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“The English language is widely dispersed around the world because of the influence of the British Empire in the 18th century, and of the United States since the mid-20th century. English has become the leading language of international discourse. Also, it has become a lingua franca common language used by people of diverse backgrounds to communicate with one another in many regions”. The United States is a multicultural nation, with a vast variety of ethnic groups, religious beliefs, and language traditions. In this essay, I will briefly discuss the challenges African Americans in the United States faced. This includes; language traditions and lastly why freedom fighters such as Martin Luther King Jr. were of great significance at that time. It is equally important to mention why this still is essential and how that has had an impact on America this very day.
Get original essayIt all began with Rosa Parks, a black woman, who refused to give up her seat at the public bus to a white man. In the United States history, there have been many social and political changes, and due to Rosa Parks, along with many other great leaders, this was one of the most important and significant movements for equality regardless of color.
Martin Luther King Jr. became the leading figure in the struggle against segregation and for the Civil Rights Movement, and he successfully made a huge change. King Jr. was a gifted public speaker and he is most famous for his “I Have A Dream” speech, which has become one of the most famous speeches ever. King Jr.´s significant role in society has been his battle in advancing the Civil Rights Movement. He brought attention to a massive issue that was incredibly controversial and sensitive during his time. His presence and his vision made a huge impact on the African American Civil Rights Movement, before and after his assassination. His goal and central hope were that people someday would be judged by the content of their character, rather than the color of their skin.
In the 1900s we saw a lot of colorblindness, people who judge other humans by the color of their skin and culture. Today in the United States we have a very multicultural society, however, colorblindness is not as common as before but it’s still out there. A recent example of this would be when former 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick took a knee during the national anthem in San Francisco last year. Trump later express himself and said that he wants the peaceful protest to stop and said those players that take a knee during the anthem will be fired. In addition, “he calls those players a name I never thought I’d live long enough to hear a president say” (taken from the transcript of sportscaster Dale Hansen on the anthem protest in the NFL (National Football League). Trump has said he supports a peaceful protest because it is an American´s right, but he doesn’t support this protest and that’s the problem. Besides, this is just one of many examples of the challenges and colorblindness the African Americans encounter on a daily basis. Last but not least the United States has recently had a black president named Barack Obama. Without a doubt, this shows that America has taken some huge steps since the 1600 hundreds.
The history of challenges for African Americans begins with slavery in 1619. White European settlers brought Africans to North America to help them with their labor needs. According to history.com historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million slaves were imported during the 18th century. Comparatively, today some of the most common challenges are, applying for jobs, growing up in a ghetto, paying for college tuition, and being paid equally. As a matter of fact, 45% of African Americans have experienced racial discrimination when trying to rent or buy a home. Furthermore, 41% of women report being discriminated against in equal pay opportunities. In many of the most dangerous cities in the United States, there is a high population of African Americans. To clarify African Americans are the largest racial minority making up 12.9% of the population. In these areas, gang violence and crime are a factor of everyday life. It`s hard to point out one single thing that might cause this. I`m of the opinion that children growing up in low-income homes, living in communities that often are described as ghettos, and that experience and see violence, often turn to these bad behaviors themselves.
African American vernacular English (AAVE) is also known as Ebonics or Black English. Ebonics is a variety of languages spoken by the black community in the United States. It has several features that are different from general American English. Black English has its own pronunciations, vocabulary, and grammar. However, no one still knows where Black English originated from today. Additionally, the most reliable theory is that slaves when brought over from different regions in Africa, eventually developed their own regional language. In order to communicate with each other, the slaves used English as a baseline. Anyhow today black Americans are recognized for their informal way of speaking.
In short, the topics I have covered in this paper are the African American struggles, racial discrimination, and their language. In addition to freedom activists such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. Nevertheless, how their bravery changed the world. Thanks to their massive tireless efforts, risking their lives, faced jail time, and in some cases died for justice. It should be noted that none of this progress would have happened without the work of several black freedom activists.
Our life truly has turned out to be substantially less demanding. Today gadgets are everywhere with us: at home, in the workplace, in instructive establishments. PCs opened up a universe of new doors previously us and they made life more agreeable, spared our chance. Everything began a great many years back when computations were achieved utilizing individuals' fingers and stones that were discovered simply lying around. Innovation has changed so much that today the most entangled calculations are done inside seconds. Human reliance on PCs is expanding each day. Simply figure how hard it is carrying on seven days without a PC. Our lives are completely dependent on computers. However, we will discuss the history of computers, how computers were like back in the old days and how they evolved with the passage of time.
Get original essaySignificantly more so the age who have developed from earliest stages inside the worldwide work area and workstation insurgency since the 1980s. The history of the PC returns a very long while As Ford expresses that "There is a tremendous add up to be adapted just by tinkering with things. It isn't conceivable to gain from books how everything is made - and a genuine scientist should know how about everything is made. Computers are to a technician what books are to an essayist. He gets thoughts from them, and on the off chance that he has any brains he will apply those thoughts" (1922). However and there are five perceptible ages of PCs. Every age is characterized by a noteworthy mechanical advancement that progressions in a general sense how PCs work – prompting smaller, more affordable, yet more ground-breaking, proficient and powerful machines.
These early PCs utilized vacuum tubes as hardware and attractive drums for memory. Thus they were gigantic, actually taking up whole rooms and costing a fortune to run. These were wasteful materials which produced a considerable measure of warmth, sucked colossal power and therefore created a great deal of warmth which caused progressing breakdowns. These original PCs depended on 'machine dialect' (which is the most essential programming dialect that can be comprehended by PCs). These PCs were constrained to taking care of one issue at any given moment. Information depended on punched cards and paper tape. Yield turned out on print-outs. The two outstanding machines of this time were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the principal each business PC which was bought in 1951 by a business – the US Census Bureau.
The substitution of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the approach of the second era of processing. Albeit first imagined in 1947, transistors weren't utilized essentially in PCs until the finish of the 1950s. They were a major change over the vacuum tube, in spite of as yet subjecting PCs to harming levels of warmth. Anyway they were massively better than the vacuum tubes, making PCs littler, quicker, less expensive and less overwhelming on power utilize. Despite everything they depended on punched card for information/printouts. As Frand means that "Underneath the examination lies the conviction that the PC is realizing an insurgency as significant as that activated by the car. The examination between the machines is intriguing in itself. Exactly how can one gauge the PC against the PT (individual transporter" (1983).
The dialect advanced from obscure twofold dialect to emblematic ('get together') dialects. This implied software engineers could make directions in words. About a similar time abnormal state programming dialects were being created (early forms of COBOL and FORTRAN). Transistor-driven machines were the principal PCs to store guidelines into their recollections – moving from attractive drum to attractive center 'innovation'. The early forms of these machines were produced for the nuclear vitality industry.
This prompted an enormous increment in speed and effectiveness of these machines. These were the principal PCs where clients collaborated utilizing consoles and screens which interfaced with a working framework, a critical jump up from the punch cards and printouts. This empowered these machines to run a few applications without a moment's delay utilizing a focal program which worked to screen memory. Because of these advances which again made machines less expensive and littler, another mass market of clients developed amid the '60s. As Howard Rheingold has depicted in Tools for Thought "the legislature rushed to seize on the enthusiasm of PC researchers at MIT in building up the PC as an improvement and expansion of by this stage, transistors were currently being scaled down and put on silicon chips (called semiconductors). Human scholarly abilities. When all is said in done, that intrigue harmonized with the requirements of national barrier as intuitive figuring, visual showcases of both content and designs, multi-client frameworks, and between PC systems" (1985).
