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I think Lady Macbeth should take some blame for Duncan’s death, but I don’t think she’s evil, she is tricky and cunning when she influences Macbeth to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth’s ability to influence her husband leads us the audience to believe that she is the primary cause for the destruction of Macbeth. I believe she is responsible because she makes up the details of the plan to kill Duncan, while Macbeth was considering not even going through with the murder. Although Macbeth had the thought of killing Duncan, he would not have acted on that unless Lady Macbeth persuaded him.

Lady Macbeth is a sly person, able to manipulate her husband, and this ability to manipulate Macbeth makes her partially responsible for the destruction of Macbeth. Lady Macbeth knows that her husband is too kind to kill Duncan without her help she fears. She is very much aware of the fact that she needs to push Macbeth to kill Duncan or else he won’t do it. We see Macbeth’s hesitance to kill the king when he lists reasons not to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth insults her husband by undermining his manliness. Lady Macbeth tells her husband “when durst do it then you were a man and to be much more than what you were, you would be so much more than a man.” This is the primary way in which lady Macbeth is responsible for the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeth is the blame for the destruction of her husband because she orchestrated Duncan’s murder and did just about everything except actually kill Duncan. She plans the murder and she sets things in motion by giving the wine to the king’s servants. She also is the one who makes the signal that all is ready. Lady Macbeth solely set up Duncan’s murder making it as easy as possible for Macbeth to commit the assassination of the king. The audience doesn’t know that lady Macbeth feels that she is responsible for the destruction of Macbeth until the end when she sleepwalks.

Lady Macbeth fooled Duncan with her great hospitality and thoughtfulness. She also is good at remaining cool in tense situations and is good at getting out of tense situations. For example when Macbeth was hallucinating at the dinner party, and was seeing Banquo’s ghost, Lady Macbeth remained cool and made up a plausible explanation for her husband’s actions. Although she seems to have no conscience, we see at the end when she’s sleepwalking, that she is deeply troubled. She knows that it is partially her fault for all the murders especially Duncan’s. Her fear of darkness shows the audience that she regrets what she has done and that she knows what she did was wrong. The thought of killing Duncan entered Macbeth’s mind before he spoke to his wife. He first reveals his thoughts when he says, “ if good, why do i yield to that suggestion.” Macbeth expresses his desire to be able to kill Duncan even though he knows he will regret it when he says, “the eye wink at the hand, yet let that be / which the eye fears, when its done, to see.” Lady Macbeth gave Macbeth that extra push that he needed to become a ruthless killer. However not all the blame can go on Lady Macbeth her husband didn’t have to listen to her and he didn’t have to kill Duncan. Macbeth chooses to kill Duncan, it was his own free will. Lady Macbeth did influence his thinking but Macbeth could not be totally blameless. He must atleast take half of the blame for his destruction, Lady Macbeth however is also responsible and she could not be getting off the hook, she deserves what she gets in the end because she was the main factor in Macbeth’s decision to kill Duncan. This decision led to Macbeth becoming a ruthless killer. And that leads Lady Macbeth to be more evil than her husband Macbeth.

Lady Macbeth - a Manipulative Evil-doer

Introduction: In his 1606 play Macbeth, Shakespeare portrays the character Lady Macbeth as a fourth witch in order to satirize traditional, misogynist understandings of witches. Shakespeare portrays Lady Macbeth as a witch by assigning her characteristics that were commonly associated with witches and by having her allude to recurrent symbols associated with witchcraft. Thesis statement: Lady Macbeth is characterized as a masculine anti-mother and a manipulative “poisoner,” all of which are common, misogynistic stereotypes of the witch. Lady Macbeth also references evil spirits and swine, both of which are traditional symbols associated with the witch.

Topic sentence: Shakespeare characterizes Lady Macbeth as an anti-mother in order to poke fun at the misogynistic stereotype that witches were unmotherly. Evidence & citing: One can see anti-maternal characteristics in Lady Macbeth when she shames her husband for questioning the plan they had created. In order to persuade Macbeth to follow through with the plan, Lady Macbeth references a brutal infanticide: “I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out” (Shakespeare 1.7.64-66). Commentary: In these chilling lines, Lady Macbeth tells her husband that she would rather kill her own child than break a solemn oath. In saying this, Lady Macbeth breaks the mold of the stereotypical, loving wife, revealing her unfavorable view of children, and in turn, her anti-maternal nature. Evidence & citing: Lady Macbeth also displays anti-maternal characteristics when she says, “come to my women’s breasts, and take my milk for gall, you murd’ring ministers” (Shakespeare 1.5.54-55). As stated in the Oxford English Dictionary, the term gall refers to the “secretion of the liver, bile” (“Gall”). In this line, Lady Macbeth prays for her breasts to be filled with a poison so vile and bitter, that it could kill an infant. Commentary: By asking for her breastmilk to be replaced with poison, Lady Macbeth rejects the motherly idea that the function of the breasts is to feed infants, further emphasizing her anti-maternal instincts. Evidence & citing: Furthermore, Lady Macbeth displays her anti-maternal attitude when she says, “It is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness” (Shakespeare 1.5.17). In this line, Lady Macbeth compares Macbeth to a pregnant woman who is lactating. She tells him that he is too full of breast milk, meaning that he is acting too kindly. This comparison highlights Lady Macbeth’s view that pregnancy equates to weakness, painting her as the ultimate anti-maternal figure.

Topic sentence: Shakespeare also portrays Lady Macbeth as anti-feminine, another common misogynistic stereotype of witches, in order to highlight the absurdness of this belief. Background: During Shakespeare’s time, it was believed that witches violated traditional gender roles, taking on more masculine traits than feminine ones. Evidence & citing: One example of Lady Macbeth exhibiting this anti-feminine characteristic is when she says, “Unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty” (Shakespeare 1.5.48-50). In these lines, Lady Macbeth wishes to be stripped of her feminine traits, in exchange for masculine ones. She believes that her feminine characteristics will interfere with her murderous scheme and she rejects them, declaring her femininity as a hindrance rather than a gift. Evidence & citing: Another example of Lady Macbeth’s anti-feminine nature is during the banquet when she says, “O, these flaws and starts, imposters to true fear, would well become a woman’s story at a winter’s fire” (Shakespeare 3.4.76-78). In these lines, Lady Macbeth equates femininity with fear, further emphasizing her inherent masculinity. Commentary: In doing this, Lady Macbeth implies that she cannot possess power or strength, so long as she is a woman.

Topic sentence: Shakespeare also characterizes Lady Macbeth as a manipulative evil-doer who successfully persuades Macbeth to kill King Duncan. He does this in order to express his contemptuous derision towards the commonly held view that witches are deceitful and only use their magic for malicious purposes. Evidence & citing: Lady Macbeth challenges Macbeth to commit the murder, telling him, “but screw your courage to the sticking-place, and we’ll not fail” (Shakespeare 1.7.70-71). Commentary: Lady Macbeth wants her husband to kill King Duncan so that he can gain power and she can revel in the power with him. Lady Macbeth ignites the fire to Macbeth’s ambition, using her powers of manipulation to get what she desires, representing all things evil and immoral. Evidence & citing: She instructs Macbeth on how to follow through with his plan, exclaiming, “bear welcome in your eye, your hand, your tongue. Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent underneath it” (Shakespeare 1.6.75-77) Commentary: In these lines, Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to appear benign on the outside in order to belie his murderous plans, further satirizing the farcical stereotype that witches were malevolent forces of evil, determined to manipulate and mislead.

Topic sentence: Moreover, Shakespeare characterizes Lady Macbeth as a “poisoner,” ridiculing the preposterous stereotype that witches used poisons for evil purposes, such as to harm or kill someone. Although Lady Macbeth does not poison her husband in the literal sense, she poisons her husband’s mind, causing him to become a different person, a power-hungry tyrant, who will not hesitate to harm anyone who gets in his way. She fills his mind with evil thoughts, tainting his morality to the point where Macbeth is unable to decipher right from wrong. At first, Macbeth is hesitant to follow through with their wicked plan, telling Lady Macbeth that “we will proceed no further in this business” (Shakespeare 1.7.34). Lady Macbeth, however, does not take no for an answer. Evidence & citing: She psychologically manipulates Macbeth into following through with their plan by repeatedly questioning his manhood and his courage. For example, lady Macbeth tells her husband, “when you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man” (Shakespeare 1.7.56-58). Commentary: In these lines, Lady Macbeth scolds her husband, telling him that he is acting like a coward and that she will not consider him a true man until he assassinates the king. This evil influence that lady Macbeth has exerted on her husband causes Macbeth to murder King Duncan, an act that he most likely would not have committed on his own.

