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In this advanced age of urbanization and industrialization, the volumes of producing wastes are increasing alarmingly. According to The World Bank, 1.3 billion tonnes of waste was generated globally in 2012. Hence making the footprint of one person 1.2 kilograms of waste per day. Nonetheless, at this continuous rate of waste generation, it is predicted that by 2025, this rate will rise to produce 2.2 billion tonnes of waste globally (World Bank Canada, 2018). In order to safely manage waste, all countries must work on their waste management and recycling programs properly. Should countries in the developing world be allowed to dispose, for profit, of toxic wastes, shipped to them from developed countries? No, it should not be allowed. There will be many forthcomings associated with the dumping of toxic waste from developed countries to developing countries.
Get original essayThe imminent effects of this action on the environment and humans will be severe regardless of it creating profit. However, the dumping of toxic wastes can have an impact on the atmosphere, land, water and the humans. It will also cause a lifestyle change amongst the people that reside near such landfills or are dependent on water bodies that are used to dump toxic waste in and most importantly, it will affect the wildlife that is feeding on toxic vegetation and toxic water. Additionally, another argument is that many developing countries do not have solid waste management, e-waste management and even recycling programs to cope up with all the waste. Other key points include the law(s) to stop global waste trade i.e. Basel convention to further prove my point that global waste trade should not be allowed.
There are many key points and arguments associated with the disagreement on the allowance of global waste trade for profit. However, the main reason is the impact on the atmosphere of the developing countries. The dumping of toxic waste will add toxicity to the air and can cause people to develop serious health risks.
Subsequently, waste disposal also has an effect on the land and water of the developing countries. According to National Geographic, the waste dumped on land can cause toxicity in the air and also trigger the harmful toxic chemicals to seep into the ground, poisoning the groundwater and making the land infertile and the water unusable (National Geographic, 2009). However, if the waste is dumped in a lake, the toxicity will mainly kill all the marine life. The remainder that survives, may get hunted and humans will not only consume the fish but also consume the toxins such as mercury. People depending on that water source for daily tasks might be left waterless or at a serious health risk if they use that water (National Geographic, 2009).
Although as previously discussed some serious repercussions of the toxicity caused by the waste on human health, let us name some air and water pollution diseases and discuss their biological effects. The following table mentions some air pollution according to the chances of developing them (Jasarevic, Thomas & Osseiran, 2014).
The main disease related to water pollution is diarrhea. According to the World Health Organization, it has caused up to 842 000 deaths per year globally as a result of the lack of safe water drinking. Other diseases include arsenicosis, fluorosis, schistosomiasis, helminthiasis, and sepsis in children (World Health Organization, 2018).
If people occupy an area and waste is dumped in the area, it will inhibit their access to safe land and clean water. This may force them to migrate elsewhere or travel to farther places daily to have access to clean water and clean food or commute daily due to poverty. An article published in Independent (2017), discusses that the lifespan of people living near or in the landfills is 35 years old. One of the many examples of such people is Amish Das, an Indian man living with his three children and wife and wife’s sister’s family in one shack in the middle of the landfill. He wakes up and scans the landfill full of waste to find any food for his family and that is what they feed on. Regrettably, Das lost his youngest 2-year-old daughter to an illness caused by consuming all these toxins from the food they eat. This example portrays that many people are stuck in a cycle of poverty and yet developing countries like India are taking garbage for profit and just dumping it on their land making their own environment toxic (Rachel England, 2017).
