to hear the shot.

Lennie is a slow, strong, and kind human being who is violent unintentionally. Lennie was “a huge man, shapeless of face, with large pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders” (Steinbeck 2). He “walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely” (Steinbeck 2), showing he, like a large animal, is strong, but not graceful or quick (mentally or physically). He is also quite fond of soft, pretty things, such as rodents, bunnies, and womenThe essayist could provide more analysis by discussing the significance of Lennie's fondness for soft, pretty things and how it relates to his disability.. When he is first introduced, he is discovered keeping a mouse in his pocket to stroke and is later chastised for killing it and even going into a lake to retrieve it when lost. He was driven from the previous ranch he was employed at because he grabbed a girl and she claimed rapeThe essayist makes a mistake by saying that Lennie "was driven from the previous ranch he was employed at because he grabbed a girl and she claimed rape." In reality, Lennie did not rape the girl, but instead, he touched her dress, causing her to scream, and leading to Lennie and George fleeing the town. The essayist could revise the sentence to reflect this fact., and he was driven from the current ranch for accidently breaking the boss’s son’s wife’s neck. George is a strong character, like Lennie, and comes across as his foil. He is the one who keeps Lennie in line and watches out for the both of them. He is the reason they have a goal in life, a job, income, and a future ahead. George is a smart, cunning, and calculating human being who is Lennie’s sole caretaker in lifeThe essayist could provide more analysis by discussing the significance of George's role as Lennie's caretaker and how it relates to the theme of disability and mental health.. He was the opposite of Lennie by how he “was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. Every part of him was defined: small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose” (Steinbeck 2). By taking on this role he puts his own life and career in danger in order to maintain the stability of his friend. He admits to how he used to bully LennieIn the fifth paragraph, the essayist describes George's relationship with Lennie accurately. However, the essayist makes a mistake in writing "He admits to how he used to bully Lennie," as George did not bully Lennie. Instead, he played jokes on Lennie, as mentioned earlier in the essay. The essayist could revise the sentence to reflect this fact.. He would “play jokes on ‘im cause he was too dumb to take care of ‘imself. But he was too dumb to even know he had a joke played on him” (Steinbeck 40). George would tease Lennie because it made him feel smart in comparison, but eventually stopped as he realized how helpless and confused the poor man was. He tells the story of how he told Lennie to jump into a lake one day, just for fun, but Lennie almost drowned.

After trying to drag the man out of the water, he was excessively thankful that George saved his life. This moment of realization at how helpless this fellow human being was, is when the change occurred in George to decide to care for the man. The book depicts kind and loving treatment towards Lennie. He is quite loved and cared for by George, and his best intentions are always kept in mind. Although what George does at the end of the books can seem quite morbid, especially since this is his best friend, it's actually quite kind of a deed. By shooting Lennie, George is saving the retard from himself. He's keeping Lennie from being tortured or killed in an even worse way. As we see throughout the book, Lennie is quite often the cause of trouble. He's not able to live his life to the fullest because of his mental illness, and because he does not comprehend his own strength. He does not understand many social norms around him, and he quite evidently does not understand the meaning of gentle. Therefore, if he were to continue living, he would've caused even more trouble and would always live his life on the run. George sees this and almost seems to pity him. He takes Lennie’s life as a way of helping him out. He saves Lennie from the troubles of ranch life, and the troubles of his own ways. It shows the strong emotional bond between the two men, and how they always look out for each other.

In opposition to Lennie’s luxurious treatment, it was common at the time for the mentally challenged to be placed in an asylum where they would be mistreated all their life. It was typical for patients to be tied to bed for days at a time, confined to cells, much like a prison, and left neglected or ignored. As overcrowding occurred in asylums, “patients were sleeping in wooden cribs stacked three patients high. Ice water baths were once again used, along with shock machines and electroconvulsive therapy” ("The History of Mental Illness"). So, the treatment of these asylum patients was quite poor and had degraded quite a bit over the time since they first became prevalent. Hydrotherapy and insulin shock therapy were popular early in the Great Depression, they “were popular in the 1930s” ("1930-1950: New Therapy") However, “these methods gave way to psychotherapy in the 1940s” ("1930-1950: New Therapy") and “By the 1950s, doctors favored artificial fever therapy and electroshock therapy ("1930-1950: New Therapy"). During the time of this book’s setting was also the use of lobotomy. During the great Depression, “the notorious lobotomy was introduced into American medical culture” ("The History of Mental Illness"). This procedure is a “medical procedure where the neural passages from the front of the brain are surgically separated from those in the back of the brain. The common result of this procedure was the patient forgetting their depressing or discouraging feelings or tendencies” ("The History of Mental Illness"). This was initially a delicate, time consuming process, til Walter J. Freeman was able to figure out how to perform a trans-orbital lobotomy, i.e. where they sick an ice pick under the eye and wiggle it around until they destroy the frontal lobe completely. Overall treatment of the mentally ill was quite brutal at the time, and very far off from how Lennie was treated.