Topic sentence: Not only does Lady Macbeth share characteristics in common with the stereotypical witch, but she also alludes to the act of calling on evil spirits in order to satirize the misogynistic stereotype that witches acted in accordance with outside forces, such as evil spirits and the devil. Commentary: Lady Macbeth calls on these evil spirits to fill her heart with cruelty so that she can more easily manipulate her husband into killing King Duncan. Evidence & citing: She calls to the spirits, begging them, “fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood” (Shakespeare 1.5.49-50). Lady Macbeth hopes that these spirits will fill her with the utmost malevolence so that she can completely focus on her evil purpose. Lady Macbeth makes yet another reference to the spirit realm when preparing Macbeth for the murder of King Duncan. Evidence & citing: Lady Macbeth tells her husband, “hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear and chastise with the valor of my tongue all that impedes thee from the golden round” (Shakespeare 1.5.27-30). Commentary: In this line, Lady Macbeth informs Macbeth that she believes she possess the necessary evil qualities, which she calls “my spirits,” that Macbeth needs to become king. Evidence & citing: In addition, Lady Macbeth references the devil when she says, “Tis the eye of childhood that fears a painted devil” (Shakespeare 2.2.70-71). Commentary: In this line, Lady Macbeth uses her powers of manipulation on Macbeth, causing him to question his courage. She compares him to a frightened child because he will not return to the scene of the crime and frame the drunken guards for King Duncan’s murder. By having Lady Macbeth allude to the spiritual world in this way, Shakespeare mocks the stereotypical view that witches were in league with evil forces, which they used to fulfill their evil intentions.

Topic sentence: Lady Macbeth not only references the spirit world, but she also references swine, specifically the killing of swine in order to criticize the absurd stereotype that witches sacrificed these animals. Evidence & citing: When Lady Macbeth is sleeping, she says, “When in swinish sleep their drenched natures lies as in a death” (Shakespeare 1.7.77-78). Commentary: In this line, Lady Macbeth emphasizes the fact that that the two guards are now dead, condemned to an eternal sleep. She compares the two dead guards to dead swine. The belief that witches killed and sacrificed swine originated far before Shakespeare’s day. Homer’s The Odyssey, which was written in 675-725 BCE, is responsible for contributing to the popularity of this idea. In Homer’s epic, Circe, the Witch of Aiaia drugs a group of sailors and turns them into swine. Not only was it believed that witches killed swine, but it was also believed that they harmed other animals too, sometimes even sacrificing them to the devil. As stated by Michael D. Bailey in Magic and Superstition in Europe, “animals were slain in such magical rites as sacrifices to demons” (Bailey 10). By having Lady Macbeth reference the killing of swine in her sleep, Shakespeare ridicules this ludicrous belief.

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Conclusion paragraph: It is clear that Lady Macbeth is the fourth witch of Macbeth. Although Lady Macbeth cannot be described as a witch in the supernatural sense, because she does not possess magical powers, she shares several characteristics in common with the stereotypical view of the witch. These characteristics that Lady Macbeth shares in common with the witch, such as her masculinity and manipulative nature are only a portion of the misogynistic stereotypes that are held of witches. By portraying Macbeth as a fourth witch and assigning her these stereotypical characteristics, Shakespeare is able emphasize their inherent sexist and deceptive nature. Although Shakespeare satirizes these concepts by highlighting their foolishness and bizarreness, he urges the reader to rid themselves of these preconceived notions and adopt their own view of witches, free of stereotypical influence. By bringing these beliefs to light, Shakespeare encourages the reader to develop more open-minded views of witches and the influence that they have had on society.

References

1. Levin, J. (2002). Lady Macbeth and the daemonologie of hysteria. Elh, 69(1), 21-55. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/30032010)
2. Munro, R. (1887). Lady Macbeth: a psychological sketch. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 21(1), 30-36. (https://philpapers.org/rec/MUNLMA)
3. Islam, M. S. (2010). Nature of Evil in Macbeth. Arts Faculty Journal, 185-194. (https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/AFJ/article/view/12940)
4. Draper, J. W. (1941). Lady Macbeth. Psychoanalytic Review, 28(4), 479-486. (https://pep-web.org/browse/document/PSAR.028.0479A)
5. Desmond, W. (2018). Sticky Evil: Macbeth and the Karma of the Equivocal. In God, literature and process thought (pp. 133-156). Routledge. (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351009928-10/sticky-evil-macbeth-karma-equivocal-william-desmond)

Introduction

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Background

Provides a foundational overview, outlining the historical context and introducing keyinformation that will be further explored in the essay, setting the stage for the argument to follow.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

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Evidence & citing

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Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

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Table of contents

1. Macbeth imagery (essay)
2. The Use Of Imagery in Shakespeare's Macbeth
3. References

Macbeth imagery (essay)

Introduction: The use of imagery is prevalent in Shakespeare's "Macbeth," where the playwright employs various types of figurative language to convey his message. Background: In particular, blood, ill-fitting clothes, weather, darkness, and sleep are among the many types of imagery that Shakespeare uses throughout the play. Among these, blood imagery is the most frequently employed. The use of such imagery helps to create a vivid and powerful image in the audience's mind, leaving a lasting impression. Thesis statement: Therefore, exploring the use of imagery in "Macbeth" is an essential aspect of understanding Shakespeare's message, making an imagery in Macbeth essay a fascinating topic to explore.

Topic sentence: Blood imagery is used very often in Macbeth. It certainly helps you imagine the sick plot that was going on. Evidence & citing: In Macbeth Shakespeare uses the blood imagery to show the guilt. In Macbeth guilt was not controlled very well. Many things happened by fault of guilt. The blood showed also the killings of all people it foreshadowed that there would be more murders. The first killing by showed how Macbeth could be a ruthless savage. It was a noble killing but the way Macbeth killed Macdonwald was a savage display of sickness.

Macbeth was not a bad man at first he was a very noble ally to Duncan. When Macbeth he saw the Three Witches everything changed. They told him things he wanted to here and he believed them. He told Lady Macbeth what the witches said. She taught him and ridiculed him to be evil. He listened to her and that is when the trouble started. The first ignoble killing by Macbeth was the killing of what was supposed to be his friend Duncan. Macbeth killed Duncan to become king. Evidence & citing: Macbeth starts to hallucinate; the guilt is starting to build up within him even before he commits regicide.

Topic sentence: The guilt inside Macbeth will lead to worse and worse things for him and Lady Macbeth. Commentary: He will kill his best friend Banquo because he thinks he cant trust him. He hires murderers to do the bidding. Later on Macbeth meets the Witches again. He receives three apparitions. The second apparition is a bloody child. The apparition tells Macbeth that the only person who can kill him is a person born of a c-section. Lady Macbeth starts to feel the guilt that Macbeth felt. She was sleep walking and she told in her sleep what had happened. She explains that the one killing of Duncan had lead to so many more. The guilt over powers her and she dies from it. The apparitions came to be true when the man born of a c-section, Macduff, would be the only one able to kill Macbeth. Macduff wanted to get Scotland back to order and wanted revenge for the killing of his family. Macduff enters with Macbeth's head. The theme of this story held with the imagery of blood. That blood will only lead to more blood or killing will only lead to more killing. The guilt from killing can not be controlled and will lead to more killings.

The Use Of Imagery in Shakespeare's Macbeth

The function of imagery in literature is to produce a graphic presentation of a scene that appeals to as many of the reader’s senses as possible. It aids the reader’s imagination to envision the characters and scenes clearly. Macbeth written by William Shakespeare contains an abundance of powerful imagery to describe the guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, conflict between good and evil, and how Macbeth’s mind became corrupted for power.