Leachate is a byproduct of water that has infiltrated through waste. Leachate infiltrates the ground poisoning the groundwater (Kristianna Weber, 2016). This leads to contaminated water bodies and the wildlife dependent on those waterbodies for survival experience its effects. As mentioned in Silent Springs, one of the effects of Leachate that birds endure is the thinning of eggshells and loss of developing chicks (Rachel Carson, 1962). Nonetheless, WWF’s Living Planet Index (2016) indicates that the main cause of species deterioration is the exploitation of species whereas the second main cause is habitat loss and degradation (World Wildlife Fund, 2016)
The Urbanization Series, What A Waste highlights some waste management practices amongst countries belong to various income level rankings. This helps determine the difference in waste management practices in a low-income and middle-income country. In terms of recycling, it is highly unregulated and cost expensive in low-income countries like Pakistan, Kenya, Serbia etc. However, middle-income countries like Mexico, Fiji, Jamaica have regulated recycling programs and use some high technology and processing but the informal sector is still involved but the recycling rates are still quite high (Daniel Hoornweg & Perinaz Bhada-Tata, 2012). Nevertheless, when it comes to solid wastes, low-income countries rarely practice composting due to lack of knowledge and almost never incinerate e-waste because of the high operation costs, leading all the waste to end up in a landfill. Although, middle-income countries practice composting but fail many times because of contamination and operation costs. In terms of incineration of metals and other e-waste, some incinerators are used but such countries still suffer from financial difficulties resulting in some waste being dumped in environmentally controlled landfills (Daniel Hoornweg & Perinaz Bhada-Tata, 2012). This evidence suggests that many under-developed and developing countries do not have proper waste management programs. They must stop taking in waste from other countries and focus on improving their waste management programs. Countries must focus on minimizing plastic, recycling, educating and relying on composting as their main waste controlling practice.
Once a US ship carrying waste trying to dispose of it on a Haiti beach was forced away. The ship kept cruising and could not dump its waste anywhere leading to most of its waste being dumped in the ocean. This gave rise to the Basel Convention, led by the UN to restrict the global waste trade. It has been in effect since 1992 and has banned the hazardous waste trade to poverty-struck countries (Needhidasan, Samuel & Chidambaram, 2014)
So, is it acceptable for developed countries to dump their waste in developing countries?
In conclusion, it is very clear that there are more disadvantages to global waste trade than advantages. Thus, developing countries must boycott waste from developed countries and focus on improving their economies, educating people about the world they live in and creating sustainable environments. However, in order to not produce 2.2 billion tonnes of waste globally, we must reinforce solid and e-waste management programs around the world, emphasize on recycling and the importance of waste management (World Bank Canada, 2018). We must do this together to save lives, preserve nature, wildlife and rare-earth minerals for our future generations to see and use.
Globalization is one of the most important and stages of global development and economic progress. Globalization is the main driving force of the global economy, which promotes global prosperity. Its dimensions work in all spheres of the state (social, economic, cultural, etc.) and main features are international trade, the movement of capital, the growing role of multinational companies (MNC’s), the development of international manufacturing and technology (James, Steger 2014). One of the areas it has impacted greatly are companies, specially their expansion into increasing territories. Opening up of national markets in both goods and services has created opportunities for firms and has changed the way they operate. Although there are companies who does have presence in more than one country, globalisation has impacted them through competition from other companies and global customer expectations.
Get original essayOne approach is that globalization has put pressure on the convergence of different countries in labor relations (Kerr, Siegel 1955). Employment practices have been tremendously affected by this phenomenon all over the world. The main aspects impacted by economic globalization according to Di Pietro, Girsberger and Vuille (2007) is number, structure and composition of jobs, R&D, job earning compensation and migration as well as employment conditions. The major consequences for companies was the shift in balance of power between firm and employees also have changed management of human resources. However, it has changed in favor of employers, MNCs and investors, but not for the working class. This is especially valid for developed countries and low skilled workers and has happened due to several factors. This essay describes globalization influence with respect to firms and employees as well as human resource practices, also identifies and analyze specific issues and consequences.
Rodrik (1997) has developed explanations of the impact of globalization on labor markets in the developed world. He argues that there are two channels through which globalization makes workers insecure in the labor market. First, trade with developing countries displaces unskilled workers, since local low-skilled labor force production has now been replaced by imports. Secondly, globalization leads to wage and employment instability, as workers are more interdependent with market integration. This substitute effect applies, in principle, to all employees, regardless of skill levels, but less educated, less skilled workers are more vulnerable, since they are easier to replace by definition.
