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Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Coca-Cola Company
3. Why Coca-Cola?
4. What Makes Coca-Cola a Brand?
5. Branding Elements
6. History How & Why
7. Coca-Cola’s Unique Selling Position

Introduction

Claiming the rights to an individual's thoughts, feelings and intentions, induce a fine line between ownership and influence. Do brands own us, do we allow them to, or are they simply trying to influence our humanised nature in any way they deem fit.

Where do we go from here, are the days of subliminal messages over or are these massive companies still attempting to brainwash and set up our every move. Understanding this concept will allow us to reveal why brands hold such a big “market share” within our society and why it is so important to study them and their socio-economic impact. Psychologically the brand shares impact from the beverage we choose to drink to the rivalry produced subconsciously(Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi). Let us dive into one of the most reputable amongst the controversy that is a “brand”, in the world.

“Did you know? The first servings of Coca?Cola were sold for 5 cents per glass. During the first year, sales averaged a modest nine servings per day in Atlanta. Today, daily servings of Coca?Cola beverages are estimated at 1.9 billion globally.” (World of Coca-Cola, 2018)

Coca-Cola Company

Often accused of being a vague question to begin with, ‘what is the definition of a brand’ is both simple yet broad as a whole, some experts have of course their own take on the meaning, experts such as Seth Godin who has a great definition of a brand. "A brand is the set of expectations, memories, stories and relationships that, taken together, account for a consumer's decision to choose one product or service over another." (S. Godin 2010).

This of course is more of an experienced based definition as opposed to a general one. A more general definition follows more along the lines of: “A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors” (Du Toit et al, 2013).

Example: Nike(name) is represented most effectively and generally by the “swoosh” symbol printed on all of their pieces of clothing, this symbol/logo is easily identifiable and helps to distinguish their product from the rest.

A brand is the perception of a company, product or service, If a brand is a perception, then branding is the creation of a perception. A Brand creates confidence in a product as well as consistency allowing consumers to quickly and effortlessly identify the quality of the product by the name or mark.

Why Coca-Cola?

Coca-Cola is the most popular as well as holds the accolade of most sold soft drink in history, as well as one of the most recognizable brands in the world. Not only that but if you are drinking it, it is probably owned by the holding company Coca-Cola.

The Coca-Cola Company, one of the most valuable and recognizable brands across the globe, is the world’s largest beverage company. “It offers nearly 4,000 drink options through its 500 different brands, 21 of which generate more than $1 billion in annual retail sales. The company posted 2016 revenues of more than $40 billion.” (Team, 2018)

These figures accumulate to the sum of a beverage company that dominates the industry(not without threats/competition of course). Along with this, Coca-Cola owns and markets four of the world’s top five sparkling non-alcoholic beverages namely: Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. It makes and distributes it’s beverages through company-owned or controlled bottling plants and distributors but also contracts independent bottling partners, wholesalers, and retailers. This structure makes up the world’s largest beverage distribution system.

Owning a share in a company like this does not come without a hefty expense, even some of the richest people in the world can only afford to own 9%, further illustrating why The Coca-Cola Company is the ultimate brand when it comes to FMCG(Fast Moving Consumer Goods) “Billionaire investor Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway own a 9% stake in Coca-Cola.” (Team, 2018)

In essence “why Coca-Cola” shouldn’t be the question at hand, rather “why not Coca-Cola”. Hegemony. “Did you know? One of the most famous advertising slogans in Coca?Cola history “The Pause That Refreshes” first appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in 1929. The theme of pausing with Coca?Cola refreshment is still echoed in today’s marketing.” (World of Coca-Cola, 2018)

What Makes Coca-Cola a Brand?

What is it that constitutes Coca-Cola as a brand, at its core Coca-Cola’s brand is a product which amongst many things has, characteristics like their name and symbol which differentiate them from others in the market. This is what makes their product identifiable and differentiable. This we can view by the represented tangible elements that create a visual, auditory and olfactory brand identity. These tangible elements consist of the following: Brands consist of two parts: Brand name: Part of the brand that can be spoken; Example: Coca Cola. Brand mark: Part of the brand which can be recognised, but cannot be spoken; Consists of symbols, figures, a design or distinctive

colouring or lettering; Example: Iconic Spencerian script font(Coke) used against the red background. The brand of Coca-Cola also resides in the shape and iconic nature of it’s world famous bottle/s. The new Coca?Cola bottle was so distinctive it could be recognized in the dark and it effectively set the brand apart from competition. The contoured Coca?Cola bottle was trademarked in 1977. Over the years, the Coca?Cola bottle has been inspiration for artists across the globe — a sampling of which can be viewed at World of Coca?Cola in Atlanta.

Fast forward to the 1970s when Coca?Cola’s advertising started to reflect a brand connected with fun, friends and good times. Many fondly remember the 1971 Hilltop Singers performing “I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke”, or the 1979 “Have a Coke and a Smile” commercial featuring a young fan giving Pittsburgh Steeler, “Mean Joe Greene”, a refreshing bottle of Coca?Cola.

Branding Elements

The seven types of brand elements are used to enhance brand awareness, to enable consumers to form positive, strong brand associations and to bring forth positive perceptions about a brand.

Seven types of Brand Elements consist of the following: Brand names, logos and symbols, characters,spokespeople, slogans, jingles, packaging. In this essay we will be referring to all seven initially, then moving onto a more detailed description of four of the elements as they attain to our chosen brand ‘Coca-Cola’.

• Brand Names- for instance, Coca-Cola representing the name of the organisation
• Logos and symbols- for instance, the white Spencerian script font of ‘Coca-Cola’ on the red background is used to identify Coca-Cola company.
• Characters- for instance, the Michelin Man (Tyre company).
• Spokespeople- for instance, Steve Jobs will always be associated with Apple.
• Slogans- for instance, “taste the rainbow”, associated with Skittles.
• Jingles- for instance, ‘Five Dollar Foot Long’ song used in SUBWAY advertisements.
• Packaging- for instance, the unique shape of the Coca-Cola Bottle. (Du Toit et al, 2013)

Forward thinking for these elements are subject to an initial four that I will be using to frame the methodology behind the types of elements I feel support Coca-Cola company and their brand as a whole. Firstly we shall be taking a closer look at Brand Names, “The brand name can have a significant influence on the perception that consumers have of a product” (Du Toit et al, 2013). A brand name consists of one or more words, a combination of letters or even just one letter which forms a unique name that represents a company’s market offering.

In Coca-Cola’s situation the brand name as obvious as it may seem at first glance is certainly the most important element and aspect to instantly identify the brand alongside it’s packaging, I feel when it comes to Coca-Cola they afford themselves the privilege to stand tallest on this, their brand name speaks for itself nobody in the beverage industry comes to even holding a candle to them. Organisations such as ‘Coca-Cola’ have made the conscious effort to develop the perfect name making it both distinctive and trademarkable.

The name is recognisable, provides positivity when matches with the slogans and what they stand for. Secondly Slogans, A short yet simplified message can be used to help position a brand in the minds of its consumers, slogans usually highlight the benefits of the product or what the company could stand for. Like a good jingle should a slogan be developed and marketed correctly it to can enhance the memorability of the brand. Slogans can have a negative and almost overexposed connotation if overused (Du Toit et al, 2013), which has been realised by the company in question ‘Coca-Cola’ whereby they have had of a dozen slogans over the years.