Topic sentence: Shakespeare focused on the guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and the psychological effect it had on them through imagery of blood. After Macbeth killed King Duncan, images of blood became frightening, which was proven with the line, “will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?". This referred to the fact that Macbeth’s actions were incredibly abhorrent that no matter how much water there was, the blood and guilt could not be washed away. Evidence & citing: Lady Macbeth was so obsessed by the blood she shed that she washed her hands in her sleep while speaking, “here’s the smell of blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand” (II.II.65). At first, Lady Macbeth encouraged the killing of King Duncan, however, later began to gratefully regret that decision and had found the blood dyed into her conscience. Commentary: The enormity of king and queen’s crime had awakened in them a powerful sense of guilt that hounded them throughout the play, Shakespeare revealed that through blood.

Topic sentence: Shakespeare presented Macbeth’s murder of King Duncan as having interrupted the natural order of things. “By the clock, ‘tis day, / And yet dark night strangles the travelling lamp: / Is’t night’s predominance, or the day’s shame, / That darkness does the ace of earth entomb, / When living light should kiss it?”. Commentary: These lines which were delivered by Ross continued to switch from light to dark. This represents that Scotland was an amazing and safe place, however, after Macbeth’s horrendous deed of killing King Duncan, Scotland had fallen into darkness. Shakespeare compared King Duncan and Macbeth using imagery of light and dark with good and evil. Duncan’s lines, “but signs of nobleness, like stars, shall shine / On all deservers", and Macbeths lines, “stars, hide your fires; / Let not light see my black and deep desires,” symbolise Duncan being good and Macbeth being evil. The light imagery Shakespeare applied allowed the audience to envisage Duncan as a marvellous, benevolent person and an excellent king. On the other hand, Macbeth spoke of darkness meaning he was a terrible, immoral person and a horrible king.

Topic sentence: Shakespeare applied imagery of animals to illustrate the corruption of Macbeth’s mind to be king and the sacrifices he made to achieve that goal. Evidence & citing: Macbeth mentioned,” we have scorched the snake, not killed it;” and later says “O, full of scorpions in my mind, dear wife!” Macbeth’s mind and actions were compared with poisonous snakes and scorpions. Commentary: Macbeth’s desire for power and to become king had poisoned his mind and has become as dangerous and scary as those animals. Shakespeare also made the witches place animals into a cauldron to make a charm which came from the worst, most gruesome parts of animals, “fillet of a fenny snake, / In the cauldron boil and bake; / Eye of newts and toe of frog, / Wool of bat and tongue of dog, / Adder’s fork and blind-worm’s sting". The Witches' charm included entrails or body parts of loathed animals or human beings. The imagery could symbolise the creation of a complete monster. This gives the strong implication is that Macbeth himself is no longer a complete human being.

Conclusion paragraph: In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare included the imagery of blood to demonstrate incredible guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, relationship of good and evil with light and darkness, furthermore, the use of animals to delineate the corruption of Macbeth’s personality. The imagery allowed the readers to visualise each scenario and understand the meaning of each scene.

References

1. Roychoudhury, Suparna. “Melancholy, Ecstasy, Phantasma: The Pathologies of Macbeth.” Modern Philology 111, no. 2 (2013): 205–30. (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/673309?journalCode=mp)
2. Ghanooni, A. R. (2014). A cross-cultural study of metaphoric imagery in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Translation and Interpreting Studies. The Journal of the American Translation and Interpreting Studies Association, 9(2), 239-256. (https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/tis.9.2.05gha)
3. Muir, K. (2015). Image and symbol in Macbeth. In Macbeth (pp. 337-351). Routledge. (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315709277-21/image-symbol-macbeth-kenneth-muir)
4. Hughes, H. Y. (1959). THE UNITY OF'MACBETH': A STUDY OF THEMATIC IMAGERY. University of Arkansas. (https://www.proquest.com/openview/26fe98baebf38f83d77e23da1d9b4883/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y)
5. Thompson, A., & Thompson, J. O. (1991). Sight Unseen: Problems with ‘Imagery’in Macbeth. Towards A Definition of Topos: Approaches to Analogical Reasoning, 45-65. (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-11502-0_3)

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Background

Provides a foundational overview, outlining the historical context and introducing keyinformation that will be further explored in the essay, setting the stage for the argument to follow.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

This essay will be talking about the representation of Israeli/ Palestinian conflict in the film Munich and how the film used common stereotypes to exaggerate the character's role in the story, also how that affects the perception of the people in the common culture. I will be doing this by analyzing the storyline and the techniques used to present and form the characters on the screen. The representation which is the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way means to depict or to show an image of something that is already there for example news, when it's used by mass media it creates stereotypes about people and countries, re-presentation gives a meaning to the things that are depicted. Because the things that are being depicted are images of what the thing, story or person actually is, as it can never be 100 percent accurate, because it's not the actual thing, it's just the way the story writer or journalist sees the event, and you are seeing things from his perspective (Stuart Hall in his video-lecture "Representation & the Media,").

A certain group of people can be represented by the media using written, filmed or a different medium, for example immigrants and immigration are subjects that are very controversial which means these subject are being represented by bias people for their own gain and the true meaning is unclear and that means no one can see the full picture but still most people have an opinion depending on where they get the representation from. "There is no such thing called unmediated access to reality" (dyer 1993) which means you as a viewer or a reader will never see the full picture, even if you were at the scene you only see your interpretation of the event nothing more. Film is a very traditional way of getting stereotypes and views forced upon the audience, so film somewhat shapes the way we deal and think about individuals and cultures even if we haven't been exposed to them directly, for example, the way we see the events of the operation Wrath Of God is from the perspective of the Mossad agent and the killings to them is fully justified as they are killing enemies of Israel and terrorists, the PLO members that kidnapped and killed 11 Israeli athletes, but if we see it from another point of view, the PLO members needed and deserved a fair trial under international law, but in the film that was not suggested or proposed, also not mentioned which would suggest to the audience that their actions were fully justified, to understand this more we need to understand encoding and decoding. Encoding and decoding was developed first by the cultural studies scholar Stuart hall in 1973 and it provides an approach on how media messages are created , received and interpreted, it claims that the audience is presented with the messages for them to decode and digest depends on the individual's culture and personal experience unlike other theories that strips the power from the audience he claims that audiences can have an interactive role in decoding the message, depending on the person and people might interpret a message differently from others and audiences can band together to change a message, decoding is basically understanding the message that someone already knows.

To someone who doesn't know anything about the history of the conflict or the culture, it would put Palestinians in a bad light, Despite being killers, the Mossad agents that carry out the targeted revenge killings of Palestinians in Munich are all presented as human and caring individuals. The only personality conflicts that emerge is when one of them begins to question the morality of their revenge killings, and even when such issues appear, the character with moral conflicts is quickly killed off. The subsequent message seems to be that questioning the morality of such acts can only end with death. In addition, the effort to avoid civilian casualties. At one point, one of the Mossad agents declares that ‘it’s strange to think of yourself as an assassin’. No such qualms are mentioned by Palestinian characters in the film, for whom the morals of killing natural and never brought into question. News reports are supposed, to tell the truth, but most of the time they have a hidden agenda to either provoke the reader's emotions towards one side of the debate, the audience might not know that they are being manipulated, the words the writer uses to describe are profoundly important and can swing the reader's opinion to the left or the right, one of the most controversial subjects that we can see an example of this in articles about immigration, some provoke sympathy for the others like the Sun newspaper describes them as swarms of insects. The representation of Palestinians in Munich is an example on how stereotypes can affect the way people see a group, Palestinians are mostly represented as religious fundamentalists what this essay is suggesting that generalization of the media robs the culture of what makes it unique.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has frequently been the focus of Western-produced films, which seek to explain the core of the problem. Claims to a truthful representation of reality have traditionally been linked to a parallel assumption of cultural authority over Palestinians who, unlike Israelis, had until recently little access to filmic means of representation. Through a number of films, produced by both Palestinians and non-Palestinians.Munich others Palestinians to the extent that any productive message is lost in the Orientalist representations it contains. for nearly thirty minutes the words ‘Palestine’or ‘Palestinians’are not spoken by any of the main characters in the film. Prior to this mention, Palestinians are referred to as ‘Arabs’, ‘fedayyin’, ‘Arab terrorists’, and ‘people like these’. the existence of Palestinians appears minutes into the film, when Golda Meier, the members of Black September, describes Palestinians as follows: ‘The people, they want to destroy us...Forget peace for now...We have laws, we represent civilization...I don’t know where these they come from’. The viewer of Munich uses the context to understand the Palestinian cause, the motivations of Black September for undertaking terrorism, and who Palestinians actually are. Instead, we are presented with a plain example in traditional Orientalist texts, that is, evil and, in Meier’s words, ‘ unrecognizable’, whereas Israel represents Western civilization. In one of the scenes the main character Avner, the Mossad agent is presented as a sexual being, a lover with much to lose in the form of wife and unborn child.