The appearance of the innovation has caused a great deal of progress in human life. It's anything but another marvel in this period. This likewise conveys an enormous change to the PC application. Worried to the adjustments in the innovation, which likewise identified with the adjustments in the PC applications has driven numerous associations and representative to depend on the utilizing of the PC as the primary medium to finish undertaking (information section and preparing). As Simsek states that "It is relatively hard to envision work or an assignment that ought to be finished without utilizing PCs" (2011), because of the certainties that nowadays representatives playing out a considerable measure of errands utilizing PC and supporting gadgets. The fast changes in the most recent programming of PC application. Compact figure has now turned into a need it isn't just utilized by office laborers yet in addition in schools and different branches of our general public. Computers in the FuturePC gadgets with computerized reasoning are still being developed, yet a portion of these advances are starting to rise and be utilized, for example, voice recognition. AI is a reality made conceivable by utilizing parallel preparing and superconductors. Inclining to the future, PCs will be profoundly changed again by quantum calculation, atomic and Nano innovation. The substance of fifth era will utilize these advancements to eventually make machines which can process and react to normal dialect, and have capacity to learn and sort out themselves.
Thus through the research conducted it can be concluded that the evolution of computer is an ever evolving process. The evolution of Frist generation computers to the Fourth generation computers doesn’t end up as Artificial intelligence is now the most advanced field of technology on to which work is being done enormously in order to develop a computer having advancements which are incomparable.
During the antebellum era, cotton was America’s most profitable commodity; and the south was the world’s biggest supplier. The climate, the industrial revolution, the cotton gin, and slave labor, were factors that contributed to the success of the south’s cotton economy. By supplying the North in both raw materials and markets for manufactures, income from the North’s role in handling the cotton trade provided surpluses for capital investment. The cotton boom (1800-1860) refers to the profit obtained through the production and trade of cotton in the nation. By the 1850s, cotton made up 50% of America’s exports, and produced 75% of the world’s supply of cotton; giving birth to the phrase, “cotton is king.” High demands for cotton in textile industries in the northern states, along with Great Britain, were being supplied by slave-grown cotton plantations of the Deep South. Southern planters saw themselves, and accurately so, as a key component in the industrial revolution and a critical part of an international economic system.
Get original essayAs one planter bragged in 1853, “Our Cotton is the most wonderful talisman in the world. By its power we are transmuting whatever we choose into whatever we want.” James Hammond, speaking in the U.S. Senate five years later, was even more trenchant: “The slaveholding South is now the controlling power of the world. Cotton, rice, tobacco, and naval stores command the world…. No -power on earth dares to make war on cotton. Cotton is king.” Because factories and merchants from Britain and the United States had their profits tied to southern cotton, southerners started to draw the conclusion that cotton was vital to the nation’s economy. And because cotton production relied on slavery, this meant that slavery was also vital to the nation’s economy.
The South differed from the North geographically. It was harder to grow crops in the North because the land wasn’t as fertile, and the climate didn’t make an agrarian economy favorable. As result, the north turned to industrialization. Because factories produced large amounts of goods, the north required less labor force; correspondingly, the north did not need slaves. The South was warmer than the central and New England colonies. Winters were short and mild. The land was rich; large plantations grew tobacco, indigo (dye), corn, vegetables, grain, fruit, and cotton. And unlike the North, Americas’ South found slavery to be the driving force of their economy in the 19th century.
Cotton production became popular in the inland regions of Georgia and South Carolina: the profits to be made from cotton growing drew a rush of southern famers into the so-called black belt-an area stretching through western Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. As cotton plantations expanded, so did slavery. By 1850, of the 3.2 million slaves in the country’s fifteen slave states, 1.8 million were producing cotton; by 1860, slave labor was producing over two billion pounds of cotton per year. Entire old-growth forests and cypress swamps fell to the axe as slaves labored to strip the vegetation to make way for cotton. With the land cleared, slaves readied the earth by plowing and planting. To ambitious white planters, the extent of new land available for cotton production seemed almost limitless, and many planters simply traveled from one area to the next. This migration doubled the population of Mississippi (from 31,306 to 74,448) and that of Alabama to grow sixteen fold (from 9,046 to 144,317) between 1810 and 1820.
Short-staple cotton had long been recognized as a crop ideally suited to southern soils and growing conditions, but it had one major drawback: the seeds were so difficult to remove from the lint that it took an entire day to hand-clean a single pound of cotton. This all changed with the invention of the Cotton Gin, which could remove the seeds of 50 pounds of cotton in a single day. The invention of the cotton gin came at the right time. British textile manufactures were eager to buy all the cotton that the south produced. The figures for cotton production soared: from 720,000 bales in 1820, to 2.85 million bales in 1850, to nearly 5 million in 1860. Cotton exports averaged about $9 million in value from 1803 to 1807, about 22% of the value of all exports; from 1815 to 1817 they averaged over $23 million, or 39% of the total; and from the mid 1830s to 1860s they accounted for more than half of the value of all exports.
Cotton had been used from ancient times, but the industrial revolution and its spread of textile mills created a rapidly growing market for the fluffy fiber. The cotton boom generated an increase in the domestic slave trade. Plantation owners in the Upper South (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and Tennessee), who did not have cotton plantations, sold their slaves to the Deep South; who were in high demand for labor in their new and expanding cotton growing regions.
A machine utilizes capacity to apply powers and control development to play out an expected activity. Machines can be driven by creatures and individuals, by characteristic powers, for example, wind and water, and by synthetic, warm, or electrical power, and incorporate an arrangement of components that shape the actuator contribution to accomplish a particular utilization of yield powers and development. They can likewise incorporate PCs and sensors that screen execution and plan development, regularly called mechanical frameworks. Current machines are perplexing frameworks that comprise of auxiliary components, systems and control segments and incorporate interfaces for advantageous utilize. Cases incorporate an extensive variety of vehicles, for example, autos, vessels and planes, apparatuses in the home and office, building air dealing with and water taking care of frameworks, and additionally cultivate hardware, machine devices and production line computerization frameworks and robots.
Get original essayEarly flying machines incorporate all types of air ship examined or built before the improvement of the cutting edge plane by 1910. The narrative of present day flight starts over a century prior to the principal effective kept an eye on plane, and the soonest flying machine a large number of years prior. Do we need to fear a tech-filled future? Or on the other hand, would we be able to delay and wonder about the entryways that are opening before our eyes? Innovation is always pushing us past our usual ranges of familiarity. In this period of innovative unrest, it appears in building the following extraordinary thing we are neglecting to wonder about what we make. When we stop and consider how far innovation has come in the course of the last 50 or even 10 years, we are really in a supernatural period.
The universe of automatons is a field ready with mechanical ideation. As significant tech organizations and pioneers are going up against an automaton filled future, we are seeing remarkable decent variety in outline. Raffaello D'Andrea is one of the numerous mind boggling thought pioneers in ramble innovation. His work spans innovation, workmanship, and development. In his stunning February 2016 TED Talk, D'Andrea conveys us closer to the fantastic flying machines without bounds that he makes with the plan lab Verity Studios. Here he is, from the TED arrange, nearby the automatons that will help shape our future. As flying machines turn out to be more typical place in our regular daily existences, their related advances are ready to wind up a multi-billion dollar industry. Introducing another period, ETH Zurich specialists are creating dynamic frameworks that engage flying machines to cooperate with people.
While most flying machines have different moving parts - folds, pivots, and ailerons, the Monospinner accomplishes controlled trip with only one propeller. "Despite the fact that it's mechanically straightforward, there's a considerable measure going ahead in its little electronic cerebrum to enable it to fly in a steady form and to move anyplace it needs in space," said D'Andrea amid the TED 2016 talk. He additionally showed the Omnicopter. With its eight propellers, the Omnicopter is the absolute opposite of the Monospinner. Its symmetrical plan and block like shape influences it to appear like an improbable flying machine, yet D'Andrea showed that it can fly toward any path autonomous of its introduction and revolution. At last, crediting human ascribes to one of the flying machines – a superior quadrocopter, D'Andrea indicated that it had goals of turning into a flying lampshade on Broadway.
