Our Previous Samples

Sitting on the corner of 34th and 5th streets on about two acres of land sits one of mans greatest engineering feats, the granddaddy of all modern skyscrapers, the Empire State building. Standing 1453 feet tall and having 102 stories above the ground is the 102nd observatory, which gives us one of the most breath taking views in the world. As I was standing there I couldnt help from being over whelmed, by the fact that the building that I was standing in was over three times as old as me. The Empire State Building has become an icon for New York. When some one says New York, the first thing that I think of is the Empire State Building, one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. In 1955 the Empire State Building was named one of the Seven modern Wonders of the western hemisphere. It also became the eighth wonder of the modern world (New York City Insider).

Excavation began on Jan. 22, 1930 of this building designed by Architects from Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates. They started construction on March 17, 1930. They set a fast pace for constructing this building they were going up 4.5 stories a week thats flying (Empire State Building facts page). When I look back on this building I cant believe how they got this thing up so fast. The tools that they had back in the 30s arent even in the same ballpark as the tools that we have today and yet it stands still today as one of the worlds tallest buildings. If you were to ask me back then how high we would be by the year 2000 I would have probably said at least 250 stories and yet we arent anywhere near that mark.

The Empire State Building was completed in 410 days this was including Sundays and holidays in all it took about 7,000,000 man-hours to build this massive building. The expected cost of the Empire State Building was estimated to be about $50,000,000 but thanks to the depression it only cost $24,718,000, which was less then half of the original price tag. Then after you added in the land the price it jumps up to $40,948,900 (Empire State Building facts).

The Empire State Building has its foundation placed at 55 feet below ground. The basement is 35 feet blow ground thats down there. But the lobby is 47 feet above sea level, so I guess that you dont have to worry about flooding very much (Empire State Building facts). This building was built so soundly that it doesnt sway but it actually gives in high winds about 0.25 inches off center. With wind that is at about 110 mph it will only give 1.48 inches (Empire State Building trivia). To show just how strong that the Empire State Building is in 1945 a pilot from the Army Air Corps flying in a dense fog crashed his B-25 into the 79th floor killing 14 people and only causing about 1 million dollars to the building. The structure it self was not effected at all (Empire State Building trivia).

There are two Observatories on the Empire State Building the first is at 1050 feet on the 86th floor where you can get a breath taking view of the city from inside or outside. And then at 1224 feet there is the 102nd floor observatory is at the very top of the building. This observatory is only inside so you dont that feeling of being up there at 102 stories. But the view is still awesome it is like nothing that you have ever seen. The best time for viewing in my mind is at night when the city is all lit up it is so pretty up there.

The Empire State Building has 73 elevators, which can travel at speed of 600 to 1400 feet per minute. At this speed it is possible to travel for the lobby to the 80th floor in only 45 seconds now that is flying. Now heres a job that I wouldnt want to have cleaning all 6500 windows. Now to todays standard that isnt much but man can you imagine having to clean them that would suck.

This is a gigantic structure there is 37 million cubic feet inside the walls. The building tips the scales at 365,000 tons. Only 60,000 of which is the steel framework, which holds the whole thing together. There is 310,000 square feet of marble in this building, which was used for the elevator lobbies and corridors on the floors that contain the offices. There is over 50 miles of radiator pipe in the building to help keep it worm in the wintertime. Air conditioning wasnt installed until 1950 and it has been up graded since. With 70 miles of water pipes in side this building. The building kind of acts as a water tower in the fact that it stores some water in tanks on various floors the highest one being the 101st floor. This water system handles about 26,500 cubic feet of water a day. Tim Allen would love this building because it has power. It has 2,500,000 feet of electrical wire. Each year it goes through 40 million kilowatt hours. Can you imagine want the electric bill would be for one month? And you thought that it had a lot of electrical wires, well it has 1060 miles of phone lines running thought out it. There is enough phone lines there to go to Fort Wayne and back 20 times. Now that is a lot of wire. Each month over 100 tons of garbage is taken away from the building and that is every month. So that is 1200 tons of trash each year. It takes 400 people to make this place look and run as smooth as possible. Of those 400, 150 of them are the maintenance workers they are the ones that make the Empire State Building want it is today (Empire State Building facts).

In conclusion I would like to add if you ever get a chance to go and see the Empire State Building go and do it. The view that you get will take you breath away. I guarantee that you will not be disappointed with it. Where else can you look down on thousands of buildings at one time?

Table of contents

1. Introduction
Party Politics in the U.SThe history of Democratic Party
2. Conclusion

Introduction

The United States of America operates under the multi-party system with only two contemporary U.S. political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican. The two parties came into existence at different times in history, and their formation systems differ. The presence of only two political parties in the U.S. led citizens believing that the constitution only allows two parties. The development of political parties occurred over history because of the congregate and tendency of human nature and an agreement between parties with common interests and ideas. As a Democrat, studying and learning more about the Democrat Party helps in gaining additional skills on American politics and improves the knowledge on the emergence of parties in the U.S. before 1865.

Party Politics in the U.S

The U.S. operated as an independent nation and unified behind the leadership of the President. George Washington became the first president of the United States in 1789. George Washington led a team of effective cabinet secretaries who had a good experience and were very prominent lawmakers in the American history. Washington got into power under the Independent political party that aimed at establishing the American Constitution because he was not affiliated with any party. The cabinet, led by the secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, supported a strong central government and formed the Federalist Party. Also, Thomas Jefferson agreed with the idea of central government arguing that it would allow individual states to hold majority power, therefore; overcoming the oppression carried out by British Colonialists. Jefferson also aimed at creating a new nation whereby citizens held power through votes making up a republic nation. The Washington cabinet started experiencing divisions as people disagreed on some provisions of the constitution. The differences in political party ideas brought about conflicts among cabinet secretaries leading to a revolutionary war.

In 1797, John Adams was elected the second U.S. president under the Federalist Party and believed in the establishment of the central government. Adams also gave priority to well-educated and wealthy fellows allowing them to head important sectors in the government. However, the Anti-Federalist Party formed in 1797 opposed the Adam's Federalist Party. The Anti-Federalist Party held belief that ordinary and less educated people had skills and effective decision-making strategies needed to run the government. In 1798, the Anti-Federalist Party changed into the Republican Party. Alchin claimed that party reflected the ideas of Republicanism and supported rights of states and ensured every citizen understood the constitution to know their rights and obligations. The French revolution occurred during the same year forcing Federalists to come up with new strategies to discredit the Republican Party and established the Democratic-Republicans Party. Jefferson agreed with the French’s revolution that focused on strong anti-monarchist sentiments and believed in the principle of government by the people, hence; supported the renaming of the party to Democratic-Republican (Alchin 1).

Thomas Jefferson was elected the third U.S. president under the Democratic-Republican ticket. Jefferson and Hamilton were powerful political leaders with different political views. The followers of Jefferson, Burr, Clinton, and Madison, believed that individual states should control the national government and were termed as Republicans. On the other hand, Hamilton supports were Federalists who believed the national government had the power to control all states (Wagner 9-11). It is evidence that Jefferson, Burr, Clinton, and Madison developed the Republican Party with the objective of opposing the politics of Hamilton. The Republican Party fought for a minimalist government, no favoritism for banks or manufacturing enterprises, discriminatory trade policies that favor France over Britain, and the retirement of the national debt. In 1801, Jefferson gained power in the legislative and executive branches of the government that gave him more strength to retain the political power in over a quarter of a century. Jefferson served as the U.S. president for two terms, and later his supporters, James Madison and James Monroe served two terms each.

Only one political party, the Democratic-Republican Party, remained in the U.S. creating a more stable government and making citizens feel good and confident by 1817. The two-term presidency of James Monroe made the Democratic - Republican Party gain more popularity in all states. Sabato and Howard argued that Monroe was the only American president, apart from George Washington, who fought for the American Revolution. He joined the Madison administration in 1811 as the secretary of the state and later appointed the secretary of war. The governance experience gained by Monroe made him one of the most successful presidents in the United States. His two terms in office made the country experience a period of positive growth and prosperity (Sabato and Howard 306). However, after Monroe's presidency, the Democratic-Republican Party became fragmented as the Adams and the Clay men held different positions in their small respective parties. John Quincy Adams was the last president under the Democratic-Republican ticket after which the party split into Southern-dominated Democrats and Northern-dominated Republicans.

The history of Democratic Party

In the 1820s several states passed the legislation providing for a direct election of the presidential electors by voters because in the past state legislatures appointed electors. The presence of these changes led to the split of Democratic-Republicans into Democrats Party and Republican Party with each party having an own presidential candidate. Andrew Jackson became the president of the United States in 1828 under the Democratic Party. The president termed himself and his followers as Democrats, hence; formed the Democrat Party. The Democrats nominated Jackson for president and came up with a party platform that established a rule requiring party presidential and vice presidential nominees to get votes from at least two-thirds of the national convention delegates. The rule, which was later changed in 1936, gave promoted the process of minority factions requiring conventions to have dozens of ballots to determine the presidential nominee (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica 1).

Jackson brought into the White House the reputation of unthinking action, ignorance, and violence. He was described by many as an educated leader who could not manage to construct a grammar sentence. However, Jackson believed in a revolutionary government because of his prior engagement in Revolutionary War in the Carolina frontier. He underwent harsh treatments during his youth age through imprisonment by the British, went through different instances of torture and trauma. The suffering and torture that Jackson went through made him develop the violence and ignorance attitude (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). Jackson was re-elected the president in 1832 despite controversies surrounding his leadership. It became clear that the Democrat Party had majority supporters in the United States following the re-election of Jackson as the U.S. president.

The same sources that made Jefferson enter the White House helped Jackson achieve the higher authority. Jackson had more followers from the South and the West. Jackson promoted the democratic way of governance that made him gain a nationwide fame as a skillful and exploitative leader. He ensured democracy for all citizens and prevented any form or exploitation by institutions such as banks by warning debtors. Boston and New York banking communities gave Jackson full support because he favored these institutions. Jackson was a good leader to emulate because he appealed for equal rights and fought for the vulnerable populations following the Democrat Party constitution (Parish 199).

The Democratic Party presidential nominees won the presidential seat from 1828 to 1856 but failed in two elections, 1840 and 1848. In 1844, the Democratic Party officials suffered a big blow when they passed a law to extend slavery to the Western territories. Jefferson who led the Southern Democrats advocated for slavery in all territories but Douglas, the Northern Democrats leader, wanted each territory to decide on whether they need slaves or not. The Civil War and the Reconstruction shaped the political future of the Democratic Party. The South remained solidly Democratic until today while the Republican formed the minority party in the North where Republicans received more support. The Democratic Party made much progress after its formation and developed an independent political action that ensured all party primaries supported candidates representing a broader progressive coalition. Therefore’ democrats support legislations that stand for the rights of women, people of color. Also, Democrats prevent acts of discrimination while supporting economic, social and political equality.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Conclusion

The study of the formation of American political parties and the emergence of the Democratic Party plays an essential role in understanding the American political history. The same forces that led to the formation of different political parties are still significant today. It is through the analysis of the American Democratic Party that the reader gets to realize the factors that made the traditionally popular party lose the 2016 U.S. Presidential election to the Republican, Donald Trump. Also, the study has created more knowledge on the understanding of different political leaders in the U.S. and their philosophies. The following research will help in analyzing the future of the American politics and compare it with the political system of the past.