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Compared to how the mentally challenged were commonly treated at the time this book takes place, Lennie was quite loved and cared for. He led an almost normal life at a time when that was rare or nonexistent for people with his kind of disability. He received care when others like him were being punished for doing nothing wrong, for just being born different.

Works Cited

1. "1930-1950: New Therapy." Quest for a Cure. Missouri Archives, 2003. Web. 17 May 2016.
2. "Mentally Challenged." TheFreeDictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2016.
3. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin, 1993. Print.
4. "The History of Mental Illness." The History of Mental Illness. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2016.

How do you feel knowing that there are currently 4,191 active sex offenders roaming the streets of Victoria? Do you feel safe? Do you feel vulnerable? Let me cast your eyes over to the following poster, the larger font signifying only a portion of sex offenders currently active, the smaller font highlighting many of the victims, sadly due to the large number of victims they do not all fit on the poster. Furthermore, as a Liberal Party member currently pushing for a public sex offenders register, I want to ensure that every Victorian feels safer in their community regardless of the circumstances.

However, as a Victorian you have the right to know, who the most dangerous and penalty issued sexual criminals are in Victoria and their whereabouts. In saying that, the Public Sex Offender Register proposed by the opposition, will actively identify and notify the public of any serious sex offender in their suburb, providing them with their name, picture and any distinct features, such as tattoos, hair and physique. This register will also highlight the frequent areas that offenders are known to be around. Out of the 7,193 offenders currently on the ‘private list’ more than 4,000 of these are active. Do you know who they are?

Not convinced?

According to research compiled by Victoria Police, there was an increase of sexual offences by 45 percent from the year 2012 to 2016. In 2017, a convicted child sex offender was released back into the Healesville Community, residing only 250m from the nearest high school. The school and nearby residential area were not notified only until a victim came forward and notified the school. The bottom line is, if there is a convicted sex offender in your area you should know about it. This is a moral and ethical right, which needs to be upheld in Victoria, as you and every other Victorian has the right to know.

With that being said were you aware that there is a running Public Sex Offender Register in WA? This legislation was passed and enacted in 2012. We are currently in 2018, and similar legislation has still not been passed. Why not? Out of the 1694, sexual offenders in WA, 800 of these are considered high risk. As a result, they have been displayed publicly to ensure that they are known throughout WA. This is in turn, resulted in a decrease of 28 offences in the first year. This not only highlights why Victoria needs a Public Sex Offender Register but cements the need for one. Similarly, there is Megan’s Law in the United Sates, this is a similar register which alerts citizens in the area about high risk offenders, which was enacted in 1997.This register has prevented over 4,628 sexual offences according to the United States Department of Justice. Ultimately, the registry has saved lives, will continue to save lives, by notifying citizens of high risk sexual offenders.

However, some people argue that passing legislation for a Public Sex Offender Register, would only encourage vigilante behavior, and recidivism. Nonetheless, this is not the case, seen in both WA and the United Sates, vigilante behavior was not a high risk, it was and is the offenders who freely roam the streets. Furthermore, an opposing argument that continues to arise is the restriction and prohibition of privacy and freedom of these offenders. However, these offenders abused their privacy and freedoms as civic minded Victorians, when they committed their offence. These offenders who are put on the register are put there for a reason, they are deemed high risk and a direct threat to the community. They not only, committed a sexual offence most of them have reoffended characterized by the 48.28 % recorded by Victoria Police. In terms of freedom, offenders who are placed on the register, violated the rights of another human being, which in turn has costed them their freedom. They ultimately still have their life, whilst some victims don’t.