On Saturday, 5 March 2016, in a New York City scene not very a long way from Broadway, Raffaello D'Andrea's group from ETH Zurich's Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control, ETH turn off Verity Studios AG, and Cirque du Soleil won the "Highlighting Drones" grant at the New York City Drone Film Festival (NYCDFF) for their film "Started: A Live Interaction Between Humans and Quadcopters." ETH Zurich analysts and business people delivered the film, the brainchild of D'Andrea, in the college's own particular Flying Machine Arena alongside individuals from Cirque du Soleil. "Started" highlights shocking movements with an enchanted quality in a setting that juxtapositions an antiquated light repair workshop with modern flying machines masked as lampshades. The film's prosperity, with in excess of a half million online watchers, before the NYCDFF grant, exhibits the benefit of utilizing diversion media to impart, and additionally, teach and draw in peopPioneering hotbed for ramble tech
Behind the innovation of "Started" lie long periods of scholastic research and the advancement of calculations and modified advances. ETH Zurich is one of the world's pioneers in unique frameworks and control innovations. Persuading his group to think past current confinements and applications, D'Andrea causes them to open the numerical privileged insights of complex powerful frameworks. Through his own Socratic-like approach, he makes essential calculated inquiries to fortify basic reasoning, for example, "What is the base number of moving parts required for controlled flight?" Often such inquiries enable open doors for scientists to test hypothetical ideas and raise new difficulties that go past quick applications. Subsequently, words like "monospinner," "omnicopter," and "manufactured swarm" may before long enter our ordinary vernacular and introduce another period later on of flying machines.le with propels in flying innovations.
I wish to utilize this innovation of automatons for future research so I can make flying machines which are useful to mankind and not only a toy. I am a PC graduate understudy and have no foundation from hardware. In any case, I want to learn and fabricate so I began my voyage approximately a half year prior when I began finding out about automatons. As I am low on the measure of cash I can spend, I have attempted endless hacks to get my undertaking done.I needed to assemble my own particular edge at first which was too overwhelming so I needed to acquire another edge. I didn't have a power source so I needed to influence a change to the old CPU to control supply to get 12V and 5 V control supply. I didn't have cash for a transmitter so I needed to assemble one myself with RF module which was thus extremely accommodating. I have utilized an arduino UNO as the flight controller for this automaton which isn't that powerful.I believe that these flying machines are the future and can be utilized for assortment of undertakings like Scouting, Guiding, Delivering things to remote spots, ect. I wish to construct such automatons and particularly make them alright for air travel. This cash will help me later on travel. All your contributed cash will be utilized to construct this undertaking and you can get in touch with me whenever to know the status.
With rich global history of more than hundred years and currently one of the most played global sport worldwide is football. There is no attribute of global time international relations that cannot be pertained to football. Football is associated with globalization, cultural diplomacy, nationalism and peace and unity (Boniface, 2002). Recognition of football enhance inclusion, equality, fair play, non-discrimination, but also encourage homophobia, national rivalry and hatred, nationalism, racism and exclusion.
Get original essayTo solve constant conflicts, political issues and corruptions, the politicians can persuade people through football much easier than conventional political means. The governments around the world are therefore increasingly acknowledging the diplomatic power of football. Consequently, the football diplomacy came into existence and it enhance peace in the world. For example: intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations use football as a tool for development and peace in countries affected by war and regional poverty., shape political, and relation among nations (Bubalo, 2013, p.4). Moreover, it also shoulders diplomacy, international relations, education and tourism.
Football first begun in 1870’s in England when the football association in England was formed which became football's first governing body (Walvin, 1975). Football filtered in different social situations all over Europe and South America due to the fact that players travelled around the world developing global nature of football (Walvin, 1975).
After the colonization of Malaysia by the British, culture diversity in which the three main races are Malays, Chinese and Indians has been existing. Multiculturalism in Malaysia has been an important aspect in reducing inequality and tolerance. Since the independence of Malaysia in 1957 the government has always emphasized on the respect towards the multiculturalism. With globalization Malaysia has achieved better result in multiculturalism and football plays major role in improving the social integration of the country. Hence, football arrived in Malaya with the British and towards the end of the 19th century.
Football was one of the main supports for most sports clubs in Malaya at the end of nineteenth century. However, it was not well structured but when Selangor Amateur Football League took shape in 1905 it secured better administration and organization with the contest limited to the clubs in Kuala Lumpur. In 1921, the first Malaya cup was held. In 1925, the Malaya cup was held outside of Kuala Lumpur. Taken after by in 1926, the Football Associations of Malacca, Selangor, Nigeria Sembilan, Perak and the Singapore Amateur Football Association, joined together to create the Malayan Football Association (MFA), in order to handle a Malayan group against an Australia side that went to Singapore that year. In 1951, Tunku Abdul Rahman became the FAM president. Football in Malaysia entered its next phase under him. His adoration for football was the fundamental key which brought about the development of the Merdeka Stadium.
The Merdeka Tournament became a massive achievement, moving comparable competitions like the Jakarta Anniversary competition, the King's Cup in Thailand and President's Cup in South Korea. In the mid-1960s, Tunku Abdul Rahman kept on assuming a major part in the advancement of football through different competitions between youth. The reins of the FAM was controlled by Tun Abdul Razak after Tunku’s retiral in 1975, who served for one year. The post was then taken by Tan Sri Datuk Seri Setia Raja Hamzah Haji Abu Samah in 1976. Between 1976 and 1984, various football activities were introduced under Tan Sri Datuk Seri Raja Hamzah. Malaysian football achieved another stature in the worldwide field after he was announced as the AFC president. The FAM entered a new period of modernization and skills when His Royal Highness the Sultan of Pahang, Sultan Haji Ahmad controlled the association. His Royal Highness was basic in the development of football in the new period with the presentation of the semi-pro league in 1989 prior to the complete professionalism of football which happened a few years later.
Through the span of the twentieth century Korea endured a progression of anguishing encounters: Japanese colonization, the Korean war, and afterward the division into 2 country states, North and South Korea. The Japanese colonization of Korea in 1910 offered ascend to a development for freedom, and the battle implied that hostile to Japanese slants turned out to be profoundly rooted in the Korea. After the split of Korea into north and south Korea, the socio-political conditions added to the nationalism that exists in both North and South Korea and football had influence on it. Current game in Korea was basically the results of its political needs. Changes in Korean culture throughout the years are obviously reflected in the historical backdrop of Korean football. For the Korean there has been no game to slurp as football as far as its national significance. Amid the Japanese colonization period, football developed as a national sport since it gave a larger number of triumphs over Japanese than did some other game as this built up an enthusiastic custom that implied that South Korea appended incredible significance to football at the beginning of the cold war. In 1921, All-Joseon Football Championship was launched. In 1949, a women’s football tournament was held for the first time. First professional football league known as super league was launched in 1983 and U league was launched in 2008. In 1954, South Korea first entered the world cup.
The world cup achievement delighted in by South Korea in 2002 epitomize the Korean struggle to put their countries on the global map through football. North Korea's achievement in 1966 may greatly affected South Korea where football advancement was fundamentally depicted by the accomplishment of their Northern neighbor, North Korea. Betterment in South Korea were likewise impacted by the sudden development of Japan as a football control when its group caught the bronze award at the 1968 Mexico Olympics. The competition amongst Korea and Japan dating from the period of colonization gave a further incentive to the south Korean military administrations to empower the game advancement. Japan and North Korea provided the two most vital motivation for the legislature to develop South Korean football. In this way, in spite of the fact that it took an alternate shape, state intercession was an imperative normal for the game's improvement in the south. Triumphs in football internationals, including the Korean Derby were progressively viewed as an issue of national status.
