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Many countries have either outlawed or allowed online gambling, with many regulations and laws surrounding it of course. One country that allows online gambling is France, who passed new regulations and laws March, 5th 2009. They believe that rather than banning 2,500 websites, it would be more innovative to give licenses to those who respect public and social order. France is looking to adapt to “internet reality”, however that means regulating online gambling, i.e. taxing the income made on it. However betting exchanges will remain illegal under these new regulations and laws.

On February, 26th 2013 a revised bill permitted online gambling in New Jersey. The law legalizes online gambling for a 10 year trial period, restricts the operation of the websites to Atlantic City's eleven casinos, and imposes a 15% tax on online gambling revenue, instead of the 8% currently imposed on casinos. The act requires that the gambler be at least 21 years old and play from a computer in New Jersey.

However gambling can be very addictive and psychologically harming. Gambling is one of the most insidious of human vices, as it presents the illusion of easy money yet can quickly lead to financial ruin. The odds are never in your favor whether it is poker, blackjack or anything else; gambling is a successful industry because the house always wins. The addiction can occur when a person feels that they are in financial ruin and can only solve their problems by gambling what little they have in an attempt to get a large sum of money. Unfortunately, this almost always leads to a cycle in which the gambler feels they must win back their losses, and the cycle goes on until the person is forced to seek rehabilitation to break their habit.

Another type of gambling addiction results when a gambler plays the games and makes risky bets to experience the emotional high associated with taking huge risks that occasionally pay off. In both cases, the person affected by this addiction must have the desire to stop the behavior, not just to please family and friends.

Excessive gambling often causes many emotional symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and even suicidal thoughts and actions. In extreme situations, these thoughts may lead a gambler to actually making an attempt to end their life. Losing everything to gambling is devastating and leaves many people feeling completely hopeless.

Gambling far too frequently causes the disintegration of families. Families are often caught off guard and shocked when they find out how much money has been lost at the hand of their spouses gambling addiction. They feel betrayed by their partner and scared in the sudden realization of their financial crisis. Savings, property, and or belongings may be suddenly lost at this time. Isolation may set in because of how much the gambler has hurt their family, which stalls or sometimes completely stops the healing process.

There can be a grave impact on children in the family when a parent has a gambling addiction. They may feel forgotten, depressed and angry, sometimes feeling that they have caused this problem, and that if they are “good” that the problem will stop. Some children take care of younger brothers or sisters, or try to support their parent. This puts a lot of stress and anxiety on the child that they are unable to deal with at that age. Children may also start believing that they must take sides between their parents. They may stop trusting a parent that makes promises they don’t keep. Sometimes stooping to stealing from a parent or getting in trouble at school. Children may attempt to draw attention away from the parent with the gambling problem by using drugs and alcohol, gambling, and breaking the law.

During colonial times there were very strict gender roles that men and women were expected to follow. These rules and laws were different from colony to colony but for the most part was the same. Women focused mainly on the at home stuff, knitting, small gardening, and teaching children scripture (it is important to know that this is directed to white women as black women had no rights). Men held the power in relationships, in the government, the church's, property, and controlled the family. Men also voted and their labor helped provide for the family and the colonies. Both men and women were equally important to the family and the survival of the colonially. If one fails, then the system will not work. As time went by however, the system would swing even more in favor to men.

When first arriving to America life was extremely rough for the pilgrims, there were no shops, shelter, farms, and a shortage of women. Life back home was extremely different than the life that they had just started. As Jason Ripper puts it his book “American Stories: Living American History” that “The first seasons in America had been brutal, unyielding, and deadly. The winters were colder and the summers hotter than English folk had known, and farming prospects were mixed”. Because of this rough life women were a necessity in helping the men with the hard labor. There was help from the Native Americans with things like farming but without both male and women doing their duties then the colonies would have had a much harder time surviving. Doing labor work was new to colonial women. Before coming to America women would only do house work. They were not allowed to go school, go into a profession, and if they did work they were paid less. So, when arriving to America making this transition was probably not easy. Interestingly

Native American women were respected a lot more than European women during the 1600s. Women could do almost anything that a man did besides a few things like go to war and hunt. Colonel men found this very strange claiming they were “slaves to the men”. Not everyone shared this thought though, Benjamin Franklin actually liked the Native Americans way of living. As Jason Ripper puts it “Franklin did not think that Native Americans lived in some caveman, throwback state of nature. Rather, he saw that they had sophisticated governments in which men and women participated”. Franklin was very ahead of his time, unfortunately the rest of the colonies did not see women, or the Native Americans like he did. As time passed and the colonies became more established, the need for women in the fields and other forms of hard labor was not needed. Women went back to their traditional role in the society. By the 18th century women were property to men once again but were still extremely important to the function of everyday life.

Did the gender roles of the colonies contribute to the colonies growth?

Table of contents

1. Introduction
MethodDiscussion of findings
2. Conclusion

Introduction

The relationship between gender equality and economic growth is a highly controversial topic that has captured the special attention of numerous experts and researchers over the past few decades. Gender equality may be defined as the view that everybody received equal opportunities and treatment, regardless of their gender. Besides being essential to social progress, gender equality has been found to play a key role in fuelling economic development and growth, with recent findings suggesting that countries with severe gender inequality find it difficult to achieve strong and sustainable GDP growth – with the exception of resource-rich countries.

Three articles have been selected to determine whether and how researchers’ approach to this topic has evolved over time. Sen (1989) analyses gender equality from a cross-cultural perspective thus emphasising how women’s employment and literacy rates vary across cultures and countries, whereas Klasen (2000) resorts to cross-country and panel regressions to determine whether gender inequality in both education and employment have a negative impact on economic development. Finally, Knowles, Lorgelly & Owen (2002) investigated the effect of female education on labour productivity by evaluating a neoclassical growth framework. Judging from the different approaches adopted in the articles being analysed, it can be inferred that Klasen (2000) and Knowles et al.’s (2002) research is more focused and exploratory than Sen’s (1989) article, which is more discursive and explanatory in nature. In the following sections, the ways in which these three particular articles were found and the reasons why they were selected will be explained. Moreover, the goals and limitations of each article will be compared and contrasted in such a way to identify relevant similarities and differences.

Method

This micro-literature aims to explore the relationship between gender inequality and economic development so as to answer the following research question:

Does gender inequality affect economic growth and development?