Consequently, Victoria needs a public sex offender register to better manage those who pose a direct threat to society. Chief of Victorian Police Graham Ashton, asserted that ‘when registered sex offenders are non-compliant with their reporting obligations and are actively avoiding police, their risk of reoffending increases and so does the harm that they may cause to the community, by 44%.’ Furthermore, with the underlying principles of parole and bail failing the Victorian public, we need to feel that these criminals are being managed adequately. However, we don’t. Jill Meagher, Eurydice Dixon, Kylie Maybury, Masa Vukotice, Renea Lau, Stepahnie Scott. Are all victims, of sexual offences committed in Victoria, whilst the offenders were either on bail or parole. This highlights that, the justice system is failing us and ultimately Victoria needs a system that will better manage and monitor sexual offenders when they leave prison. Victorian killer Sean Price who murdered Masa Vukotice and later raped a woman in a Christian bookshop was on bail at the time. He told police he raped the women because he knew he was going to jail ‘forever’. However, whilst the convicted felon was on parole, the public was not notified. How come? He was a direct threat to the community on parole. Additionally, Michael Cardamone was put on the register in 2005 for the rape and attempted murder of a 15 yr old girl. He then proceeded to live next to a mother and her three children, as a result of the current legislation in Victoria she was unaware that her current neighbor was a convicted felon. She, was raped and murdered, by Michael Cardamone, however he is still not publicly known as a high risk sex offender, because the register is not public.

Finally, your protection as a Victorian Citizen and your safety should always be put above, that of a sex offender. The justice system needs to take rape more seriously. Period, and publicly identify these criminal for who they are.

I took the Implicit Association Test twice and it was fun, especially when it got to the categorization part. It felt more like a mind game and it was quite entertaining because there are some things I already associated together on my mind which I did not even realize until I took the test. My result came out as “strong automatic preference for Straight people over Gay people”. I honestly do not see myself as someone who would discriminate, but this test revealed my biases which I am happy about because I will be able to work on them.

The second result revealed that I have “moderate automatic preference in associating men to career and women to family”. I will blame this on the orientation I have from my country. My society and culture favors men more in Nigeria, and they also believe it is a man’s world which means no matter how educated a woman is, she will still end up in a man’s kitchen. I’m actually surprise I still have that mentality because I have been in the United States for some time now, and I expect my orientation to have changed in that aspect. This means I see men as superior being over women, as we have been made to believe from childhood. I will definitely like to work on this, it is extremely important I do so because I would not want it to affect my self-esteem or end up teaching my daughters to think less of themselves.

According to Julia T. Wood, “Every culture has values, norms, and people learn their culture’s values in different ways. In some culture, children see adult women deferring to adult men. In western culture, men and women operate as equals as they have become a single unit. Lastly, we learn our culture’s values through the media”. Our cultures are factors that play major roles in shaping our mind sets, it will be good if other races’ cultural values are portrayed well on the media in order to eradicate the implicit biases and prejudice.

I enjoyed listening to the Invisibilia podcast, from Karen with the alien hand to the little girl Kelly. The part that really piqued my interest was when Jack, a professor from Yale University conducted a research by staging a make-believe kind of accident. A large part of those who said they were not racist behaved in a racist way. It is obvious questionnaires can no longer how we behave, until we find ourselves in a real world scenario, we will then be able to see the part of us that we are not aware of, which we may also find embarrassing.

However, I am still skeptical about the result of my Implicit Association Tests as a result of the research on the staged accident. Thus, I will not use it as a yard stick or basis of making my decisions until I find myself in such situation or in a real life scenario.

Table of contents

1. Import Shipping
Freight charges:The door to harborThe door to doorThe warehouse to seaportThe warehouse to warehouseThe warehouse to doorThe port to portThe harbor to hayloftThe customs authorization

Either the shipper or the consignee pays destination handling. If the profitable terms are delivered duty unpaid or paid, it is the obligation of the transporter to pay all costs related with bringing the load to the consignee’s buildings, including terminus handling. For other commercial rapports, such as ex works, free hauler, free on panel, cost and freight / price insurance cargo, the destination management would be for the justification of the consignee. If the destination management is paid by the same group who buys the ocean cargo, it can either be charged organized at the same time, or it can be cost any time before the freight is being shipped from the target warehouse.

Import Shipping

The allocation of the cargo from the importation warehouse to the dealer address and the cargo’s closing destination is mentioned to as import carriage. It would typically be by truck or a grouping of truck and sleeper, and can take from a few times to many days, dependent on the remoteness and the topography.