Coca-Cola has had many slogans throughout the years as references and shown in this essay, non more infamous in my opinion than “Open Happiness” or “Life Tastes Good”, further atoning to the notion seen below regarding Coca-Cola’s Unique Selling Position and their stance on what makes life ‘enjoyable’.

Jingle, defined as a “short song” the sound of a jingle can be associate itself by adding to the visual elements of a brand and creating awareness to the product and brand as a whole. Enhancing the consumers likelihood to rehearse or repeat catchy jingles after the advertisement is over, providing even more opportunities for increased memorability. (Du Toit et al, 2013). “I’d like to buy the world a Coke” originated in the 1971 by ‘Hilltop’ however amongst all the years of jingles and songs from the company what remains one of the most distinct and recognisable sounds, is Coca-Cola’s five note piano melody followed with the opening gush of the ‘Coke’ bottle.

Packaging, Packaging is by definition the material that is used to wrap goods in order to protect the product during distribution. (Du Toit et al, 2013). Besides the functional aspects of packaging the element associated to certain brands such as ‘Coca-Cola’ who perhaps has the most iconic bottle shape to date, it becomes seemingly nonsensical to think that a brand such as Coca-Cola cannot be felt, but even a quick glance at the shape of its bottle reminds you immediately who it belongs to. Even without any colour of text, the meer image of the ‘Coke’ bottle is readily and easily recognisable.

History How & Why

Better yet Who. Who is the brand in question, how did they start and why did they come to exist. The Coca-Cola Company is best known for its flagship product Coca-Cola otherwise known as ‘Coke’, invented in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. The Coca-Cola formula and brand were bought in 1889 by Asa Griggs Candler (December 30, 1851 – March 12, 1929), who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892.

How: Coca-Cola history began in 1886 when the curiosity of an Atlanta pharmacist, Dr. John S. Pemberton, led him to create a distinctive tasting soft drink that could be sold at soda fountains. He created a flavored syrup, took it to his neighborhood pharmacy, where it was mixed with carbonated water and deemed “excellent” by those who sampled it. (World of Coca-Cola, 2018)

The coca cola logo was created by Frank Mason Robinson in 1885 and the font used in the logo is known as Spencerian script, which flourished from 1850 to 1925 in the united states. The lettering of the logotype is very similar to a font named Coca Cola ii. Frank M. Robinson, is credited with naming the beverage “Coca?Cola” as well as designing the trademarked, distinct script, still used today. (World of Coca-Cola, 2018)

The 1980s featured such memorable slogans as “Coke is It!”, “Catch the Wave” and “Can’t Beat the Feeling”. In 1993, Coca?Cola experimented with computer animation, and the popular “Always Coca?Cola” campaign was launched in a series of ads featuring animated polar bears. Each animated ad in the “Always Coca?Cola” series took 12 weeks to produce from beginning to end. The bears were, and still are, a huge hit with consumers because of their embodiment of characteristics like innocence, mischief and fun. A favorite feature at World of Coca?Cola is the ability to have your photo taken with the beloved 7? tall Coca?Cola Polar Bear. (World of Coca-Cola, 2018)

Coca-Cola’s Unique Selling Position

“The factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that one product or service is different from and better than that of the competition.” (Neil Patel, 2018) A unique selling proposition is what your business stands for. It’s what sets your business apart from others instead of attempting to be known for everything, businesses with a unique selling proposition stand for something specific, and it becomes what you’re known for. Coca-Cola offers items along a broad variety however this variety is still kept within the focus of “beverages”, what they are uniquely known for is making the most well known, consistent and high-quality beverage ‘Coke’.

The unique selling proposition (USP) or unique selling point is a marketing concept first proposed as a theory to explain a pattern in successful advertising campaigns of the early 1940s. The USP states that such campaigns made unique propositions to customers that convinced them to switch brands. (Du Toit et al, 2013)

They found the most successful brands used the Unique Selling Proposition or USP. Coca-Cola has been found to use USP, if we are to believe the sentiments with regards to whether this proposition helps companies to achieve a more ‘successful’ brand then we must deduct that the idea initially to implement this within Coca-Cola Company has had profound results such as holding majority market share in the sparkling non-alcoholic beverage industry. Positioning the brand entails the act of designing the brand image in such that it inhabits a specific, valuable place in the minds of the consumer.

According to ‘Fundamentals of Branding’ Du Toit et al states the key marketing concept when positioning a brand is that all choice are comparative and consumers make a choice when selecting a brand establishing comparisons between that product and others, meaning the brand must be aware of its elements and brand identity when expressing it’s characteristics promoting a certain image that consumers will ‘label’ onto the brand itself. (Du Toit et al, 2013)

Coca-Cola’s image through it’s brand elements and identity has become synonymous with ‘Happiness’ this has become part of what makes their Unique Selling Proposition, in essence what makes the brand have what other competitors don’t, besides the obvious of great value for money, highest of qualities, what they stand for sets them apart from the rest. In 2009, the “Open Happiness” campaign was unveiled globally. The central message of “Open Happiness” is an invitation to billions around the world to pause, refresh with a Coca?Cola, and continue to enjoy one of life’s simple pleasures. The one mission to determine what makes people happy. Essentially ‘have a coke, be happy’

The proposition must be clearly stated to the consumer: “Buy this product and you will get this specific benefit”; The proposition itself must be unique. It must express a specific benefit that competitors do not, will not or cannot offer; and The proposition must be strong enough to pull new customers to the product. (Du Toit et al, 2013) Experts have long believed in the connection between happiness and wellness, and Coca?Cola is proud to have played a part in happy occasions around the globe.

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The criteria for selecting brand elements brings to question ‘is it memorable? Meaningful? Likeable? Transferable? adaptable? Protectable?’ when selecting the two most suitable brand elements for the ‘Coca-Cola Company’, the two that popped out immediately were Memorability which was brought up in the previous section of this essay in the discussion of brand elements, as well as Likability, besides the full blown health conscious(even they sometimes too indulge) who doesn’t like a ‘Coke’.

The historical backdrop of Wearable Technology begins with the watch, which was worn by individuals to read a clock. In 1500 the German designer Peter Henlein made little watches which were worn as pieces of jewelry. After a century, men started to convey their watches in their pockets as petticoat turned into an in vogue thing, which prompted the production of pocket watches. Present day Wearable Technology is identified with both universal figuring and the history and advancement of Wearable PCs. Wearables make innovation unavoidable by consolidating it into day by day life. Through the history and improvement of Wearable figuring, pioneers have endeavored to upgrade or expand the usefulness of apparel, or to make Wearables as adornments ready to furnish clients with sousveillance—the account of an action commonly by method for little Wearable or convenient individual advances. Following data like development, steps, and pulse is a piece of the measured self-development.

The birthplaces of current Wearable Technology are affected by both of these reactions to the vision of pervasive registering. One early bit of broadly received Wearable Technology was the adding calculator watch, which was presented in the 1980s. A significantly prior Wearable Technology was the portable amplifier. In 2004, form configuration mark Cute Circuit divulged a Bluetooth-associated Shirt, which won the Grand Prize at the celebration. The Hug Shirt, intended for tele-transmitting contact over separation, contrasts from past early Wearable Technology, in light of the fact that the item is the primary Wearable Technology that appeared as an article of clothing of attire. All things considered, it is likewise the principal bit of Bluetooth-associated and web associated apparel. This item was incorporated into Time magazine's "Best Inventions of the Year" unique issue. At long last in 2009 Fitbit discharged its first Wearable, principally centered around action following, trailed by Samsung and Apple in September 2013 individually.