Misogyny might not have reached its apex in the Renaissance era, but with the generally accepted idea that women were imperfect, immoral, and responsible for the downfall of humankind, it is heavy competition for other time periods. On a line graph, the witch-craze would certainly peak as an example of legalized violence against women. When King James VI of Scotland wrote Daemonologie (1597), a treatise on witches and sorcerers, he was drawing on stereotypes of women that had been put in place by philosophers such as Aristotle and Galen. Reginald Scot, one voice of reason, wrote

Discoverie of Witchcraft, 1584, which logically debunks the idea of supernatural powers, but it could not overcome earlier fallacies about women and witches from such texts as The Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches) (1486), nor could it compete with the policies of James when he ascended the throne of England in 1603. Every era has its scapegoat, but from the subjugated women in Greek society to the women burned or hanged in the Renaissance, females have experienced more than their unfair share of blame.

There is no pivotal point that can be specified as the beginning of misogyny; some feminist historians state that most ancient societies were matrifocal, if not matriarchal, in origin, and that the fall of women from prominence occurred when the patriarchies established themselves. Of pre-Hellenic Greece, Robert Graves states that “invaders from

Central Asia began to substitute patrilinear for matrilinear institutions and remodel the myths to justify social change” (10). Graves is speaking specifically of myth, but the status of women in society is reflected in the dominant religious ideology of the day.

Under the influence of the invaders, the goddesses lost their importance and power, and this loss was reflected in the treatment of mortal women.

By the Golden Age, Greek society was highly male dominated; women were cloistered and considered little better than vehicles for producing heirs. Aristotle, when he stated that women are inferior replicas of men, helped establish misogyny as a tenet of Western philosophy. In “The History of Animals,” he delineates the characteristics of males and females: “For man has the most perfect nature of all animals [. . .] Woman is more compassionate than man [. . .] [but] She is also more envious, more querulous, more slanderous, and more contentious [. . .] more given to falsehood [. . .] more easily deceived.” A male is “more disposed to give assistance in danger, and is more courageous” (qtd. in Aughterson 44).

Aristotle predates the advent of Christianity’s distrust of females, but his assessment of women fall in line with the commonly held views of the Christian era. The sparse pro-woman faction of the Renaissance points out that Adam is more at fault than Eve because he was fully cognizant of his action when eating the fruit, but Eve continues to be the prime example of a woman who is easily deceived. Aristotle overlooks the Eve myth of his own time, that of Pandora. Pandora is blamed for releasing the ills of humankind not because she was deceived, but because she was curious and opened the box that she had been admonished not to touch. Epimetheus (hindsight), her husband, was the one who was deceived; he was cautioned by his brother Prometheus (foresight) to havenothing to do with the lovely Pandora because she would bring ruin to men. Epimetheus ignored his brother’s advice and played his own part in allowing death, illness, and a myriad of other woes loose in the world (Morford and Lenardon 67).

Pandora, like Eve, received the blunt of the criticism for her part in cursing humankind--regardless of the fact that both were acting on impulses implanted within them; Pandora was created curious, and Eve was predestined to be disobedient. In the matriarchies, goddesses held the highest position of power in the pantheons but were demoted when men took over. Hera went from being a figure of stature and power to a nagging harridan as the wife of Zeus (Spretnak 88). Artemis, originally a patroness of childbearing, became the eternal virgin, a priggish goddess who had a man torn apart for glimpsing her while she bathed (75). Even the goddesses who appear to retain importance do so only through circumnavigation; Athene is born from the head of Zeus after he ingests her mother. She is the goddess of wisdom, but only because she is issued from the head of the supreme god who is the repository of all knowledge.

Interestingly enough, the women who did have some degree of independence in Greece were the hetaerae, a form of high-class prostitute or concubine. Hetaerae were not citizens, but they were protected by law, could own property, could be seen in public, and often attended dinners and other functions with their patrons; they were usually better educated than the Greek matron and trained in the fine arts. Their services were for the wealthy and powerful, and Aspasia, a famous hetaera, was the consort of Pericles for many years. No link has been made between these ancient courtesans and the negative images applied to women, but the hetaera, independent and educated, able to pick her partner, is the embodiment of the bad girl stereotype promulgated in the Renaissance and other eras.

In addition to cataloguing the spiritual and emotional faults of women, Aristotle also outlined the physiology of the female. As did doctors and laymen for centuries after him, Aristotle subscribed to the humoral theory set forth in the Hippocratic Corpus (circa 600-300 BCE) (Antiqua Medicine). The humors were aligned with the four elements that composed the universe--earth, air, fire, and water--and ruled the human body. This theory was further promulgated by the philosopher/physician Galen (130-210 CE) who diagnosed that diseases, both emotional and physical, came about from an imbalance in the elemental states. Galen’s humoral pathology dominated the medical field well into the nineteenth century (Briggs 162).

In Galen’s, On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, he wrote:

Now just as mankind is the most perfect of all animals, so within Mankind the man is more perfect than the woman [. . .] her workmanship is necessarily more imperfect, and so it is no wonder that the female is less perfect than the male by as much as she is colder than he.

(qtd. in Aughterson 47)

Men, as perfect creatures, were hot and dry and able to burn out bad vapors that resulted from humoral fluctuations. Women were cold and moist; their bodies were unable to facilitate unhealthy vapors, as were men‘s. Women were made imperfect “mutilations” of men by god, so their inferior status had the stamp of approval from the highest authority (48).

Illnesses were blamed on humoral imbalances into and beyond the Medieval era. During the “Dark” Ages, women did not reassume much of the power they wielded in the matriarchies, but they were not as reviled as they would be in the ensuing Age of Enlightenment. Females were still considered largely incompetent and even evil (the snake in the Garden of Eden was often portrayed in medieval art as having the face of a woman), but they were allowed to practice the healing arts that had been their domain for centuries: dispensing herbal remedies and acting as midwives. There were Marian cults who revered the Virgin, and Mary Magdalene was a hugely popular figure as well. Wives still fell under the jurisdiction of their husbands, but in England, widows could pay fees to the crown to keep from remarrying someone not of their choice; some took liberal advantage of this option (Coss 25).

In the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century, a disciple of the German physician, St. Albertus Magnus, penned De Secretis Mulierum (The Secrets of Women). This disciple, aptly coined “pseudo-Albert,” who drew heavily on Aristotle, the Arabian physician and philosopher, Avicenna, and Averroes, another Arabian philosopher, perpetuated centuries old fallacies concerning female physiology and spiritual inferiority (Lemay 3-4). Like Galen’s humoral theory, the inaccuracies in De Secretis Mulierum would have a long lasting effect on how females were perceived; it was still being reprinted in 1580 with comments from two concurrent but unnamed authors (2). The commentators defer to Aristotle, but point out the differences between the beliefs of the ancient philosopher and those of physicians in the sixteenth century, but as the beliefs on both sides were highly inaccurate, it becomes a moot point as to whom one should give credence.

De Secretis Mulierum deals with the female body and how it works; it details such problems as defects of the womb, why deformed children are conceived, and how astrology determines the disposition and health of the unborn child. It is a book written by a man, to be read by men; by the fifteenth century male doctors attending women in childbirth was a common practice (34). It draws on the misogynistic tradition that had been in existence for centuries; pseudo-Albert writes, “old women [. . .] who do not menstruate, poison the eyes of children lying in their cradle by their glance” (129). It is demonstrated that beliefs did not change substantially from Aristotle or pseudo-Albert’s times; one sixteenth century commentator writes, “according to Aristotle [. . .] woman is a failed male, that is, the matter that forms a human being will not result in a girl except when nature is impeded in her* actions [. . . ] it has been said woman is not human, but a monster”.

The misogynistic tone of De Secretis Mulierum, built upon historical ideologies, in turn, influenced later literature that was harmful and degrading to women, namely the Malleus Maleficarum, written in the late fifteenth century by two German priests, Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger. Although the books are from two different genres, Helen Rodnite Lemay claims that the authors of the Malleus used the Secretis “as an ideological basis for concluding that women are prone to witchcraft, for which they deserve death.”

On an intellectual level, both texts employ Aristotelian and medieval natural philosophy to arrive at the same conclusions about women. Pseudo-Albert and the priests also shared similar intellectual training gained in a religious community, combining science, medicine, and theology which all supported their misogynistic views (50-51).

Note that nature is a “she,” a seeming contradiction since nature abhors females. Lemay draws parallels between De Secretis and the Malleus, pointing out that the latter is more “vituperative” in tone. Pseudo-Albert and his commentators state that women are not suited for learning because of the coarseness of their brains (52). Heinrich and Kramer claim that women “are feebler in both mind and body,” “intellectually like children,” “have weak memories; and it is a natural vice in them not to be disciplined”

(Kramer & Sprenger 44-45). The elderly woman who can harm infants by looking at them turns into the spiteful, vengeful midwife of the Malleus who harms babies intentionally; “certain witches [. . .] are in the habit of devouring and eating children” and “this form of homicide is associated rather with women than with men” (66).

The list of associations between the two texts goes on, but the Malleus Maleficarum stands at the pinnacle of hate literature against women; not even King James is as violently verbal in his assault against witches as are Kramer and Sprenger. The Malleus was written in a response to a papal bull issued by Pope Innocent VIII in 1484 calling for a means to stop people from “straying from the Catholic Faith” when they, among many other evil practices, “abandoned themselves to devils, incubi and succubi, and by their incantations, spells, and other accursed charms and crafts.” Although Pope Innocent specified “many persons of both sexes” as being at fault, when the final draft of the Malleus was published, men were somehow omitted in the vast majority of charges brought against witches (xliii).

The antifeminist rhetoric from ancient Greece was now reinforced with arguments from the Hebrew Scriptures, plus Christian and Roman rhetoricians. Kramer and Sprenger quote their sources: Ecclesiastes 25, “All wickedness is but little to the wickedness of a woman”; St. John of Chrysotom, “What else is woman but [. . .] inescapable punishment, a necessary evil, a natural temptation, a desirable calamity, a domestic danger”; Cicero, “The many lusts of men lead them into one sin, but the lust of women leads them into all sins; for the root of all woman’s vices is avarice”; and Seneca, “When a woman thinks alone, she thinks evil.” The two priests grudgingly allow that there are some women who deserve praise, but warn that even “a good woman [is] subject to carnal lust” (43).