Import carriage can either be achieved by the freight forwarder anyway managed the international ocean merchandise or by a resident trucking corporation. Otherwise, the consignee might agree to collect the freight him or herself unswervingly at the destination warehouse and excluding the cost of import carrying. If the consignment forwarder is executing the import carrying, it would either be with own automobiles or by using a third party trucking corporation. So the dealer cannot always assume to see depiction from the freight forwarder when taking distribution of cargo at their locations.

The import carrying might be via numerous hubs, where the forwarder is augmenting the truckloads to make as competent a distribution as conceivable. Some forwarders bid tracking of all these arrangements, but at the end of the daytime, what concerns is the contract on when the freight will be transported rather than the steering.

If the merchandise forwarder is not able to proposal importation haulage, there are typically many selections accessible in the local marketplace. Either the manager of the freight forwarder can indorse trucking firms, or the consignee might already have involvement with certain suppliers.

Freight charges:

The door to harbor

Conveyance service shelters all transportation budgets from the door of a discourse you stipulate in the source republic to the seaport at target. There are no conveyance charges for the transporter to relax when the forwarder receives the freight. Any local fee for freight handling at terminus will be charged directly to the consignee before the freight can be composed at the forwarder’s storeroom.

The door to door

Conveyance package covers the entire carriage from the door of a discourse client stipulate in the source country to the access of an address he specifies in the endpoint country. There are no further transportation charges for the hauler to pay when the forwarder receives the cargo, and no extra transportation charges for the consignee to pay when the forwarder distributes the cargo.

The warehouse to seaport

Transportation facility covers all cargo and additions, and local custodies at origin. There are no conveyance charges for the hauler to settle when offering over the cargo at the forwarder’s origin granary. Any local fees for freight handling at target are charged directly to the consignee before the freight can be composed at the forwarder’s target warehouse.

The warehouse to warehouse

Transference service covers all consignment and surcharges, and local controls at both origin and terminus. There are no conveyance charges for the transporter to settle when giving over the freight at the forwarder’s source warehouse, and there are no conveyance charges for the consignee to relax upon assembly of the freight at the forwarder’s target warehouse.

The warehouse to door

Transportation amenity covers all transport costs from the forwarder’s hayloft at origin to an address client stipulate in the destination state. There are no conveyance charges for the shipper to settle when tendering over the load at the forwarder’s source warehouse and no conveyance fee for the consignee to settle when the freight is transported.

The port to port

Transference service covers all cargo and surcharges from the derived seaport to the target seaport. The local charges for freight management at origin are charged directly to the transporter when the merchandise is given over at the forwarder’s basic warehouse. The local fees for cargo management at target are charged to the consignee before assembling the cargo at the forwarder’s endpoint warehouse.

The harbor to hayloft

Transportation package covers all consignment and surcharges, and local custodies at destination. The local charges for cargo management at origin are charged directly to the shipper when the cargo is passed over at the forwarder’s origin storeroom. There are no carriage charges for the consignee to settle when accumulating the cargo at the dealer’s target warehouse.

The customs authorization

Service is noncompulsory and accessible for collection if the forwarders offer this service in the trade client is pointed for.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
Ethics in Interpersonal CommunicationImportance of Personal EthicsHow to Improve Personal Ethics?
2. Conclusion

Introduction

Ethics means policies and principals govern a person’s behaviour. Integrity is being honest and trustworthy of a person’s action. As you have requested, this article will explain how personal ethics and integrity is an important factor to build the credibility of a manager as a good communicator in the workplace. It is important to identify how ethics affect to be a better communicator for a manager to accomplish the company’s goals. This paper outlines firstly interpersonal communication ethics, then focus on the importance of personal ethics and finally how to improve personal ethics.

Ethics in Interpersonal Communication

In the modern era, ethics and corporate communication programs are developing rapidly. But people still have not applied it to their practice. As an example, even though people participated in ethical programs to protect themselves from unethical actions by their managers or coworkers, still people do not take action against them. Interpersonal communication ethics are founded on personal moral and individual talent to handle communication in a proper manner (Beckett 2003). Every person in the company should know about their personal goals and the company core values. Furthermore, managers need to communicate openly with the employees to create value for the organization (Rampersad 2006). Bews & Rossouw (2002) have pointed out that ‘there is a positive relationship between interpersonal trust and the factors of trustworthiness which are openness, integrity, benevolence, competence, history of interactions and personality characteristics’.