Power and influence are two important factors in organizations and management. According to Lucas and Baxter (2011) power is defined ‘as the ability to impose one’s will even against resistance of others’. Same authors define influence ‘as compelling behavior change without threat of punishment or promise of reward’. These factors shape relationship between firms and employees. Equal power balance should be aimed in work environment and business leaders should create the most healthy and productive atmosphere, however with globalization and other evolving processes one side gains more power than the other.
One of the biggest changes is the loss of jobs in developed countries and their transfer to lower cost countries. Manufacturing jobs have become increasingly low paid in mature countries, because lower skilled tasks can be moved to lower cost locations. Lower safety requirements, longer working hours or trade union prohibition may be attractive to multinational companies and may lead to reorientation (Di Pietro, Girsberger, Vuille 2007). Rapid adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) helps to transfer service jobs, like customer information call centers. From political concern also, only skilled workers wages have risen in comparison to less skilled (OECD 2007). For this matter skills training opportunities for less educated workers are needed to curb smaller payrolls and income inequalities, as skill requirements increase.
To understand power balance between multi corporations and employees, it is important to analyse the tendency between trade and jobs that has moved towards offshoring. Offshoring occurs when companies transfer their production activities to another country, whether they are performed by independently owned suppliers or a wholly owned (captive) subsidiary (Sako 2006). Offshore outsourcing is currently driven by the fact that many companies have recognized the benefits of outsourcing as a business strategy. In industrial countries, it is assumed that, labor intensive production is transported abroad, allowing to pay more attention to skill and capital-intensive production at home.
Offshoring jobs results in increasing productivity in the business, operating more efficiently, expand sales, increasing employment. There are direct effects, however, there are two forms of indirect effects too. First, services become cheaper due to relocation and companies have more opportunities to increase in size. Second, because of offshoring, end users get better prices, meaning they can also spend more money on domestically produced goods, which would rise employment too (Gorg 2011). For example, Nike outsources footwear to various manufacturing plants. Largest share has gone to China, but also Thailand, South Korea, Vietnam and India (Iti Manufcturing 2018). Spreading their production choices helps them to be the most efficient for the lower price, also less dependent on certain source.
Looking from another perspective of firms and employees power balance is important aspect of labor mobility. Capolupo (1998) claims that the openness of the economy is characterized by labor mobility. In industrialized countries, rapid economic growth is driven mainly by the labor force, which is characterized by discipline, eagerness and qualification levels. Ozden, Rapoport, Schiff (2011) notice that the movement of people is a result of search for a better and safer environment seeking. Migrant population can improve living conditions by changing living and working places, immigrant countries are the source of new labor force, in addition, workers can move from country to country to market their skills. Migration flows must be regulated in such a way as to foster the growth of a highly qualified workforce whose work contributes to economic development. Weiss (2003) states that migratory flows typically run from a low-wage to high-income countries. However, the negative aspect is the falling birth rate and the population, aging society, respectively, the labor shortage, brain drain and the downfall of production and investment.
Replacement of jobs from home to host areas is more likely to lead to cost-saving investments (OECD 2007). On the report of estimates by Robert Scott of the Economic Policy Institute, giving China’s most favored nation status has reduced 3.2 million jobs in US, including 2.4 million manufacturing jobs. It generates net losses due to trade deficit with Japan ($78.3bn in 2013) at 896,000 jobs together with 682,000 jobs from Mexico, which is U.S. trade deficit between 1994 and 2010 (Forbes 2015). This way the culture of fear for employees was created in developed countries by facing demands for reduction in wages, also employment been adjusted to rapidly changing demand. On the other hand, many industries have more important factors than labor costs, including market access, technologies and other resources that can have human resources (National Research Council 1990).