Wan Jamak Wan Hassan is presently the Chief Coach of Kedah. He was a previous football player for Johor FA and the Malaysian national team. He had additionally coached a few teams in the Malaysian local alliance. Football Association in Malaysia has a grassroots Initiatives which bolsters Member Associations in their center undertaking of executing grassroots programs and activities which will accomplish grassroots development in Malaysian Football. It means to perceive moving youthful national football players who have enthusiasm to advance the intensity of football to teach, rouse and assemble kids, to conquer their wellbeing difficulties and furthermore to convey change to their societies. Course is to guarantee the comprehension of the motives of grassroots football, training forms, techniques, styles and utilize them in their own coaching and furthermore to organize, sort out and convey coaching and recreations for youngsters. Club Licensing in FAM is a support system for both the improvement and benchmarking of football clubs. Club Licensing System benefits football clubs by enhancing specialized models of coaches. The Referee Department at FAM has presented both plans for now and in a long run for the improvement of neighborhood refs.
Shin Tae-yong is a South Korean previous footballer and current head mentor of the South Korea national football group. He was a previous manager of Seongnam IIhwa Chunma and won 2010 AFC Champions League with the group. One of the main facility in KFA is the Paju National Football Center (NFC) which is Korea's first football training facility. The NFC is situated in Paju, Kyounggi Province, and the Korean National Football Team and in addition other football groups prepare here. Different national football competitions, official training, and football classes are additionally held at this site. The Paju NFC is a solitary 4-story structure able to suit a greatest of 161 individuals with group quarters, cafeteria, meeting room, and weight preparing room. The NFC additionally includes 6 common grass fields and 1 counterfeit grass field. The Paju NFC is the place the eventual fate of Korean football will be supported. Also there are 12 stadiums in Korean Football association.
The governing body for football in Malaysia is the Malaysian Football Association (FAM). As an enlisted national association under the Sports Development Act 1997, FAM has duty to deal with the Malaysian National Football group and arrange the significant football and futsal competitions in the nation. FAM additionally can organize and arrange the Malaysian football league. FAM gets their financial support from government and other accomplice supporters to run their football activities. Football affiliation tries to accomplish objectives by affecting different associations through means, for example, licensing, regulation, budgetary impetuses or good motives. Club Licensing System in FAM benefits the club by bettering governance and authoritative structures, actualizing stable finance administration and detailing, expanding dependability, validity and honesty of the clubs and leagues, advancing and ceaselessly enhancing the standard of football, enhancing the clubs' organization, administration and association and raising financial and budgetary stand of the clubs through successful promotion.
The Super League, which is the antecedent of the present K League, was propelled as the best level of the Korea Professional Football League on the eighth of May, 1983 trying to advance the development of football, as there were just two expert clubs then. The KFA President Chung Mong-Joon introduced the Korea Professional Football League in 1994 for the further development of the game. With the nation co-facilitating the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the advancement of the expert diversion turned into a need. The urban areas offering for the rights to have the World Cup matches started to set up their own particular clubs – Jeonbuk Dinos in 1994 took after by Chunnam Dragons, Suwon Bluewings and Daejeon Citizen. The 2002 FIFA World Cup empowered the southwestern district to have its own clubs for the first time. The Korea Professional Football League propelled the K League in 1998, trying to restore the expert football game in the nation. The world-class foundation worked for Korea/Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup gave different chances to some nearby governments to set up their clubs.
FAM has a flat organizational structure with few levels of middle management between president and staffs. It has advantages and also disadvantages. As it involves fewer employees it is cost efficient, it promotes faster decision making and promotes proper communication. However, due to lack of enough people to support new plans and struggle management can easily lose control, it can hinder growth and can result to role confusion. In FAM, congress makes decisions relating to FIFA's governing statutes and the method by which they are implemented and implied. President of football association Malaysia is JK Eksekutif and has direct power over the treasurer, secretary general and judiciary. It also involves assistant treasurer followed by management department, legal department and integrity, technical and development department, competition department, marketing and communications department and national team management department.
KFA has tall organizational chart where each manager oversees only a few employees, including many levels of management. Which means narrower spans of control, roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and everyone know their role. However, it also hinders clear communication, subordinates feel less motivated as there are so many managers. President of football association South Korea is CHUNG Monggyu. KFA consist of four presidents ad they are; CHO Byungdeuk, SHIM Taehyung, JUNG Taejun, CHOI Youngil. Vice President (National Team Supervisory Committee) is KIM Pangon, vice president (New NFC Project Committee Chairman is CHO Hyunjae, HONG Myungbo is the chief executive officer, Director, Chairman of Referees Committee is Won Changho, Director of Chairman of Disciplinary Committee is SUH Changhee, Director, chairman of social responsibility committee is SEOL Kihyun.
Over the years, the league competition has gained important stature in its own right. From 1982 until 1988 the league is an amateur status continue its purpose as qualifying round for Malaysia Cup and only in 1989 it is changed to a new format as Malaysian Semi-Pro Football League (MSPFL) by FAM as a ‘halfway house’ towards full professional status. The most significant successes of the national team of Malaysia has come in the regional AFF Suzuki Cup (formerly known as the 'Tiger Cup'), which Malaysia won in 2010 for the first time in history. They beat Indonesia 4–2 on aggregate in the final to capture the country's first major international football title. n the FIFA World Rankings, Malaysia's highest standing was in the first release of the figures, in August 1993, at 75th. Malaysia's main rival on the international stage are their geographical neighbors, Indonesia and Singapore, and past matches between these two teams have produced much drama. Malaysia is one of the most successful teams in Southeast Asia along with Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, winning the ASEAN Football Championship 2010 and other small competitions while improving at the same time.
South Korea is well known for having one of the strongest Asian team. They participated in ten overall FIFA world cup tournaments and also won medals in Asian games. South Korea achieved their first ever victory in a World Cup against Poland. South Korea won the first EAFF East Asian Cup in 2003. South Korea won the 2010 World Cup AFC qualification. South Korea's accomplishment in the 2002 world Cup had imperative implications and South Korea's part at co-have in organizing this worldwide occasion conveyed encouraging signs about the country's climb to the status of a propelled society.
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Get custom essayFootball itself do not have political value, but when it is practiced as a medium between different countries, it has political contents. Be it in creating diplomacy between different countries, for spreading ideologies and to promote peace in international relations. The development of football in Malaysia was greatly influenced by the multiculturalism that exist in the country and football shouldered to establish peace in the country through improvement of social integration. Whereas the development of football in South Korea mainly developed due to the national pride or the superiority of ideology. Especially, at the beginning of the cold war North Korea and South Korea saw football as the context of national prestige against each other. However, the development of football both in Malaysia and South Korea in the international field was also greatly influenced by globalization, democracy and national status.
Gender inequality is not only the matter of a special country or place instead it has always been a global issue for people. Men and women are almost equal in the total universe but still women are not given equal status with men and this unequal gender role in nationalization process operates in every country. Since the beginning women have faced disrespect, domestic cruelty, sense of deficiency, are subjugate to behave like a servant etc. Time is passing but in all the ages women are assumed to face some issues because it has become the universal notion that they are supposed to serve men. Though our religious beliefs make women a goddess but we fail to distinguish her as a human being first, we worship goddesses but we exploit girls. Ideally it is being said that they achieve equal position like men in our society but it is sad to say that still they are facing though several types of differentiation in domestic and professional lives. Like men-folk, women must have equal roles to perform for the development of the society.
Get original essayGender inequality is a situation in which women and men are not equal. Gender inequality refers to health, education, economic and political inequalities between men and women in India. Gender inequalities, and its social causes, affect the sex ratio of India, life of women’s health and including also their educational avail and economic status. Gender inequality in India is a multifaceted issue that concerns men and women alike. Although the constitution of India has granted men and women equal rights, but gender distinction still remains. There is specific research on gender differentiation mostly in favour of men over women. The gender inequality and status of women in India has been going through many changes in the past few millenniums. Gender Inequality has been seen in India from the very beginning. There were women of most affected in India and many changes were seen in their status. It is also very difficult to know exactly the status or position of women in different period of times but researchers and grammarians, like katayana and patanjali, have thrown some lights on it from the old scriptures and from other sources. The gender inequalities and status of women and their activities can be divided into three main historical period, the ancient, the medieval and the modern.