Ordinary women were merely stupid and carnal, but the woman who was in league with the Devil overreached him in the scope of her sin; “So heinous are the crimes of witches that they even exceed the sins and fall of the bad Angels.” Of the fourteen species of magic, witchcraft was the worst; practices such as ceremonial magic* or Astrology and

Augury may be found lawful upon inspection, “But the works of witches are never lawful” (82). Males who employed much of the same tactics as witches were excused; alchemists were deemed as performing scientific experiments, and astrologists such as John Dee cast horoscopes in the court of Queen Elizabeth I. The bias against earth magic outlasted the Renaissance period by centuries; until the witchcraft laws were repealed in 1952, it was against the law to practice the Craft of the Wise in England.

All women are suspect in the world painted by the Malleus, but among witches, midwives are the most dangerous of the lot; “No one does more harm to the Catholic Faith than midwives” (66). In addition to eating babies or rendering them for fat to use in potions, midwives were also notorious for offering their kills to the Devil as sacrifice. In

Eve’s Herbs, John M. Riddle offers an explanation why the Catholic Church emphasized the killing, rather than the delivering, of babies by midwives; women who practiced *Ceremonial or high magic is connected with wizards and magicians; words and stylized ritual are more important than potions and working with herbs. Earth or low magic was practiced by witches who drew from earthly power or sources. herbalism would not only have known how to perform abortions, but would have been able to prescribe birth control for their patients (112-113). The doctrine of the Church was clearly against this; by the thirteenth century there was to be no human interference in the process of procreation (92). The midwife cum witch was trespassing in God’s territory by plying certain aspects of her trade.

The fear of women interfering with procreation was manifest in other foul deeds performed by witches. De Secretis Mulierum speaks of “certain women” who know how to affect the penis by placing iron in their vaginas during sex, resulting in “large wounds” on the male’s member (88). In the Malleus, the fear of being emasculated by women reaches a psychological peak when it is described how a witch can cast a “glamour” and make the penis appear to disappear altogether (58, 119). The misogynistic fallacies, which began centuries earlier, have evolved into the sublimely ridiculous, but with the earnest credence that the population of Western Europe and England gave to such tales, women were not laughing.

In addition to describing the habits and abilities of witches, Kramer and Sprenger give advice on how to conduct the interrogations and trials of the accused; the hypocrisies of those who espoused misogyny are never so clearly delineated. A woman “is a liar by nature,” is “more credulous [. . .] and impressionable,” and has “a defect [. . . ] since she was formed from a bent rib,” but both ecclesiastical and civil courts were enjoined to use whatever means possible to insure a witch‘s confession and execution--even if it meant lying and preying upon her supposed credulity (43-46). A defamed man could hope for purgation to escape excommunication and being labeled a heretic; there was no such hope for a witch (242).

St. Augustine decreed that sentence could not be pronounced upon a person unless she or he has been proven guilty or has confessed (235). Kramer and Sprenger agree that a witch should not be put to death without her own confession, so the purpose became to assure the court of an admission of guilt. Since witches could be stubbornly silent, call on their master for help, and able to, “with God’s permission,” bewitch the judge, “torture must not be neglected” as a means to procure the confession. It was also a well-known fact that witches could not cry; the judge had to be particularly on guard to make sure that his charge did not rub spittle on her cheeks and eyes to simulate tears (223-228).

The priests are very succinct in how to assume the appearance of concern when applying torture:

the Judge shall uses his own persuasions and those of other honest men to induce her to confess the truth voluntarily; and if she will not . . . bind her with cords, and apply her to some engine of torture; and let them obey at once but not joyfully, rather appearing to be disturbed by their duty. ( 225)

Another means to procure a confession was to promise the witch that if she admitted her crime she would not die, but when she admitted guilt, “after a certain period she should be burned.” It was also admissible for one judge to safely promise the witch that he would not sentence her to death if she confessed, then with a clean conscience pass the sentencing over to another judge who had made no such promise (226).

In his 1948 introduction to the Malleus Maleficarum, Montague Summers says of the book, “It was implicitly accepted not only by Catholic, but by Protestant legislature. In fine, it is not too much to say that the Malleus Maleficarum is among the most important, wisest, and weightiest books in the world” (viii). Summers continues, calling the book by the two Dominicans, Kramer and Sprenger, as giving “seemingly inexhaustible wells of wisdom” from which to draw (ix). Considering that the admiration for the Malleus continued on into the twentieth century, it is no wonder that it was used as a handbook for witch hunters and judges during the Renaissance.

Not all writers of the Age of Enlightenment subscribed to the theories of Kramer and Sprenger; in Discoverie of Witchcraft, 1584, Protestant Reginald Scot scoffs at the idea of magic and likens such beliefs to “popish charms and conjurations”. Scot can see no difference between the working of supposed witches and sorcerers and the exorcisms and rituals of the Catholic Church. He fills page after page with designs, diagrams, and incantations then declares that they do not work because he tried them with no avail; “I for my part have read a number of their conjurations, but never could see anie divels of theirs, except it were in a plaie”.

Scot’s main argument against the effectiveness of witchcraft is biblical. Unlike Kramer and Sprenger who maintain that God allows evil “magic” to occur for his own means, and to not believe in witches is heresy, Scot claims that all miracles--both on the godly and satanic sides--ceased with the apostles. Miraculous workings were only

“performed in the primitive church, for the confirmation of Christ’s doctrine.” Scot points out that God saw that all of his works were good, so it would be impossible for a sorcerer to conjure devils out of “holsome creatures; such as salt, water, &c”. He also delineates the differences in miraculous wonders performed in the Old Testament as being from God (the acts of Moses) and those of magicians (the Egyptians who emulated Moses by using illusion) Witches, according to Scot, are “poore and needie, [and] go from doore to doore for releefe”(53). Naming Sprenger as a proponent of the idea, Scot refutes the Malleus claim that witches should be punished by death while conjurors should not; if such creatures exist, both would draw their power from the Devil. He is particularly vehement against what he sees as the trickery of the Catholic Church in taking advantage of the uneducated and weak. The lies of the papists are revealed: the story of St. Margaret and her victory over the devil is a fable; a woman’s dead body being revived by sorcery was actually “reanimated” by a couple of priests who were angry over being cheated out of money for the funeral; and “moonks and preests have abused and bewitched the world with counterfet visions”. As for papists, conjurors and witches’ miracles, “one is as grosse as the other”.

In Discoverie of Witchcraft, Scot assigns the weaknesses usually attributed to women to members of the Catholic faith: “And still me thinks papists (of all others) which indeed are most credulous”; “The fathers and ancient doctors of the church were too credulous”. Priests, like women, are faulted with carnality; “[from] restraint of marriage, wherby they grew hot and lecherous, and therefore devised such meanes to compasse and obteine their loves” (58). Catholic clergy are liars and deceivers, men of supposed account who abuse the simple people. Humans need scapegoats; in Scot’s

Protestant vision, Catholics replaced women as the chosen segment of the population to be demeaned and reviled. Scot’s vision was not championed by his peers; although King James professed no love for the Catholic faith in his own work, Daemonologie (1597), he did reassert the belief that witchcraft was a real practice. James did not have a strong view on witches until the

incidents accounted in the pamphlet “Newes from Scotland” (1591) occurred. “Newes” recounts the wrongdoings of several witches in Scotland, beginning with Geillis Duncane. Geillis, after being accused and tortured, gave the name of the elder witch, Agnis Sampson, who confessed when her devil’s or “pruie” mark was found upon her. James, sitting in on the proceedings, was still disinclined to believe in witchery until Agnis took him aside and told him what his queen had whispered to him on their wedding night. He became an immediate believer and penned Daemonologie as a result (1-4).

The three books of Daemonologie, written as a discourse between two men, cover many of the same arguments in the Malleus Maleficarum and reaches many of the same conclusions. To wit, more witches are women than men because “where the Deuill findes greatest ignorance and barbaritie, there assayles he grosselist,” and witches should be put to death regardless of their “sexe, age nor ranck” (Third Booke 9,14). James also claims that witches and sorcerers are able to practice their foul deeds of magic “by the permission of G O D”; for either him or Kramer and Sprenger to say otherwise would put Satan on an equal footing with God (Seconde Booke 9). Despite the obvious influence of the

Dominicans, James denounces Papists as not “professing to the onelie true Religion,” and that the “murmuring of conjurers” is like a “Papist priest dispatching a hunting Masse”

King James and Scot may agree on the heretical state of the Catholics, but they apparently agree on little else; they both accept that that Moses performed real miracles and the Egyptian court magicians were counterfeits, but the consensus stops there (Seconde Booke 1). Scot uses the Bible to prove miracles ceased with the passing of the apostles; James, without totally discounting Scot, gives the same theory a twist; after the apostles established the church, “all miracles, visions, prophecies, & appearances of Angels or good spirites are ceased,” now only “euill” spirits manifest themselves in the world (Thirde Booke 7). Whereas Scot explains how dead bodies only move when manipulated by dishonest Papist priests, James insists that spirits can assume a dead body.

For the purposes of this paper, the most important aspect of Daemonologie is the misogynistic view of King James. When Philomathes asks Epistemon why there are twenty women to every one man who practices witchcraft, the latter responds,

The reason is easie, for as that sexe is frailer then man is, so is it easier to be intrapped in these grosse snares of the Deuill, as was ouer well proued to be true, by the Serpents deceiving of Eua at the beginning. (Seconde Booke 10)

James not only wrote his treatise, but also authorized the King James Version of the Bible that used the word “witch” much more liberally than previous versions, giving a new meaning to “thou shalt not suffer a witch to live” (the original Hebrew meant poisoner, not witch) (Russell 97). James later revised his ideas on witchcraft after investigating cases that were obviously frauds, but more women were hung as witches in his reign than any other English monarch.

The height of the witch craze in England occurred in the 1640’s during the Civil War when tensions between religious factions and economic factors exacerbated problems. The preeminent “witchfinder general,” Matthew Hopkins, like James, helped establish the continental idea of witchcraft in England; previously English witches had not been associated with devil-worship, they merely poxed cows and caused droughts. Hopkins’fame was brief and bloody; starting his career in 1644, it was over by 1646, and with his fall in popularity, the witch craze began to decline as well.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

The Burning Times, as it is called by neo-witches, might have been over, but as it stemmed from misogynistic teachings and beliefs rather than the reverse, women did not immediately gain a new status in the eyes of an anti-feminist world; they would still be viewed as second class citizens. From the time of Aristotle, who claimed women were inferior replicas of men, to the woman hating diatribe of the Catholic Malleus Maleficarum, to Martin Luther who said that all witches were heretics for having made pacts with the Devil and should be burned, women often found little comfort and respite in the world. In the twentieth century, women in the West made great strides toward gaining equality, but misogyny and mistreatment of women is still rampant. Eve, one of the most maligned mythic women in history, is considered by radical feminist theologians as the liberator, the giver of knowledge to an otherwise ignorant humanity; feminists do not advocate a return to the matriarchies, but merely strive for recognition as being one vital half of the human race.