Avner’s loving, affectionate. Meanwhile, the only representations we find in Munich of the Palestinians are hysterical women weeping that the ‘Arab terrorists’of Black September are dead. Thus, the Mossad agent is presented as a lover and family man is set against nameless, faceless terrorists whose families only appear in a very limited sequence in the film. When Palestinian families are shown, they speak Arabic, yet subtitles are often not provided, Othering the Arab characters and rendering them even more ‘unrecognizable’and unconnected to the viewer. This movie is inspired by real events and the operation was an Israeli mission, the movie was made from the Israelis point of view so its bis to show how the Israelis responded and their judgment, the Palestinians were treated as the antagonists in this movie first when they were shown celebrating when they heard about the massacre in the news, which on it's own , and to someone who doesn't know about the history of the conflict, can seem as if the Palestinians are celebrating murder and when Avner has a heartfelt conversation with PLO member Ali over their homeland and who deserves to rule over the lands, Ali was justifying the acts the Palestinians commit and the main character's response shows the audience both sides of the coin but still represents Palestinians in a bad light because that isn't every Palestinians point of view, as they think they are freedom fighters but the film shows them more as militant fundamentalists it paints all Palestinians in the same brush.

Parts from the Orientalist perception of the history of Israel and Palestine also emerge at various points in the film. The revenge killings are framed in terms of the apparent weakness of Israel because it is just ‘a small country’. The Palestinian connection to their land is rendered inauthentic or false when one Palestinian character is told that he should leave Palestine and settle elsewhere because they ‘are Arabs, there are lots of places for Arabs’. This perspective essentializes all Arabic cultures into one, painting them as a mass of people from the same culture who are no different from anyone who speaks Arabic thus robbing them from their individuality and identity as Palestinians, which has usually been a method for Othering peoples of the Middle East throughout Western Orientalist history. a culture might have different groups of Arabs" is a cultural and linguistic term. It refers to those who speak Arabic as their first language. Arabs are not a race Most Arabs are Muslims but there are also millions of Christian Arabs and thousands of Jewish Arabs. there are 22 countries you can't paint all of these people with one brush. When Avner truly questions his commitment for Mossad, he is consistently reassured by other characters as to the righteousness of his actions.

Among other justifications, Avner is explicitly told that ‘if these guys live, Israelis die...You know this is true’, and ‘you killed for the future, for peace’. When Avner again confronts his Mossad supervisor in the closing scene of the movie and communicates his misgivings, he is left standing alone, set against the skyline of New York City. As the actions killings of the Israeli athletes, is left to sympathize with the burden Avner bears as a revenge killer, who walks away and out of the frame. As the scene fades out, we see the Twin Towers in the background(which would be destroyed decades later in the 9/11 attacks) Munich was specifically chosen for this analysis because, Munich was a large-budget film by an internationally-known group of actors and producers, In Munich, Palestinians are terrorists who are killed in the context of justified revenge. Munich presents realistic depictions of violence and killing Even when the killings of Palestinians are ostensibly the topic of the film or, at the very least, when the morality of killing them is called into question, Orientalism still permeates their depictions at every turn. Perhaps more damaging, since this film attempt to confront the morality of Israeli killings of Palestinians, is the fact that old conventions are reinforced when Palestinian characters are Othered by making them completely absent and removing their identity and human nature, placing them in binary opposition with their civilised Israeli killers, and depicting them as unknown corpses. These depictions reinforce the traditional Orientalist Otherings of Palestinians and render Palestinians disposable. While their killings may be portrayed as regrettable, they are only so to the extent that their Israeli killers must bear the burden of guilt. This effectively displaces Palestinians within films that supposedly address the morality of the Palestinian situation and the events that unfold as a result. One should also note that this film attempt to represent a pivotal event in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

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Therefore, we must consider the ways in which these narratives contribute to the formation of collective memory about Israel and Palestine. By presenting narratives from the point of view of the reluctant killer, the deaths of the Othered Palestinians in history become excusable, acceptable, and necessary. Despite this film purporting to provide humanistic narratives of the Arab-Israeli conflict, they merely serve to render Palestinian deaths grievable only in so far as they create guilt on the part of their Israeli killers. In the case of Munich, the deaths of Palestinians are unmistakably political and they are contextualized in terms of the waging of the conflict and the search for peace. Munich obscures the actual face of Palestine and Palestinians, their legacy of resistance beyond terrorism and violence, and the historical roots of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Only by honestly engaging with the history and humanity of Israel and Palestine, and not glorifying death merely as an artistic exercise, will the medium of the film begin to contribute productively to a more accurate collective memory?

Dreams are a necessity throughout one’s lifetime. Without dreams, there would be no ambition to “reach for the stars.” Which means that there would be no end goal to get too. Not having dreams is like chasing a ghost. It is just the equivalent to following an invisible shadow. It is a dire egg hunt for not only children, but us, as adults as well. We must know what we want to do and follow that ambition. Most people dream, while others don’t. Whether they are big or small, it contributed to who they became as of today.

Even the most successful of people had dreams and that is what has made them what they are today. Without them having the ability to dream, they wouldn’t have that blueprint to see where they are today, looking back into the past. I believe that without the ability to dream, you will be bored and tired of the same monotonous routines of your daily life and will not even find interest in the most thrilling of things: such as taking risks. I believe that only with dreams, will you find a purpose to live your life. This can help you get to where you want too. You will start working hard towards the dream and will never lose interest in pursuing what you dream of. You will never tire and you will always be striving to get where you want. Personally, I say this is the best way to become successful. But with dreams, comes great responsibility. It is just not enough to dream and then just hope for it to happen. Many people dream, but only some wake up everyday, and work for their dreams.

Without this hard work, a dream will only remain a desire in the subconscious mind and will never be achieved. You will never feel that ecstatic feeling of achievement. You will never get pride in what you do and what you have achieved. If you don’t have motivation, you will only be able to see your dreams when you close your eyes and not open them. You will never enjoy the luxuries of life that will have you smiling. Failures may and do come for a fact, but the attitude to keep moving on and trying to improve is gotten by trying. Dreams are the fuel that keep pushing you to go further and achieve more than you already have. Even if there are many obstacles in life, you tend to keep moving further and trying to be better than who you are. Dreams also help in aiming for bigger goals. Dreaming for big goals are very important and they can even be dreams that change the course of your entire life. It decides your occupation and your inner desires.

For teenagers and kids, it helps in becoming more studious and makes you more inclined towards studying. It helps you achieve any goal that you want to achieve. It is almost the most essential thing in one’s life. So dreams are very important in life of a human being. Dreams are what motivate, inspire, improve and help you in achieving any goal that you want to achieve. Coming from someone who always wants to better themself, I believe this.

Works Cited

1. Balogun, J. A., Balogun, S. K., & Onigbinde, I. A. (2017). The Role of Dreams in Adolescent Development: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(8), 1043-1058.
2. Cartwright, R. D. (2010). The Twenty-First Century Science of Dreaming. International Review of Neurobiology, 92, 1-11.
3. Domhoff, G. W. (2003). The Scientific Study of Dreams: Neural Networks, Cognitive Development, and Content Analysis. American Psychological Association.
4. Farthing, G. W. (1992). The Psychology of Consciousness. Prentice Hall.
5. Hobson, J. A., & McCarley, R. W. (1977). The Brain as a Dream State Generator: An Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134(12), 1335-1348.
6. Jung, C. G. (1960). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Princeton University Press.
7. Kramer, M. (1993). The Function of Dreams. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(5), 647-648.
8. Revonsuo, A. (2000). The Reinterpretation of Dreams: An Evolutionary Hypothesis of the Function of Dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(6), 877-901.
9. Van de Castle, R. L. (1994). Our Dreaming Mind. Ballantine Books.
10. Zadra, A., & Domhoff, G. W. (2011). The Psychological and Neurobiological Function of Dreaming. European Psychologist, 16(3), 165-176.