During the Vedic period and according to the Hindu scriptures, in the ancient time women were given a reputable position. They were considered half part of men or it can be said that men were recognized to be incomplete without them. Men were couldn’t punish their wives and they were called as “Ardhangini”(Half Body) of men. In the early Vedic periods there was no gender differentiation. There is sufficient proof that in the society the women had equal rights with men during the ‘Rig-Vedic’ periods (1500-1000 BC). The Rig Vedic women in India enjoyed high status in society. Their condition was good. There were many women Rishis during this period. Through monogamy was mostly common, the richer section of the society were satisfied in polygamy. There were no Sati system or early marriage. In the “Rig Vedic” verses we also find that women married at the mature age and could choice their husbands. Both boys and girls had “initiation” (Upnayana). Very few girls continued their studies because of hard lives and different penance had to be taken at different stages of their student-lives. Some women argued their hard life and considered themselves worthy of living at home. They activated themselves in cultivating arts and craft and became good housewives. They were known as “Sadyovadhus”.
But among the girls who were studying “God-realization” seriously, some of them were very good in learning methods. They were known as “Brahmavadinis”. In the Vedic literature 27 such “Brahmavadinis” were mentioned, e.g. Gargi, Maitreyi, Visvanara, Lopamudra, Apala, Saswati, etc. women started being discriminated against since the Later Vedic period in education and other rights and facilities. Child marriage, widow burning, the veil system and polygamy further worsened the women’s position.
During the medieval period, gender inequality was on high level and woman was given a position subordinate to man. Law and religion did not recognize the equality and equal rights of man and woman. The women’s place was largely presumed as being in the home. In short, the role of women was considered to be one of subservience to her husband, the master and ruler of her family. Child marriage, practices of sati, prohibition of widow marriage were considered in a ritualistic way among the Hindus. The situation of Muslim women among the Muslims was not good either. tradition of veil system among the women started at this period. Among the Rajput women in Rajasthan the “Jauhar’ was practiced to save the respect of women. Among the Hindus polygamy was a part of the lives and among the Muslims polygamy was accepted in the name of religion. In some parts of the country the system of “Devdashi” or “Temple Women” was operated and both the rich people and the “Temple Priests” sexually exploited them. This continued for many decades till the rise of the “Vakti Cult” movement. One of the women leaders of “Vakti Cult” movement was “Mirabai” she was a saint, a poet and a singer. At that time women felt some heave of relief in the orthodox society. In this time “Guru Nanak” tried to spread the messages of equality among men and women of the society. This had a very effective influence on the societies in some parts of India.
Hudson’s Bay, the oldest corporation in North America. Founded in 1670, what started as a fur trading business, grew into a high end fashion retail conglomerate with multiple stores across Canada, US and Europe. HBC controls and operates multiple other retail companies like:
Get original essayTimeline: HBC was bought by an American businessman Richard Baker in 2006 for $1.1 billion In 2008 NRDC Equity Partners, a private American investment fund acquired HBC Hudson Bay is currently operating under CEO Helena Foulkes, a Harvard graduate and has previously served as the Vice President of CVS Pharmacy. It’s currently headquartered in Toronto, Ontario and operates 480 stores worldwide. It focuses mainly on selling high end designer apparel such as Polo Ralph Lauren, Tommy Hilfiger, Calvin Klein, Guess, Coach etc. They also sell home appliances, housewares, jewelry and cosmetics (depending on the location of the store). Retail sector is a very competitive area with alot of companies trying to make it big, but a few succeed. Some of HBC’s main competitors are Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom and Macy's and Sears (not operating anymore). HBC mainly operates in Canada, US and Europe with most of its sales in US, Europe and Canada respectively. HBC is aggressively looking to expand in different markets and geographical regions, especially in Europe.
Hudson's Bay offers 100s of high end fashion brands but one of the most famous brand that sells really well is Polo Ralph Lauren. Polo Ralph Laurens price usually ranges anywhere from $70 to $300+ and to keeps its brand value and image Polo is almost all the time excluding from most sales in store and a very few of them get marked down. Polo has their own separate section in the store with their branded logo and their own furniture, for example; they have special wooden hangers and their own racks to keep their brand value and exclusivity. Value Package, revolves around three aspects of a business: Features, Benefit and Function. These help company officials determine where they are lacking and where they excel at.
Function: HBC functions as a retailer of clothes, housewares, jewelry and cosmetics. They do an excellent job at what they do by providing retail stores in most big cities and an online site that provides shipping all across Canada.
Features: Most HBC stores have a very pleasant and upscale decor especially during seasonal sales i.e: Christmas, most stores have a marketing team come in and decorate the store accordingly. Another one of its most attractive features is HBC rewards card and HBC Capital One Mastercard, customers can collect points on every dollar spent in store, and when you collect 2000 points you can redeem $10 gift card. Being a reward/mastercard member customers also get exclusive access to sales ahead of time and gift cards in the mail. Features like these build a loyal customer base that keep coming back to shop due to the features HBC offers.
Benefit: Due to HBCs long history rooted in the Canadian culture most of its customers feel proud of the fact that they shop at HBC, and contribute to one of the oldest companies in North America. HBC does an amazing job at keeping its reputation as a high end retail store by providing exclusive brand names and excellent customer service to its customers, not only do they provide high end brands but they provide good quality goods which is also one of the reasons why people shop at HBC.
Being a large scale retail store it has to keep up with the change in trends. HBC has to offer exciting new lineups in order for them to keep their current customers and stay in business. HBC updates their inventory and clothing line up every year, by adding new brands or by adding a new clothing lineup. For example, this year’s new line up is called “The Fall 50 - New brands, New Trends, New Items” this particular lineup includes top 50 trendy items that The Hudson's Bay is selling, which keeps up with the trends and the season. Another very “Canadian” clothing line up is their official Olympic line as they are the official partner for the Canadian Olympic team which helps build onto its deep Canadian roots and help to retain its image of Canada's oldest company.
HBC recent financial statements show that they are having financial trouble especially in the last 2 years. Total sales/revenue for the year end 2014 was $5.223B, in 2015 the revenue grew 56.40% to $8.169B, in 2016 it sales grew 36.4 % to $11.162B, in 2017 it grew almost 30% to $14.455B and in 2018, the sales declined 0.73% to $14.349B. HBC grew exponentially in sales in the years 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 but their growth in sales came to an end in 2018. Excellent track record in growth of sales does not always mean higher profits, in fact in 2017 HBC made a net loss of $516 million and in 2018 it made a net loss of $581 million but has been profitable before that. The surge in HBC sales growth between 2015 till 2017 can be linked to the fact that one of its direct competitors Sears was going out of business and closing their stores this allowed HBC to capture fair degree of sales meant for Sears. This meant that HBC was one of the very few high end retail giants operating in Canada as one of their main competitor left the market, sales increased due to that as well. Profit is the most important figure or an aspect of a business, which determines whether the business is doing well financially or not unfortunately for HBC the last 2 years they have sustained heavy losses. The retail sector in general has seen a decline in market since most consumers can simply order their clothes etc. from their couch and they will arrive at you footsteps so decline in sales in the general market has negatively affected HBC’s revenue for the past year. The commerce department USA estimates that the overall retail sector is at an 11 month low (as of early 2018).
Retail Apocalypse is a term given to this overall decline in the retail sector. A Lot of the losses is mostly due to the fact that their operating expenses blowing out of proportion. A lot of investors are buying stores with little to no retail experience, in locations with scarce buyers, and in rundown malls. One of the main reasons why investor are still willing to invest and put money into HBC is due to its enormous portfolio of precious real estate, it is estimated that their real estate is worth around $6.4 billion, instead of investors and chain owners focusing on sales and improving its financial performance, investors are pressurizing to monetize its real estate assets and put them to better use. Another reason why its losing money is the fact that it is struggling to keep its overseas operation profitable as they miscalculated this opportunity. One of their German retailer Galeria Kaufhof which was acquired for $3.2 Billion in 2015, ever since its acquisition, their sales per store have fallen notably. In fact HBC got a bid from Sigma holdings (Austrian real estate company) to buy the German retailer Kaufhof but HBC board declined because it was undervaluing the business. HBC also acquired Guilt, an online retailer for $250 million but ever since acquiring, it struggle to pay off the initial investment as it wasn't worth it and simply wasn’t fitting in HBC’s portfolio , so as an effort to help HBC cut cost and save it from its struggling financial trouble it sold Gilt. HBC ventured out into a new geographical location but unfortunately it wasn't as lucrative of an expansion as they thought.