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is committed to serving and providing world-class health care to veterans and their families. The VA helps veterans to transition back home and into meaningful careers. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is America’s largest integrated health care system, providing care at 1,250 health care facilities, including 172 medical centers and 1,069 outpatient VHA outpatient clinics, serving 9 million enrolled Veterans each year. VHA, the nation's largest health care system, employs about 306,000 health care professionals and staff.1 The VHA has a history in employing PAs, has been progressive in changing the way PAs practice in the VA, and offers many benefits for PAs who chose to work in the VA.

The first class of PAs graduated from Duke University on October 6th, 1967. The VHA began utilizing physician assistants in 1968 when several of these graduates went to work at the VA in Durham, North Carolina. The VA was the first employer of PAs and is still the largest employer of PAs in the country. Currently, there are 2,300 PAs employed by the VA health system. PAs are present in nearly every specialty including; Anesthesia, Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Dermatology, Endocrinology, ENT, Extended Care, Gastroenterology, General Surgery, Geriatrics, Infectious Disease, Mental Health, Sleep Medicine, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Nuclear Medicine, Occupational/Employee Health, Orthopedics, Podiatry, Plastic Surgery, Post Deployment Clinic, Primary Care, Pulmonology, Quality Assurance, Liver Transplant, Hematology/Oncology, Radiation Therapy, Interventional Radiology, Spinal Cord, Telemedicine, Urology, and Woman’s Health Clinic.2 Physician Assistant employment in the VHA has grown steadily and PAs are present in almost all VA medical centers and outpatient clinics.

Although PAs function in multiple roles in VHA settings, many people do not understand their roles in these settings unless they see as PA as their primary care provider. One component of VHA service is the community-based outpatient clinic (CBOC) system. These are small clinics that are geographically separate as satellites of a VAMC and are about 30 to 100 miles from the main VAMC. The development of these CBOCs began in 1995. The intent of these CBOCs is to deliver healthcare that was conveniently close to veterans and their families. As of 2015, there were 150 VAMCs and 1,400 CBOCs that enrolled around 8.9 million veterans. PAs and NPs staff most of the CBOCs and are often skilled in adult primary care as well as some specialty care.3 In the VA health system about a quarter of all primary care patients treated are seen by a PA and roughly 32% of PAs employed by VHA are veterans, retired military, or currently serving in the National Guard and Reserves.2 Despite being the first organization to hire PAs, the VA continues to be a late developer in modernizing practice laws for PAs.

In 2013 the VHA Directive 1063: Utilization of Physician Assistants (PA) was published which provided an updated policy for utilization of PAs in the VHA. It updated the responsibilities of a PA to provide greater clarification, established Core PA Scope of Practice and Expanded Scope of Practice elements, established specific levels of PA practice autonomy, and updated requirements for physician oversight of PA practice. The directive defines responsibilities of the collaborating physician such as providing appropriate clinical oversight, consultation, and patient care management assistance to the PA assigned and providing readily available consultation and collaboration. The responsibilities of a PA are also defined. These include adhering to all applicable Federal, VA, VHA, and facility policies or regulations, ensuring that their clinical activities are within their Scope of Practice and are medically and ethically appropriate, ensuring that no patient care activities are engaged in without a collaborating physician available for appropriate clinical oversight, engaging with their collaborating physician when consultation and guidance is needed, and deferring to the collaborating physician when there is a difference in opinion with the collaborating physician regarding patient care management. The directive also states that full autonomy of PAs is appropriate for most settings in which PAs practice including inpatient, outpatient, Community Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOC), Community Living Centers (CLC), Long Term Care, Home Based Primary Care (HBPC), Telemedicine, and remote sites. This means PAs at these sites practice with a high level of autonomy on a day-to-day basis and require infrequent consultation with their collaborating physician. The physical presence of the collaborating physician at the site is not required. The collaborating physician’s responsibilities for this level of PA practice include periodic monitoring of the PA’s clinical activities through a retrospective review of at least five randomly selected patient encounter notes each quarter to ensure the presence of ongoing competency and medical appropriateness. In addition, the collaborating physician and PA must be in contact at least weekly to discuss any difficult cases.4 The VA, through this directive, was able to distinguish between the level of medical practice autonomy exercised by experienced PAs and newly educated PAs, giving new providers limited autonomy while experienced providers at many sites were allowed full autonomy. Additionally, the directive designed leaders to ensure that all VA medical facilities would be compliant with PA credentialing and utilization of PAs which had been lacking before the directive. There would now be a source of expertise regarding PA education, qualifications, clinical privileges, and scope of practice in the VA which had not been set in place before the directive. The AAPA was in full support of the directive acknowledging that the policy recognized the versatility of the PA workforce and enhanced physician assistants’ ability to deliver high-quality medical care. AAPA applauded the VHA’s efforts in establishing and moving forward with new scopes of practice and PA practice models which implemented new PA utilization guidelines. This directive was a large step forward for PA practice in the VA health system, however, there are still many issues that need to be addressed.

Articles from 2014 cite the salary disparity and other issues for PAs employed by the VA health system. In 2013, the PA workforce had grown far less than other positions within the VHA signaling a retention and recruiting problem. The discrepancy in salary, benefits, and education programs between the civilian sector and the VHA continued to be a barrier. In 2014, Physician Assistants remained in an antiquated pay system resulting in a large pay disparity compared to the civilian sector. Additionally, in 2014, 14.28 % of PAs left the VA due to compensation and only 2.7% Physician Assistants chose the VA because of pay/compensation. In 2015, PAs were identified as having the third largest staffing shortage in the VA healthcare system. The annual turnover rate for PAs was 12 to 14 percent. The vacancy rate for PAs was among the highest in the VHA.5 The disparity in salary, benefits, and educational opportunities was a problem and continues to be a problem as PAs are choosing private sector employment opportunities over working at the VA.

Finally, in 2017, Congress passed the VA Choice and Quality Employment Act that implemented competitive pay for PAs in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Currently, the VA continues to recognize PAs as a solution for increasing timely access to quality patient care for the nation’s veterans. However, starting pay for new graduates is still typically 20-30 percent higher in the private sector than it is in the VA. Physician Assistant salaries at US Department of Veterans Affairs can range from $79,921 - $134,154. It continues to be challenging for the VA to recruit, hire, and retain PAs. In attempt to reduce this deficit, The VA Choice and Quality Employment Act included an estimated $86 million to be spent to ensure PAs are offered competitive salaries by the VA through a provision to move PAs to a locality-based pay system, like the pay systems already in place for NPs and physicians. When compensating PAs, the VA almost must consider local wages in the private sector as well, according to the act.6 When the VA seeks to replace healthcare professionals, it cannot compete with private health care systems. The lengthy process the VA requires candidates to receive employment commitments continues to hinder the VA's ability to recruit and officially appoint new employees. Many measures have been taken to try to reduce the disparity between PAs working in the private sector and those working for the VHA, but the VA is still behind the private sector in terms of salary and loan forgiveness.

In order to try to bridge this gap, there are many benefits that the VA offers its employees including access to cutting edge technology, education support, work/life balance, leadership training, and the ability to live anywhere in the nation. They offer a broad range of scholarships, tuition reimbursement, and loan repayment programs, as well as other educational opportunities to help employees. VA employees with federal student loans may be eligible for the national loan forgiveness program up to 60,000 dollars. There are also scholarship programs available for PA students who are willing to commit to working at the VA upon graduation. Additionally, the VA conducts the largest medical education program in the country, in partnership with over 1,800 academic institutions.1 The VA also supports PA education. The St. Louis University PA program was partially funded by the VA in 1971.7 In addition, employees receive generous vacation and personal leave, including 26 paid days off, 13 sick days and 10 paid federal holidays. Health care professionals at the VA are protected by the Federal Government in cases of alleged malpractice, eliminating the need for personal liability insurance. One state license allows VA employees to practice in any VA facility nationwide. PAs employed in federal institutions often bypass state control of provider services. For example, state PA practice laws do not determine whether a VA facility permits PAs to perform medical or surgical procedures. PAs practice under federal authority and states do not have jurisdiction over the federal health care facilities. Therefore, if the facility approves a scope of practice that includes performing a procedure, it can be granted by that facility under federal law. Furthermore, VA employees can seek employment at any VA facility with an open position and transfer with no loss of benefits.1 With VA’s integrated system, employees are free to explore new areas of career development and pursue opportunities anywhere within VA. Most importantly, VA employees have the chance to give back to America’s heroes and help improve life for them and their families every day. VA patients have experienced wide-ranging military conflicts which means that providers regularly meet new challenges that allow them to sharpen their skills and critical thinking abilities. Overall, the VA has been working hard to make the employment of PAs more appealing by providing benefits, education and loan forgiveness.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

In conclusion, PAs have been working in the VA since the start of the profession. PAs are a majority of providers in the VHA and provide medical care and treatment to US Veterans every day. The VHA has worked and is continuing to work with PAs to improve their utilization. The VA provides many benefits for its employees and would provide a good opportunity to work with our nation’s veterans while having autonomy in practice. PA practice in the VA has come a long way and will continue to grow in years to come.  

The earliest form of exchange was known as barter. Modern marketing began in the early 1990s. In the twentieth century, the marketing process progress through three distinct eras – production, sales, and marketing. In the 1920s, firms operated under the premise that production was a seller’s market. Product choices were nearly nonexistent because firm managers believed that a superior product would sell itself. This philosophy was possible because the demand for products outlasted supply. During this firm success was measured totally in terms of production. (Business Encyclopedia) Marketing in the 1940s and 1950s was highly descriptive and preoccupied with establishing its domain and functions6. The overarching characteristics of the marketing field were its reliance on economics, which provided the philosophical assumptions of rational choice, functional utility of products, the objectivity of the researcher, a single reality, and separable and independent marketing elements. The primary focus was on the activities of the firm. The consumer was seen as a utility optimizing individual who would consciously weight the costs and benefits of a purchase.

Quality, price, and durability were deemed the most important attributes. Along with these economic assumptions, researchers stressed business transactions. The role of marketing was to stimulate and service demand 7. For example, the 1935 American Marketing Association definition of marketing was the “performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers”. Marketing is then a process of providing customers with parts of a potential mosaic from which they, as artists of their own lifestyles, can pick and choose to develop the composition that for the time may seem the best. Marketing is not only an impersonal economic activity, but in addition to its conventional considerations about exchanges, buying and selling values, income, budget, outlets, and transportation, it is inevitably interwoven with other personal, the noneconomic relationship in society.

There is a clear indication that the paint industry in India is poised for a growth further, based on changing national and international economic developments. However, such a growth is likely to be affected by certain inherent local specific problems. These problems call for an in-depth study so as to bring about suitable corrective mechanism and through which relieves the industry of such problems of a free and fair growth. The supply of paints in India is limited on account of low capacity utilization of production of paints. Equally, limiting factor is its per capita consumption or demand for paints in India. As a result, companies are investing in sophisticated supply chain management tools. Margins remained under pressure due to dropping prices, which have been more strategic and forced by the market leader. Companies have been working on improving internal efficiencies to retain profits. The pressure from original equipment manufacturers to reduce prices has also been a cause for low profits for paint companies.