Table of contents

1. Mechanical Solidarity
2. Organic Solidarity
3. Causes of Division of Labour

In this essay, we will begin by looking at what ‘Division of Labour’ means. Then, we will look at what economic theorists have had to say about the utility and effect of division of labour. Thereafter, we will analyse Durkheim’s understanding of the same and observe the places where it converges and/or diverges from what classical economists said about division of labour. Simply put, division of labour refers to the splitting up an activity into number of smaller parts or processes. Different individuals are assigned to fulfill these smaller processes. When everyone does what they’re supposed to do, the system works like a well-oiled machine and this increases the efficiency and the productivity of the task as a whole. In his Introduction to Division of Labour in Society, Durkheim puts forth the views of classical economists.

Classical economists like Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill upheld division of labour as essential and necessary. They saw in it the supreme law of human societies and the condition of their progress (Durkheim, 1958). In addition, Karl Marx in his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts wrote about the perils of division of labour. According to Marx, excessive specialization and division of labour leads to the worker performing the same, meaningless task over and over again. According to him, this repetitiveness ultimately leads to alienation. (Marx, 1884)

According to him, the function of division of labour is to generate solidarity amongst members of society. Although, Durkheim never explicitly mentions what he understand by ‘solidarity’ but we can think of it as the harmony, cohesion, order and integration that can be seen in the society as a result of division of labour. If we look at all of Durkheim’s works, we can conclude that he laid great emphasis on positivistic methodology of research and advocated comparative analysis. He carries out a systematic comparative analysis of the two different kinds of social solidarity corresponding to two different kinds of societies.  However, social solidarity is a purely moral phenomenon and doesn’t provide itself for observation and measurement. Durkheim works his way around this problem and uses ‘law’ as an external index of social solidarity.

According to Durkheim, every society is organized around some fundamental laws, which also govern the interaction between members of the society. Therefore, he uses law as an external index to measure degree and nature of solidarity in society. All laws carry some kind of sanctions attached to them. Durkheim classifies these sanctions into two types- repressive sanctions and restitutive sanctions. Based on the classification of sanctions, he classified solidarity in two types- each corresponding to the type of sanction. The kind of solidarity that corresponds to repressive sanctions was called mechanical solidarity and the kind of solidarity corresponding to restitutive sanctions was referred to as organic solidarity.

Mechanical Solidarity

Mechanical solidarity refers to solidarity based on likeness. It is based on collective conscience. While speaking of mechanical solidarity and repressive sanction, Durkheim is referring to primitive society. In such a society, there is a great degree of homogeneity and likeness. Differences amongst individuals are very limited. In such societies, division of labour is at a simple level. Individual conscience is merged with the collective conscience. He defines collective conscience as “the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the society that forms a deterministic system that has a life of its own” .

The strength of the collective conscience integrates societies, binding together individual members through strong common beliefs and values. This kind of solidarity can be best observed when this collective conscience is breached. The breach of collective conscience is known as crime. According to him, all crimes have a common element- they shock the collective sentiments that are part of all healthy consciences of the society. Crime is characterized by its capacity to provoke punishment. Punishment is a passionate reaction of graduated intensity that the society exercises through the medium of a body, acting upon those members who have violated t he rules of conduct. Therefore, we can conclude that punishment becomes essential in these societies to maintain the social order. To placate the offended collective conscience and to instill a sense of justice, it is essential that the culprit be punished.

Organic Solidarity

By organic solidarity, Durkheim means solidarity based on difference and complementarity of differences. Organic solidarity is based on restitutive sanctions. These are not punitive, vengeful and expiatory like repressive sanctions. They are concerned with returning things back to their natural order. While speaking of organic solidarity, Durkheim is referring to industrial society where division of labour has made a strong and fundamental impact on the lives of people. A society based on organic solidarity is marked by heterogeneity, differentiation and variety.

In such societies, the strength and impact of the collective conscience lessens, as individual conscience becomes more distinct, more easily distinguished from the collective conscience. Organic solidarity is thus quite unique. An individual while becoming more autonomous depends more upon the society. This is where division of labour comes into the picture. Division of labour in society expects some degree of cooperation from the members of the society.

As a result of division of labour, the levels of specialization increases. As each individual specializes in something special, her dependence on fellow members of the society for fulfillment of needs also increases. Cooperation and complementarity are the twin pillars of organic solidarity in modern complex societies. By the end of Book 1 of his Division of Labour in Society, Durkheim carries out an evolutionary analysis of the kind of solidarity with respect to the evolution of society.

As we have mentioned before, Durkheim observed a correspondence between mechanical solidarity and primitive societies and organic solidarity and modern industrial societies. He goes on to state that in this evolution of society from primitive to modern, “mechanical solidarity progressively becomes enfeebled” and it is the “division of labour that fills the role that was formerly filled by common conscience”.

Thus Durkheim has clearly stated the function of division of labour- it is to establish solidarity amongst the members of the society. This is very different from what classical economists believe division of labours’ function to be. They attribute the economic progress of society onto division of labour. Durkheim establishes the social utility and purpose of division of labour- to render societies solidary and to maintain order and harmony. Without division of labour and subsequent solidarity, societies will go into the state of anomie or normlessness. According to Durkheim, solidarity, as a result of division of labour, is a moral fact. Whereas, economic functions fulfilled by division of labour have no morality attached to them.

Causes of Division of Labour

Having explained the social function of division, Durkheim looks into the causes of it. He identifies it to be the increase in moral and material density. Material density refers to the sheer increase in number of people in society i. e. population growth. Moral density refers to the increased interaction between members of society as a result of population growth. The growth in two kinds of densities results in struggle for existence. In societies marked by mechanical solidarity, all individuals have the same talents and compete for same resources- this makes the competition harsh. In case of societies marked by organic solidarity, division of labour ensures that individuals specialize in different fields and areas. This way, they cannot just co-exist but can also complement each other.

Abnormal forms of division of labour: Although Durkheim has talked about the functional utility of the division of labour, he brings to our attention the fact that this might now be the case every time. We get to witness some deviations in the function fulfilled by division of labour. He presents three such deviations in division of labour that gives us results that were not desirous.

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• When there is a mismatch between the rate of change with which base, in Marx’s terms, changes and the rate at which values and norms changes, anomie prevails in the society. This leads to normlessness and conflict between different groups in society.
• Secondly, division of labour based on inequality of opportunity, according to Durkheim, fails to produce long-lasting solidarity. This kind of abnormal division of labour results in individuals becoming frustrated and unhappy with their society.
• The third type of deviation occurs when the very purpose of division of labour is destroyed. Work is not well organized and coordinated. Workers are often engaged in doing meaningless tasks and there is no unity of action. Thus integration breaks down and anomie prevails. So far we have seen how according to Durkheim, division of labour is not just limited to the field of economics. Its scope and range is much beyond the field of economics. Its primary role, as we have discussed, is to render societies solidary.

However, Durkheim’s evolutionary understanding of the types of solidarity and the kind of society is too simplistic. Mechanical solidarity is not limited to primitive societies and neither is organic solidarity limited to modern industrial societies. Other than that, we can conclude the essay by stating that Durkheim has been successful in establishing the fact that the scope of division of labour is not limited to the field of economics. It has a larger function to perform- to ensure solidarity, integration, order and harmony in society.

Having a proper internal communication is one of the key element that holds organizations in the righty organizational positions. Failure of a reliable and independent internal communication structure will bridge a lot of communication gaps (Stark, Whitlock, & Cornett, 2014). With the lack of effective internal communication, a consulting firm just becomes a system with people who are disconnected and does not coordinate the operations of the firm. It is always not possible for individuals within a firm to work on their own accord without depending on each other. The different systems and departments in a consulting from will always depend on each other to operate effectively. Trust and cooperation are usually built as a result of a reliable internal communication structure (Stark, Whitlock, & Cornett, 2014). The productivity of a firm will be enhanced due to the manner in which communication is conducted in any given firm. When there is a lot of laxity in the way in which people communicate, the operations of a company will be disrupted. The rate of productivity will significantly decline. It is usually a key component that ought to be considered with a lot of strategic concerns. The big concern that comes up is the manner in which a lot of complaints raised by individuals is drawn from the issues related to communication. In most occasions, the lower employees will require being given effective directions from their top leaders (Stark, Whitlock, & Cornett, 2014). Failure to get this help will result in many inconveniences that will affect the manner in which they perform their operations.