Importance of Personal Ethics

Ethics starts with integrity which needs to learn by self. Companies encourage their employees and managers to act ethically for the sustainability of the company (Rampersad 2006). Trust is an important factor for management, as well as being honest in communication is important for the employees. Managers need to communicate their subordinates frequently and openly to achieve company goals. If the managers did not communicate the task or the goals of the company properly to the employees, they will not perform their work accurately to achieve that task (Bews & Rossouw 2002). Beckett (2003) has explained that ‘the communication ethics encourage managers to consider their views and roles based on personal integrity, to allow mediation between competing positions and to provide individual protection against larger groups, where coercion and manipulation are possible’.

How to Improve Personal Ethics?

Managers are responsible for providing or communicating the true picture to their employees and need to be honest with them. People will follow ethical procedures, when they are, controlling themselves, they have their own mission or when the company evaluates their results of being ethical or when the company goal is matching with their ambition. People can improve their ethical behaviour by communicating with colleagues effectively and trustworthy, having transparency, celebrate others success honestly, Judge others fairly without underestimating, respect to others decisions by less speaking and more listening (Rampersad 2006). Trust is a thing which cannot give simple but need to earn by managers or employees, which trustworthiness is a significant feature for a good communicator. Managers can achieve this through trust-training (Bews & Rossouw 2002).

Conclusion

To conclude this article, Personal ethics and integrity is the most important factor for managers for being a good communicator as well as to act in bona fide. Moreover, it may encourage them to stand against the unethical actions, oppression or manipulation. If there are poor communication ethics, integrity or trustworthiness, the company cannot achieve its goals and objectives.

Education immensely mirrors and shapes society. Although society comprises of additional aspects, the improvement and development of the future depends tremendously on education. Teachers are fundamental in equipping the future generations with enhanced knowledge and standards. For the pedagogical techniques to result in excellence, education provided by schools and university’s demands for qualified teachers to be dedicated and experienced in their workplace. Offered to construct the ambition of the double purpose of education. For education to improve, a change to the curriculum is required. Currently, education is reflecting on society negatively because it lacks the necessary skills and abilities to prepare students for the future. If the essential skills and aptitudes were taught in day to day education, students would be better prepared to challenge the development and progression of society. However, student’s progression and development are dependent on their motivation to learn and succeed.

Today’s teachers are crucial to develop and implement education to ensure it reflects our constantly changing society. Since children spend the majority of their time at school, teachers are influential to their development and knowledge. Society is dependent on teacher’s ability to educate students effectively, to create a society of respectful and conscious citizens, capable of successfully shaping the future. A good teacher is an educator who helps students to become great human beings, provides high quality professional role models and produces great leaders that play a big role on the social, economic and personal development (Kumar, 2016). For example, one of the most famous teachers in history, Anne Sullivan, devoted and dedicated her work as a teacher to help Helen Keller, a young, blind, deaf and mute girl to learn sign language and the use of other objects to allow Keller to communicate with the world (Salazar, 2018). Sullivan’s maturity, originality and advanced academic knowledge helped her acquire the motivation to tutor Keller. Within a months of Sullivan’s teaching, Keller had learnt “nearly 600 words, most of her multiplication tables and how to read braille” (Biography.Com, 2014), which is the “reading and writing system for the blind and visionally impaired individuals, consisting of risen dots read by their touch” (Better Health Channel, 2014). If Sullivan did not support and assist Kellen in communicating to the public, she would have never been the first blind and deaf student to graduate college, would not know a single word or mathematic symbols and could never expressed her thoughts or feelings to another person. This was accomplished entirely because Sullivan’s teaching quality and variety was optimistic, encouraging and effective, a truly extraordinary example of a teacher. The future generation is in the hand of educators and teachers, and it is their responsibility to develop education and produce a positive impression on students (Molla, 2018). Aristotle explains that if we “learn about the good, not simply to know what good is but to be good” (Stephen Kemmis, 2018), therefore teachers must desire to be good educators. A reduction in incompetent pedagogues will create reduced unethical education practices and social dissimilarities. In the future, the increase in noble and honourable teachers is needed to keep education and society from diminishing and to flourish our knowledge, information and data so our society progresses.