Thus, the emergence and spread of new forms of work are illustrated by changes in the labor market adapted to globalization and the impact of advanced technologies. Agency work (staff lease), telework, work on a call, various fixed-term employment contracts, part-time contracts, self-employed persons, etc. The listed new (non-spatial) forms of work help to respond more flexibly to market needs and family responsibilities for employees (Jaumotte, Tytell 2007). It means that the existing professions are changing, they are modifying, interconnecting, and there are completely new types of occupations and ways of organizing work. New demands are made for the readiness of people to work in the information (knowledge) society - to continuously improve their knowledge throughout the working age. Along with specific professional knowledge and qualifications, employees thinking, foreign language skills, application of information technologies, communication, management and other abilities and skills are required.
Another aspect that makes a big impact in firms and employees relations is human capital. Human capital is what leads firms to sustained competitive advantage. People who work, their unique skills and the unique team, what they produce cannot be easily repeated as technology or organization design can be (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis 2016). Cristian and Laura (2008) argues, that there are two aspects in human capital increase, developing primary level of employment overall, that would help low paid working class in developing countries and minimize the number of skillful workers.
Even so, in Solerin and Eric (2015) research, results indicated negative globalization impact on human capital development, opposite from economic growth that has positive relationship. As a consequence, when skilled labor is transferred abroad, specific knowledge they have may not be used, and it discourage investments in education and further skill training. Wasmer (2002) claims that labor markets differ from European and U.S mainly because of different factors of human capital investment, U.S concentrates on general human capital while European more specific.
In other cases, globalization offers new ways to improve the conditions that workers are facing. In addition, poor domestic working conditions are often not same as international ones. Multinational companies usually not only prioritize costs, but as well as quality of goods and labour, reputation and good governance in host countries. Evidence suggests, that MNCs pay extra wages relatively to employers from home country, also developing countries that attract more foreign investments often ensures better protection to workers (Lipsey, Sjoholm 2004). By investing in installation of equipment in other countries transnational firms together provide employment for the people that is in poverty. Moreover, manufacturing jobs also generate higher domestic export earnings, which can increase the tax base of governments in less developed countries.
Pressure is also felt on the states with strong labor law legislation. As trade in global capitalism fluctuates without state political control and independent economies, the protected workforce differs over time from state systems of labor rights, ultimately becoming part of unregulated employment (Held 1991). Employment law becoming increasingly interdependent, at the same time, the fragmentation of legal sources increased. It is considered that democracy can only be maintained in the countries of the nation by the creation of a global governance system that supports the power of individual states. The conclusion is, for example, that labor rights can only be maintained if national states ‘work together to control the results of policies’.
Private and private-public regulatory enterprise can help employees by monitoring labour standards, but success on this depends not only on managers and shareholders initiatives, but local and national governments too. However, private regulations do not replace public management but complement it (Mosley 2016). As far as working conditions in many places in the world are not ideal, globalization and technological change gives opportunity to publish cases of forced labour, child labour, poor working conditions.
Schuler and Jackson (1987) explained human resources management (HRM) practices ‘as a system that attracts, develops, motivates, and retains employees to ensure the effective implementation and the survival of the organization and its members’. HRM is an important function within organisation, that focuses on employee recruitment, performance management, employee involvement and training to improve knowledge, skills and abilities of the firm (Huselid 1995). Globalisation has implications on HRM too, and in order to keep efficient it has to adopt multi-national approach by adjusting to different cultures, practises and policies.
HRM has to become champion of globalisation. The role and responsibilities of human resources departments are changing because business is facing globalization pressures. One of the major changes is innovation in the workplace, and companies are increasingly committed to achieving productive work organization (Chaykowski, Giles 1998). Firms need to focus more on attracting human capital rather than financial capital. Demand for talented people grows not only from developed countries but also from developing countries as they seek to build their own country. The primary goal of global human resources is the worldwide management of staff and diverse workforce in the areas of cultural and linguistic skills that are distinguished in different countries.