Communication is a key component that a company cannot survive without its proper use. Gaps in communication usually come with a lot of problems that entirely makes the firm even collapse. Some companies have never been able to revive from their problems due to ineffective communication that they have outlined. According to Jenifer & Raman (2015), there are key aspects that are usually significant for each company to adopt. They usually give the right direction and proper ways that could result in the ineffectiveness of the firm. In fact, a lot of concerns have been raised on the best approach to be used to address the problem of communication gaps. In fact, good communication usually creates and promotes the effective business environment. Clients will usually be directed to work and operationalize most of their activities with firms with a centrally reliable communication platform. The company realizes its maximum potential after scrutinizing and making most of its processes reliable. Communication is the cornerstone to enabling this move (Jenifer & Raman, 2015). Even though this is usually the case, a lot of communication gaps remain to be a problem. People will not be able to effectively address some of the key elements that they are faced with despite the efforts that they try to establish with other individuals.

Most of the workers within strategic and consulting firms do not keep their words into action. The end of such ignorance is usually frustrations and improper future coordination. A serious company should have serious personnel who can make effective implementations on time. When people do not consider some of the key communication structure as important, it will lead to communication gap. Employees ought to understand the manner in which various aspects should be considered and ensure that proper guidelines have been followed. Most of the workers miss out to perform what was required of them due to the delivery of wrong information (Pirkkalainen, & Pawlowski, 2014). When the right information reaches individuals at any time, it becomes easy for people to understand the manner in which they can effectively work out on different lines of duty. Trust is only established when the words people say is directly coherent with their actions. Communication gaps are elements that will always ensure effective communication becomes a problem to the people. In fact, people will strain to ensure that communication gaps have been reduced despite the challenges that they might encounter in the course of their operations. It is, therefore, necessary for individuals to understand some of the key components that are necessary for the entire effectiveness and operations that they undertake (Campbell-Enns, Woodgate, & Chochinov, 2017).

Top-down communication structure has widened the communication gap that exists in most of the organizations. People are now not able to make their views concerning a particular major change effective because of the way in which the top managers reacts to their issues. Most of the decisions that the lower management obtain have already been decided, and they are not given any form of responsive considerations (Jenifer & Raman, 2015). Even though they might be having a major issue that needs to be implemented, no proper platform can help them give out their opinions. This has led to a lot of problems between the top and the lower management. There is completely a large communication gap that exists that ought to be considered considerably. With such concerns, there will be proper considerations that will ensure the method has followed the right path to effective implementation of communication strategies. One of the key element that has been neglected is the fact that only the top management are capable of making critical decisions that could be implemented (Rani, 2016). Even the lower employees can come up with great and innovative implementations that could transform the organization. What most of them lack is an effective communication platform that could help them express most of their ideas that could be considered. When such forums and effective communication are established, there will be a lot of other factors that will be undertaken for the effective implementation of various components.

Managers and leaders are the key figures that will facilitate the existence of a communication gap within a consulting firm (Jenifer & Raman, 2015). The manner in which they interact will determine the ultimate approach that will eventually help them to overcome most of the things that they undertake. In fact, when people communicate within an organization, more emphasis will be directed to the leaders and managers. They are the ones who will allow the organization to have an effective flow of information. Because leaders are the ones to give directions, they should be well versed with the manner in which they build a relationship (Chaney, & Martin, 2013). A properly structured organization should always have reliable management who can give and offer the right decisions that will be used to influence the decisions that people make. Managers should always look for the loopholes that exist within an organization and try as much as possible to eliminate such. This will ensure that the problems raised have been solved on a timely manner. When lower employees raise problems and issues affecting them that needs immediate considerations, it should be addressed instantly. Delays and ineffective responses may lead to the general delay of the entire system (Chaney, & Martin, 2013). In fact, people will not be able to understand some of the key components that will enable them to effectively overcome the milestones when there is no proper communication structure.

Clear and simple communication structure will avoid a lot of misunderstanding in a company. Most of the communication gaps that strategic and consulting firms encounter today come from the manner in which top management communicate. It is always advisable for the entire message to reach each as it was rightly intended (Chaney, & Martin, 2013). This makes it clear that the entire process will not be corrupted. When jargons and ambiguous communication terms are used, the entire communication process will not be effective. A structured communication will ensure that the right information is transferred from one individual to the other. Communication gaps that exist needs a lot of considerations for it to be effectively implemented. When no proper concern is made, there will be a lot of other factors that might come up interfering with the entire communication process.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Product Development
3. Conclusion

Introduction

Emerging and established companies such as Nike constantly seek a competitive edge to enhance their productive and profit margins as well as to distinguish their firm from the competition in the marketplace. From enhanced marketing and promotional initiatives to outsourcing of production, firms execute a variety of strategies and tactics to bolster their bottom-line. All of these approaches may well translated into better performance for the business. However, one of the more efficacious ways of distinguish is to enhance and refine their supply-chain logistical infrastructure. From partnering with superior vendors and suppliers to streamlining internal processes, addressing supply-chain issues have transformative potential for companies. Ultimately, by addressing this component of a businesses, entrepreneurs and executives have the potential to take their enterprise to new heights in terms of profitability and marketshare.

Supplier involvement is a component of supply-chain relational capabilities and it is a positive link to new product development. Additionally, through the involvement of suppliers in other strategic as well as operational efforts, the supply-chain partners will be able to develop a greater understanding that ultimately enhances their prospects for strategic viability. While the advantages of supply partnerships are many, integrating and aligning these relationships is never easy, some of the larger challenges are trust between partners, or lack of it. IT systems that allow real time information flow between partners, egocentric attitudes of supply chain partners vice holistic views of the supply chain to the benefit of all he members and the size, manageability the supply chain. Rationalization of the supply chain to a manageable level is always hard work and painful but, well worth the effort and pain.

The three levels of supply-chain that Nike has employed to survive and operate in business are strategic, tactical, and operational. Organization make high-level decisions at the strategic level to outline company’s mission statement, goals, and objective relevant to their operations. These decisions should state clear, concise, and measurable goals that the company can reach and or exceed. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, as many managers do not see the benefit of implementing a strategic plan into their supply-chain operational portions of planning. Some of the supply-chain processes are product development, inventory, costumer relations, vendors, and production, shipping and receiving that company must include in their strategic plan.

This paper shall discuss the opportunities that exist to improve supply-chain activities for Nike; how to better align logistics and the company’s strategic plan, to integrate the supply-chain; as well as how to continue to meet the labor rights issues the company continues to address within its supply chain. In order to improve the movement of goods; identify challenges in integration of suppliers and manufacturers in the logistics management; Nike must be willing to adjust their practices to current circumstances affecting supply-chain. Many processes exist on the market today that companies can adopt to increase their values, which affects the supply-chain management on organizational level; and financial implications by reviewing some of the best practices available on the market and improving their own supply-chain management.

Nike currently is positioned as the largest athletic shoe and apparel firm in the world (Locke, 2012). As it has developed its significant marketshare within the United Stated, the firm also has accumulated over 30 percent of the global athletic apparel and shoe market. The firm has transcended its origins as a shoe company to establish a strong position in both the apparel and sports equipment sectors (Locke, 2007). In terms of its suppliers, approximately 70 of its over 800 partners worldwide produce shoes (2007). By 2004, Nike had realized annual sales of $12.2 billion in revenues of which $6.5 billion stemmed from shoe products and $3.5 billion from athletic clothing (2007). In developing this marketshare, the company's 800 suppliers were responsible for employing in excess of 600,000 workers in more than 50 nations worldwide (Locke, 2012). At the same time, less than 25,000 direct employees exist on the payroll of Nike, whereby most of these professionals reside within the United States.