Sen’s (1989) article was found by typing “gender inequality”, “gender biases” and “economic growth” in the Jstor database. After screening dozens of papers, Sen’s (1989) article was selected as besides analysing the way in which women are treated across the world, it also highlights the various economic implications of unequal gender ratios. Both Klasen’s (2000) and Knowles et al.’s (2002) articles were found by typing “gender inequality”, “economic growth” and “economic development” in Google. They were selected as they both use statistical techniques to demonstrate how gender inequality in specific domains (e.g. education and employment) affect economic growth, which the authors measured in different ways. Klasen (2000) relied on PPP-adjusted income per capita, investment rates, demographic growth, openness, educational spending, years of schooling and employment to measure economic growth, whereas Knowles et al. (2002) used years of schooling, life expectancy, income per worker, labour force growth, physical capital investment and technical efficiency to measure productivity. While all of the chosen articles provide a wealth of information on the impact of gender inequality on economic growth, Sen’s (1989) article is outdated and mostly based on second-hand data, whereas both Klasen (2000) and Knowles et al. (2002) attempted to analyse rather qualitative phenomena, i.e. gender inequality, productivity and human capital, in quantitative terms.

Discussion of findings

Sen (1989) observes that unequal gender ratios can help understand why women are treated differently - in terms of nutrition, education, social care, employment etc.- across the world. Sen (1989, p. 15) notes that contrary to popular belief, women are significantly outnumbers by men in numerous countries. The author argues that even though women tend to outlive their male counterparts, there are numerous countries where men outnumber women and female mortality rates are remarkably high; as of 1989, over 100 million women were missing, which would suggest that there are certain regions where women are neglected. Sen (1989, pp. 16-18) evaluates various possible explanations to such a worrying deficit and observes that the common belief that eastern countries are more sexist than western ones may not be wrong considering that back in the 1980s, female mortality rates in many eastern countries were very high compared to western countries. Nevertheless, things have changed a lot over the past few decades, with many eastern nations moving towards a significant surplus of women. The first part of Sen’s (1989) article focuses almost exclusively on birth and mortality rates, thus portraying gender equality as a matter of female-male ratios, rather than equal treatment. In this, Sen’s (1989) approach is very different from that of Klasen (2000) and Knowles et al. (2002), who primarily investigate gender equality in relation to education and employment. It follows that from a methodological perspective, the three articles are very different from one another in that they rely on different measures of gender inequality. It is also worth pointing out that while Klasen (2000) and Knowles et al. (2002) aimed to test specific hypotheses, Sen (1989) performed a critical analysis of various common beliefs, theories and models on gender inequality across the world. Sen’s (1989) focus on regional differences is another aspect that sets his article apart from the other two.

As far as the relationship between gender equality and economic development is concerned, Sen (1989, p. 20) argues that while it is true that nations with significant deficits of women are usually poor, real-life cases indicate that gender inequality and economic growth may still coexist. That would explain why many Sub-Saharan countries where women outnumber men are very poor, while both India and China have seen impressive economic development whilst experiencing an increase in women’s mortality rates.

Similarly to Sen (1989), Klasen (2000) also adopted a cross-country perspective to his research so as to show the extent to which gender inequality affects economic growth and development across the world. However, unlike Sen (1989), Klasen (2000) did not provide a historical account of gender inequality; instead, he used regression analysis to see how a number of gender equality, education and employment-related variables interacted. His findings revealed that severe gender inequality has a negative impact on nations’ human capital, thus hindering economic growth; gender inequality was also found to adversely affect demographic growth and investment, both of which have a direct impact on economic growth. While Klasen (2000) evaluated the impact of gender inequality in both education and employment on economic growth, Knowles et al. (2002) opted for a more specific research topic in that they decided to focus exclusively on educational gender gaps. After evaluating the long-term effect of male and female education on labour productivity – intended as output per worker – across various countries, Knowles et al. (2002) found that there exists a positive correlation between female schooling and productivity, thus demonstrating that their initial hypothesis was correct. With this being said, it should be noted that in their study, statistical significance clearly depends greatly on the variables selected by the researchers, which means that their research should be replicated using different variables in order for their results to be considered reliable. Overall, it is evident that the three article analyse gender inequality from different and yet equally interesting perspectives. Their respective findings have certainly contributed to the current gender inequality debate by highlighting and exploring different aspects of this widespread phenomenon. On the one hand, Sen’s (1989) article introduces the reader to the various controversies and grey areas surrounding gender inequality, thus suggesting that further research needs to be conducted on this topic; on the other hand, Klasen (2000) and Knowles et al. (2002) relied on quantitative research methods to evaluate the effects of gender inequality on economic growth and development, reaching the conclusion that in both employment and education, gender equality is beneficial to productivity and sustainable growth.

Figure 1. Relationship between the three articles (thoroughness)

Figure 2. Relationship between the three articles (findings)

Conclusion

The three articles analysed in the previous sections explore the relationship between gender inequality and economic growth and development from different perspectives. Sen (1989) sees gender inequality as a quantitative matter and attempts to explain why certain countries have a significant deficit of women. Sen’s (1989) study also raises a number of questions as to whether gender inequality does indeed prevent economic growth and development, mentioning various real-life cases which would suggest that there are situations where gender inequality may even fuel economic growth. Klasen (2000) and Knowles et al. (2002) adopt a much more focused and exploratory approach. While both studies rely on quantitative data to estimate how large gender gaps in employment and education are, it is evident that the researchers perceive gender inequality as an ethical and social issue. Klasen (2000) and Knowles et al. (2002) reach the conclusion that gender inequality in employment and education does indeed hinder long-term economic growth and development and even decreases nations’ human capital.

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Being gender inequality a relatively qualitative phenomenon that can be measured in many different ways, one’s findings depend greatly on what variables have been included in the equation. As a result, future research should take into consideration other variables so as to determine whether all measures of this phenomenon support the claim that gender inequality has a negative impact on economic growth and development.

Table of contents

1. Rubber – A Brief History
2. Globalization
How Globalization Affected Rubber Industry in Kerala
3. References

Rubber – A Brief History

Since Columbus had discovered America in 1495, Indians and ancient tribes of South of America called rubber ‘Caoutchouc’. Its meaning is ‘Crying Tree’. The reason is that when it is cut off with sharpened tools, its natural latex comes out as a tear of tree. Rubber is a quick growing tall tree which begins to yield in 5-7 years after planting. Rubber and its products have a great role in our everyday life. This tree is described as the nature’s most versatile crop. Hence the demand for rubber will keep on increasing. It is used for a variety of purpose; for erasing pencil marks, for the manufacture of tyre and to make other industrial products and reaches the market as useful products. Rubber is being used by almost all industries for different industrial purposes too. Unlike other products, rubber products have a long life and unlike other plants rubber gives its best outcome year after year for around 20 years. India is one of the top ten producers of rubber in the world. Kerala is the leading rubber producing state in India. Rubber is the main source of income for many farmers. Kottayam is the leading rubber producing district in Kerala and hence it is called ‘Land of Latex’. Rubber Board, a central government research institute is located at Kottayam.