Previously, the human resources function was generally considered to be the cost center and administrative costs. The human resources departments focused on short-term profit, savings and on administrative efficiency and enforcement. They usually accumulate investments in talented intangible assets, rather than capitalizing and promoting increased short-term profits by reducing discretionary costs for people to develop (Bryan 2007). The role of the modern human resources departments is to focus on the organization's long-term goals. Alternatively, focusing on internal human resource issues, the modern HRM has a balanced and wider approach. They highlight future plans and objectives and value-added initiatives (Adler 1997). For instance, Boots is characterized by better staff managers, improved relationships among colleagues, discourages unfavorable work environments and encourages philanthropy through information activities. The company believes in entry-level vocational training, offering space to move upward over time. In 2001 Boots has become the first such type of company offering formal accreditation to work in the community. This is a model that is now the core of staff innovation.
Since most modern organizations are extremely open systems that are increasingly active in temporary networking tools, Black (1998) suggests that process of globalization has different dimensions, such as economic, social, political, religious and etc. and global firms have to operate in varied countries and territories with diverse, culture, laws and regulations. Passaris (2002) argues that those dimensions can be properly achieved only in borderless, globalized world. Multi-national companies have to execute strategies which is global, meaning - need to embrace closer global and regional integration. As per Vladimic Pucik of IMD, developing and supporting the global mindset is the main strategic driver of global human resource management.
The concept of diversity of human resources is presented as differences and similarities and the tension and complexity associated with them, which may include a set of differences and similarities of any kind. According to Thomas (2010), in terms of labor force diversity, we mean derivatives made up of different employees, clients, functions, citizens, family members or religious movements. This means that the greater the variety of all these factors, the greater the tension is felt and the more difficult and more important it is for human resources practices to manage it. Those factors include gender, age, sexual orientation, ethnicity, external signs such as skin color, religion, beliefs, and health aspects, and also includes different lifestyles, thinking styles, different education and experience.
Diversity management practices can be described as an environment, in which all different employees, irrespective of their similarities and differences, can actively and effectively contribute to the competitive advantage of a company or organization. Kreitner (2001) highlights key issues related to diversity management: diversity applies to all employees, not only covering a range of differences, but also a full range of individual differences that make people unique. In the context of diversity management, differences and similarities are two aspects that need to be addressed and managed at the same time. Managers are therefore expected to integrate the collective mixture of similarities and differences between workers into the organization.
For example, Accenture is a global management consulting and professional services firm that has over 375,000 employees worldwide. They believe that no one should be discriminated against because of differences such as age, disability, ethnicity, gender, sexual identity and expression, religion or sexual orientation. Diversity training in the company is divided into 3 different categories: 1) Diversity awareness - helping people understand the benefits of working with a diverse organization; 2) Diversity management; - managing various teams; and 3) Professional development - creating conditions for women, workers from different ethnic groups build skills for success.
Globalization touches a number of key assumptions about the importance of international ideas and knowledge flows, closer economic integration of countries through the growing flow of goods, services, capital and labor, and cross-border movement of people. Cross-border global assignments will have to become a very important part of career planning and development. Pucik (1998) argues that lesser need for knowledge transfer will be required and most expatriates will be as students, who is going to learn through experiences about markets and different cultures together developing long lasting relationships and networks. The development of global leadership has to be facilitated through internal education which emphasises on global experience, furthermore, environments has to be created and supported where global networks are generated and can flourish.
Other consequence that human resources practices has to manage is employment relations within a distance. International human resource management functions also include international taxation, international relocations and orientations, administrative services for emigrants, host and government relations and language translation services, and therefore international human resource management is more complex to research and manage (Dowling, Festing, Engle 2008). Managing employees over long distances and possibly in several worldwide sites, HR departments face greater challenges when communicating with their employees.
Siebdrat, Hoegland and Ernst (2009) argues that distant communication is more difficult for collaboration and no presence of coworkers decreases close relationship and lead to conflict. To manage stress between employees some complimenting services are suggested, such as manpower consulting, phycological counsellors, stress management trainers, gyms and etc. (Narkhede, Joshi 2008). Moreover, with assistance technology and good planning skills, workers communication can be managed in the effective way.