Influential factors that affect education include teacher quality, home situations and school circumstances. In many cases the educator or facility have little or no understanding of the issue’s students are facing and therefore are unable to assist and educate students effectively. An alternative way to make sure our teaching standards are meeting the highest quality, is to make sure all schools are maintaining theory of practice architectures. The theory of architectures aims to explain what makes a practice achievable, the understanding of the practice and what goes on in them that give us a critical grasp on the nature and consequences of the practice (Stephen Kemmis, 2018). In the learning equation, a teacher needs to know what they want to achieve, understand how they are going to complete the practice and what worked and what didn’t work so well. Another factor that can negatively affect a student’s learning is their home and school circumstances. For instance, Aristotle believed that the best influences for a student success depends on the kind of political community in which the student resides (Stephen Kemmis, 2018), these could include the “level of expectation, encouragement from society and the involvement of the caregivers and parent in schools” (Hattie, 2003). Also, the attributes that affect student motivation and results within schools include school size, class size, resource availability, financial situation and staff. This suggests that if the parents or schools do not care or provide attention to the outcome and results of student’s education neither will the student. The quality of education, home lifestyle and school will not always influence negatively on the student’s education, however schools are continually impacting the society further because of the impractical pedagogical techniques and methods they are currently teaching.

For the future, the department of education needs to pursue acceptable and appropriate methods to maintain and preserve the double purpose of education. Education’s double purpose aims to form and develop individuals with the knowledge, capabilities and character to partake in a good life and portray commitment to the good of humankind. It also aims to form and develop good societies, in which the good of humankind is the principal value (Stephen Kemmis, 2018). For this aim to be accurate students must be prepared to become educated for the workforce and have important abilities including cultural diversity, academic intelligence, social communication and intellectual development. The purpose is to help students gain the essential skills to live and grow into intelligent and responsible adults, however the methods of today’s teaching is only assisting them to become disheartened and depressed. For society to succeed in the future we need to improve certain skills and abilities, these include critical thinking, a creative imagination, the capability to learn from mistakes to absorb information and execute problem solving. In these methods of teaching, students are made to accept what they are being taught on belief without any questioning, which suppresses their intellect, emotional thoughts and creates a fear of failure. Schools are brainwashing students to avoid making mistakes at any cost and to consider failure as the end of the world, this issue eventually presents students in experiencing depression, anxiety, humiliation and lack of motivation. This limits the advancement of society and eventually shapes it to become stagnate in discoveries and inventions. 'Imagination is more important than knowledge, for knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress and giving birth to evolution' (Einstein, 2019). Therefore confronting mistakes and failure teaches an important lesson to demonstrate the truth from fiction and the right from wrong, which then develops better thinkers, creates problem solvers and grows wisdom (Archon, 2018). Reflecting on Einstein’s values on imagination, it should be a top priority in schools to incorporate further opportunity for universities and teachers to discover different and creative methods of teaching inside and outside the classroom.

Today’s curriculum reflects poorly on society, it is not beneficial or practical for the future leaders and does not give the necessary skills and ability to prepare students for the outside world. Today’s curriculum has not changed since the 19th century which has decreased our rate of acceleration proven by the Pisa results expressed by The Guardian (Karp, 2016). For society to accelerate in the future, an increase in knowledge, technology and human evolution is required, as the production of adaptation, creativity, autonomy, different perspectives and continued questioning of authority is essential. According to The Guardian, between 2000 to 2015, the average scores have significantly declined overtime proving that the education system is not succeeding or developing our society. The naplan test is an example of a useless resource introduce by the government to analyse and examines current students result around Australia. This test involves years 3,5,7 and 9 students to undertake a reading, writing and numeracy test at their school, where the results are published on the students report card and on the NAP website (ACARA, 2016). This cost taxpayers an estimate of $100 million and has not improved the teaching standards, discovery of greater insights for schools performance, increased student interest in learning or provided better resources for schools (Coulson, 2015). This $100 million could have been spent on heightening and improving resources, enhancing facilities or receiving new or different technology which could have resulted in improved education and reflected positively on society. This money could have been spread universally to advance and improve the curriculum to actually mirror societies essential abilities required for basic life skills.