As much of a history Hudson's Bay has, unfortunately due to shift in technology and popularity in e-commerce retail sector in general are struggling to compete in this market. HBC has a very solid track record but when a business this large sustains this large amount of losses it is very tough to turn things around and make it profitable, although it's not impossible as they just incurred losses in the past 2 years, it's still early and if done properly it can turn things around. In an effort to turn around HBC into a profitable business its laid off more than 2000 employees, have significantly cut back on its admin costs and shutting down struggling stores and is planning to sell some of its real estate assets. A long term partnership/collaboration with HBC would be a risky venture since its uncertain whether or not they can turn things around, but buying or selling something from HBC at this point would be an excellent idea since they are looking to get rid of assets etc. so it would possibly be sold under market value since HBC are looking to liquidate some of their assets.
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Get custom essayToday, HBC is one of the world’s fastest growing department store groups. And from the points blanket to its iconic Olympic mitts, it has drawn on its history and Canadian heritage to build a retail brand, said Maureen Atkinson of J.C. Williams Group, a global retail adviser.
Conflict is a serious disagreement or argument. “Every period of human development has had its own particular type of human conflict” (Asimov, Isaac). Conflict between people or countries can often lead to wars and revolutions. The enduring issue of conflict has impacted the world for centuries and is exemplified by the French Revolution and the Israel-Palestine conflict. One possible solution to the issue is to compromise and give both sides part of what they want.
Get original essayLouis XVI was weak and corrupt which led to the third estate getting mistreated. The third estate was mistreated because they had to pay most of the taxes (even though they usually made less money then the higher estates), and the nobles got special rights. Skyrocketing food prices and many droughts often occurred. Enlightenment ideas such as John Locke's beliefs in natural human rights helped the third estate realize they deserve equal rights. For these reasons the third estate joined forces as an inseparable group which led to the French Revolution (French Revolution).
Soon after the third estate joined forces they gained traction, and Louis XVI had no choice but to side with them in order to prevent himself from getting overthrown. In 1789, the event called The Great Fear came about, this was a time when the 3rd estate conspired that the nobility and monarchy were going to overthrow the 3rd estate’s power by starting a war. The 3rd estate decided to stage revolts against nobles during the Great Fear and many nobles fled out of France. Later on they created The Declaration of the Rights of Man, which was a human rights document that made regulations in order for the 3rd estate to gain more rights. The declaration made rules such as, “Men are born and remain free and equal in respect of their rights” (Declaration of). As the years passed, the revolutionaries gained a lot of power, so Louis XVI and his family decided to flee from France. Louis was eventually caught and sent back to France, and he lost the trust of the French citizens. When Louis XVI lost power and trust, the National Assembly turned themselves into the Legislative Assembly. This turned France into a constitutional monarchy, and limited Louis power tremendously. Eventually, people become unhappy with the Legislative Assembly and throw Louis out of the palace and into custody. Without Louis in power, France was turned into a republic, and the Legislative Assembly got turned into the National Convention. Then the Revolution turned radical, and Louis and his wife were executed.
In 1972 the French Revolution turned radical. During the radical stage, the Committee of Public Safety was formed, led by Robspierre, its purpose was to defend France from internal and external enemies. Under this committee's rule, The Reign of Terror happened in 1793. This was a time where France was at war with foreign enemies and the revolutionaries needed to win the war in order to protect their power. The revolutionaries wanted to win the war at all costs, so they decided to execute people when suspected of treason against the revolution to guarantee no inside influence can defeat France. During this time Louis XVI was suspected of treason and was executed (The Reign). In 1794, Robespierre was executed due to his unjustified executions, and the Directory takes power, which ends the radical stage of the revolution.
The Directory was a government that was separated by branches. In 1799, the directory lost power, and the French citizens vote for Napoleon Bonaparte to be the emperor of France. After many victorious wars Napoleon is taken off the throne, and the French Revolution ends.
The conflict between Israel and Palestine started because of a fight for the land of Israel. Theodore Herzl founded the Zionist Organization in 1897. This caused the desire for a Jewish state, which can only be in Israel. Many Jews were being persecuted in Europe, and some decided to move to Palestine, which was controlled by Britain, and mostly populated by Arabs. As more Jews moved to Palestine the desire for a Jewish state increased tremendously, which led to conflict.
Jews believed that they had an ancestral right to this land. Zionists feel that Jewish people have the rights to Israel, because it is their chosen land, and we lived there dating back to the days of abraham. Arab people believed the opposite. They felt that they had the right to the land, and it was stolen from them in 1948. Jews and Arabs would often get into violent confrontations, and tensions rose at an alarming rate.
Britain was given the task of making a ‘Jewish State’ while leaving a portion of the land for the Arab people. Britain handed the issue to the U.N, and they voted on a split state. “A UN Commission recommended partitioning what was left of the original Mandate – western Palestine – into two new states, one Jewish and one Arab” (Hertz, Eli). This plan would give half the land to Jews and the other half to the Arabs, while also making Jerusalem an international city. The U.N. voted in favor of this plan, and the Jewish leaders accepted this plan, while the Arab leaders rejected it. This plan was never implemented, and the conflict between them continued (Eurovision 2019).
In 1948, the Jewish state declared independence, naming the country Israel, under the rule of Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. The day after Israel declared independence, Arab countries such as Iraq, Sudan, Egypt, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, and many Palestinians all declared war on Israel (Arab-Israeli War). The Arab countries launched air and land attacks on Israel. Eventually British forces intervened in the war but only in Arab territory. Once Israel was able to become more offensive they won the war while odds were stacked against them. This war gave them the ability to keep their independence, but it also raised tensions between Arabs and Israelis. After this war, the U.N. tried proposing many plans in order to create peace, but nothing was ever implemented. As conflict continued, many Arabs and Palestinians attacked Israeli civilians and soldiers. In response to this Israel raided and attacked the opposing Arab countries in order to frighten them, and prevent future attacks (Reprisal Operations). As tensions were very high, the Six Day War emerged between Israel, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan. This war began mainly due to border arguments for Israel. Israel shot rockets and damaged 6 syrian jets, and the 6 day war erupted. Israel began the war by destroying Arab air fields, which gave them air force dominance. Through Israel's Air force dominance, Israel won the war. This led to Israel extending their borders, by capturing the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and East Jerusalem. After the war Arab countries held a meeting where they decided to have “No peace, no recognition and no negotiation” (with Israel).This led up to the Yom Kippur War. The goal of this war was to get land from Israel. The war began as a surprise attack on Israel during the high holiday of Yom kippur so Israel was caught off guard. The Arab armies seemed to be winning the war until Israel became fully mobilized. Israel became the stronger force in the war, until the UN issued a ceasefire.
Quarrels between Israel and the Arab countries continued even up to the present day. Due to constant fighting , in 2005, Israel gave up their rights to Gaza and gave it to the Arabs in order to make peace. Peace was still not made and fights continued. Rockets would constantly get fired into Israel. In 2014, three Israeli kids were kidnapped and killed by Hamas members. Israel made an operation in order to arrest Hamas military leaders. In response to this Hamas fired rockets into Israel. This led to the Israel-Gaza conflict. Israel wanted to stop Hamas from firing rockets, while Hamas wanted Gaza to be seen as its own place with no Israeli control. A lot of back and forth fighting continued, many bombs were detonated and rockets were launched. One month later a ceasefire was announced and the war ended. In the year 2018 Jerusalem was named Israel’s capital and the U.S. embassy was moved into Jerusalem. This caused an outcry from Gaza. Riots started on the Gaza border with many Arabs setting fires in Israel. Many of them tried to cross the border into Israel, which led to the IDF having to kill them for Israel's protection. Fighting still continues, and no solution was ever found to make peace.