Technology has changed the way human resources are managing processes, the way firms collect and store information about employees. Innovations such as distance work, virtual teams and online work programs are related to relevant technological innovations. In addition to the impact of technology on human resources processes, Kiesler, Siegel and McGuire (1984) claimed that IT is now mediating between individuals and organizations and relationships between subordinates and supervisors. Information technology can help attract talented workforce, assure effective recruitment, also learning and training. E-selection is being used to select the most talented applicants in four steps: job analysis, job application, tests and interviews.
Globalization, as any other economic phenomenon, has advantages and disadvantages in labor market. The power balance between firm and employees distributed more on the organizations side. However, as globalization is unavoidable, managing it in the right way and applying certain policies can help developing countries increase employment, help people train skills and minimalize inequalities, provide social security (World Bank Policy 2002). Private and private-public enterprises can monitor labor standards together with governments. People are mobilized and can adapt their skills to the certain market worldwide.
Developing countries that have not been able to globalize their economies are at risk of becoming alien to their situation far from the economic development of other countries. Therefore, economic globalization is a fact of life in the global economy. Developing countries should develop their own internal technologies to benefit from globalization. Globalization should provide opportunities for increasing the supply of goods from developing countries to the global market, improving the output of goods and services and, in the long run, improving labor market performance in these countries.
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Get custom essayHuman resources management has an important role in globalization too. HR must focus on the organization's long-term goals and future-oriented plans. Instead of focusing on internal human resource issues, human resources departments have to follow a balanced and broader approach (Adler, Ghadar 1990). By applying information technologies advanced analytical techniques, human resources professionals will gain business insight, predict change, and make informed decisions at operational and strategic levels. Global organizations need not only networks that are collaborative and open to diverse cultures, but also have a great deal of talent. It is crucial to learn manage diversity, avoid cohesion issues and develop global leadership.
Globalization from a personal viewpoint involves the intertwining of different nations across the globe. This could be something as simple as sharing traditions and cultures, or something as complex as adopting another country’s form of government. I see international interaction as something to help our world prosper rather than a detriment to society.
Get original essayThe book Crossing Borders by Harry Chernotsky defines globalization as the political, economic, social, and cultural flows across the international system, including a broad range of interactions, from trade and financial relationships to the integrated communication networks that have developed to facilitate those connections. Globalization takes place every day in all sorts of scenarios, so I am sure that without it, the world would crumble. Simply purchasing a shirt that was made in India would constitute globalization, and those who strongly oppose it have no idea how much it impacts everyday life. If they truly wish to get rid of it, I’d like to see how long they would last only interacting within their own country.
Globalization also connects with technology, as National Geographic describes it. Their definition of globalization describes how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Great innovations such as the World Wide Web have allowed people to learn about news happening in other countries. Keeping up with different affairs across borders is important to stay informed about the world’s whereabouts, especially in times of distress or even war. It is also evident that globalization has made changes in the way we see things now, but not everyone is on the same page. One of the cons to globalization would be the narrowed viewpoints that some people have.
This could lead to prejudices, discrimination, and harassment. There still exist too many people that voice their prejudices against one another, and that leads to social and often political unrest among citizens of any given country. Here in America, there are a lot of people still practicing racism against people of all ethnicities, and it does not help that many politicians are fueling this sort of hatred.
Technology is one of the greatest advancements that has made globalization easier, but it also makes it easy for people to display their hatred online. Websites like Reddit allow users to post almost anonymously, and a lot of people take advantage of this feature to say racist remarks without any consequences. Although issues like these have resulted from globalization and technological advancements, I still think there is plenty of room to grow far away from this. Jim Crow laws were eliminated almost a century ago, and movements such as “Black Lives Matter” have been taking place to showcase how much more still needs to be done to achieve equality among all. I believe that we are on the right track to achieving universal peace, it just might take a while.
Globalization is the process of rapid integration and interconnection between counties. From Bangladesh, because of globalization, we can see when and what is happening in Russia and Ukraine and what impact has been done on Bangladesh Stock Market because of Russia and Ukraine conflict. In a simple way, we can say that globalization as a concept fundamentally deals with flows.