The performance of the decorative division also hinges on rainfall (which may lead to heavy corrosion). In the last five years, the country witnessed three years of poor rainfall which adversely impacted the total paint demand. So the demand for and supply of paints in India need to be improved by strengthening the existing systems. India has a large number of paint shops or outlets, more than 50,000. Unlike in most of the developed world. There is a large number of small paint and hardware shops that cater to the local population. The Indian paint industry has more or less equal and highly competitive players in both organized sectors. The unorganized sector consists of small and medium enterprises (SME). Asian paints, Godless Nerolac, ICI (India), Berger, Jenson & Nicholson, and Shalimar are the leading companies under the organized sectors. The threat of global competition is minimal in this industry. Asian Paints Limited dominate the decorative segment, with a 29 percent market share. Berger paints go next with a 10 percent market share.

Nerolac and ICI have 8 percent shares, respectively, in this segment followed by Shalimar. In this connection, it could be stated that the sales promotion measures taken by the units under the organized sector have yet to reach the customers of both organized and unorganized sectors. The advertisement of the paint industry does not serve the purpose and as such the producers of unorganized sector encase upon, among the rural consumer. The one impotent thing to look into it is that the strategic advertising opportunities were not really explored well enough. The awareness of the brand almost diminished in places where it was already low. The brand is far from being recognized and there was a marginal increase in sales and in the monthly average survey of the brand knowledge. In India, there has been no other marketing and brand strategizing as good as its Indian competitor. The very classy advertisements do not really resonate with the elite Indians also. What they need is something that touches them and not just informs them. It is clear from the above that paint industry in India is an is not comfortable in the delivery of the desired services to the target audience in view of the problems stated above paint industry in India with special reference to Tamilnadu on the basis of the objectives listed below. The topic is to execute the effectiveness of the marketing strategies of Asian Paints. It will help the all of its stakeholders to ensure its market share growth as well as increase its performance. This research will reflect the awareness level as well as feedback from the customers and will help to generate new ideas about future products along with product awareness program. it is dealers and customers opinion, new ideas paint new products produced and marketing in the high targeting of Asian paint company. v To study the effectiveness of various sales promotion measures adopted by Asian paints manufactures and dealers v To offer a suggestion for enhancing the marketing strategies of paints. The researcher made reviews of earlier studies.

Among the reviews made few studies have been made on the marketing of consumer goods. As paints and paint products are consumer’s goods, the research made an attempt to study the marketing strategies adopted by Asian paints products Ltd especially in the southern districts of Tamilnadu.

The study determines the marketing strategy adopted by top for Asian paints manufacturer and dealers in districts of Tamilnadu. As the study is descriptive in nature, designed to analyze the factors influencing the marketing of paints products in the Southern district. The researcher has collected both primary and secondary data for the purpose of this study. The primary data were collected directly from the sample respondents including, dealers and customers. Using a well-structured interview schedule the data has been collected from 15 dealers and 200 customers of Asian Paints. The secondary data was collected from the textbooks, magazines, journals, internet sources of an Asian paints private company limited. The simple random sampling method is used to collect primary data.

Limitation

The limitations of the study are as follows

Time constraint is one of the limiting factors. A limited sample size to 15 dealers and 200 customers were considered as sample units because of time constraints. Types of sales promotion Among 200 respondents, 34 % of the respondents have the opinion that sample supply, 25.5%of the respondents have the opinion of contests offered, 23.5% of the respondents have the opinion of the free coupon, and 17% of the respondents have the opinion of others factors motivated them to buy Asian Paints. Hence it is clear that majority of the respondents 34% of the respondents have been motivated by sample supply. Advertising in paints in media Among 200 respondents, 43.5% of the respondents are has been watching an advertisement for paint on television, 12.5%of the respondents in the paint in radio, 15% of the respondents in the newspaper. 13% of the respondents in the magazine. 27% of the respondents on the internet. Hence it is clear that majority of the respondents 43.5% of the respondents are has been watching an advertisement on television for paints.

Advertising media & purchase performance Among 200 respondents, 43.5% of the respondents have purchased paints based on a television advertisement, 11.5%of the respondents through radio advertising, 15% of the respondents through newspaper advertising. 13% of the respondents through magazines advertising. 27% of the respondents through internet advertising. Hence it is clear that majority of the respondents 43.5% of the respondents are purchasing through television advertising Advertising level and performing sales Among 13 respondents, 46%of the respondents are highly sale for heavy advertising periods, 31% of the respondents have are a moderate sale for heavy advertising periods, and 23% of the respondents have are a Satisfactory sale for heavy advertising periods Hence it is clear that majority of the respondents are 46% of the respondents are highly sale for heavy advertising periods.

A manufacturer selling out of products Among 15 respondents, 26.67% of the respondents are advertising products, 13.33% of the respondents are launching sales promotion, 36.67% of the respondents are proper destruction, and 53.33% of the respondents are providing financial incentives Hence it is clear that majority of the respondents 53.33% of the respondents are providing financial incentives The margin on maximum retail price Among the 15 respondents, 13.33%of the respondents are up to five percents, and 86.67% of the respondents are 6-10 percents. Hence it is clear that majority of the respondents are 86.67% of the respondents are 6-10 percents. Sales below the cost price Among the 15 respondents, 80% of the respondents that the sale bellows the cost price, and 20% of the respondents are not selling below the cost price. Hence it is clear that majority of the respondents 80% of the respondents that the sale bellows the cost price Create Awareness through Advertisement Advertisements are important for (low involvement products like paint; because the customer has less brand awareness and about the type of popular company. So, paint companies may change their advertisements, in the way they inform customers about the durability of a particular product, the frequency of painting work and defects of not painting the houses. Paint companies also inform about healthy paints (eco-friendly) through advertisements. It is to create necessary awareness about water-based paints in India. The advertisement is an effective marketing strategy, especially in the paint industry. The advertisements strategies of paint and developing a long-term image of the products. This will help the paint companies in the way to create better brand awareness among the customers and improve their market share.

A great is built form a great product that is of high quality. There is a need to improve the quality of products from time to time. This helps to make the product a great brand, thereby improving the demand for the products in the market. Ø Monitoring the strategies in practice The marketing department of the paint companies have to develop a strategy viz., promotion strategies, distribution strategies, pricing strategies, service strategies, product strategies, service strategies, product strategies and market information on customer preferences, expectations, purchase pattern, behavior and their feedback through the distribution network. Thus, the constant touch with the customers and the pulse of the market can be maintained which in turn will be helpful in designing marketing strategies. The paint companies succeed or otherwise as determined by their marketing strategies. All organized players are introducing various service those attract the customers.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Some new types of paints launched by the companies to attract more customers and washable, odorless interior paints, water-based enamels, and anti-bacterial paints. In the case of architectural paints, the customer prefers good quality paint that lasts longer as the cost of painting forms a significant percentage of their entire spending. Certain paints do not last long, which is a major cause of concern among customers. Paints ar

The Space Race! Everyone has heard the brilliant title from your great grandad to your newborn baby. Most just know that it was part of the Cold War and the USA made it to the moon first. However, many don’t look into the importance of the space race. How come after all that was going on such as the Vietnam War, the Kennedy Assassination, Civil Rights Movement, etc, was the space race still held at the limelight of our democracy and the world.

The Cold War began in 1949 with the founding of NATO. The whole “war” founded around the theory of “Containment”. This theory was born in the early 1940s by Walter Reckless contributed to the idea of keeping communism at low power and destroying it before it could spread across the globe. The United States of America ran with this theory therefore, leading to 2 important wars: Vietnam War and Korean War.

The Korean Peninsula was divided by an agreement in August of 1945. South of the 38th parallel was the free side occupied by the U.S. creating the Republic of Korea. North of the 38th was occupied by the Soviet Union. The capital, Seoul, stayed in the south with the United States. “the U.S-backed, 70-year-old Korean expatriate Syngman Rhee was elected chairman of the Korean Assembly, and later became president.” (The Korean War) 33-year-old Kim Sung led the communist party in the north with the help of China backing him. In June of 1950 after many military provocations north sent an invasion force into South Korea where they easily defeated the “ill equipped defenders” and took the capital, Seoul, in three days. In early July the US Troops were sent further back into port city of Pusan. After about 2 months U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur decided to launch an invasion force of 80,000 marines amphibiously much like the storm of Normandy Beach in WW2. This was only 6 years later than WW2 so similar effective tactics and strategies are seen. This put the U.S back into the war however, it wasn't long before Seoul was recaptured by the communists' forces even after atomic threats from President Harry S. Truman. The U.S and U.N troops eventually captured Seoul for the last time. The war continues stalemate at the 38th parallel eventually leading to a treaty signed on July 27th of 1953. This treaty creates the 2.5-mile wide kill zone we now know today as the Korean DMZ (demilitarized zone).

The Vietnam War didn't start long after the Korean War ended. In fact almost 1 year later. However, U.S involvement doesn't start for another 10 years. Between this time in 1957 USSR launched Sputnik 1 and 2. The name Sputnik directly translates to “Travel” in English. Sputnik 1 put the first artificial space satellite in the earth's atmosphere and signals back to earth. Sputnik 2 put the first dog into space; the dog's name was Laika. 1958, President Eisenhower created the most widely known space program called the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In 1960 John F. Kennedy runs on the Space Race stance and put America in the lead. Kennedy is elected president however, the United States took another loss in the race. USSR puts

Yuri Gargain into space on April 12th of 1961 (the first astronaut). “While previously, Kennedy had deemed a manned US space program “too expensive”, he now vows to spend whatever it takes to catch up.” In 1962 the United States sent an astronaut to orbit the earth; his name is John Glenn. Between 1963 and 1969, not much happens on the space frontier. In the United States, however, President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22nd of 63’ while riding in a motorcade in Dallas during a campaign visit. The man who committed the assassination was none other than a recently hired worker at the Texas School Book Depository. “On Sunday morning, November 24, Oswald was scheduled to be transferred from police headquarters to the county jail. Viewers across America watching the live television coverage suddenly saw a man aim a pistol and fire at point-blank range. The assailant was identified as Jack Ruby, a local nightclub owner. Oswald died two hours later at Parkland Hospital.” Approximately 9 months later in August, Congress approves direct involvement in Vietnam. This happens due to the containment theory seen by many Congress members who are proficient at the time. “March 8, 1965: [the] first marines land in Danang” It wasn’t until November the marines faced their first large scale battle. Once again much like the Korean war, North Vietnam was the communist party of the Soviet Union and the south being helped by the United States. In 66’ the US troop number had risen to 400,000 and 500,000 in 67’. Small battles were fought here and there throughout these years. Many protests in the United States broke out in 67’. The Tet Offensive begins in January of 68’. Many assaults break out from the North Vietnamese army. “January-April 1968: A U.S. Marine garrison at Khe Sanh in South Vietnam is bombarded with massive artillery by communist forces from the People’s Army of North Vietnam (PAVN). For 77 days, the marines and South Vietnamese forces fend off the siege.” After facing much backlash from U.S. citizens, President Johnson decides he will not run for a second term. This leads the country to turn towards Republican nominee Richard Nixon. His biggest campaign promise is that of restoring “law and order” to the U.S. into his first year as president, his cabinet chooses a strategy called “Vietnamization”. This tactic forces more burden on South Vietnamese troops while gradually removing soldiers from the war. In 69’ troops totaled about 550,000. By 1972 the number had dropped to just 60,000 soldiers. In March of 1972 communist leaders launched an assault onto the South Vietnamese leading a three-pronged attack. One of the most important aspects of this attack was a surprise. The North attacked the South and U.S. on Easter which the U.S does not conduct in the war on certain holidays. On January 27th, 1973 “ President Nixon signed the Paris Peace Accords, ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. The North Vietnamese accept a cease fire. But as U.S. troops depart Vietnam, North Vietnamese military officials continue plotting to overtake South Vietnam.” After these almost 600 U.S. POWs are released including future senator John McCain. The end of the war draws near, the watergate scandal of President Nixon occurs with Gerald Ford taking office. Ford withdrawals from any further military action. Unfortunately, 58,000 Americans will lose their lives promoting the containment theory.