Utilization of Wearable Technology and its effect in mankind

At first, in 1904, the pilot Alberto Santos-Dumont spearheaded the utilization of the wristwatch as it enabled him to have his hands empty when guiding. This demonstrated the wrist is a helpful place to wear a watch which drove individuals to begin utilizing wristwatches. Individuals began to make Wearables to use in each event, from apparatuses that assistance them win in betting diversions, to rings utilized as a computational gadget by brokers, to electronic headbands utilized as an outfit in theaters, and a Wearable camera tied to a flying creature to take airborne photographs, among others. Regardless of whether for individual or business utilize, Wearable tech devices are basically utilized for any of the accompanying capacities:

• As a form proclamation
• As a wellness tracker
• As a treatment for hearing hindrances
• For remote treatment of discourse and voice issue, for example, those in patients with Parkinson's infection.
• As a game tracker
• To synchronize information and correspondence from different contraptions
• For particular medical problem checking, for example, push administration
• As a check for sharpness and vitality levels
• As route devices
• As media gadgets
• As correspondence contraptions

Wearable gadgets are quickly progressing as far as innovation, usefulness, and size, with all the more ongoing applications. Wearable Technology is on the ascent in both individual and business utilize. In the customer space, offers of keen wristbands (otherwise known as movement trackers, for example, the Jawbone UP and Fitbit Flex) began quickening in 2013.nOne out of five American grown-ups have a Wearable gadget, as indicated by the 2014 Price Waterhouse Coopers Wearable Future Report. Smartwatches are a second prominent area, and keeping in mind that Wearable gadgets have been around for a considerable length of time, they have just begun increasing mass market consideration with the presentation of new models by Samsung and later by Apple. The now outdated Google Glass picked up a considerable measure of media consideration, however the task came to a standstill in mid 2015, with Google ceasing gadget deals. Shrewd shoe for the outwardly tested is an item that is as of now accessible and has incredible breadth later on. In medicinal services, Wearables have for quite some time been utilized, for instance in portable amplifiers and in identifying wellbeing issue, for example, rest apnea. An examination in 2014 by MSI and McAfee revealed that 70% of individuals surmise that Wearable Technologies will before long send wellbeing vitals readings to doctors. Restorative experts, for example, Google Glass Surgeon composed themselves into the WATCH Society (Wearable Technology in Healthcare Society) with a specific goal to look for joint effort and legitimate utilization of Wearable Technology in medicinal services.

Wearable Technologies have helped make medicinal services change conceivable. The Affordable Care Act or Obamacare is pushing the esteem based consideration model and innovation gives the help expected to the program to succeed and the US government to set aside some cash. Telehealth is one such medicinal services circulation technique inside the Population Health Programs display utilizing Wearable Technologies to help cut down US social insurance costs. In any case, an incredible arrangement innovative work is required to guarantee that the information created is overseen effectively and is of high caliber. This will guarantee that the patient/client assembles certainty and trust in the innovation. In pro athletics, Wearable Technology has applications in observing and continuous input for competitors. Precedents of Wearable Technology in sport incorporate accelerometers, pedometers, and GPS's which can be utilized to gauge a competitor's vitality use and development design. The diminishing expense of handling power and different segments is empowering far reaching appropriation and accessibility.

Eventual fate of Wearable Technology

Ask anyone what individual innovation will look like quite a while from now, and you'll most likely find a wrong solution. 10 years prior, nearly no one could anticipate that in excess of a million people would purchase a watch that tells the time, as well as peruses your instant messages, checks the climate and tracks your exercises, as well. In any case, that is precisely what occurred. The job innovation plays in our lives is quickly developing, as we turn out to be progressively reliant on it and less ready to isolate ourselves from it. The ascent of Wearable Technology, from wellness trackers and the Apple Watch to Google Glass and Microsoft's HoloLens, has been filled by innovation's propensity to get quicker and littler in the meantime.

In the event that we can make certain of anything, it's that the future means we'll be wearing our innovation outwardly, and, maybe one day, within, as well. While futurism is a defective science, it's human instinct to speculate what's practically around the bend. We asked six Wearable Technology masters to anticipate where innovation is taking us, making theoretical items in view of their answers. Their reactions run the array from items that will progress toward becoming reality in the following couple of years, to extraordinary ideas we're simply not prepared for yet. There will unavoidably be a requirement for new rules and laws to address moral, good, and security issues around Wearable PCs, however there is no denying that the line among the real world and innovation is as of now being obscured. Fields of headway Wearable Technology can be helpful in

1. Smart shoes could charge your telephone's battery while you race to work
2. A individual right hand could be implanted in contact focal points
3. Your shirt could vibrate to enable you to discover your direction

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. The Discovery Of Parkinson’s
3. Explanation of Parkinson’s
4. Symptom/Who Does It Affect?
5. Treatments for Parkinson’s
6. Interesting Facts About Parkinson’s/Impact on our world
7. Conclusion
8. References

Introduction

The purpose of this report is to thoroughly inform the reader about the significant history of Parkinson’s disease, an explanation as to what Parkinson’s is, symptoms that can be attributed to Parkinson’s, treatments to Parkinson’s, and finally interesting facts about Parkinson’s and the mark that it’s left on our world. Through this, the reader will become more educated on Parkinson’s and will be able to highlight the key points of this article.

Parkinson's is a long-lasting and progressive disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain responsible for the body’s movement. It is a truly horrific disease that causes tremors, stiffness, and slowness as dopamine-producing nerve cells die. It is a disease known for progressively taking over the human body and robbing it of its motor functions. However, the discovery and research conducted on this unforgiving and mysterious disease have brought ease to our world.

The Discovery Of Parkinson’s

First Encounter

Parkinsons dates back to the 19th century when English surgeon James Parkinsons published his work “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy”. This groundbreaking 66-page essay highlighted what Parkinson’s thought to be a new medical species in our world. Parkinson’s is thought to have been driven to write this medical classic by his hero and colleague John Hunter who probably unbeknown to Parkinson’s had the shaking palsy in his Croonian Lecture of 1776.

Reported Cases

James Parkinson’s “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy,” writes about what he believed at the time to be a new “medical species” in which he found several different cases where Parkinson’s was prominent. In case 2 he writes about a woman who has suffered from Parkinson’s for the majority of her life at which it slowly took over her body causing horrible symptoms. “A lady, at the age of seventy-one, had universal palsy: every part of the body shook which was not fully supported. The muscles of respiration were so affected, that respiration was with difficulty effected; but in sleep, the vibratory motions of the muscles ceased, and the respiration was performed more equably: any endeavor of the will to alter these morbid actions increased them”.

Fast forward to 1872 Charcot and his students begin researching Parkinson’s. Charcot and his students described the clinical spectrum of this disease, noting two prototypes, the tremorous and therefore the rigid/akinetic form. They described in detail the changes, dysautonomia, and pain that can accompany Parkinson's disease. Charcot was the first to suggest the use of the name “Parkinson's disease” rejecting the earlier statement that it should be designated the name of paralysis agitans or shaking palsy because he recognized that Parkinson's disease patients are not markedly weak and do not necessarily have a tremor.