What the world teaches in day to day education could change the outcomes and accomplishments of society enormously if essential skills and aptitudes were taught. At all school’s mathematics, english and science are compulsory but when will the use of tools such as long division or Shakespeare be relevant in this era. The curriculum illustrates long division is “meant for those occasions when we need to divide large numbers and we don't have a calculator at hand” (Bucholz, 2014). Now days the only people that use long division are the teachers that teach it, we now have a number of different technologies with enough efficiency of calculating it quicker and easier. Instead of teaching students answers to a test which has no relevance to their future career, educators should be shaping students with the basics needed to navigate today’s society and decide which career path they would like to take. By incorporating education that benefits students, such as learning concepts that have moral purpose or real-world experience, society would benefit by having more effective and better contributing citizens. For instance, incorporating agility, adaptability, effective oral and written communication, assessing information, curiosity and imagination into the curriculum to increase the essential abilities required for basic life skills. These could involve learning how to organise personal finance, to manage a loan or money, maintaining a car or home insurance, developing basic survival and emergency preparation and increase socialising or networking capabilities (Staff, 2012). Currently at Emmanuel college in Carrara the school has introduced a subject called sport and recreation, this enables students to learn physical education but without the unnecessary workload and stress. Daniel McLeod, teacher of sport and recreations at Emmanuel explains that ‘this class enables students to cultivate more of the business and fitness experience and allows them to complete their certificate II and III in Fitness and certificate II and III in sport and recreation’. No matter what school you attend, or the different subjects offered, it is not possible without the efforts, willingness and eagerness of educators to create and deliver a curriculum that mirrors society, to successfully shape students.

Whilst a respectable teacher can produce worthy education and positive results, the most influential factor that affects a student’s learning is a student’s motivation. As a student, “you have the ability to influence your education” (Studera, 2019), for example having the motivation and passion to engage and achieve their best and the desire to learn and study to advance in higher education. To improve the student’s motivation and desire teachers should set short-term and long-term goals which will enable students to realise what they wish to achieve and then accomplish them. A teacher from La Colombiere school, Isaac Ddumba declares that, “encouraging students to set goals, academic and non-academic, is what is missing in the system. Learners should be shown the possibilities ahead, while teaching them to be self-driven and motivated” (Atieno, 2018). Setting short-term and long-term goals should be included in the curriculum so that students can be motivated and self-driven individuals to accomplish their own goals and beliefs throughout society.

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There is, without a question, that education mirrors and shapes society. Without the maturity, originality and advanced academical knowledge of teachers our society will never educate student effectively, to create a society of respectful and conscious citizens, capable of successfully shaping the future. To shape the future generation the responsibility of teachers, parents and society involves lowering the levels of expectation, increase encouragement from the society and involve parents and caregivers throughout student’s school life. Key methods to increase parent’s involvement, include being a role model to not only their child but all students, that confronting mistakes and failure is a good thing and to include it within the curriculum. For a beneficial and practical curriculum, the department of education needs to invest their money and invest in increasing the knowledge of teachers and students, advance in technology to further increase the rate of human evolution. The daily curriculum needs to incorporate moral and experienced skills that provide basic life skills, setting short-term and long-term goals can assist to have the best opportunity for individual accomplishment in society. In conclusion, education is vital to society because it mirrors today’s society to students, so they can learn, evolve and shape tomorrows society.  

Math in real estate is an important thing because it is the main way of figuring out your profit in real estate. Math in real estate is also a part of the job, you need to know how to determine the price of land, commission, and closing cost. Although the math used in real estate isn’t very tough, it is persistent as it is used during every day of the job and every time it is used it will be unique every time. Real estate is a business that combines math and property.

Math is used in real estate and it’s important when you need to determine the price of land. For example, let’s say an estate is being sold at 8.3 acres and $15,560 per acre, to determine the full sales price, you would take the total number of acres and multiply it by the price per acre: $15,560 x 8.3 = $129,148. Math in real estate can calculate the price of land or property. Being able to do this is important because the value of land or property highly depends on math and being able to determine that value is important.

Math used in real estate is helpful when you need to know the commission that will be paid. For example, a property sells for $225,000, and we need to find the 6% commission split. We can calculate a 6% commission split by multiplying the sales price by the commission rate in decimal form: $225,000 x .06 = $13,500. Math in real estate can calculate the commission that will be paid. Being able to use math in real estate is important because the commission depends on math to determine the commission.