Globalization

The term ‘Globalization has come into usage since the 1980s. Globalization in this phase can be defined as the process of deeper integration between countries and regions of the world involving greater trade across borders in goods and services. Globalization has played a significant role in the development of world economy. It has increased the relationship between nations in trade and other services. Globalization is benefic for the developed countries than any other country. It has many positive impacts but there are some negative impacts for globalization which affected the developing countries.Globalization has suppressed many traditions. It has also made a great difference in the division of world.Effects of Globalization

Globalization has badly affected the developing countries. In case of trade, the developed countries with comparative advantage for products over others, export the products to different countries including the countries which have the production of the same commodity, for cheaper cost than they could get it from their own country. This decreases the demand for the products produced there and they are forced to sell their products in a cheaper cost as there is import of the same. And then would be helpless and have to stop the production. This can cause unemployment. Due to the fear of this failure, people go for white caller job. This leads to the lacks of production of required raw materials for our daily use. It leads to a trade with which we have pay a huge amount for it. Globalization Puts Agriculture at Risk!

Globalization Puts Agriculture at Risk – THE HINDU – Agriculture faces the biggest risk from deepening globalization. The volatility of international prices of agricultural commodities has a direct impact on the country. Among the worst affected are the tropical agricultural products like the ones that Kerala produces, large quantities of which are exported. The agriculture sector is the mostly affected due to Globalization. It is at risk. The raw materials which are produced here have no demand in India as there is import of the same in cheaper cost. The producers have great problem over this and they are forced to stop their cultivation as there is no profit, but only loss. Especially the planters in Kerala are passing through a very difficult period as s result of steep fall in prices due to globalization. The products which are raised by them have no demand in the market. But it had an intention to promote the indigenous goods produced in Kerala. Later it deviated and started importing goods which are even produced in our country. Gradually the amount of products are decreasing with the area of land of cultivation. Hence Kerala is now depending for other states for goods which mainly include rice, wheat, spices, vegetable and for fruits.

How Globalization Affected Rubber Industry in Kerala

In case of rubber, the problem arose due to import of the rubber while we had enough production of it. Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand are some of other countries which produce and export it. India has absolute advantage over the production of rubber. But it is imported from other countries since they demand a lower cost for it. Hence the demand for Indian rubber decreases and it is a great loss for the producers, workers as well as for the Indian economy. Here, what happens is a modern or a reformed form of mercantilism: a zero sum game where only the country which exports are the benefiter and India has no profit, but lose of economy. Those countries are engaged in trade with the expense of India. Indian rubber producers are not even getting the money which they invest for rubber cultivation.

Latex is undergone different process before the owner sells it in the market. The process includes tapping, filtering etc. By the process of tapping, latex is collected from rubber trees and it is clumped in a tray by adding acid. The clumped form of latex is rolled into sheets in a mill to remove water and then it is smoked and dried. These are considered as the initial process, which are done by the rubber planters. But when the end product of this process is sold at market, the produces are not even getting the money to give to their workers. Hence the planter dropped this and what most of them do now is, they do tapping ones in two or three days and they collect the dried latex and they will dry it again and sell it without doing any other process. Now, most of the rubber planters in Kerala depend on other source for their livelihood. Hence the import of rubber increased further.

India’s condition can be related to this table. India had comparative advantage over the production of rubber, but it was imported from other countries. India gets no profit out of it, but loss and thus it can be called as a reformed form of mercantilism. The less demand for rubber in India made the market to decrease the cost of it and it is being a great problem for the planters even today. Automobile companies were the chief consumer of rubber. They got rubber cheaper from other countries and they depended them for more. If this condition continues, the Indian economy goes down as there is unemployment, lack of production of required resources, and variation in the price of commodities. A nation with enough resources is an Utopian theory. But it is essential to have advantage over the production of commodities over other nations in order to balance the economy.

References

1. Ge, Y. (2009). Globalization and industry agglomeration in China. World development, 37(3), 550-559. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X08002337)
2. Sumormo, S. (2005). The impact of trade liberalization and globalization on the Malaysian rubber industry. In Proceedings: Rubber Planters' Conference 2005. Malaysian Rubber Board. (https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=MY2014000755)
3. Pahrudin, H. M. (2018, December). Rubber Farmer in Globalization: The Study of Globalization Penetration’s Impact on Rubber Farmer at Tabir Ilir Jambi in Perspective of Skeptical Globalization Theory. In International Conference on Contemporary Social and Political Affairs (IcoCSPA 2017) (pp. 43-46). Atlantis Press. (https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icocspa-17/55909027)
4. Mesike, C. S., Giroh, D. Y., & Owie, O. E. D. (2008). Analyzing the effect of trade liberalization policy on Nigerian rubber industry. Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences, 4(3), 132-134. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228824933_Analyzing_the_effect_of_trade_liberalization_policy_on_Nigerian_rubber_industry)
5. Dissanayake, M. N. C. P. (2018). Analysis of the status of the rubber product manufacturing industry in Sri Lanka (Doctoral dissertation). (http://dl.lib.uom.lk/handle/123/15893)

Golf swing is a sports motion that that involves a gyratory action of the body that generates force used to hit the ball. The force travels through the hands arms and the club shaft to reach the ball (Gryc, Zahalka, Maly, Mala&Hrasky, 2015). The anatomy of a golf swing is important for various reasons. The full swing has certain physical demands that golfers need to know to improve their performance (Eskofier,Tuexen, Kugler,Jensen&Wright, n.d). Such explains the reasons for understanding the muscles and joints involved. Training programs study these and formulate exercises that can improve them (Cole&Grimshaw, 2016). It is also important to understand the anatomy of a golf swing to avoid injury. Take an example of the follow-through phase. Under high velocity, golfers risk injuring their shoulder joints, and other swing related muscles if they do not have enough strength and power to stop the kinetic force. Golf as a game, has its share of injuries. Knowledge of the swing anatomy helps physiotherapists in ensuring injured parts regain their functionality (Esperon, 2014). Evans and Tuttle(2015) also indicate that research in the motor learning, biomechanics and motor control have increased the bodily necessities of the game. It has provided knowledge that when used in the exercise programs, improve performance among the golfers (Evans&Tuttle, 2015; McNally&McPhee, 2018; Beak et al., 2013). Part of knowledge of a golf swing anatomy is understanding the movement anatomy. This is all described in the following sections. There are two phases of the golf swing described. The analysis shows that the phases utilize similar muscles and joints, contracting, or extending to achieve the intended purpose. In the backswing, the body moves to load energy. In the downswing, the body mores to exert kinetic energy on the ball. Lastly, in the follow-through phase, the muscles and joints now act to stop the kinetic movement created by the backswing and downswing.