Explanation of Parkinson’s

What is Parkinson’s?

Parkinsons is a progressive disease that affects the nerve cells in the deep part of the brain called basal ganglia and substantia nigra. These nerve cells are responsible for creating neuro transmitting dopamine responsible for relaying messages and creating body movement. The cause of unknown reasons, nerve cells in the substantia nigra begin to die off and when 80 percent of dopamine is lost symptoms such as tremors and stiffness begin to show themselves.

How are Tremors Created?

Impulses intended for body movement are started in the motor cortex and it is the basal ganglia where the responsibility for activating and inhibiting special circuits lies. These neurons move incredibly quickly from the brain to the spinal cord and finally to the muscles. When the dopamine receptors in the striatum are not adequately stimulated parts of the basal ganglia to become either under-or over-stimulated. More importantly, the subthalamic nucleus becomes overactive and as a result, acts as a brake globus pallidus internal causing the shutdown of movement and rigidity. When the GPI becomes over-stimulated over-inhibitory effect on the thalamus, which in turn decreases thalamus output and causes tremors.

How do the symptoms begin?

The action of dopamine is opposed by another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. The PD symptoms of tremor and stiffness occur when the nerve cells fire and there isn't enough dopamine to transmit messages. High levels of glutamate, another neurotransmitter, also appear in PD because the body tries to catch up on the shortage of dopamine

Genetic Variation Studies

With a large scale candidate for the next gene study, Chung et al began his study on PD by researching the association of common variants in PARK loci and related genes with PD susceptibility and age at onset in an outbred population Successfully they matched 1,103 cases from the upper midwest USA with unaffected siblings at 654 and or unrelated controls at 449. Using a sequencing approach in 25 cases and 25 controls, SNPs in species-conserved regions of PARK loci and related genes were detected. A total of 235 SNPs and two other variable number tandem repeats in the ATP13A2, DJ1, LRRK1, LRRK2, MAPT, Omi/HtrA2, PARK2, PINK1, SNCA, SNCB, SNCG, SPR, and UCHL1 genes were genotyped in all 2,206 subjects.

Symptom/Who Does It Affect?

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms of Parkinson’s vary from person to person especially depending on how far the disease has evolved. Symptoms may include:

• Bradykinesia - which can cause slow movement, emotionless face excessive blinking, and drooling
• Tremor at rest - Shaking without being able to control it can be decreased with purposeful movement.
• Rigidity - stiffness caused by increased muscle tone
• Postural instability - a sense of imbalance. Patients often compensate by lowering their center of gravity, which results in a stooped posture.
• Freezing or being stuck in place
• Shuffling gait or dragging of one foot
• Stooped posture
• Small, cramped handwriting
• Sleep problems, insomnia
• Apathy, depression
• Lowered voice volume or tremor when speaking
• Difficulty swallowing
• Constipation
• Cognitive impairment

Who is Mainly Affected?

Parkinson's affects over 1.5 million Americans with about 60,000 being diagnosed every year. Parkinson's occurs 50% more often with men rather than women and although the exact reason for this is unknown some suggested explanations can include a higher rate of head trauma and more exposure to toxins in men. Parkinsons is a disease known for affecting the elderly and is the second most common age-related nerve degenerating disease after Alzheimer’s disease. The reason why Parkinson’s affects the elderly is unknown but scientists say it can be attributed to a combination of genetic and external factors.

How is a Diagnosis Made?

Because a lot of conditions and medications mimic the same symptoms of Parkinson’s an initial diagnosis can be hard to make. Multiple tests are required to diagnose Parkinson’s because no one has the exact same symptoms. An extremely thorough physical and history is enough to diagnose Parkinson’s.

Treatments for Parkinson’s

Self Care

Many Parkinson’s patients enjoy a normal lifestyle full of exercise and healthy eating. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle by eating healthily and exercising can help maintain overall health and well-being. Exercise is just as important as medications in the case of Parkinson’s as it helps maintain flexibility and improves balance and range of motion.

Medications

There are several medications used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s each may be used separately or in combination with each other depending on how far the disease has advanced.

Conserve dopamine in the brain by blocking the breakdown action of MAO-B. These drugs are selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar) and rasagiline (Azilect), which are also neuroprotective and can slow disease progression.

Amantadine (Symmetrel) which allows for increase in dopamine release. Pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip), and apomorphine (Apokyn) which all mimic dopamine and attach to the receptors in the neuron's synapse. Replace missing dopamine in the brain. Levodopa which replaces missing dopamine in the brain which in turn helps with movement problems of tremors, stiffness, slowness, and walking. Tolcapone (Tasmar) and entacapone (Comtan) which help ensure the delivery of Levodopa to the brain by blocking COMT.

Reduce the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These drugs reduce tremors and include trihexyphenidyl (Artane) and benztropine (Cogentin) which reduce the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which in turn reduces tremors.

Surgery

When all else fails to control the symptoms of Parkinson’s surgery may be the only option left. One of the most promising surgeries Deep Brain stimulation is a surgical procedure that works to add a pacemaker into the brain that is responsible for sending electrical signals to parts of the brain responsible for movements. During the surgery, electrodes get placed on the brain usually the subthalamic nucleus depending on the symptoms being treated. The electrodes are connected to long extension wires that are passed under the skin and down the neck to a battery-powered stimulator under the skin of the chest. When turned on the stimulator send electrical pulses that block the symptoms from being caused.

Interesting Facts About Parkinson’s/Impact on our world

The exact cause for Parkinson’s still remains largely unknown. Inheriting the disease is extremely unlikely as only 10% to 15% of cases are thought to be inherited genetically. Each patient of Parkinson’s experiences different symptoms due to the diversity of the disease. Although what myths made have led you to believe people with Parkinson’s can live a high-quality life if they choose to make the commitment.

Parkinson's places an enormous burden on the patient and those surrounding them. It has created financial ruin on the healthcare system society and patients themselves. As the overall patient count increases the call to cure this tremendous disease becomes larger.

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Conclusion

Parkinson’s disease has become a prominent figure in our history becoming a disease revered by those approaching older ages. Humanity has come a long way in combating this disease with countless medications and ways to reduce symptoms. However, Parkinson’s still remains one of the largest medical mysteries to us. Scientists are working hard every day to make a world where Parkinson’s doesn’t plague the elderly. With countless scientists dedicating their lives work to Parkinson’s and new advances in technology diseases like Parkinson’s will cease to exist in the coming years ending this reluctant disease for good.