Get original essayFlows of goods, commodities, capital and people move from one part to another part of the world. The flows will be mentioned throughout the discussions. Society and people are 2 undivided matters, over the years globalization creates a major impact on society and in people's life.
Globalization has a great impact to make communication sectors more advanced. Now people can communicate around the world with others via many social networking sites. They get world information in a minute with the Internet. For example, due to COVID-19, many offices run online even education institutions take online classes to cope with the time. Information sectors also improved because of Globalization. Globalization makes counties involved with each other and for that, not only social networking sites but also media have developed a lot. Now on TV people can watch other countries' news, sports, etc.
People can have options at low prices: Globalization opens the trade market so people in their own country can get multiple options in products, such as one particular product they can get made by China, USA in Bangladesh and can buy according to their preferences at different prices, and because of competitions many time products are available at a low price so the lower income people can also afford a good product and can live their life which observed high standard of living in general.
Industries and foreign investment help people to get work to reduce unemployment which helps people to live with their basic necessities and for its country to progress.
Many opportunities were also established. People can move to other countries for jobs or higher studies Bangladeshi students also went to Canada, the USA, Australia, etc to study, even many people from India, Japan, and other countries. According to an article of February 2020 at least 2.5 lacks, foreigners are working in Bangladesh legally. This example shows the flow of people moving from one part to other parts of the world because of globalization as mentioned in the definition. Since it connects people from different countries, so people can get aware of rights, gender equality, and opportunities from developed countries.
Multinational Companies try to invest foreign investment in various parts of the world which create foreign trade between counties. Foreign trade means the exchange of goods or services across the border of countries, and when foreign trade starts in a country, markets get connected between various countries which interconnected the economy of countries. Basically, multinational companies are the agent of globalization.
The number of foreign investments will increase in a country, the more foreign trade will also increase and that will increase the integration of production and market across the countries. For example: For a car starting is made in Bangladesh, tires in South Africa, and the body is produced in America. In such a way integration of market and production will be happening.
In globalization, all matters are very interrelated. It is hard to separate them and each part has an impact on the other.
Foreign Investment has opened up the market. Every country exports important from other countries and earns foreign remittance. One country gets other countries' products in its territory. For example, we can see that in Bangladesh everywhere we can get Chinese products at cheap prices. In this example, the flow of moving goods from one part of the world to other has been seen as per the definition. It is happening due to foreign trade which is an impact of globalization.
Another side of globalization is Competition. When competitors get an increase in the country, every competitor tries to improve their production, and quality which makes the best use of a country's products. And then demand of the products gets high in other countries which creates an opportunity to earn foreign currency. In 2020, Bangladesh was the world's biggest exporter of Non-Knit Men's Shirts, Jute Yarn, Jute, and Other Textile Fibers and Textile Scraps to Germany, the USA, Spain, and Poland.
This is an example of the flow of capital and commodities.
Moreover, when Multinational Companies invest in a country that also helps the internal economy sector of a country. Because industry gets built through foreign investment which creates opportunities for local companies to do business and learn new things from multinational companies, they can grow their prosperity as well.
Technology and improvement of transportation. In the past, globalization was also present at the time but now there is a huge difference from back then, and now globalization has improved with time. In past, people used camel, horse, elephant, or another animal to transport goods but now people used ships, railways, planes, and trucks which can carry more products.
Time: Transportation has sped up and people can in a few hours transfer goods or services from one part of the world to another which makes the business easy and very profitable. So people can do more business at a short time at a cheap price.
And all these sides make countries economically profitable and which is happening because of the vast of globalization.
Business through information and Communication technology: In the era of globalization people can easily do business over the phone or via video conference. Not only that now in hours people can move to the other part of the world and can do business. For example: A news was published that a magazine published for readers in Landon is designed and printed in Delhi. This is also an example of globalization. Two countries doing business together while using technology such as mail, or text and sending it to and having Net baking as well.