The Civil Rights Movement, was the most prominent thing in America at the time. In 1948 President Truman issued an executive order “9981”. This order ended segregation in the military which was the first big step in civil rights. Not goes on for a few more years until 1954. The infamous supreme court case Brown V. Board of Education is a huge turning point in black rights. The ultimate decision by the supreme court turned out to side with Brown. The case came from a previous case Plessy V. Ferguson that ruled separate but equal. “The Plessy v. Ferguson verdict enshrined the doctrine of “separate but equal” as a constitutional justification for segregation, ensuring the survival of the Jim Crow South for the next half-century.” Brown V. The Board of Education rules that Separate but Equal is unconstitutional and gave the right to other races to go to schools with all kids. The Civil Rights movement continues on for over 15 years with Rosa Parks, Malcom X and other Civil Rights activists and leaders. Then, in 1968, the unfortunate assiassnation of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. This period of history is extremely insightful and prevalent.

All together in the past three paragraphs, The Vietnam War, The Korean War, and The Civil Rights Movement, and the Kennedy assiasination prove their worth. There was a mountain of other issues and politics going on during this period. The Space Race was still held in the limelight of society. This begs the question, what makes it so important? A few men and different trips went up to the moon and got some moon rocks but never anything serious. So was the space race just a huge competition between the United States and USSR? If so, what made it so important for the United States to beat the USSR and visa versa? The competition consisted of communism versus capitalism. One side wanted to prove superior to the other. They tested what economic system could prove efficient in order to support the rocket building mania. Communism funneled their production through a few different businesses to compete for a government contract. The U.S. used NASA to put certain companies in charge of certain research. “The American space effort began to be coordinated enough to catch up with, and pull ahead of the USSR”. Thus, leading each other into many technological and scientific upgrades and improvements. “Consumer products like wireless headsets, LED lighting, portable cordless vacuums, freeze-dried foods, memory foam, scratch-resistant eyeglass lenses, and many other familiar products have all benefited from space technology research and development. Modern laptop computers are direct descendants of The Shuttle Portable Onboard Computer (SPOC), which was developed in the early 1980s for the space shuttle program. Thus, could the space race just be a way for the countries to benefit economically?

The Battle of Thermopylae was an attack on Greece that arose as a result of Athens involvement in the Ionian revolt. In 499 B.C. King Cyrus II tamed the Persian tribes and conquered Lydia and parts of Ionia but the Ionians made up of Greek tyrants rebelled against Persia which led to its invasion (Warren Hollister, 103). In an attempt to hold off the Persian attack, Ionia enlists the aid of Athens and persuaded them to send twenty ships to fight against the Persians. The Persian army then led by Darius I, Cyrus’ grandson, had the advantage over the Greeks and by 494 B.C. the Greeks took to battle the Persians at Marathon (Warren Hollister, 104). The decisive result would see the Athenians defeat the army of Darius I; this defeat prompted Darius to plan a new attack against Greece but the task fell to his heir Xerxes. Here we see previous wars fought between these nations with Greece claiming an early victory which would later dictate the rise of a second attack on Greece in what became the Battle of Thermopylae. In this situation Greek provoked the Persians to attack them by their involvement in the revolt which sparked rage from the Persian King Xerxes, who swore to take revenge on the Greeks.

This period 490- 479 B.C. was the beginning of the Persian wars and marked the first battle between the Persians and the Greeks. Xerxes by 480 B.C. had galvanized his army of about 180,000 to lay siege on Athens. In the wake of the news that Xerxes plans to attack Athens, the greeks under the command of Themistocles prepare for battle. Meanwhile, Xerxes was making his march towards Athens taking advantage of the Greek’s discord and forming alliances with “opportunistic Greek cities such as Argos and Thebes” (Warren Hollister, 104-105). Sparta established a regional defensive alliance, the Peloponnesian League which consisted of Sparta, Athens and Corinth (Warren Hollister, 105). One of the best moves made by Greeks was forming an alliance to further improve upon their numbers. As Xerxes marched through northern Greece heading southwards, an army of 300 Spartans and 6000 Greek hoplites (soldiers) placed itself across a narrow path at Thermopylae, so slender between the sea and mountain ready for face a Persian army of 200,000 fighting men (ancientgreece.co.uk). In this situation the Greeks were far outnumbered, in an attempt to even the field they chose the best place to confront the Greeks, a narrow path that only lay between the rocky mountains and deadly sea. This made it difficult for the Persians to attack with their full infantry as they faced dying by the hands of the Spartans or plummeting into the sea. On the morning of September 480, the Persians launched the first attack on the Spartans by sending the Medes and Cissians. The Persians wicker shield were no match for the Spartans armour, Bronze helmet, spear and sword. The strength of the Greek army lay in their formation (phalanx); the Persians advanced on the Spartans. Spartans held strong using their shield to hold off the surge before carving through the Persian army (Rawlinson). The Spartans used short swords in close combat slaughtering the Persians in large numbers while incurring minor losses of their own; acknowledging the weakness in his infantry, he sent in his elite force, the “immortals” to speedily end the fight but as he watched on he sprung to his feet in terror at the sight of the Greeks overpowering his army. The Greeks adopted a strategy to suit their environment by forming a firm formation of men in rows. The first row consisted of Spartans with shields to block the personnels behind them whom were equipped with spears, as the shields protect the rank, the Persians were hit with the spears. Xerxes was handed a life-line when a trader, Ephialtes revealed a secret way around the path which Xerxes deployed his “Immortals” to take by nightfall and sneak up on the Spartans (Rawlinson). Leonidas holds a conference to plan his final strategy. Knowing he would not win this fight he ordered the rest of the Greek army to retreat while he maintained an army of Thebans and Thespians with his Spartans to fight against the Persians (Rawlinson). In the final stand, the Spartans fought bravely against the Persians killing the brothers of Xerxes and when their weapons were destroyed, the Greeks took on massive losses; Leonidas and his men were surrounded by the Persians and killed with volleys of arrows. Although the Spartans were professional warriors, their success on the field was determined by their formation; if they broke that formation gaps appeared in their defence and due to the compact nature of Thermopylae an attack from the rear would enclose them in a circle of enemy fire which forced them into a corner that led to their demise.

After the Persian attack on Athens, there arose a new military power in Macedon led by King Philip II. His victory over Greece at Chaeronea brought about its unity under his command in 338 B.C. In his final months before his assassination in 336 B.C., Philip II had been developing an attack against the Persian Empire in an attempt to chastise the persians for their attack on Greece (Warren Hollister, 147). At the age of twenty Alexander succeeded his father as King of Macedon and under his control nullified any revolt in Greece; his chief influence was his mother Olympias, Philip II and Aristotle (Hollister, 148). Alexander had one mission which was to conquer Asia. Similar to the Greeks, Macedon had earned previous victories against the Persians but the motive for Alexanders attack on Persia wasn’t purely revenge rather a desire for power. Alexander sets off for conquest in 334 B.C. crossing the hellespont with 30,000 infantry and 5000 cavalry heading northwards where he confronted the Persian army led by Memnon and defeated them in what was the Battle of River Granicus, May 334 B.C. (Porter). This brought the knowledge of Alexander to the Persian King Darius III who underestimated the young King’s strength; this would prove to be fatal as Alexander would yet again defeat the Persian army on November 333 B.C. at Issus capturing King Darius’ family in the process (Wasson). Alexander set forth to liberate all the territories captured by the Persians which included the city island of Tyre in August 332 B.C. (Porter). In an attempt to secure the release of his family, King Darius III sends a messenger to deliver a peace treaty to Alexander offering up a part of his empire west of the Euphrates and his daughters hand in marriage to which Alexander refuses, challenging Darius III to fight for his throne; during this period King Darius III retreated to Babylon to prepare an army to take on Alexander (Wasson). King Darius III planned to meet Alexander in open combat at a village called Gaugamela.

King Darius III galvanized an army of 250,000 men along with 15 Elephants and 200 chariots; the plain of Gaugamela had a wider plain and permitted the use of his chariot and cavalry to his advantage. Alexander sets camp 4 miles from Darius’ army with an estimated number of 40,000 men; in fear of the large number of military force, Parmenion, Alexander’s right hand man, advised the young Alexander to attack the Persians at night to which Alexander refuses (Wasson). Alexander has the brave characteristics of Leonidas in sense that he would neither retreat nor seize victory easily. On the morning of July 331 B.C. Alexander leads his men into battle; Alexander and his companions took on the right side while Parmenion took up the left side and placed a well-trained group of Macedonian archers and phalanx in the middle. On each side of the flanks he strategically placed an infantry to guard against any attack from the Persians (Wasson). Alexander fortified a group of 16 men in a phalanx with spears 16 feet long to give them strength in attack (Porter). Alexanders formation sits closely with that of Leonidas but with a few modifications; while Leonidas left his infantry unguarded on each side because of the compactness of the mountain, Alexander had enough space on the wide plain of Gaugamela to provide cover for his warriors whom he positioned in the center of attack. As the battle began Alexander immediately moved adjacently to the Persian army led by Bessus and engaged them on the right; seeing an opportunity, Darius sends his chariots and elephants to charge through the middle of the Macedonian army which fails to deliver the desired effect because the Macedonian phalanx cleared a path for the chariots to pass through trapping them in a wall of spears as the elephants caused little damage to the formation (Porter). Alexander’s men overpowered the Persian army. This victory secured all of Persia and earned Alexander the title ‘Alexander the Great’ (Porter). The wide plains allowed for flexibility in the Macedonian formation. This proved to be decisive as it gave the Macedonian army room to enclose their enemy in tight combat and evade the chariots that was employed by Darius. Alexander employed an improved formation to conquer the Persian army in open battle securing victory for Macedon

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Akhenaten vs Plato: During the rule of Akhenaten, Egypt was noted for its polytheistic religion of worshipping several gods (Hollister, 44). He was a religious ruler who held the belief of a single creator Aten (the sun god) through whom all that is was created. He shared the common belief with all Egyptians of Life after death. Akhenaten didn’t consider the possibility of a life before like Plato. Plato was a rational person who made sense of the world through rational thinking. Plato believed that men were born with preexisting knowledge from his previous life (Hollister, 128). Akhenaten would support Plato’s belief that the soul was incapable of dying but seems to go through an endless cycle of rebirth, re-emerging in a different body (Hollister). Plato’s belief was supported by his ability to think critically while Akhenatens belief had no physical evidence to draw upon. Plato’s ability to reason would place him in the same position with Akhenaten as they both challenged the traditional norm of their time period.