A possible solution is by splitting power. Any country that has a conflict of power shall split the country into half. The UN should decide the borders of the split country. Fences should be made three miles before the borders in order to prevent fighting at the border. These split countries should also not be allowed to do business with each other in order to prevent wars related to the economy. A possible counterargument is, split power can’t work because countries will never agree and they will often be at war. This is not the case because countries will lose privileges when they start conflict with their neighbors. Trade ports, political power, and military power are all examples of things that will be taken away if these countries start problems.
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Get custom essayConflict is a serious disagreement or argument. The conflict during the French Revolution was that the third class wanted to gain rights and they started a revolution to achieve their goals. The conflict between Israel and Palestine is the disagreement of who has rights to the land. War and violence is often an effect of conflict. Although these conflicts have never been solved, a possible solution is to split power or split a country in half in order to make both sides happy. Throughout history conflict occurs and the only way to resolve it is by giving both sides what they want.
Notorious serial killer, Jack the Ripper, terrorized Whitechapel, a town in London’s East End, throughout the year 1888. The methods of which Jack mutilated his victims and his knowledge of human anatomy is strikingly consistent with that of a medical doctor. It is said that four of the five assumed victim’s bodies were mutilated beyond recognition. Through multiple visitations of the case, the Ripper murders still remain unsolved.
Get original essayEven today, scholars attempt to discover new truths and correlations regarding the true identity of Jack the Ripper. Though investigation techniques then, could not identify the suspected killer, modern investigative techniques may have brought justice had he been active today. This essay will discuss a history of Jack the Ripper and assess the impact that the case has had on death investigation today. Additionally, a comparison of investigation techniques from 1888 to now will also be discussed.
Throughout a span of four months, London’s East End district, Whitechapel, was terrorized by a spree of murders. The mysterious killer’s name, Jack the Ripper, originates from a letter published at the time of the brutal attacks that took place in the autumn of 1888. Allegedly, Jack the Ripper is said to have been responsible for at least a dozen deaths between 1888 and 1892; However, five murders are said to have been canonically – the work of the infamous killer. Though there is no official number of victims; However, Jack the Ripper is said to have claimed five victims – prostitutes in a poverty stricken neighborhood.
All but one of the Ripper victims was killed while soliciting customers on the streets of Whitechapel. This indicates a switch in the Ripper’s M.O. [modus operandi]. The first murder took place on August 31st, where the Ripper claimed the life of Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman on September 8th, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddoweson on Septemper 30th , and Mary Jane Kelly on November 9th (BBC, 2014).
The throats of each of the victims were cut along with multiple body mutilations. The manner in which the bodies were dissected indicated that the killer possessed substantial knowledge regarding the human anatomy. Could this mean that the Ripper was a doctor? Possibly. What is quite intriguing about this case is that serial murders were not prevalent at the time as opposed to today. One Ripper theory points to Queen Victoria’s grandson, Prince Albert Victor; Although, the true identity and motive of the Ripper is still unknown yet he remains one of the most notorious serial killers of the 19th century.
Jack the Ripper has served as a basis for criminal and forensic investigation. Looking into previous methods of investigation, techniques in crime scene processing seem fairly logical but also lacking. In one of the letters written by Charles Warren, some techniques included the implementation of hound dogs – whether or not they are effective during investigations by tracking the scent of blood on the ground. “If the murderer left a portion of his clothing behind and some of his blood, I can understand a dog following up or if you could show him a particular spot where he had been standing even but on a London pavement where people have been walking all the evening there may be score of scents almost as keen as those of the murderer…” C.W. [Charles Warren] Commissioner of Police A letter written by someone claiming the identity of Jack the Ripper, indicated the type of weapon used – claiming the murder weapon to have been a knife with a small handle and a large long blade
Though the technology may not have been to the police’s avail, had the Ripper murders taken place today, the identity of the weapon can be verified. Sharp force injuries will display a specific pattern upon the surface and interior of the wounds. Sharp force injuries are distinct – absent of small, thin delicate bridges of soft tissue between the stab wound or cut (Spitz, 2006). Characteristics of the knife indicate whether or not the knife is serrated, or like the Ripper’s weapon, sharp on both edges of the knife.
Instances where investigative techniques were lacking include the validity of the written documents. Though the author of the letters claimed to be the killer, it led to nothing. Documentation of crime scenes is crucial to maintain its validity, especially in a court setting. The Victorian era lacked the necessary resources to process crime scenes like investigators do today. For instance, in 1888, no crime labs existed.
Laboratories are crucial in processing multiple types of evidence. It is likely that the Ripper case influenced police agencies worldwide to implement more efficient methods of documentation. It becomes mandatory to document every aspect of a crime scene since something minute can be critical in determining the killer. Not to mention, the security of a crime scene is critical in maintaining the integrity of evidence as well. It is possible that a lack of knowledge in the preservation and collection of evidence resulted in a non-discovery of the killer’s identity.
If the Ripper murders were to have occurred today, it is without a doubt that the killer would be caught. With a multitude of various forensic and medicolegal implementations, especially DNA technology, it makes it almost impossible for anyone to get away with murder. The average person to possess knowledge regarding DNA and trace, in the late 19th century, would be unlikely simply because the processing technology did not exist. However, by the Locard Exchange Principal, trace evidence is the result of a transfer between one object to another (Spitz, 2006).
It is likely that the Ripper left behind some form of trace with each victim. If the police were to have obtained a murder weapon from the crime scenes, it could be checked for latent fingerprints. Conducting autopsies on the victims of the Ripper murders would likely yield extraordinary results. Additionally, there are multiple databases containing information on individuals working in the medical field. If the Ripper were a doctor, chances are that his fingerprints would be documented in a database.
With facial recognition software and surveillance just about everywhere, it makes it increasingly difficult for an individual to move about without a trace. It is my belief that if Jack the Ripper were an active serial killer today, he would, without a doubt, be caught. Technology and in death investigation and society is far too advanced for someone to get away with murder.
All theories aside, with the advancements of forensic technology, it can be said that it is highly unlikely the Ripper murders would be unsolved if the gruesome events took place today. Serial murders were not as common in the late 19th century as they are today. Scholars possess an array of knowledge regarding serial killers and the methods in which they operate. We know that the Ripper only operated over the course of a few months, in an incredibly specific area. Modern forensics would not allow an individual to thrive on a killing spree without the possibility of being caught.
The game of lacrosse that we know today is far from what it was at its’ origins in early North American society. Some of the earliest forms of what we know as lacrosse were called baggataway or tewaarathon. According to Morrow (1989), there were approximately 40 variations of lacrosse that First Nations tribes in North America partook in. From the perspective of the aboriginals, baggataway had many purposes but was often ritual affair. These principles varied from medicinal purposes, or healing power, to games that helped prepare the men for combat (Morrow, 1989). It was reported that “historians identified lacrosse as the most important Aboriginal game”, due to the multitude of purposes it served to the indigenous community. Bagattaway allowed for the fostering of respect between neighbouring tribes, facilitated religious meaning throughout life, provided healing power, and finally, allowed the First Nations to honour the creator (Morrow & Wamsley, 2005). By the late 18th century, lacrosse began to transition from revolving around religion and customs to sporting contest, or competition, becoming a pivotal factor. (Morrow, 1989). The purpose of this paper is to examine the history and evolution of lacrosse in early Canadian history.