Despite the reach and production of its supply chain, Nike endured severe criticism of its supply chain conditions in offshore locations during the 1990s, namely because of the poor work conditions maintained by its partners around the world (Locke, 2003). Critics of the firm cited human rights violations, substandard wages, and failing working conditions as an issue for Nike and its overseas partners. Issues of poorly paid workers focused on nations such as Cambodia and Indonesia, while substandard working conditions were examined in countries like China and Vietnam (2003). This proved to be a challenging time for Nike in terms of its public relations; however, by the new decade the firm had implemented a set of protocols and other conditions that would ensure improved working standards were maintained by suppliers abroad (2003). Despite these challenges, the global supply chain has proven to be vital to its ability to develop its brand leadership position in delivering products rapidly at an efficient cost.

Product Development

Senior management responsibility at Nike is to develop and implement strategic mission, goals, and objectives for the entire organization in order to succeed for the products that the company intends to manufacture and offer to their customers. This process involves paying attention to the economy and costumer demands as product sales may decline. Furthermore, management’s duty involves strategic-management decisions to utilized innovative techniques to create and present new versions of existing products or services into the marketplace. Sometimes organizations may require the need to purchase other companies or outsource some of their services to save money. One thing to consider before making these type of decisions is to evaluate the overall health of the organization, product development or services that the company already provides before making a haste decision. This is especially important in the global market for a firm such as Nike because the pressure of international competition, financial status, and the importance of supply chain management (SCM) press many companies.

Procurement, production, marketing, inventory, sales, transportation, and services must exist across the well-designed confines of a company. As demand, supply, interaction increases between the buyer and seller the relationship must change accordingly. Organization that lack the strength and willingness to work together between their company’s functional activities within the supply-chain are setup for failure. Companies that implement the SCM process benefit from the rewards worldwide by reducing their production along with inventory while minimizing their delivery and distribution costs, which allows them to secure manufacturing flexibility, and drives higher productivity. “SCM synchronizes manufacturing processes in a supply chain, suppliers are able to participate in the product research and development (R&D) and reduce the lead-times and cost in R&D. With the use of SCM, enterprises can streamline manufacturing processes across functional or organizational boundaries, and possess up-to-date production schedules of suppliers and avoid the bullwhip effect and finally promote the product and service quality” (Li-Ling, 2010, p. 859). Having said that, the process is not that simple when it comes to suppliers on a global scale due to the undertaking, since individual organizations possess their own structure, information, and culture.

Focusing on the Nike costumer is the key element in the strategic management planning where the emphasis is on the product and provider’s product. This is where the supplier strategic mission statement identifies the customer needs, satisfaction, and distinctive competencies in their strategic mission statement. Focus on the customer is more effective than being product-oriented because it offers Nike a more robust basis for value creation and value capture. By staying costumer oriented, mangers are capable of effectively placing their supply-chain partners to meet customer needs thru reconfiguring their supply-chains operations.

Two shifts must take place for firms to evolve toward end customer focus. First, firms like Nike seeking to develop strong customer relationships should recognize that all customers do not have the same service expectations and do not necessarily want the same overall level of service. They must, therefore, identify, and rationalize core customers that are best suited to be their business clients and then meet or exceed expectations by providing unique value-added services. These services may include assignment of specific focus teams to identify, design, implement, and refine specialized offerings. Additionally, firms must develop the ability to satisfy not only existing needs but also those that may emerge in the future. By continuously matching service capabilities with changing customer expectations, providers can stay ahead of the competition.

Second, firms seeking to enhance customer relationships must develop operating systems capable of quickly reacting to change rather than depending upon anticipatory deployment of inventory to handle planned requirements. This is facilitated by gathering and exchanging information throughout the supply chain as contrasted to guessing what may happen. The focus must be on efficient and effective accommodation of unique customer requests as well as on the ability to react to unexpected operational circumstances.

Customers place an increasing demands on manufacturers in regards to options, styles, different features, and delivery time. Therefore, companies like Nike that are capable of emerging and provide the customer with the greatest and the latest possess a competitive edge over their competitors when one talks about the manufacturing quality and delivery thru efficient supply- chain management. Maintaining competitive advantage likewise forces constant redirection and enhancement of product features, quality, cost, options and services. “Supply-chain effectiveness has therefore joined product quality and time-to-market as a key competitive differentiator. Success for many companies now depends on their ability to balance a stream of product and process changes with meeting customer demands for delivery and flexibility. Optimally managing supply-chain operations has therefore become critical to companies’ ability to compete effectively in the global marketplace” (Gordon, 1997, para. 1).

In today’s world, Nike leverages an impactful supply chain to compete effectively without a well-developed supply chain. Emphasizing the importance of supply chain operations will develop value by eliminating non-value added steps. To develop an efficient supply chain that adds value to the company and shareholders as well as meeting the needs of today’s customers and supply chain partners all sections of the supply chain must share common goals, (alignment) and concentrate on the end customer. At the strategic level, manufacturing decisions define the manufacturing infrastructure and technology that is required. Based on high level forecasting and sales estimates, the company management has to make strategic decisions on how products will be manufactured. The decisions can require new manufacturing facilities to be built or to increase production at existing facilities. These are all strategic decisions made on the operations side of the house for production.

Conclusion

Investing in superior supply-chain logistics unleashes impactful results for the profitability and marketshare for established and emerging enterprises. Though this component of an enterprise may not be the first place an entrepreneur or team of executives may consider as an area to unleash greater profitability and growth, supply-chain logistics have the potential to transform the prowess of a venture. When approached in a judicious manner whereby executives seek superior supplier relationships and enhanced infrastructure to streamline processes, enhanced logistics have the capacity to bolster a firm’s bottom line relatively quickly compared to other approaches that may require more time and higher costs that may erode profit margins.

Nike continuously strives to align its supply chain operations, customer service and level of investments with market opportunities. They must also be able to meet greater customer expectations, manage risks and costs, and deliver sustainability. To do all of this, organizations must quickly sort through information that covers every aspect of the supply chain. This requires automation and systems integration.

Furthermore, data analytics have proven to be transformative across a bevy of industries. Political campaigns have used the technology to better predict voter trends, while marketers have employed the technology to drive sales for the businesses they serve. The technology has the potential to facilitate the development of superior supply-chain logistical processes and approaches to enhance the profitably and efficiency of a business. At the same time, firms should not rely strictly on the data provided to decide whether a capital investment should be made to bolster supply chain matters. Rather, they should integrate data-driven approaches with their first-hand knowledge of the marketplace and their internal company capabilities.

Using business analytics that address today’s environment, companies are always tempted to begin any business analytics project with a conversion of standard reports that they have used for years; do not let them do that. Though these reports alone do not necessarily address how business is being done today, nor provide much competitive advantage, companies should develop new metrics that can really tell them how the supply chain is working right now and which areas they can act on in immediate, short-term and longer-term situations.

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Moreover, managers and entrepreneurs must seek to capitalize on ever-evolving technological trends that transform business on a daily basis. Whether it be data analytics approaches, social media platforms or new nano-technological innovations, executives must remain vigilant to new advances that impact the supply-chain approaches in their industry. Lack of knowledge or willingness to capitalize on new advances may set a business back in the marketplace or worse, thereby leading to its demise.

What is most responsible for the death of sweatshop workers in Rana Plaza and chromium pollution in the river near to Kanpur? You will never consider the latest H&M shirt in the store is made by one oppressed worker who was stitching the shirt with their lives. And you would not think the environmental cost of that shirt as well. More importantly, you do not notice that famous brand companies are benefiting from you over again. In “The True Cost,” the executive director of “War on Want,” John Hilary once says “When everything is concentrated on making profits for the big cooperation, what you see it’s the human rights, environment, worker’s right get lost ultimately” (Hilary). Consequently, primary fashion companies are most responsible for the absence of the human right in sweatshops and environmental pollution in production, for they oppress sweatshop workers, make their working condition insecure and exacerbate pollution in factories. All these problems need to be solved by consumers ourselves, or we ultimately make the decision.

Firstly, fashion companies oppress workers in sweatshops. Some people believe that these major fashion companies have created many sustainable working positions which are better than other worse jobs for the poor people. However, the job in the sweatshop is not even official and guaranteed. In the “The True Cost,” the director Andrew Morgan points out that “Because major brands do not officially employ the workers,” they are all “remaining free responsibility” (Morgan). Then, some big brands such as H&M can overuse their unauthorized workers and force them work for extra time. In the article “H&M factories in Myanmar employed 14-year-old workers Publisher”, author Sarah Butler exposes that even “children as young as 14 toiled for more than 12 hours a day”. Except child labor issues, they are violating the Article 24 of UDHR which claims “Everyone has the right to rest and leisure time.” Apparently, those fashion companies cheat those workers, and studiously exploits their resources by taking advantages of them illegally.