References

1. Fan, K., Hu, P., Song, C., Deng, X., Wen, J., Liu, Y., & Deng, H. (2019). Novel Compound Heterozygous PRKN Variants in a Han-Chinese Family with Early-Onset Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinsons Disease, 2019, 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2019/9024894
2. Palacios, Natalia, O’Reilly, Schwarzschild, A., M., Ascherio, & Alberto. (2020, January 20). Long-Term Use of Antibiotics and Risk of Parkinson's Disease in the Nurses' Health Study. Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/pd/2020/4038375/
3. Parkinson's disease. (2018, June 30). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055
4. Toodayan, N. (2018). James Parkinsons Essay on the shaking palsy , 1817–2017. Medical Journal of Australia, 208(9), 384–386. doi: 10.5694/mja17.01085
5. Wro?blewska Agata, Gajos, A., Smyczyn?ska Urszula, & Bogucki, A. (2019). The Therapeutic Effect of Nordic Walking on Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study. Parkinsons Disease, 2019, 1–10. doi: 10.1155/2019/3846279

Swarm robotics is the study of design and governing of multiple robots. The term ‘Swarm’ stands for a bunch of communicating individuals who want to achieve the same task. They are influenced from Swarm intelligence. The principle motivation for swarm robotics originates from the perception of social animals like ants, bees etc. It deals with the decentralized coordination of group of robots using local logic and endorses scalability by making use of local communication through radio signals or infrared. The intrinsic parallelism (to accomplish task concurrently) and redundancy make multi-robot frameworks more robust than single robot frameworks. Robustness is the probability of failure of the system is very low and the swarm robotics has high robustness. Miniaturization and price are the chief aspects in building swarm robotics. In the scope of research, working in a real environment resolves many issues rather than simulations. However due to some restraining factors the swarm robotics are yet to be implemented in real-world analysis. The Microbotics or Nanorobotics has many applications in the progressing medical field.

Before introducing Swarm robotics (SR) concept there was a system that referred to as Multi agent Robot (MAS) which was based on the concept of several robots working together. It made the foundation for communication, coordination, task planning, and disseminated agent structures in robots. Conspicuously, SR is more advanced than MAS, SR could scale up to thousands of robots whereas MAS systems could not support large numbers.

As we discussed earlier the conduct of Social insects influenced the development of SR. The comprehensive practices of insects were considered for quite a while weird and puzzling parts of science. It has been studied that the understanding of swarm is distributed to all the individuals and one robot can’t accomplish its task without the other counterparts. Organization rises up out of the collaborations between the individuals and amongst individuals and the environment. These connections are engendered all through the colony and in this manner the colony can explain errands that couldn't be tackled by a sole individual. These aggregate practices are characterized as self-organizing. It depends on the combination of these four regulations they are – positive response, negative response, uncertainty and multiple communications. Self-organizing speculations, acquired from material science, can be utilized to clarify how social insects display complex aggregate conduct that rises up out of communications of individuals behaving normally.

According to Erol ?ahin, in order to get a clear picture about Swarm robotics and so as to have a better understanding and be able to separate it from other multi-robot systems the robots should follow this criteria-

1. The robots of the swarm must be independent robots, ready to detect and incite in a genuine environment.
2. The number of robots in the swarm must be vast or possibly the control rules permit it.
3. Robots must be homogeneous. There can exist distinctive sorts of robots in the swarm, yet these gatherings must not be excessively many.
4. The robots must be inadequate or wasteful regard to the fundamental task they need to understand, this is, they have to team up keeping in mind the end goal to succeed or to enhance the performance.
5. Robots have just nearby communication and detecting abilities. It guarantees the coordination is disseminated, so adaptability ends up one of the properties of the framework.

Classification

According to Dudek et al. the Swarm robots are classified based on their properties such as

• Group size - Number of robots.
• Signal Conveyance range - Maximum range.
• Conveyance topology - of the robots in the communication range, those which can be communicated with.
• Conveyance Bandwidth – Amount of information the robots can send each other.
• Collective reconfigurability – The coordination rate that can be altered.
• Course ability – The calculation model used by robots.
• Collated composition – Are Robots homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Current state of art of Swarm Robotics

Several swarm intelligence researches are influenced by the swarms occurring in the nature. The concept of Swarm intelligence was proposed in 1980s. It has now turned into an interdisciplinary frontier and focal point of numerous disciplines including Artificial intelligence, sociology etc.

“Space, the final frontier.” These lines from the movie Star Trek have always brought curiosity and excitement to the human species. Are we truly alone in this dark and cold universe? What lies beyond the moon and the solar system? Can the human race go out of their home planet and venture further? These are the question that man will continue to keep on asking in the years to come.

It all started during the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, for the contest in space flight supremacy which was dubbed “Space Race”. Events following the World War II which saw the victory of the Allied Nations and the USSR against the NAZI and Axis Powers, spoils of war were taken by the USA and Russia. The most notable technological loot was the German missile technology that such dominance in this technology was seen as a threat that needed national security. Using this technology, Russia and the USA began to create artificial satellites and unmanned probes and sent them to outer space in low earth orbit an to the moon.

On October 4, 1957, Russia was the first to prove its supremacy in by launching the Sputnik I. it was the first ever man-made satellite to orbit the earth. While everyone thought that a living creature would not survive in space, Russia was again bold enough to do to the unthinkable. It launched a tiny spacecraft into orbit on November 3, 1957. This spacecraft carried Laika, the first ever space-dog, into space and became the first animal in space to completely orbit the Earth. The scientists and engineers knew that Laika would not survive the harsh environment of outer space but this experiment gave proof that humans will be able to survive the extreme g-force which is experience when a space shuttle is launched into space. Finally, Russia was ready to launch a human into space. Russian Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made history as the first man in space when he went into Earth Orbit on April 12, 1961. During this point, almost everyone thought that the space race was finally won by the USSR. The United States of America had other things in mind.

July 16, 1961, The Apollo 11 successfully was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida with the help of a Saturn V rocket. After a four day journey, Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin finally landed on the moon. Armstrong became the first person to step on the lunar surface and his speech echoed throughout history. Upon landing on the moon and walking on it, the commander said these inspiring words, “A small step for man, a giant leap for mankind”. This event finally ended the space race between the two powerful countries. The astronauts spent almost 3 hours collecting lunar material and journeyed back to Earth after 21 hours spent on the lunar surface. The crew successfully landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1961.

With the successful landing on the moon in 1961, the US remained supreme in space exploration. As time passed, technology began to grow rapidly. This brought about the creation of better and stronger space crafts which were used to launch several astronauts and cosmonauts into space. Soon, other countries such as Japan and China started their own space expeditions. This prompted the US to create a space station, a geo-synchronous spacecraft which orbited the Earth which can be used as a docking station for space crafts where astronauts can stay for a long period of time. In 1998, 5 countries worked together to launch the first module for the International Space Station, these countries are Russia, USA, European Space Agency, Japan, and Canada. Until this day, the ISS is still being improved to support other space agencies and to perform experiments concerning the outer space.

We humans may only be a small dot in this vast universe, but we continue to strive to gain knowledge on what is out there beyond our own world. We will still continue to venture and explore worlds beyond our solar system. And maybe, in the future, we will find and finally realize that we are not alone.

World War One was one of the most groundbreaking and innovative changes that the world saw in the twentieth century. Through the causes of World War One and intense preparations, emerged a whole new world full of complete and utter heartbreak. While comes to no surprise that young men were certainly the prominent group that had experienced first hand the worst of the worst out in the trenches, across the globe, people of all ages and genders also endured other major changes in all aspects of their lives. Among those were women and children at home that were yet to face the horrifying truths and suffer the devastating consequences of warfare in both social and economical ways. While men fought for their country on the battlefields, women and children were left behind to fulfil their roles in society.