The Golf Swing

There are three phases in the golf swing. There is the preparation phase which consists of the posture, the grip, the ball position and the stance. There is the execution phase which consists of the downswing and the backswing. Lastly, there is the follow-through, or the recovery phase. Since this paper is focused on movement analysis, it will leave out the first phase and discuss the second and third phase. Figure 1 has the illustration of all the phases.

Figure 1

Courtesy of Lesiuta (n.d)

This phase consists of the backswing and the downswing. Golf happens in two planes; that on the backswing and on the downswing. It also evolves around an up-down movement around the body and the lateral side to side movement (Craig &Vince, 2018).

The purpose of this swing is to establish a balance at the top of the swing. In this swing, the hands, clubhead, and the shoulders start in one motion. At this point, the golfer is at a stance and the weight of the feet shifts laterally to the rear foot from the front foot. The shifting of the weight increases hip rotation range. The arc of the swing is also flattened by it. When the weight shifts to the rear foot, the left hip laterally rotates moving the hip away from the ball’s flight (Bobby, 2014; Craig &Vince, 2018). The shoulders coil at the top of the backswing. The arms extend, and the hands swing high.

Figure 2: An illustration of the Backswing

Courtesy of Craig&Vince (2018)

In the backswing the following muscles are involved. Deltoids contract, latissimus dorsi contract extend, and trapezius contract and extend. Figure 3 below illustrates the positions of the muscles. The right posterior deltoid contracts to ensure shoulder rotation during a backswing. The left pectoralis allows for interior rotation during a backswing. Synergistic muscles involved are; triceps, biceps, obliques, brachialis, rectus abdominis, and pectoralis major.

Joint actions in this phase are; wrist rotation, shoulder rotation and circumduction, hip rotation, elbow flexion, and trunk rotation (Craig &Vince, 2018). The shoulder joint twists to the right and up. The wrist joint is a synovial joint and a condyloid articulation. It therefore allows a great deal of mobility. They are pointed downwards at the beginning of the stroke. At the top of the backstroke, they will be flexed upwards (Craig &Vince, 2018).

Figure 3: Backswing with Muscles Involved

Courtesy of Maddalozzo (1987)

The downswing is initiated by the hips’ rotation. At the same time of the rotation, weight is transferred from the rear foot to the front foot laterally. Such a move flattens the swing arc and improves accuracy. It is a reaction to the backswing and it is in the same plane. When the arms swing, the shoulders move. When the hips rotate, they unwind the upper part of the body, the arms, the shoulders, and the hands which then flow easily into the swing. It ends at impact. At this point, the force produced by the other body parts and the trunk straighten the wrist and produce a maximum hitting effort (Craig &Vince, 2018).

Figure 4: An illustration of a Downswing

Courtesy of Craig &Vince (2018)

The muscles involved in the downswing are the same as those in the backswing, except they act in the opposite direction. In this swing, the left posterior deltoid contracts to ensure shoulder rotation during a backswing. The right pectoralis allows for interior rotation during a downswing. The elbow extends, and the right arm adducts. Other muscles involved are; the trapezius which contract and extend, and the latissimus dorsi which also contract and extend (Craig &Vince, 2018). The synergist muscles are the same; biceps, triceps, brachialis, obliques, rectus abdominous and pectoralis major. Downswing is also characterized by shoulder rotation and circumduction, trunk rotation, wrist rotation, hip rotation, and elbow flexion. The shoulder joint twists to the left and down. The wrist joint will be bent down again during this swing. The illustrations of the muscles and joints are in figure (Craig &Vince, 2018).

Figure 5: The Downswing Illustration of Muscles Involved

Courtesy of (Maddalozzo, 1987)

When it gets to this phase, the effort is lessened. The right arm starts rotating leading to the right arm climbing over the left. The golfer’s head now rotates forward as it is pulled up by the swing momentum and the turning trunk (Craig &Vince (2018).

Figure 6: Follow Through Illustration

Courtesy of Craig &Vince (2018)

During the follow-through phase, the deltoids still contract, the latissimus dorsi contract and extend, the tibialis anterior extend, gastrocnemius contract and the trapezius contract and extend. The muscles work to slow down the body though eccentric contractions. These muscles steady the shoulder blade to the rib cage and spine. They act to protect the shoulder joint which may be damaged under high velocity if it reaches its end range of motion (Human Kinetics, n.d). There are two more synergy muscles added to the list found in the execution phase. These are; the quadriceps and hamstrings. These two synergists create stability at the knee joint and holds the golfer in a bent position (Alex, 2016) holding him in the bent position Along with the rectus abdominis, obliques, psoas major and transversus, the muscles produce force from their maximum power to decelerate the body (Human Kinetics, n.d).In this phase too, joint actions involved are similar to those found in the execution phase. The only difference is on the additional joint actions such as the ankle rotation, knee flexion and plantar flexion. The shoulder joint continues the flow by turning up and to the left. The wrist joint is then flexed up again at the top of the flow through.

Conclusion

In the two phases described, the difference is in the additional synergy muscles and joints. In the backswing and downswing, the extra synergy muscles used are the quadriceps and hamstrings. There are extra joints too. These explain the difference in role of these muscles and joints in the phases. Backswing is all about muscle loading which amounts to storage of potential energy.The Downswing is about the release of the potential energy. In all these, there are muscle actions that generate such actions. After a speed has been established and the golfer has hit the ball, the body again has to stop. The follow-through phase is where the muscles now act to decelerate the body. With high velocity, the shoulder joint could reach its end range of motion. The follow-though muscles and joint actions all act to stabilize the body.The details of how the muscles and joints work together to produce the swings is evidence of why such knowledge is nowadays used to develop training programs. It also shows how they can help therapists and even the golfers to improve in their accuracy, speed and consistency in performance.