Decades after the ratification the 13th Amendment, slavery still exists in the United States in various ways. Currently, mass incarceration is the greatest form of slavery in America as it was depicted in Ava Duvernay’s documentary titled “13th”. The criminal justice system in the United States had been targeting African Americans in order to keep them in conditions similar to slavery and because of this, their lives are deteriorating everyday due to the unfair trials established to incriminate them.

First of all, the documentary “13th” lined up significant events that influenced the survival of African Americans over the years and illustrated the overall big picture that everyone needs to acknowledge. This documentary also identifies the source of the African Americans’ inheritance of oppression in the United States. Africans Americans are socially perceived as “super predators, rapists and murderers”, and this is an issue that did not arise recently. White folks issued those terminologies in order to control the newly freed African Americans, as a reaction to the ratification of the 13th Amendment. In the United States’ Constitution, the supreme law of the land, it is stated that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States”. White folks took full advantage of this Amendment’s loophole, which was the legalization of slavery as punishment for criminals. They adopted a new system: The extensive mass incarceration. Thus, the “mythology of black criminality” emerged. As a matter of fact, “The drama film the birth of the nation released in 1915 is the perfect example of white folks portraying African Americans as rapists and murderers”. Indeed, the main goal of this drama film was to convey a sense of fear and ongoing hatred towards African Americans. This is the era when the criminal justice system became biased and started incriminating African Americans in order to enslave them. Subsequently, this also led to segregation in the United States. Two outstanding components of segregation were Black Codes and Jim Crows laws. Essentially, both laws “relegated African Americans to a permanent second class status and limited their freedom”. African Americans were compelled to live in fear because they could easily be arrested and brought back to the state of slavery when they violated those discriminatory laws.

In addition, former presidents had used similar strategies in order to confine African Americans and keep them in the second class status. For instance, Richard Nixon used “the oxymoron known as “war on drugs”, to specifically target African Americans” and incriminated them for minor crimes. Instead of trying to resolve the drug abuses with humanization, Nixon decided to respond to this uprising problem with criminalization. He did not want to recognize African Americans as dignified individuals who needed assistance. For this reason, “Prison was seen as a beast that was eating black people for breakfast and dinner”. The government kept overcrowding jails and ultimately, “Prisoners rate kept increasing massively”. As for now, the prison population in the United States is over two million and “America has the highest incarceration rate. 25% of the world’s prisoners are in the United States”. This is due to the continual “rationalized control” of Africans Americans.

Furthermore, prisoners were living in poor living conditions in prisons and were treated inhumanely. The architectural designs of prisons were similar to animal cages and “some even lacked windows”. In other words, mass incarceration was a form of extreme dehumanization and on top of that prisoners have to provide free labors as punishments. “There are corporations investing in the free Labor”. So, African Americans being consistently apprehended is a tactic to keep them working literally for free for companies such as victoria secret, and Jc Penny. They are being continuously exploited without no ability to protest, which is exactly like slavery.

Sadly, Others presidents such as Ronald Reagan, George H.W Bush, Bill Clinton and many more had been consistent with the extension of mass incarceration. “The rhetorical war started by Richard Nixon and continued by Ronald Reagan escalated into a literal war, a nearly genocidal one”, because President Reagan and his authorities also targeted a specific group of people: African Americans. It was as if the police officers wanted to eradicate African Americans or neutralize them and the penalties they often received for minor crimes were unreasonable. Most African Americans had unfair trials and humongous sentences even with the absence of proofs and witnesses to legally condemn them. An example of this was Kalief Browder’s case. Browder was a young African American arrested for a crime that he did not commit, and he was released nearly three years after he experienced dreadful dehumanization in prison. This stress the fact that “Everyone who is in prison is not a criminal” and there are several evidences to prove this statement.

Unfortunately, In America white folks have more jurisdictions and the criminal justice system is mostly run by them: “95% of prosecutors in the United States are White”. This means that mostly white folks are in control, and they can largely do what they want. Former President H.W Bush “Won his first election by creating fear around black men as criminal”. His campaign was mainly based on criminalization of African Americans. Also Bill Clinton created the “1994 crime bill which did put more police officers on the street” and prisons were becoming heavily loaded with African Americans during his presidency. This so called land of the free that many overseas countries look up to had been incarcerating innocent men.

Lastly, The United States’ criminal justice system is largely affected by the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). This non-profit organization writes laws that destroy the country and politicians fund them. “Through ALEC, the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) became the leader in private prisons”. By having multiples inmates in incarceration, CCA generates “1.7 billion profit off punishment”. Eventually ALEC and CCA both work together to shape policies that would increase criminalization in African Americans communities. In addition, CCA deliberately put African Americans behind barbed wires without consideration of their civil rights being denied once they enter prison. Altogether, after the 13th Amendment was passed, white folks redesigned a new form of slavery known as mass incarceration that contributed to the degradation of lives of millions of African Americans. The documentary “13th” had unraveled the systematic strategies used in the United States over the years, from hypersegregation to criminal labels, in order to incriminate African Americans. Ava DuVernay articulates it well, “Silent in this case is consent”. Therefore, something needs to be done in order to stop the continuous mass incarceration.

Table of contents

History Of Solar Aircraft and It’s Development Over The Years
1. 1. Early Stages of brilliant Aerodynamics with Archetypal aeroplane
2. 2. The Dream of manned Solar Powered Flight
3. Helios
Aerodynamic backdrop of Aircrafts
4. A. The Bernoulli Principle: -
5. B. Abstraction of lift: -
Working Of Solar Aircraft
6. A. Brief description of the principle: -
7. B. Best Adeptness Point Tracker: -
8. C. Activity storage: -
9. D. Working assumption of Electrochemical Batteries: -

The adaptability to accommodate adeptness while not damaging the atmosphere may be a affiliated challenge. Fossils fuels like petrol and coal, all appear aback from Non-renewable sources and already burned, access the admeasurement of abuse and will accident the atmosphere. Batteries, like those begin in electric lamp and MP3 Players, accept belted lifetimes and sometimes acquisition yourself getting disposed of in landfills. There are several ecology affable sources of activity nowadays like wind energy, geothermal, electricity assertive and eventually accession energy. The Sun emits an amazing abundance of activity anniversary additional of anniversary day. In reality, alone tiny atom of the Sun’s activity alcove to the world, about it’s still present in awfully abundant amount. Plenty of that activity is already acclimated as warmth, or by plants for actinic change, and alteration greenhouse discharge into sugars. However, it still leaves an colossal allocation bare and able for capture. Solar Aircraft is one of the agency to advance solar energy. Solar Aircraft uses solar beef to accumulate the radiation for actual use, however, it aswell food some activity for the night flight. In approaching solar powered airplanes may be acclimated for assorted forms of aeriform acknowledgment and unmanned flights.

Energy is present in altered types. Ablaze is a blazon of energy. Sun produces activity referred to as “sunlight”. “Sunlight” is attainable and never gets beat like added sources of activity (e.g. Deposit Fuels, petroleum, copse etc.). The solar activity produced in one hour produces added activity than the individuals of the apple use in a year. A little accessory referred to as a photovoltaic corpuscle creates electricity absolute from sunlight. The dream of flight powered alone by the sun’s activity has continued apprenticed scientists and hobbyists.

A solar aircraft is one that collects activity from the sun with the advice of photovoltaic beef or solar cells. This activity is acclimated to drive motor to adeptness the adeptness as able-bodied as allegation the battery. Such airplanes abundance balance accession activity in batteries for night use. Because of accretion cartage problems in apple and in our country , there is a allegation to physique baby solar aircrafts which adeptness be acclimated for alteration commodity or abstracts amid places at abbreviate distance. Quite few manned and unmanned solar adeptness are developed and flown.

History Of Solar Aircraft and It’s Development Over The Years

The aboriginal solar powered flight was a abrupt hop that occurred at Lasham landing field, Hampshire, UK, on Nineteen December 1978. The acumen for abbreviate flight was because the bend of the ballista was begin to be afield set. The 1979 flight took abode on 13 June and covered just below 0.75 mi (1.2 km). The pilot was Ken Stewart and the aircraft aerial off at 18 to 20 km (33 to 37 km/h) and accomplished 35 km (65 km/h) and 80 ft (24 m) in height. A additional flight on the aforementioned day by Bill Maidment accomplished a acceleration of 42 km (78 km/h). All flights acclimated array adeptness that had been recharged on the arena first. All flight expeditions were alone already the adeptness didn't adeptness meant adeptness targets (i.e. bridge English Channel).

At aboriginal the aeroplane engines acclimated hydrogen as ammunition but afterwards that beef and electrically operated engines came into actuality and the abstraction of solar powered engines were not known. At this point, the electrical arrangement was above than it’s alone battling beef engine. But afterwards the analysis of the gasoline engine, plan on electrically powered engines were abandoned. On the thirtieth of June 1957, Colonel H. J. Taplin of the UK, clearly recorded aboriginal electrical powered flight with his archetypal "Radio Queen", that acclimated a permanent-magnet motor and a silver-zinc battery. Sadly, he didn’t accumulate it up these experiments. Afterwards Colonel H.J.Taplin a German pioneer, Fred Militkywho was aboriginal who accomplish an eminent flight with amoral archetypal in Oct 1957. Back then, electrical flight acquired with consistently forth with time.

In 1954, photovoltaic beef technology was built-in at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson developed a silicon corpuscle able of alteration sun’s activity into electricity to run on a circadian base electrical instrumentation. At aboriginal the adeptness was at 4 percent but after it was added to 11 percent.

The altered stages of development of solar adeptness aircrafts are as follows:-

1. Early Stages of brilliant Aerodynamics with Archetypal aeroplane

On the fourth of November 1974, the aboriginal solar powered aircraft flew at dry basin at Camp Irwin, California. Aurora I, advised by R.J.Boucher from Astro Flight below a arrangement with ARPA, flew for twenty account at an distance of 100 m during it’s aboriginal flight. It had a wingspan of 9.76m, advised 12.25 kg and the adeptness achievement of 4096 solar beef produced were 450 W . However, Aurora I was actively damaged due to beach storm. Thus, Aurora II, was advised and activated on the

Sunriser II

12th ,September,1975. It’s wingspan breadth was aforementioned as of aurora I but the weight was bargain to 10.21 kg and 4480 solar beef delivered a adeptness achievement of 600W with adeptness of 14 percent. Afterwards several weeks of testing, this additional adaptation was aswell torn due to a abortion aural the command and system. Despite all, the history of brilliant flight was affianced and its 1st affirmation was done.