The war on the western front was a modern kind of warfare, something no one had experienced before. The main changes that soldiers had to adapt to were the techniques used during the First World War, particularly connected to trench warfare. With new technology, came new consequences. Soldiers were prone to dangerous attacks, resulting in inhumane ways of dying. Constant shelling and gas attacks made a great deal of men feel that death was imminent while others dealt with mental breakdowns and illnesses. However, the worst was yet to come for those that survived. Life in the trenches was far worse than any human should have to endure. With mud rising up to their knees and feet deep in blood stained pools of water, thousands suffered from ‘trench foot’, caused by standing in water for long periods of time. In summer, the smell was appalling due to a combination of rotting corpse’s sewage and unwashed soldiers. In winter, trenches offered little to no protection from the cold, causing frostbite. Trenches were also infected by rats. Hygiene was practically non-existent. On top of food rations being extremely basic and designed only to keep the soldiers alive, it was definitely far from the ideal living conditions. Above all, the thing that caused men the most grief and pain was the constant fear of death and the struggle of holding to their humanity. In an unseen transcript, a German soldier recalls the moment he bayoneted a foe to death quoting, ‘I remembered then that we were told that the good soldier kills without thinking of his adversary as a human being...he was nothing like me but a poor boy who had to fight, who had to go in with the most cruel weapons against a man who had nothing against him personally, who only wore the uniform of another nation, who spoke another language, but a man who had a father and mother and a family perhaps and so I felt...I woke up at night sometimes drenched in sweat because I saw the eyes of my fallen adversary, of the enemy, and I tried to convince myself what would have happened to me if I wouldn’t have been quicker than he...We were civilised people after all.’ This quote is too long but I don’t know what to cut out. (Westmann, Stefan 2014) Needless to say, there is no doubt that soldiers suffered, carrying out their duties to their country in unimaginable conditions, forced to commit unspeakable acts.

The early rush of volunteers and later the conscription of men led to a shortage of manpower on the home front. As well as struggling to deal with their fears for the future, and the grief and trauma of losing loved ones, women, already working in munitions factories were encouraged to take on jobs normally done by men. Many women also contributed more actively to war efforts through military service such as being a nurse. This was the start of major social change. Before the war, women had been content to stay at home to bring up the family and do domestic work. It was considered unbecoming for a woman to work. During the war, it was considered unpatriotic not to. Many changes came about, ‘women became more independent. Women paid for their round at the pub. Fashion changed for practical reasons: never again did skirts sweep the ground.’ (A.J.P, Taylor, English History). However, These were jobs for the war, not for life. Even though 'women beat a path to the doors of the authorities, begging to be allowed to assist, to help win the war, to give of their talents’ (Adam-Smith, Patsy 1996, Australian Women At War), women were expected to 'step down' and return to home duties after the war. Many had enjoyed participating in the workforce, even after receiving lower wages for doing the same work, and thus began some of the earliest demands for equal pay. In the end, it was ultimately the hardworking women that carried out the labour and the country’s burdens on their shoulders, responsible for running a country without the authority and presence of men.

Millions of civilians helped the war effort by working in industry, agriculture or jobs left open when men enlisted, but children also rallied to 'do their bit'. Like adults, they were caught up in war fever after hostilities broke out in August 1914. Many wanted to join the army, including nine-year-old Alfie Knight from Dublin. In a letter to the Secretary of State, he volunteered his services as a front line despatch rider, stating points such as “I would kill a good vue of the Germans...I want a uneform and a revolver and will give a good account of myself.” If the boy had spelling and grammar errors, do I leave it like that? (Knight, Alfie What do I do if I don’t know the date?) Though these qualities were sought after in boys of at least eighteen years of age, some as young as twelve succeeded in enlisting by lying about their age. Sometimes this was knowingly overlooked by recruitment officers, due to the continuous demand for soldiers. Boy Scouts, Girl Guides and Sea Scouts were the first youth organisations to provide practical assistance to the British war effort. Guarding railway tracks and stations, telephone and telegraph lines, water reservoirs or any location that might be militarily important were just some of the jobs dedicated to Scouts. From late 1917, many also assisted with air raid duties. Some Scouts were even trained in fire fighting. Sea Scouts were part of a network of observers that stood watch on the coast. Girls were responsible for assisting with the food, clothing, accommodation and healthcare of both soldiers at the front, or war veterans. Children younger than the school leaving age of twelve also worked in factories or on farms. In 1917, Education Minister H.A.L Fisher claimed that as many as 600,000 children had been 'prematurely' put to work. From giving pocket money to collecting scrap metal, children were just as determined to contribute to their country’s war effort.

The First World War was a cataclysm that disrupted countless lives, brining change upon everyone involved. While men put their lives on the line, widows and orphans were left to fend for themselves in a society that was highly men orientated. However, both women and children entered the work force at a staggering rate after the war broke out, doing their best to contribute to the war effort. This triggered the one of first realisations of inequality between genders. No matter the gender or age, people suffered in many ways, such as physical and mental trauma. Millions of men were exposed to the horrors of war, having no choice but to face it with courage and hope that they might one day return home. Whether it was at the western front or the home front, the overwhelmingly cruel truth was that there was no escaping the tragedies and changes that arose between 1914 and 1918, everyone was impacted in some way or another.

In January 1961, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushschev delivered a speech in Moscow in which he predicted that there would be a global movement towards socialism and mentioned that‘ wars of national liberation’ were instrumental in this process. He also offered Soviet support for resistance movements to overthrow fascists and capitalists. US President John F. Kennedy explained this speech as a confirmation of Soviet Union's intention to use surrogate forces as a means of advancing its interests rather than choose for direct engagements with the USA.

This confirmed the suspicions that the USSR only attempts to expand its interests. In fact, it was interpreted as a declaration of war on capitalist nations. Efforts were made by President John F. Kennedy and the White House to convince the American public of the threat represented by communist forces in South-East Asia. The ideological battle with communism is what helped JFK push for America’s participation in the Vietnam War, and wherever that would not be enough, the idea of potential strategic gains were stressed.

Kennedy believed that “ the Indo-Chinese states were French puppet states” , examples of empire and colonialism as can be found anywhere. To end the southern drive of Communism makes sense but not only through reliance on the force of arms. The task is, rather, to build strong native non-Communist sentiment within these areas and rely on that as a spearhead of defense. To do this, apart from and in defiance of nationalistic aims would according to Kennedy lead to failure.

But in the end, President JFK failed in his attempt to win over the long term support of the American people. On top of this, the president and the White House were unable to lay down a strong and pragmatic foundation for achieving American goals in Vietnam. Even after America committed so many resources towards fighting Vietnamese communists, the former still achieved nothing in the end.

The above point is vitally important in bridging the gap between Dwight D Eisenhower’s presidency and Lyndon B Johnson’s. It helps one understand the war’s overall escalation under Kennedy.

A huge part of America's defeat in Vietnam stemmed from two things. On one hand, secrecy within both the White House and Pentagon resulted in errors of indecisiveness. But on the other hand, the setbacks caused by the corruption and sheer incompetence of the Diem regime (as well as the governments of South Vietnam that followed).

An example of the first point (White House/Pentagon indecisiveness) would be that while the US military recommended a fast and sharp air-bombing, McGeorge Bundy (National Security Advisor from 1961 to 1966) and John McNaughton (Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1964 to 1967) argued for bombing raids that grew progressively. A lack of agreement of this sort inevitably led to American failures. The incompetence/corruption of the Ngo Dinh Diem regime of South Vietnam (1955-1963) can also be viewed as an accelerating factor behind the first point. While the US focused on helping South Vietnam weed out communists, it didn't take into consideration the political instability of the Diem regime.

Beneath the outward success of the Diem regime, however, lay fatal problems… many local officials and police engaged in extortion, bribery, and theft of government property… many of these officials were, like Diem himself, northerners and Roman Catholics further alienated them from the local people.