The term Internet means a global search engine to many people. They see the Internet as a place to connect with one another and allow anyone from anywhere to talk to each other and share information. However, the Internet, can also be a distraction for many as it can provide one with large amounts of videos, media, and entertainment. Although it is not necessary for learning it is easy to waste time in. The word Internet came to be in the 1950s. Its primary task was to serve as a electronic communications network,but over the years it has been mixed up with the web since they both usually go hand and hand. The Internet is usually more widely known for being a powerful search engine than a communication platform. The Internet has many qualities that appear good, but the more we tend to rely on it the more we become less self-dependent.

Some people have suggested that there are several problems with the internet. According to Nicholas Carr's article “Is Google making us stupid”, one example of a problem with the internet is when Nicholas Carr mentions that he no longer read with the same focus and concentration as he once did and that his mind would drift after only a few pages of reading. Therefore, one can assume that the internet is affecting the way people read and interpret information. As nicholas carr goes on to tell us that since he no longer has the same focus he would shift his attention readily to another task. I also found myself having the same problem. I could no longer keep concentrating on a specific task. I’m not able to keep focus for long periods of time especially when reading books. In a fast paced environment the internet has easily come to replace newspapers, books, or other reading material. The internet has also made it even easier by summarizing things for you such as news or world events without you having to stress about what the text says or having to deeply put effort into interpreting information. This had made things difficult for me and carr because we both don't have the capability to focus anymore and retain the necessary information that text has to offer. As Maryanne wolf a developmental psychologist at Turf’s university suggest that the more we depend upon the internet, the more we lose those strong connections to the text and become less likely to acquire much of the information being read. “The Net” as referred to by Maryanne Wolf has made many advances in today’s reading by making it easy to access any book or information but has changed the fact that we no longer need to put much thought to what we read. Also we are slowly being manipulated into just putting out information or saying things that are not our own words but rather things that the internet suggest for us. As I recall back in high school i would skim through a passage or article. I felt that i did not need to put much thought into it but getting a deep and thorough reading of a passage is always better Since you truly retain much more information.One more statement that Nicholas Carr goes on to make is that most of the owners who have claim over the internet or develop the internet have large financial gains in keeping us distracted and using the internet to promote careless reading or slow unconcentrated thought so owners can gain more money. This tells us that they don’t have our best interest at heart but are rather focus on money and leaving us to slowly lose focus and our ability to truly grasp the text.

I agree with Carr’s view that the Internet is making us into brainless slaves to the Internet. I’d like to add why I also share this view the internet has made it a little harder for me to focus on certain tasks such as reading or having to finish something like homework because the net easily distracted me with all the unnecessary media and entertainment. I remember when I was in middle school I rarely used my phone to search answers but it's become a thing of the past for me. Most of the schools now require and even encourage for a student to use the Internet to solve problems that back then would have been done with a book or notes from the teacher. During the 15th Century “The Italian humanist Hieronimo Squarciafico worried that the easy availability of books would lead to intellectual laziness, making men “less studies”and weakening their minds”. I also feel that Hieronimo was telling the truth because most of today's research is done using the Internet and only sometimes is a book really needed although many teachers still advice not to believe everything that's online many rarely take this advice and freely search away. The net is consuming all other technological devices from clocks to calculators and telephones its becoming a powerful search engine that's only bound to grow. I don't think that the internet should expand at such incredible pase because many scientist have not truly figured out how the brain might react to this. Also I have become less self dependant and come to rely more on the web for answers and reading than ever before.

The Internet is a global industry a communication platform and above all a powerful search engine that has come to shape our present day lives and will change the future. The question is will it be for the good of the society or for the worst. I can only wait and see as it keeps growing and consumes everyone's minds. I have come to see through this essay all of the negatives and positives that the internet has given us I still believe the internet has a tight grasp on our minds and is slowly taking bit by bit of what we have left in regards to obtaining and processing information. Although the net keeps growing its important to always remember that only you can choose how to use the net and for what means. Nicholas Carr shed newly light on the topic for me and I see what he meant by making us less capable of being self dependent and taking the Internet as our only means for information.       

Contemporary Australia contains a mixture of values which has shifted and evolve during time or inherited from the past. Consequently, Australian language is also a fusion of modern English and traditional English, which reflecting these contrasting values. There is a question “How has language changed over time?” the essay explains that the traditional value of mateship and egalitarianism is well maintained during the language evolution as it is the irreplaceable and quintessential value of Australia both past and present. In addition, these traditional values are presented to the world by some intentional stagnation of language. However, the developing of multiculturalism has caused alteration in variety of Australian English used in modern society.

Mateship and egalitarianism, as the fundamental and traditional values of Australia, have maintained while the accompanying language feature experiences change. In the Australian slanguage, myriad of old slang such as “galah” (fool person), “porky” (lie) has died out by forgotten or replaced; an example of this replacement is the American slang “bro” begins to replacing “mate” which reflect that Australian slang has been influence by external cultures. However, these language changes do not represent any shifting in values as mateship is preserved as the new slang still works on decreasing social distance and construct group membership. Similarly, taboo language has even changed to present egalitarianism better. The example of generalised swearing words such as “fuck me”, “you are a good cunt” demonstrate that momentous of taboo language has been regards as method of positive expressing emotion and decreasing social distance. Furthermore, this generalise of taboo language contains further meaning of egalitarianism as in swearing is available with people from different social class and status, where a superior and staff can speak with taboo language. Therefore, even Australian language has experienced changes in slanguage and taboo language, the core value of these features has not altered where even contributes on modifying English to create better relevance with values.

As a global country, Australian has subjectively contributes on some language evolution which support the establishment of Australia identity and value. Accent, as a distinctive feature of Australian English, starts to become well-known in the world. For example, Wikipedia has announced that broad Australian accent is most popular accent in the world as the ex-prime minister Julia Gillard presented broad accent in some public speech. This reveals that Australian accent starts to become overt in the world for establishing “Aussie” identity. Furthermore, Australian people starts to develop a code switching with foreigner tourist to demonstrate Australian accent. People with cultivated and general accent is subjectively switching their accent to broad as broad accent is more famous, which discovered that some usage of language changes due to subjective intention of introducing Australia. In addition, Australian slanguage has also harvested attention of the world. The example of “G’day” “arvo” has been recognised by foreigner reveals that slanguage and the traditional values is presented to the world. These examples illustrate that Australian citizens intend to show more features of Australian English to where language change is needed to create iconic image of Australia because these features demonstrate mateship and egalitarianism.