Get original essayOne of the earliest and perhaps most infamous accounts of lacrosse involving the Europeans and First Nations was in June, 1763 on King George’s birthday (Morrow, 1989). Two First Nations tribes used the holiday to invite the British soldiers at Fort Michilimackinac to spectate the game of bagattaway. However, what started as an entertaining game quickly took a turn for the worse in the eyes of the garrison men. During the game however, the indigenous players dropped their sticks, gathered concealed weapons, and massacred the British soldiers (Morrow, 1989). This likely played a considerable role in why the Europeans didn’t participate in lacrosse with the First Nation for nearly a century following. 80 years after the incident at Fort Michilimackinac, as early as 1844, competitions between the European settlers and indigenous populations were recorded (Poulter, 2003). The early competition was heavily dominated by the First Nations as it took the ‘whites’ until 1851 to win their first lacrosse game.
At this time lacrosse was still in its primitive stages and the rules, or lack thereof, was indicative of this. Dr. George Beers, perhaps the most influential figure in the expansion of lacrosse, noted that the style of play was a combination between sport and deadly combat (Beers, 1869). Beers wanted to tailor the game to Canadians by “appropriating and then transforming the Mohawk ball game into a rational sport” (Fisher, 2002, pg. 26). Up until 1860, lacrosse had no standardized set of rules to follow, instead they were agreed upon by the people playing prior to the games. Given that there were only three white clubs in Montreal, having standardized rules was not that important. In fact, it was played more for the social than the competitive aspect in the games early days. Eventually, in September of 1860, a Montreal newspaper published the first rules of lacrosse which consisted of 8 playing rules. The rules were created by the Montreal Lacrosse Club which was the first lacrosse club in Canada, founded in 1856 (Morrow, 1992). While the inaugural rules were quite ambiguous and nonspecific, they marked the start of what Morrow (1989) referred to as the “embryonic stage of lacrosse development” (pg. 48). As the Europeans tailored the game to their liking, the original savage aspects of lacrosse became curbed by rules and regulations. However, even more changes to the game were to follow, in 1867 George Beers’ ‘Laws of Lacrosse’ were published. Consisting of 17 rules, Beers’ laws allowed for consistency across the sport and built the foundation that allowed lacrosse to flourish (Morrow, 1989). Beers noted that the new game allowed for the greatest consolidation between physical and mental activity (Beers, 1869). He referenced the new game as “a pretty Canadian girl” and the original game as an “uncultivated squaw” (Beers, 1869, pg. 33), an derogatory term used to describe First Nations women. The adoption of rules along with stick changes that arose as the game gained popularity shifted the focus from the Native run first mentality to a passing game that employed cooperation and positional strategies between teammates.
Now that lacrosse had a standardized set of rules, a competitive platform to showcase talent was all that was lacking. In 1867, the year Canada became its own country, the National Lacrosse Association (NLA) was formed. The conception of the NLA gave Canada its first governing body for sport and following the formation of the NLA, lacrosse in Canada started to boom. Within one year of its inception, the number of teams in Canada skyrocketed from eight to 80 (Morrow, 1992). As a result of the multitude of teams, sporting contests required much more organization. A challenge system was adopted and representatives of various clubs interacted to create schedules.
Three tours of Great Britain between 1867 and 1883 are believed to be “the strongest unifying factors in the spread and acceptance of lacrosse” as they allowed the game to be “exported as a showcase activity and as a symbol of Canada”. In 1867 Captain W.B. Johnson toured England with a Caughnawagas team in order to demonstrate lacrosse, however, Johnson’s motivations were profit based and did little to grow the game. On the other hand, Beers “regarded the promotion of lacrosse as a personal crusade, a means of fostering national unity in the era of Confederation” (Consentino, 1998, pg. 15). Beers’ intentions were for Canadians to view lacrosse the same way that Britons viewed cricket, “a link of loyalty to them to their home”. In 1876 Beers organized a tour of the British Isles with a white team from Montreal and a First Nations team, Beers hoped the trip would be a Canadian image builder. The trip was highly successful as it fostered the enthusiasm and development of lacrosse in Great Britain. During the tour a private game was held for Queen Victoria, this signified the legitimization of lacrosse as a sport due to the fact it was showcased for the most important person in the country (Morrow, 1989). The uniforms worn by the white team during the tour were extremely significant as it marked the first instance a maple leaf crest was used as a symbolic feature in tandem with the Canadian identity (Morrow, 1989). By the time Beers returned for another tour in 1883, lacrosse in Britain had already begun to flourish. Before the first tour in 1876 there were only two lacrosse teams in Britain, when Beers returned for a second tour there were approximately 150 teams. The teams had financial funding from the government and it became clear that the tour was propaganda to increase immigration to Canada, with lacrosse being the delivery system. The image that was being portrayed to the British population was “that of a young, resourceful nation that carried on the sporting tradition of Great Britain through its national Aboriginal game of lacrosse”.
Beers lobbied that cricket did not deserve the title as national sport because it was a game imported from across the Atlantic (Delsahut, 2015). As the sport gained popularity and the NLA was formed the slogan, ‘Our Country and Our Game’ which could be seen on the championship banner. Beers claims he was the first to propose lacrosse as the national game of Canada in 1859, and that a letter was published in the Montreal Gazette in 1867 with the title ‘Let it be our national game’. However, there is scarce evidence of this being published in any other major newspapers and no record of it in the parliamentary records (Morrow, 1989). It is speculated that Beers’ concept of a national game garnered widespread acceptance through the medium of word of mouth; “if something is claimed to be true enough times, it is often accepted as truth” (Morrow, 1989, pg. 54).
Although lacrosse was one of the most popular sports during the late 18th century, there were still many issues that we can pick out with the help of hindsight (Poulter, 2003). As the Europeans were initially learning and transforming the game the First Nations provided the newcomers with a vast wealth of knowledge as well as being the only competition (Poulter, 2003). Despite this, as the game gathered popularity the importance of Native players weaned (Poulter, 2003). On the NLA championship banner the slogan ‘Our Country and Our Game’ referred to whites only, the term ‘our’ was very exclusive. As sporting competitions gained popularity issues regarding what constituted an amateur and who was a professional started to rise. Prior to 1886, this issues had not yet come to fruition, possibly due to the fact the white clubs needed First Nations teams to play against. During the 1870’s defining who could play in certain games became somewhat of a regular occurance and by 1880 the NLA added the term Amateur to its title, now being coined the NALA (Morrow, 1998). The rules of amateurism ratified in 1880 essentially excluded the First Nations from club play as they ordinarily received prizes after competitions (Poulter, 2003). This unfortunate circumstance however, did not bar them from competition as we know the three tours to the Europe all consisted of Indigenous players. An excerpt from Howell & Howell (1971) puts it quite nicely, “it seems ironic that Indians should, so soon, have been barred from the game they introduced to Canada’s white settlers”. The government along with the help of Beers “portrayed in carefully contrived fashion, the Indianness of the game and the country, white superiority over the natives and a Canadianness that was used by the federal Department of Agriculture in the 1883 tour” (Consentino, 1998, pg. 17). What started off as an eminent symbol of Canada was tainted as the First Nations, who the game originated with, were cruelly used as the sport evolved. It seems that while on his crusade to sell lacrosse, Beers used the First Nations players as advertising gimmicks (Morrow, 1989).
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Get custom essayAs someone who has played lacrosse his entire life, I am pleased that Beers was able to take the brutal game and not domesticate it, but institutionalize it. Still, I meet people who spectate lacrosse for the first time and are in awe of its speed, creativity, and of course the sheer physical nature of the sport. However, the racist atrocities committed by ‘whites’ cannot be forgotten. The game that Beers shaped gave it appeal to the public and set the foundation for growth also alienated the First Nations from their aboriginal traditions and rendered them a foreign minority in their own lands. What seems to be consistent across most of the world at this point in history is a theme of white superiority. A quote from Beers featured in Montreal Gazette epitomizes the beginnings of lacrosse almost perfectly, “just as we claim as Canadian the rivers and lakes and land once owned exclusively by Indians, so we now claim their field game as the national field game of our Dominion” (Delsahut, 2015, pg. 927).