All of this resulted in the addition of more American enemies to the containment effort, including communist guerrilla groups (the Viet Cong) and even non-communists in South Vietnam.

This cartoon shows how the USA is drowning in a swamp with the name Vietnam, desperately holding on to an armed solution and a failing doctrine.

With the Vietnam War sparking containment policies from the US, the next step is to analyze how it affected neighboring South-East Asian states.

The aftermath of the Vietnam War allowed the Cambodian communist group, the Khmer Rouge to take power in Cambodia: made possible by the destruction caused along the border shared with Vietnam. Furthermore, Cambodia also experienced problems such as war refugees and the problem of army bases built by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) inside Cambodia itself. Thus, the Khmer Rouge were able to overthrow a weakened government and seize control of the country.

In order to stop the flow of communist resurgents between Vietnam and the neighboring nation of Laos, the American military was willing to air-bomb along these nations’ borders on a massive scale. Some have in fact claimed that American military and CIA efforts in Laos exceeded those in Vietnam:

For the Laotians hiding in the mountains and jungles to escape what is considered the heaviest bombardment in history, the campaign was certainly not a secret. Hitting Laos in the north and the Ho Chi Minh trail in the south, the American air force unleashed an average of one attack every eight minutes for nearly ten years.

In a virtually identical manner, American military actions in Vietnam (as well as along the Cambodian borders) weakened the government of neighboring Laos, making it easy for the Pathet Lao to rise to power in the latter.

Taking the above into account, it is easy to surmise that American attempts at containing communism in South-East Asia ironically caused the exact domino-effect the former feared. In trying to end a communist take-over in Vietnam, they caused the rise to power of communist governments in both Cambodia and Laos.

Although US failures in containment during the 1960’s are evident in this investigation thus far, arguable successes are ideal to mention: starting with Indonesia.

American commitment (perhaps paranoia) to countering the threat of communism is reflective of CIA willingness to turn a blind eye to crimes committed against humanity by non-communist South-East Asian governments. In Indonesia, the mass killings of 1965-66 of suspected communists at the hands of the Indonesian military and Muslim militias are a brutal and effective example of this.

In december 1965 the US consulate in Indonesia, reported that preachers in mosques were telling followers that all who joined the communist party must be killed, saying they are of “ the lowest order of , the shedding of whose blood is comparable to killing chicken”.

In nearby Philippines, the rise of the Hukbalahap (HUK) rebellion in 1967 sharply drew the attention of the CIA. Soon, harsh measures were taken to crush the communist HUK, by both the American and Philippine governments. Dogged American commitment to stopping the formation of a communist government in the Philippines has become growingly evident via declassified CIA documents.

The US might have succeeded containing communism in Indonesia and the Philippines, the atrocities committed in order to achieve it bring the American fight against communism into question.

With the chaos caused by policies of containment in South-East Asia from 1960 to 1970 investigated, the emergence of left-leaning and communist groups outside of South-East Asia can be seen as a backdrop created by the ripple effect of the former. Groups against western and American imperialism were making themselves heard in a few First World Countries, including the United States itself. As much as the phenomenon may be a side-note from the central point of this investigation, it is still worth mentioning in regards to containment in light of the Cold War as a whole.

Conclusion

In conclusion and summation, the United States of America failed in containing communism to Vietnam and in their failures of the Vietnam war, unintentionally and somewhat indirectly spread communism to states like Cambodia and Laos.

The USA may have succeeded in containing communism in Indonesia and the Philippines, but at the price of millions of lives lost through genocide

American attempts at containment and the paranoia created by the ‘Domino Theory’ not only created new enemies in South-East Asia, but may have created a few more in the rest of the world.

Reflection

This specific area of history interested me as, for the first the USA’s strategy of containment truly started to display its flaws. It furthermore changed the world’s general perspective of the USA from being the saviour or rescuer of WW2 to being the oppressor and attempting to force their ideas and ideologies onto other countries. I chose the specific area of South-Vietnam as this is where a large part of the proxy conflicts occurred.

This investigation has taught me to successfully gather information and sources and to critically evaluate the information through a historical; evaluating exactly what is relevant to my topic.

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One of the challenges I encountered with this project encountered during my investigation was linked to the research component. While I had a number of possible sources to evaluate, many in details of the specific incidents I had set to explore and investigate.

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From what we know animation found its feet around 100 years ago. Although Walt Disney is often credited with making 2D animation with Mickey Mouse, he was not the first person to create a 2D animation.

The first 2D animation ever made was called Fantasmagorie, a short cartoon made by Emile Cohl. Created entirely in black and white, the cartoon begins with Emile drawing a simple stick man in live action. The animation begins when the stick man drops from a bar. The cartoon has several brief scenes in it, including a man stuck in a theater behind a lady with a big hat, and the stick man jumping out of a small box. The cartoon ends with the stick man riding off the screen on a horse. The cartoon is about 75 seconds long and it took about 700 different drawings to create. This historic animation was released in 1908, which predates Steamboat Willie (the first cartoon to feature Mickey Mouse) by about 20 years.

In animation, a normally very notable thing talked about id the pioneers of animation referring to the creators of the best techniques still used today in animation.

This young cartoonist from France is fondly known as the father of the animated cartoon. In the year 1908, he created the first fully animated cartoon ever to be produced on film.

Popularly called the world’s first cinemagician, this French filmmaker quickly became well known in the industry for the use of special effects in his films.

Known as the father of ‘true’ animation, Winsor McCay surprised moviegoers with his production of ‘Litte Nemo’, which featured two minutes of pure animation previously not seen in films.

Inspired by Thomas Edison’s inventions, J. Stuart Blackton founded the American Vitagraph Company and started producing films. His first movie was The Enchanted Drawing in the year 1900.

The animal locomotion studies of Muybridge weren’t exactly animation; they were one of the very first experiments in moving images, laying the groundwork for generations of videographists to come.

2D animation is the traditional animation method that has existed since the late 1800s. It is one drawing followed by another in a slightly different pose, followed by another in a slightly different pose, on and on for 24 frames a second. Traditional animation involved animators drawing by hand for each and every frame. Traditional animation is creating the drawings one by one on the frame. 2D animation involves creating numerous drawings than feeding into a plastic cells, hand painting them and create the animated sequence on a painted background image.

Computer animation, 2D and 3D this was used when the famous Mickey Mouse animation was created using the 2d animation technique. During the 1960s many popular cartoons like the Jetsons and the Flintstones were created using 2d animation. If creditors are interested in making the unreal characters into a realistic one, then it’s Digital 3d animation. Digital 3d animation characters are much faster to create and they are quite popular in the movie making industry. Using a computer software 3d animated images are used to create many short films, full length movies and even TV commercials and a career in digital 3d animation is highly rewarding.

Comparing to 2D animation and the traditional approach, 3d animation models are highly realistic. Have you ever wondered if a piece of stone can walk or talk, well anything is possible in animation? Using frame by frame animation, physical static objects are moved around and during the post production it is shown in a fluid movement. Stop motion animation has been around ever since the evolution of puppets. There were many movies created using the stop motion method, some of the finest examples are “Fun in a bakery shop” created in 1902.Edwin Porter directed ""The Teddy Bears,"" which was one of the earliest stop-motion animation films. The movie is a short sequence of playing teddy bears, just over a minute in length, which took over 50 hours to animate. machines can be animated by using the mechanical animation technique. Instead of creating the original machine, creating these mechanical animations, allows the animator to understand how the machine works. Explaining the functionality of these machines is quite easy through this kind of animation technique.