However, due to the development of society, Australia has discovered a new value of multiculturalism which has been reflected by evolutionary language. “The term Aborigine was commonly used up until about 1960s but is now generally regarded as outdated and inappropriate.” This example reveals that the attitude toward aboriginal people has altered as higher degree of respect has been payed toward aboriginal culture. “Aborigines” is a common word that used to indicate all Indigenous Australian in the past; however, with the rising of multiculturalism, people recognise individually tribes such as “koori” and “warundjery”. This reveals that through development of multiculturalism, language has altered to better present new value and spread egalitarianism. Similarly, ethnolects also received attention from Australian in which different of ethnolects like Greek ethnolect become more popular to where people begin to use more ethnolect lexemes such as “souvlaki” in their everyday vernacular. This phenomenon can be further extended to where Australian presents an encouraging attitude with other language speakers about using and translating their native words into English. Some linguist even started to record ethnolect words which contains cultural element such as the Chinese dragon “loong”. Australian is experiencing a language change in ethnolect and foreigner language as them reflecting the evolved value of multiculturalism by distinguishing other language specifically with respect and encouraging the use of other language.

Overall, Australia has experienced momentous of language changes which reflect either traditional value or shifted and developed values. Slanguage, taboo language have modified to better reflect contemporary values. This has combined with social attitude of creating a unique relationship between Australian and the world. On the other hand, the modern society structure consist of the new value of multiculturalism which has also influenced language.

The first four books of Homer’s The Odyssey depict Telemachus’ transformation from an immature, frightened child into an intelligent adult as he comes to encompass qualities that the ancient Greeks sought in heroes: an adherence to the rules of xenia, a loyalty to one’s family, and wisdom gained from travelling. First, the young prince offers food, shelter, and gifts to Mentes, whom he encounters in his kingdom, displaying his understanding of the guest-host relationship. Next, Telemachus acquires a vengeful attitude towards the suitors after talking to Mentes, the form that Athena takes when she visits Ithaca, who inspires him to defend his father’s reputation. Finally, the young prince gains some knowledge from his voyages to Sparta, where King Menelaus offers him advice and tells him where Odysseus is.

Because the Achaeans frequently travelled the sea and stayed at foreign ports, they frequently hosted strangers in their homes on short notice, sometimes for extended periods of time. Thus, they felt the need to reciprocate after having been treated so well in foreign lands. Therefore, a good king or lord is expected to treat a stranger with care and compassion, and this devotion to common courtesy is valued in the Achaean society. When Eteoneus asks Menelaus what to do as strangers arrive in the kingdom, the king tells him to “think of all the hospitality we enjoyed at the hands of other men before we made it home” (4.38-39) and commands Eteoneus to accommodate the guests. Similarly, upon hearing of Mentes’ arrival in Ithaca, Telemachus rushes outside, “mortified that a guest might still be standing at the doors” (1.140-41). He treats the stranger like a god—ironically, Athena has actually visited him in disguise as Mentes—and proceeds to take Mentes’ weapon and offer him food and shelter; after the two dine, Mentes explains that he must leave, and Telemachus tells him to “stay longer, keen as you are to sail, so you can bathe and rest and lift your spirits” (1.356-57). By catering to his guest’s every need and providing him with anything he desires, Telemachus adheres to the rules of xenia and exhibits a comprehension of their importance to a Greek hero.

The bright-eyed Athena, visiting Ithaca as Mentes, accepts Telemachus’ instant hospitality, and only after dinner does she attempt her plan to inspire the prince; Mentes asks him if he’s “heard what glory Prince Orestes won throughout the world when he killed that cunning, murderous Aegisthus, who’d killed his famous father” (1.342-45). King Nestor of Pylos and King Menelaus of Sparta also narrate this story to the young Telemachus later in The Odyssey, and the repetition of this tale suggests that the Achaeans valued family loyalty: in particular, they believed that it is the duty of a son to defend the name of his father and that a son’s actions in the times of his father’s disappearance define his manhood and courage. In addition, the frequent retelling of the story indicates to Telemachus the importance in avenging his father by taking action against the suitors who invade Ithaca. Telemachus, now “charged with his father’s memory more than ever now,” (1.370) tells Mentes that he will take his advice “to kill these suitors in your house” (1.339) to heart. By drawing inspiration from Mentes and eagerly learning about what actions he must perform to avenge Odysseus, Prince Telemachus begins to display loyalty to his family and father and comes to embody the second quality of a quintessential Greek hero.

As a result of their long voyages to faraway lands, the Argives gained experience and learned much about culture and society, as they observed the customs of different areas and followed the events occurring throughout Greece. Menelaus, expressing his admiration for Odysseus, explains that he has “traveled over a good part of the world but never once have I laid eyes on a man like him—what a heart that fearless Odysseus had inside him!” (4.301-03). While the red-haired king has met new people on his countless journeys, young Telemachus has not travelled much. On the prince’s journey to Sparta, his most important ideas are simply reinforced; Telemachus once more hears the story of Orestes and Agamemnon from Menelaus, which only serves to emphasize that he must avenge his father, Odysseus. Pisistratus also explains that “when a father’s gone, his son takes much abuse in a house where no one comes to his defense” (4.181-82). To transform from a young, frightened boy to a true Greek hero, Telemachus must voyage to foreign lands to gain more experience and learn more about right and wrong behavior.

As The Odyssey progresses, Telemachus learns to embody heroic qualities and becomes like his well-known father, Odysseus, in the process. To a certain extent, Telemachus transforms into a strong man; he understands what is expected of him as a host and exhibits an undying loyalty to his family. To become a true heroic figure and a leader, however, he will need to travel to other kingdoms—only then will he possess enough wisdom.

Have you ever wondered, where did you go wrong in the relationship? Everything was going smoothly in your past relationship but for some reason, he wanted to leave. Well looking to his zodiac sign and horoscope can help you figure out why he might have ghosted you or broken up with things that seemed to be going fine.