Secondly, those major fashion companies cause insecure working condition in their sweatshops. The opponent thinks that garment factories are mainly responsible for the safety of workers for they are the owner of working places. However, factories are also victims who are squeezed by major corporations financially. According to the Dhaka garment factory owner Arif Jebtik in “The True Cost,” “every day they oppress me, and I oppress my workers” (Jebtik). Conseq uently, factories have not enough financial aid to repair buildings to make the factory safer, and turn out to disregard safety measure of factories. When force factories to have lower and lower cost by major brands, the additional cost is the lives of workers, which is against Article 23 of UDHR that mentions "Everyone has the right to work in a safe environment” (UDHR). Then, factory disaster in Rana Plaza happened and killed more than one thousand people. Such inevitable accident is directly resulted by not enough payment from the companies. After that, H&M company immediately promised to change worker’s condition. But it deliberately slowed their steps down. In the article “Retailers Like H&M and Walmart Fall Short of Pledges to Overseas Workers,” Rachel Abrams reveals their “ progress on improving conditions at the factories has been too slow,” and they “continue to benefit from unfair and dangerous labor practices.”

Those major fashion companies rather increase their sales by advertising than to change worker’s working condition. In the article “Who Really Benefits From Sweatshops”, David Wilson reveals that if the companies “cut marketing down”, then “the savings would certainly be enough to allow for doubling the wages of many assembly workers and creating safe conditions in their factories”. It expresses those companies do have opportunities to change worker’s working condition and help them get out of danger. But they choose to maximize profit by advertising, which is clear that they regard human lives as substitute parts which can be replaced by other cheap working force.

Pollution in particular region has been exacerbated by those fashion companies. The opponent may hold the view that local issues of pollution should be cared and treated by local government and protection agencies. However, the companies have led the pollution to be unbearable to the region during fast fashion trend. In “The True Cost,” Siegle mentions “have 52 seasons a year” and “have something new coming every weeks”, exposing such high demands of the companies. That will force factories to produce more and more harmful and destructive chemicals to their environment. The city Kanpur, the capital of leather- export, has been developed by increasing demand for cheap leather from brand companies. However, the founder Rakesh Jaiswal illustrates “the local environment, soil, the only drinking water source and groundwater source are contaminated with chromium” (Jaiswal). It shows enormous negative effect led by the demand of the companies. Companies maximize their profits by increasing supply of factories without considering other significant output of their products.

Massive pollution from production is being ignored by the companies. In “The True Cost”, Mike schragger says, “A lot of resources that we used to make our clothing are not accounted in the cost of producing those clothes, such as water that used to produce”(schragger). It illustrates that water pollution is not accounted by the companies. But they brought all businesses to the people living close to factories as well as negative output from factories. Workers in factories have neither advanced filtering equipments to reduce the pollution nor ideas of harmfulness of pollution. As they ignore such harmfulness, they will undertake all the consequences at last.

Admittedly, many factors affect consumers making decisions. Either the effect of Advertising or “celebrity effect” affect consumers to purchase more from fast fashion industry. However, consumers should assume the greatest responsibility in restoring environmental problems and human right violation, for they ultimately make the decision for the whole process, and have the power to change the situation by changing their mind. As LUCY Siegle advocates in “The True Cost,” the fast fashion industry will stop its negative effect only if “All consumers asking ethical questions, all consumers asking quite simple questions about where their clothes are from” (Siegle).

In conclusion, major fashion companies should take most responsibility for what sweatshop workers have experienced and the pollution produced by factories, for they have violated human rights of sweatshop workers and exacerbated the pollution. As the consumer, if we start to care about “real cost” behind clothes and say “No” to clothes from unqualified sweatshops, then the fast fashion industry would be slow down. Those major fashion companies in the industry would reflect on themselves and find “the true cost” as well.

To establish whether fidgeting really contributes to a lack of focus we need to, first, investigate the different features of fidgeting that may increase or decrease chances of mind wandering. In order to do this successfully we will need to use a variety of sources that look at different aspects of fidgeting. An extreme form of fidgeting would be ADHD giving us an excellent discussion topic when judging advantages and disadvantages of fidgeting. Also, by evaluating the sources used, we can decide the value of fidgeting against the notion of focus.

The second part of the question will require us to look into and analyse different parenting and teaching styles that can aid better focus in students. To ensure that this is done effectively we will need to examine a variety of sources and decide which sources give more valuable and trustworthy data. Doing this will enable us to justify what forms of teaching and parenting styles are most effective and why.

A definite factor we should consider in this essay, when thinking about the contribution fidgeting makes to a loss of concentration, is the connection between different forms of fidgeting and inattentiveness. Then, we need to discover whether there is a certain type or amount of fidgeting that may contribute to a lack of focus. This will help us balance the good effects and bad effect of fidgeting against each other to finally come to a conclusion. By expanding on the idea of too much fidgeting we can mention ADHD- a negative factor that definitely involves a lack of focus.

In order to correctly determine what techniques parents should develop to help their children focus better is needed to analyse certain elements of these methods. For example, the notion of ‘mindfulness’; a natural way of helping children implement better focus in their lives by persuading them focus on the positive aspects of life. We can weigh this against the idea of getting students to do more exercise because a lack of it increases your inability to focus. This inability can be reversed if students are trained to be physically stronger. Another concept that can be added here is that children are naturally inclined to an inattentive nature so there isn’t a specific parental or physical analogy in getting students to focus better. Even though this is true, recent scientific documents have proved mindfulness to be an effective strategy in improving overall focus .

Different teaching styles also need to be studied to decide what methodology is more valuable in helping children adapt greater amounts of focus. It can be done by selecting sources that carefully assess the pros and cons of each teaching method. By carrying out this process we can determine which specific teachings styles can assist students to develop more focused minds.   

The issue of foreign aid on underdeveloped countries and the effect that it has on their economy, as well as the economy of the giving countries has been of great controversy. The reason for this controversy is the fact that while some might argue that foreign aid is beneficial for the economy of of the needing countries, for multiple diverse factors, others debate that the aid does the exact opposite and instead negatively affects the economy. Nonetheless, foreign aid is a factor that negatively affects the economy of underdeveloped countries because it stimulates dependency and creates a cycle of negative economic choices.

In the article Aid Dependency: The Damage of Donation, an accurate definition of foreign aid decency is given. The author states that “Aid dependency refers to the proportion of government spending that is given by foreign donors.” The question that arises however is, how does foreign aid increase dependency? Foreign aid on underdeveloped countries increases dependency over the help because when a country is getting economic aid, then that country will be in debt with the country that is providing said aid. If the underdeveloped nation did not have the economic means necessary to perform in certain areas, and was thus in need of accepting foreign aid, then that country is most certainty not going to be able to pay the debts instantly. The issue with not paying a foreign aid debt is that as the years pass by, the debt constantly grows. A hypothetical example is that if a country had a debt of $2 million dollars in 2010, then by the year 2017 that debt could’ve grown up to $5 just on interests. This would make that poor country need to rely on further foreign aid in order to maintain the nation surviving and slowly pay the debts.

There are many more factors caused by foreign aid, which also contribute to the under developing of a country. James Roberts provides one of these in the article Foreign Aid: Breaking the Cycle of Dependency when he states that “Unfortunately, weak judicial systems and corruption in the public and private sectors greatly impede democratic institutions and keep many potential MCC compact countries from growing and developing.” Furthermore, he also states that “Instead, it tends to promote policies that create economic distortions and foster dependence on the government. It reinforces instead of fixing the problems that undermine sustainable development -- including corruption.”

Underdevelopment has been an issue of great concern for economist and both the growing nations of the world, and the grown nations that own a strong economic base. Although the intentions of foreign aid are candid, an underdeveloped country does not have the base nor the government or plans to get itself into debt by accepting help from stronger countries. Diverse solutions like programs should be considered before intending to provide money through foreign help.