2. The Dream of manned Solar Powered Flight

After the success of the aboriginal solar powered aircraft, the scientists believed that it is attainable to accomplish manned solar powered aircrafts. On the nineteenth of Dec 1978, Britons David Williams and Fred To launched brilliant One on its beginning flight at Lasham landing field, Hampshire. On 29th April 1979, Larry Mauro flew for the aboriginal time Solar Riser, a solar adaptation of his simple Riser Hang Glider, at Flabob Airport California. It’s wings are 30 m breadth and 254 weight. It became a allotment of NASA’s Ecology Analysis adeptness analysis aspect Technology (ERAST) affairs that started in 1994.

Helios

From 1994 to 2003, led to the development of the Helios . During 1999-2003 alternation of 3 solar powered aircrafts were produced ,namely adviser plus, centurion and Helios. The Helios was said to be the "eternal airplane”, accepting activity accumulator for night- time flight. In 2001, Helios set actionable almanac distance of 29’524 m (96’863 ft) .However , it didn’t prove to be acceptable as it comatose in accordant ocean on 26th June 2003 because of structural failures. QinetiQ, a British company, is aswell alive in the acreage of solar HALE platforms with Zephyr Aeroplane that flew in July 2006 for eighteen hours, as able-bodied as seven hours of aerial aural the dark. it's afresh been alleged for the limited analysis UAVs.

The belvedere care to accomplish missions like blaze observance, burghal mapping, littoral observance, etc. about the ambition of Helios to prove the achievability of abiding flight for unmanned Aeroplane was accomplished on the twenty additional of Apr 2005. Alan Cocconi, admiral and founding ancestor of AcPropulsion, flew his Solong throughout twenty four hours and eleven account application alone solar energy. The 4.75 m breadth and 11.5 Kg Aeroplane accepted its capabilities 2 months on 3rd June with a flight abiding forty eight hours and sixteen minutes. afterwards dream to prove affiliated flight with a pilot on lath can maybe appear aback accurate .

A new archetypal of solar powered aeroplane ,called Solar Impulse, accepting 80 m breadth light-weight wings congenital in Switzerland in adjustment to backpack people. It’s ancestor was appear in 2007-2008 and accordingly the final aeroplane in 2009-2010, which fabricated round-the- apple flight with abode on anniversary continent.

Aerodynamic backdrop of Aircrafts

A. The Bernoulli Principle: -

Airplanes fly if the advancement force created by the wings exceeds the gravitational force which is exerted downwards. This advancement force, aswell alleged lift, raises the blow of the even from the ground.

Daniel Bernoulli, an 18th aeon swiss scientist and mathematician who advised the movement of fluids, is the aboriginal getting to explain the physics of application lift to fly. Bernoulli apparent that the burden exerted by a affective aqueous is inversely proportional to the acceleration of the aqueous i.e. aqueous burden decreases as aqueous acceleration increases, and carnality versa.

The aforementioned assumption applies to affective air. The quicker that air moves through an area, the lower the air pressure; the slower it moves, the college the pressure. Aircraft wings are accurately advised so that they could yield it as an advantage in adjustment to actualize lift able abundant to accession the accomplished weight of the aeroplane adjoin the force of earth. The undersides of wings are flat, admitting their top ancillary are curved. Additionally, wings are slanted hardly bottomward from foreground to back, so that the air takes best time to canyon the top of the accession than it takes for lower wings. The air traveling over the over the boarded of the accession moves at a fast acceleration than the air traveling beneath, and accordingly the air burden on top of the accession becomes beneath than that of lower ancillary of the wing. This change in the burden causes the accumulation of lift force in upwards direction. The faster the even moves the greater the aberration becomes eventually causing the lift force to become greater than the force of force which is acting downwards and helps the planes to yield flight.

B. Abstraction of lift: -

Lift is that the force that anon opposes the weight of aeroplane and holds the aeroplane during its flight. Lift is generated by anniversary a allotment of the aeroplane, about a lot of of the lift in a accustomed aeroplane is generated by its wings. Lift can aswell be authentic as automated force fabricated by the motion of the aeroplane through the air. Thus, lift is said to be a agent abundance i.e. it has both consequence as able-bodied as direction. Lift acts at the centermost of accumulation of the physique and is consistently directed erect to the breeze direction.

Lift is a automated force. This agency that it is generated by the alternation and alternation of a solid physique with a aqueous (liquid or gas). it's not generated by a acreage of force, like a gravitational field, or alluring acreage or electric, breadth one physique will accept an aftereffect on accession physique while not getting in concrete contact. For Lift to be generated, the solid physique should be in blow with the aqueous (i.e. no fluids again no lift). The Amplitude shuttles do not break in amplitude because of lift but because of its

orbital mechanics involving its speed. It agency that the amplitude is a exhaustion and lift is not generated after any fluids. As discussed before, the wings of the even are distinctively advised in adjustment to accomplish air move at top acceleration on top of accession than the lower accession appropriately basic low burden on top and huge burden at bottom. This aberration a allotment of the burden causes the accumulation of lift.

Working Of Solar Aircraft

A. Brief description of the principle: -

Solar panels, composed by solar beef are affiliated in such a way that it covers some breadth on the wings or added physique locations of the plane. During the day, depending on the ablaze emitted by the sun, the sunrays bang anon on solar panels placed on the physique of the plane. These sunlight gets adapted into the electricity with the advice of solar cells. A convertor, referred to as Best Adeptness Point Tracker, makes abiding that the absolute abundance of adeptness is acquired from the solar panels. This adeptness is broadcast into two parts. The aboriginal breadth the activity is acclimated to adeptness the propellers and added electrical equipments and the added allotment is acclimated to allegation array for night flight. Because at the night, there is no antecedent of adeptness appropriately the aircraft accept to alone depend on its array for power.

B. Best Adeptness Point Tracker: -

Maximum Adeptness Point Tracker is a blazon of adjustment which is acclimated to clue the admission sun application on the solar panels present on the aircrafts. The achievement adeptness generated with the advice of solar console depends on the bend at which sunrays abatement on the solar cells. The MPPT is bare to acclimate the voltage generated by solar panels in adjustment to attain the best out of power. Nowadays these MPPT are commercially acclimated due to advance of photovoltaic market. Currently analysis is traveling on to use it in solar aircrafts.

C. Activity storage: -

When the accumulation of adeptness is capricious and not affiliated again we allegation to accept acceptable activity accumulator methods. There are abundant agency to abundance activity like actinic activity (hydrogen or bio fuels), electro-chemical activity (batteries or ammunition cells), electrical activity (capacitors, cool capacitors etc.), automated activity (fly caster or aeroembolism air) and thermal energy.

These technologies are present because of their adeptness to abundance activity and their adeptness as able-bodied low cost. The aggregate of the activity is abundant added important than the adeptness supplied by the battery.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

D. Working assumption of Electrochemical Batteries: -

Electrochemical batteries are activity accumulator devices, that are able to catechumen the actinic activity into the electrical activity during the action of discharging. These are fabricated up of two electrodes, one cathode and one anode, of two antithetical metals affiliated with anniversary added with the advice of electrolyte. Already all apparatus are affiliated with one another, a breeze of electron is initiated. This array can be recharged and is acclimated in solar powered aircrafts.

Table of contents

1. The Beginning of Buddhism
2. Buddha's Teaching
The Five Morals
3. Conclusion

Siddhartha Gautama was the founder of Buddhism. He was the son of Sadhana the ruler of Kapilvastu. Gautama was born in Lumbini (Present Nepal) in the 5th century BCE. He was the prince of Sakya tribe in Nepal. At the age of 16 he got married to Yashodhara, they has a son named as Rahula. After that at the age of 29, he left his home comforts to seek the meaning of suffering. He sat in mindful meditation beneath a Bodhi-Tree. When he was meditating he fully realized the truth of the cause of suffering in the world. On the full moon of May, Siddhartha Gautama become the Buddha. He died in 483 BCE in Gorakhpur at the age of 80.

“Every morning we are born again, what we do today is what matters the most” - Buddha

The Beginning of Buddhism

Buddhism was a religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama Buddha more than 2500 years ago in India, with about 470 million followers of Buddhism preached around India. Scholars consider Buddhism as one of the major religion of the world. Some scholars do not recognize Buddhism as an organized religion but rather a “way of life” or a “spiritual tradition”. Buddhism encourages its people to avoid self-indulgence but also self-denial. When Gautama Buddha passed away around 483 BCE his followers begin to organize a religion movement. Buddha’s teachings become the foundation for what would develop into Buddhism. In the 3rd century BC Ashoka, The Great Mauryan Indian Empire, made Buddhism as the state religion of India.

Buddha's Teaching

In Buddhism Dharma is the doctrine, the universal truth common to all individuals at all times, proclaimed by the Buddha. Buddhists follow the teachings of Gautama Buddha. “With our thoughts, we can make the world” - Buddha. Basic Teachings of Buddha which are core to Buddhism are 3 universal truths:

1. Nothing is lost in the Universe: In Buddhism, the law of ‘Karma’ says everything we do comes back to us in the same way. If we destroy something around us, we destroy ourselves. We lose only our consciousness; things only keep changing their form. Everything comes to the same way you did to others. If we hurt someone, same way we’ll get hurt by the other. If we cheat another, we cheat ourselves. “We reap what we have sown”.
2. Everything changes: the second belief of Buddha is that Everything in this World is changing continuously. As nothing is permanent a life based on possessing things or persons does not make you happy. Nothing remains same in this World every single thing is changing with the passage of time. ‘’Everything changes , nothing remains without change’’ – Buddha
3. Law of Cause and Effect: the third main belief of Buddha is that we are the way we are now due to the things we have done in our past. Our thoughts and actions determine the kind of life we can have. This law tells us that “Every cause has its effect, every effect has it’s cause”. “For every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction”.

The Five Morals

Buddhists live by the Five Moral Precepts which are refraining from:

1. Harming living thing;
2. Taking what is not given;
3. Sexual misconduct;
4. Lying or gossip;
5. Taking intoxicating substances e.g drugs or drink.

Conclusion

Buddha is honorific title that means this is not a personal name. Buddhism was a religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama Buddha more than 2500 years ago in India, with about 470 million followers of Buddhism preached around India. Scholars consider Buddhism as one of the major religion of the world. Some scholars do not recognize Buddhism as an organized religion but rather 'a way of life' or a 'spiritual tradition'.

In Buddhism dharma is the doctrine, the universal truth common to all individuals at all times, proclaimed by the Buddha. Buddhists follow the teachings of Gautama Buddha With our thoughts; we can make the world - Buddha. The third main belief of Buddha is that we are the way we are now due to the things we have done in our past. Documents and archaeological evidence they are very scare foe defining the initial phase of Buddhism. As the number of members grew, the institution increased its complexity and monks expanded Mahayana Buddhism is the one of the major school.