1. You thought you were the perfect significant other only to find out your partner was unhappy the whole time.
2. No one is perfect and everyone should know that. But sometimes your strengths can be overbearing for some people and your flaws can’t be overlooked by others. No relationship is perfect and no relationship is destined to last forever.
3. The main and sometimes only reason relationships work is because both parties decide to work together to resolve issues. So, if one partner does not communicate with the other than problems will arise. Miscommunication can end a relationship quick.
4. Staying with someone even though they are unhappy thinking they’ll change is a common occurrence in a lot of relationships.
5. It could be one thing that pushes your partner to the edge or it could be a multitude of things. It all depends on that person and their zodiac sign.
6. The red flags may have been there from the very beginning but you just didn’t know enough to spot them.
7. The tipping point is different for everyone specifically for zodiac signs. An Aries will put up with something that a Virgo absolutely would not.
8. But nothing is without reason. Every heartbreak and sad breakup can be a lesson on how to do things better the next time around, if you look at it differently. Relationships can always offer a lesson to the next one and some guidance can be found in astrology.
9. If your ex-lover did not fully explain why he wanted to leave or if he left abruptly and you want some insight as to why this may help.

Here are a few reasons why he may have left according to his zodiac sign.

Aries (March 21 – April 19)

• For an Aries, inactivity is the bane of their existence. If you’re the type who likes to be lazy and stay in the house all day then the boredom probably drove him crazy.
• He’s already going to be impatient and impulsive so having a dull relationship can lead to annoyance and potentially an extinguished flame that can never be rekindled.

Taurus (April 20 – May 20)

• If you broke a Taurus man’s trust then you might as well either start begging for forgiveness or start packing your bags. Taurus males hate insecurity and most of all, change.
• If you have him feeling like he’s not good enough or like you don’t have the same feelings as he does, he’ll catch on to it.
• This can push me away more than anything else ever could. He is already going to be protective of you so knowing that something he cares about is slipping from his fingers will crush him.

Gemini (May 21 – June 20)

• You can’t hold down a Gemini man nor can you give them too much space. A Gemini man hates being alone as much as he hates being restricted.
• If you’re in a long distance relationship and you barely ever see each other he may call it quits if he’s not getting enough time.
• On the other hand, if you both spend so much time together he has no ability to have his own time then that might cause him to run away.
• His nervousness and indecisiveness might cause him to constantly rethink if he actually wants to leave but once he makes up his mind, he means it.

Cancer (June 21 – July 22)

• Making a Cancer male leave and never come back means you have done something catastrophic. Losing a Cancer is just as hard as quitting chocolate or losing that last 5 pounds from your weight goal.
• He can have a negative streak of thinking so adding to that by making him even more suspicious than he already is will drive him up the wall. All Cancers put their emotions before anything so if you make him feel like an emotional wreck then he’ll have no other choice than to let you go.

Leo (July 23 – August 22)

• Making a Leo man feel less than marvelous can be the tipping point for him. He knows he’s a king and he expects to be treated like such. So, if you ignore him or give him too many difficult decisions to make then he may find searching for someone new the better option.
• A Leo can be arrogant and inflexible so being treated like trash will cut his ego deeply. It’s one thing to tell someone about themselves but to act like someone is not worth your time can be extremely painful.

Virgo (August 23 – September 22)

• The quickest way to get rid of a Virgo man is to be unhygienic and rude. If you don’t clean up after yourself and if you treat waiters like they aren’t real people then don’t even think about pursuing a Virgo.
• If he somehow was not able to see all these warning signs before you both got serious, when he does, that will be the death of the relationship.
• He’s already overly critical of himself and of others so being someone close to him, you’ll be underneath a microscope for a while. If you failed then you’ll know when he starts getting distant.

Libra (September 23 – October 22)

• A Libra man hates to be alone so having him leave you without a second thought means he’s thought about it. A Libra man hates injustice and blabbermouths, he may talk a lot but revealing other people’s personal information is not something he condones.
• Blatantly advocating for treating other people unjustly can make him turn away and run. He already isn’t a fan of confrontations so running away is the more viable option. We all have different views but there are some views others can’t put up with.

Scorpio (October 23 – November 21)

• Scorpio men are passionate and assertive so if you’re not then this can put them off. But dishonesty itself can really make them turn their back.
• Sometimes these men can be jealous and distrusting so if they let you in only for you to be dishonest with them then this can do an immense amount of damage to your relationship.
• They will give you 100% effort so if you take advantage of that then they will never let you live it down.

Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21)

• A Sag man loves his freedom so if he felt constrained the entire relationship that may be his reasoning for leaving. Having a clingy partner can be a huge turn off for any Sagittarius man.
• He is known as the traveler so having to stay in one place because of someone else is probably one of his worst nightmares. Loving him and giving him space at the same time is crucial.

Capricorn (December 22 – January 19)

• If a Capricorn man has left you it is, most of the time, for a valid reason. He is very practical and task-oriented so he may have felt like you were slowing down his ambitious ways.
• He also may have thought you were not ambitious enough for him to stay around. Capricorns can be unforgiving so one little mistake can add on to another little mistake making things harder than they should be.

Aquarius (January 20 – February 18)

• There’s nothing we Aquarius men dislike more than broken promises and an uninformed opinion. He already feels like he’s an outsider so to let someone close to him is a big deal so to find out his partner can’t keep their promises or has the same mindset of someone born in the 1820’s can make his stomach turn.
• He’ll be in his head for a few days pondering on if it’s worth it to stay or if you’ll actually change and if not, then I’m sorry.

Pisces (February 19 – March 20)

• A Pisces man hates to be criticized. So, being a know it all who loves to say, “I told you so” can cause him to try to escape. But for a Pisces man to try to escape that means you pushed him to the absolute limit.
• Pisces can see the good in people when no one else can which means they will give 101 chances before actually going anywhere.

Louise Erdrich’s novels Love Medicine and Plague of Doves are filled with a multitude of characters. These characters are different from one another with their own struggles and problems but are connected, not just by blood but by their shared cultural history. This cultural history is filled with oppression and hardships which undoubtedly affect all generations, including the current generations. Some of these issues include acculturation and assimilation, poor mental health, alcoholism and domestic violence which are all major issues that Native Americans face today and they’re all issues that Louise Erdrich touches on in her novels Love Medicine and The Plague of Doves. By looking at the history of these issues, there can be a better, fuller understanding of the source of these issues and the harmful effects Europeans had on Native Americans, namely the Chippewa tribe. Exploring the history of Europeans and Native Americans starting with their first encounters is important because it is the beginning of the Chippewa’s complicated relationship with Europeans and therefore, the complicated relationship with themselves.