Math is used in real estate and it helps you when you need to know the closing cost. For example, during negotiations, the seller agrees to pay 3% of the purchase price towards the buyer’s closing costs. I’m going to use the same sales price of $225,000 from the last example. To find the closing cost, take the sales price and multiply it by the percentage in decimal form: $225,000 x .03 = $6,750. Math in real estate can calculate the closing cost that will be paid. Being able to use math in real estate is important because the closing cost is what basically finalizes a sale and it all depends on math to determine it.

Math is important in real estate because it is needed when you need to determine the price of land, when you need to determine the amount of commission, and when you are determining the closing cost. Math is extremely important to real estate. Math is used by a lot of people. Math is needed and useful to people not just in real estate. Math has changed the world in so many ways that it is amazing. So many things that happen because of math aren’t acknowledged, like how just learning how to count changed everything so much. One thing I had no idea about was the Liber Abaci, and what Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat did for a simple dice game. These two things did so much yet I didn’t know about them.

The invention of counting goes all the way back to nearly 35,000 years. The invention of counting is important to people in general. We count stuff every day and learn to count from a very young age because it is that useful and necessary to us. The main use of counting back in the day was for “keeping track of the moon and the seasons” as stated in “When mathematics changed the world by MAA”. Any abstract number hadn’t been created until 8000 B.C. when the Sumerians started putting to good use in keeping track of property and goods. As time went on so did their system in counting improve. Their society was developed around numbers. This was a good thing because it improved the Sumerian bank system.

The Liber Abaci was basically an extension of what the Sumerians accomplished. It was a book by Leonardo de Pisa, but he was better known as Fibonacci. It gave fame to the Hindu-Arabic number system. Now when I said it was basically an extension of what the Sumerians accomplished, I am referring to how its improved math in business. It taught the readers the concepts of calculating interest, conversion rates, and bookkeeping. The Liber Abaci has helped many business men and women to day although it was invented so long ago.

Blaise Pascal, mathematician, philosopher, and inventor. In my opinion he was the greatest one in his class. The well-known device or even app called the calculator is possibly the greatest most mind-blowing device ever created. This has helped me and many other people out so much. I think almost all people can agree that the calculator is the most useful math invention ever. Thanks to Blaise Pascal he has made tax paying a lot easier, which was the original intention of this machine.

Math is most important to the society because it helps banks, introduced an efficient number system in business, and created a machine that made math more efficient to everyday life. Math has proven how useful it is and has in almost all subjects. Math is very useful to our society. Some people can’t stand math and would rather live without it, it’s quite relatable. Although I would rather not ever use math again, it’s extremely important to our lives. It is important to our lives because we use it every day in almost every subject. I don’t we could live without math, its involved in almost everything. Can you imagine if math just magically went away, a world without math? Would it be good or bad?

One thing I’m sure about is that many teenagers my age would rather have an iPhone in their hand than a pencil in their hand and a math equation sheet in front of them. But without math we wouldn’t have phones, we wouldn’t have technology at all. We wouldn’t have modern technology because it requires complex math algorithms. We couldn’t create working technology without these complex math algorithms because they are what make any phone, television, computer, or laptop work. We wouldn’t have technology that gives us entertainment and valuable information.

The economy would be absolutely messed up without math. You couldn’t measure the value of goods or services. There would be no more trading, and people would end up with too much or too little of something. You would have no budget anymore, you wouldn’t know if you’ve ran out of money or not. Any job in economy would be disaster since there would be no more day to day transactions to fuel the market and economy. You couldn’t analyze market trends which are the main factors to any business. For an investor, it would ruin their life as there would be no GDP, no interests, and no shares to be bought or sold anymore. The economy would be ruined drastically and many jobs along with it.

Going to the store would be a disaster without knowing math.

Imagine trying save money but not knowing the prices, what would you do, just buy what ever you find? If you need to buy medicine, then you would need know how much medicine you are buying for a fair price of the quantity. You would also need to know how strong the medicine and how many to take at what time. If you needed groceries, then you would want to know how much product you’re buying. If you’re on a diet you would want to buy stuff that has less sugar and less fat in the product, but you wouldn’t know how much a proportionate serving is compared to the sugar and fat. All these examples show how useful math is everyday even when grocery shopping.

In conclusion, math in everyday life is important because you need it to use technology, have money, and simply go to the any store. Math is used and needed in much more subjects than these, but these seem the most important to our lives and math. Society wouldn’t be able to work without math. Math is valuable thing and we are lucky to have knowledge of it.