The 12 principles of animation are the principles that animation artist learn to do their craft and they will always stick to these techniques when making an animation. The first of which is squash and Stretch, The most important principle is squash and stretch, the purpose of which is to give a sense of weight and flexibility to drawn objects. It can be applied to simple objects, like a bouncing ball, or more complex constructions, like the musculature of a human face.

Anticipation is used to prepare the audience for an action, and to make the action appear more realistic. A dancer jumping off the floor has to bend the knees first; a golfer making a swing has to swing the club back first. This principle is akin to staging in theatre, as it is known in theatre and film. Its purpose is to direct the audience's attention, and make it clear what is of greatest importance in a scene whether it is a facial expression trying to signify an emotion or a reaction.

Straight ahead action and pose to pose, these are two different approaches to the actual drawing process. ""Straight ahead action"" means drawing out a scene frame by frame from beginning to end, while ""pose to pose"" involves starting with drawing a few key frames, and then filling in the intervals later. Follow through and overlapping action is a general heading for two closely related techniques which help to render movement more realistically, and help to give the impression that characters follow the laws of physics, including the principle of inertia.

Ease in and ease out is the movement of the human body, and most other objects, needs time to accelerate and slow down. For this reason, animation looks more realistic if it has more drawings near the beginning and end of an action, emphasizing the extreme poses, and fewer in the middle. Arc, Most natural action tends to follow an arched trajectory, and animation should adhere to this principle by following implied arcs for greater realism. This technique can be applied to a moving limb by rotating a joint, or a thrown object moving along a parabolic trajectory.

The exception is mechanical movement, which typically moves in straight lines. Adding secondary actions to the main action gives a scene more life, and can help to support the main action. A person walking can simultaneously swing their arms or keep them in their pockets, speak or whistle, or express emotions through facial expressions. Timing refers to the number of drawings or frames for a given action, which translates to the speed of the action on film. Exaggeration is an effect especially useful for animation, as animated motions that strive for a perfect imitation of reality can look static and dull. The level of exaggeration depends on whether one seeks realism or a particular style, like a caricature or the style of a specific artist. The principle of solid drawing means taking into account forms in three-dimensional space, or giving them volume and weight.[The animator needs to be a skilled artist and has to understand the basics of three-dimensional shapes, anatomy, weight, balance, light and shadow, etc.

Appeal in a cartoon character corresponds to what would be called charisma in an actor. A character who is appealing is not necessarily sympathetic villains or monsters can also be appealing the important thing is that the viewer feels the character is real and interesting.

The Simpsons movie is one of my favourite movies which was produced by 20th Century Fox, the animation of the movie was described by the Simpsons creator as “deliberately imperfect” and “tribute to the art of hand-drawn animation”. The Simpsons colored with the largest palette the animators had ever had available to them before during the T.V. series. A lot of the animation was produced using Wacom Cintiq tablets, which allowed images to be drawn directly onto a computer monitor to facilitate production. I think the creators of the Simpsons did an excellent job by catering to their audience and making sure that they liked it, however the audience that the Simpsons bring in is huge because it has been around for two decades so there's lots of different people who will want to watch the movie and will be entertained by it, this means making jokes that will make kids laugh as well as the adults and developing character that connect with the kids and the adults.

Wallace and Gromit received excellent reviews for their animated movie because the movie was so well produced; the production company was Aardman animations and Dreamworks Animation. Wallace and Gromit is a very unique animation because they are the only ones to make a stop motion animation do well at the box office, the stop motion. Stop motion which has been around ever since the evolution of puppets and is one of oldest techniques but it takes a lot of time to perfect because you have to make many models and change their expressions slightly for every second of the animation which makes it very time consuming but the finished product was very good. Wallace and Gromit received a 95% on rotten tomatoes making it one of the most highly rated movies.

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RBI, the leader of the financial system, was established as a private institution in 1935. It was nationalized in 1949. This was followed by the nationalisation of the Imperial bank of India. One of the important milestones in the economic growth of India was the nationalisation of 245 life insurance Corporations in 1956. As a result, Life Insurance Corporation of India came into existence on 1st September, 1956. Another important development was the nationalisation of 14 major commercial banks in 1969. In 1980, 6 more banks were nationalized. Another landmark was the nationalisation of general insurance business and setting up of General Insurance Corporation in 1972.

Another landmark in the history of development of Indian financial system is the establishment of new financial institutions to supply institutional credit to industries. In 1949, RBI undertook a detailed study to find out the need for specialized institutions. The first development bank was established in 1948. That was Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI). In 1951, Parliament passed State Financial Corporation Act. Under this Act, State Governments could establish financial corporation’s for their respective regions. The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) were set up in 1955. It was supported by Government of India, World Bank etc. The UTI was established in 1964 as a public sector institution to collect the savings of the people and make them available for productive ventures.

The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was established on 1st July 1964 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the RBI. On February 16, 1976, the IDBI was delinked from RBI. It became an independent financial institution. It coordinates the activities of all other financial institutions. In 1971, the IDBI and LIC jointly set up the Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India with the main objective of reconstruction and rehabilitation of sick industrial undertakings. The IRCI was converted into a statutory corporation in March 1985 and renamed as Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India. Now its new name is Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI). In 1982, the Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) was set up to provide financial assistance to exporters and importers. On April 2, 1990 the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) was set up as a wholly owned subsidiary of IDBI. The SIDBI has taken over the responsibility of administrating the Small Industries Development Fund and the National Equity Fund.

In 1963, the RBI set up the Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC) to provide refinance support to banks to finance major development projects, minor irrigation, farm mechanization, land development etc. In order to meet credit needs of agriculture and rural sector, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was set up in 1982. The main objective of the establishment of NABARD is to extend short term, medium term and long term finance to agriculture and allied activities.

The National Housing Bank (NHB) has been set up in July 1988 as an apex institution to mobilise resources for the housing sector and to promote housing finance institutions. 5. Establishment of Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL): In 1987, another institution, namely, Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd. was set up to strengthen the stock and capital markets in India. Its main objective is to provide quick share transfer facilities, clearing services, support services etc. to investors.

Mutual funds refer to the funds raised by financial service companies by pooling the savings of the public and investing them in a diversified portfolio. They provide investment avenues for small investors who cannot participate in the equities of big companies. Venture capital is a long term risk capital to finance high technology projects. The IDBI venture capital fund was set up in 1986. The ICICI and the UTI have jointly set up the Technology Development and Information Company of India Ltd. in 1988 to provide venture capital.

This is the history of basketball essay in 150 words. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Presbyterian minister who was asked to create an indoor game for the Young Men's Christian Association school in Springfield, Massachusetts. Naismith was inspired by a game he played in his childhood called 'Duck on a rock,' as well as rugby players throwing a ball into a box. He nailed peach baskets to a height of 3.05 meters and used soccer balls to play the first game of basketball on December 21, 1891. The game had 9 players in each team, 30 minutes of play time, and the rule of no dribbling to avoid injuries. The game caught on within three years, and Naismith's legacy included players like Forrest Clare 'Phog' Allen, who had more wins than any other coach in college basketball history, and Wilt Chamberlain, a professional basketball superstar who scored 100 points in a game in 1962.