According to Encyclopedia Britannica “The Ojibwa constituted one of the largest indigenous North American groups in the early 21st century”. It was 1640 when the Jesuits and French traders first contacted the Chippewa tribe The Chippewa tribe previously traded amongst each other and other surrounding tribes such as the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes. The Chippewas had to depend on the French fur traders because their resources were growing scarce. This was the beginning of acculturation for the Chippewa tribe. “The fur trade deepened the relationships between the Ojibway and Cree, and French traders, resulting in marriages between them” (Britannica). Over time, the offspring of Chippewa and Cree people became known as “Mertis” or “Metchif” which is another way to say “mixed American Indian and Euro-American.

Louise Erdrich herself was born to a European father and partly Chippewa mother. She had already experienced the blending of cultures at a young age and grew up to go to college at both Dartmouth college and Johns Hopkins university. This awareness of white society definitely lends to the credibility of the issue of acculturation in Louise Erdrich’s novels.

Acculturation is defined by (Britannica) as “the processes of change in artifacts, customs, and beliefs that result from the contact of two or more cultures. The term is also used to refer to the results of such changes. Two major types of acculturation, incorporation and directed change, may be distinguished on the basis of the conditions under which cultural contact and change take place.”Acculturation is portrayed this way in Love Medicine through the stories and characters. For instance, the chapter “The Tomahawk Factory” in Love Medicine. In this chapter, there is a clear clash of Native American culture and European society’s ideology. Lulu even accuses her son Lyman of selling out. The Tomahawk Factory is a factory that sells Native American trinkets. The acculturation is evident here because there is a devaluing of Native American culture in favor of making a quick buck by means of mass production. In fact, the creator or “father” of the American factory system was indeed an Anglo-American man named Samuel Slater. This is also an example of assimilation which is defined as “the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society” (Britannica). In this instance, Lyman had to absorb the capitalist culture of Anglo-American society in order to improve his financial situation.

In Love Medicine and in The Plague of Doves we see assimilation to the extreme. In the beginning of The Plague of Doves we are told that “His human flock had taken up the plow and farmed among German and Norwegian settlers. Those people, unlike the French who mingled with my ancestors, took little interest in the women native to the land and did not intermarry. In fact, the Norwegians disregarded everybody but themselves and were quite clannish. But the doves ate their crops the same”. In Love Medicine it is the Chippewa people that leave home and assimilate to Anglo culture. In fact, Albertine doesn’t just leave home, she runs away. She lives as a nursing student, studying modern medicine as opposed to Native American “medicine”. The distance she has put between herself and her Chippewa culture is especially evident in her relationships. “Our relationship was like a file we sharpened on, and necessary in that way” Albertine says about her mother. This shows Albertine’s disconnection with her heritage. It seems as though she views going home as an obligation as opposed to a positive thing that many other Native Americans do, as seen in stories with a “homing” plot.

“The acceptance of the French fur trader had a social and psychological impact on the culture of the Ojibway” (Britannica). Studies as recent as 2015 conclude that “Mental illness plays a role in almost 90 percent of suicides, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, and such conditions are often treatable. In the case of the AIAN (American Indian and Alaska Native) community, mental health resources are in short supply and don’t always reach them” (Huffpost). Simply put, there are limited resources for Native Americans suffering from mental health. Many times, these mental health issues are brought on by Anglo-American society. One issue that can cause a great deal of depression and other mental health issues would be the fact that “compared to the total U.S. population, more than twice as many Native Americans live in poverty” (mental health America). Most Native Americans are impoverished.

Native Americans suffer from PTSD and many times, drug and alcohol abuse. Many mental health issues such as PTSD can be attributed to historical trauma. “Historical trauma response (HTR) theory is based on the hypothesis that when people were victims of cultural trauma, the aftereffects can be passed down through the generations”. Often, there is no help or treatment for Native Americans as far as mental health is concerned. This leads to addictions and other issues, and even death.

In Love Medicine, we see three mentally ill or unwell people die and two of them take their own lives. Henry Lamartine Jr. commits suicide by jumping into the river and drowning and Gordie Kashpaw commits suicide, although unintentionally, by drinking Lysol when he had ran out of alcohol. “He was sick, sick again, blindly sick, knocking into shelves and pulling down the flour bin, throwing himself toward the door” (259). Addiction is a mental illness and it’s one that if not treated, could be passed down. Gordie’s son King is also an alcoholic. “Among the behavioral traits parents can pass on to their children is a predisposition toward alcohol abuse and addiction. Among those abusing alcohol, people who are genetically predisposed to alcoholism have a higher risk of becoming addicted” (Addiction Center). The first time that alcoholism grew from the pain of their reality, they increased the chance that their offspring would also become addicted. Alcohol and other drugs are coping mechanisms. Native Americans have experienced a lot of trauma. “Rates of all types of addiction — not just alcohol — are elevated in aboriginal peoples around the world, not only in America. It’s unlikely that these scattered groups randomly happen to share more vulnerability genes for addiction than any other similarly dispersed people. But what they clearly do have in common is an ongoing multi-generational experience of trauma” (The Verge).

In The Plague of Doves, Billy Peace becomes the leader of a cult. Various religions such as Catholicism cannot be proven or disproven due to a lack of tangible “evidence”. Therefore, one cannot say emphatically that Billy Peace is automatically mentally ill because he sees spirits but we do have to question his mental state. Like Harry Lamartine Jr., Billy has been in battle. More than likely, Billy would have post-traumatic stress disorder. We also have to consider the fact that he has created a following. The word “cult” or the idea of a cult has negative connotations in our society and that’s because we see the followers of cults as being brainwashed sheep. If we look at Billy’s cult in that way, then most likely Billy himself is delusional and he’s imagining things. Perhaps he’s schizophrenic. Either that or his ego is so inflated that he needs to have followers. This in itself is a sign of mental illness and could also be a symptom of oppression. After being told that you and your people aren’t worthy, that you don’t matter, it wouldn’t be out of the realm of possibilities to assume that he would thrive on attention from those that paint him as a hero as a opposed to a villain as so many Anglo-Americans do.

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Native Americans, namely those of the Chippewa tribe struggle immensely due to the influence of the Anglos. This is something that we see in the books Love Medicine and The Plague of Doves. Erdrich herself is a result of these two cultures mixing and uses this perspective to reveal the ugly truths about the oppression of the Chippewa tribe. They struggle with alcohol and drug addiction, assimilation and acculturation as well as mental health and a slew of other issues brought on by the English.