As we can see not only one platform, from design, and print to airline and baking all the sectors are getting involved in trade business and having profit in every sector because of globalization.
Every subject matter has both sides of advantages and disadvantages. With many advantages, globalization has a few disadvantages as well from a socio-economic point of view.
Removing trade barriers. If government remove trade barriers then many multinational companies invest and deliver the product at a cheap price because they do not have to pay, the trade was free so consumers go to buy from the multinational companies that hamper small business because they didn't get free trade, they have to bear the cost to produce the product but people prefer to buy the cheap product rather than buying a qualified country produced product at a reasonable price example we can see chines product as an alternative is available for every product at a cheap price then many local small businesses couldn't run for a long time and people lose the job.
In local companies, the workers get paid leave, a good salary, and a bonus for working at a reasonable time but multinational companies' only motive is to earn profit for that they make the workers work extra hours and do not even pay enough many times.
Many times because of options and low prices consumers sometimes over expenses, they buy products at sales even if they do not need them.
Multinational companies may times creates a demand of a product. If creates a demand of seeds when they provide it causes problems to farmers to buy the seeds in extra prices because they could not make a profit moreover, many had to take loans. For example: Recently Prothom Alo newspaper published news that for farmers to produce 1 maund online cost 1255 takas but had to sell at 800 takas as it shows that it causes them great loss they could not even get the money which they invest so how will they pay loans if they have any and how will they survive.Â
Many times people get influenced so much about foreign cultures that they forget their own cultures, they give more importance towards others culture a d forget about their own essence.
Cultural exchange has another impact such as when people try to accept a few foreign culture or system in their life, a group of people cannot support it which create hatred, and violation in society. For example: Taliban in Afghanistan forces women to wear hijab mandatory, they cannot wear any western clothes or anything they like. Hijab is mandatory to wear.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, It would be wrong to assume that globalization has purely on particular dimensions, globalization it connected with social, economics, political, and cultural in every dimension. It can be said that every matter has different aspects, and we should try to use it in the best way possible. Globalization and foreign trade as an impact are very important for us to open the market and even from a social point of view. Government should regulate the trade barriers properly so that local businesses can be established and both sides can be run properly because for any country's development and economic safety local businesses are essential.
After conducting extensive research studying cultures around the world, theorist and social anthropologist Peter Van Der Veer remarked that "the critical elements, like those to be found in the spiritual ideas at the beginning of the 20th century, are missing" (Van Der Veer). Spirituality, a fundamental element at the root of most cultures, has been significantly influenced by the phenomenon of globalization. In the novels Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and Gods Without Men by Hari Kunzru, globalization breaks down cultural barriers by forming an interconnectedness among people, thus challenging one’s sense of spirituality.
Get original essayIn Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe portrays globalization and its effect on spirituality through the theme of tradition versus change. The Igbo, a people that greatly valued their cultural identity, is threatened when white colonialists bring Christianity to Umuofia. Their arrival triggers change within the Igbo culture, causing the tribe to compromise their customs and accommodate the new settlers:
“And at last the locusts did descend. They settled on every tree and on every blade of grass; they settled on the roofs and covered the bare ground. Mighty tree branches broke away under them, and the whole country became the brown-earth color of the vast, hungry swarm” (Achebe, 40).
This passage, drawn from chapter seven of the novel, is symbolic and allegorical for the inescapable arrival of the white missionaries in Umuofia. The locusts have come and “settled on every tree and on every blade of grass”, breaking the “mighty tree branches” under them. These branches, representing the traditions, customs – and therefore the spirituality of the Igbo people – can no longer resist the weight and external pressure brought on by the colonialists. Achebe stresses the destructive nature of the locusts, whose arrival will alter the identity of the Igbo tibe, resulting in the downfall of their culture.
Throughout the novel, globalization is depicted as a weapon of cultural homogenization, destroying the elements that make up the cultural identity of the Igbo people and replacing them with a “uniform” set of values, as imposed by the white men (Everything 2). This is especially demonstrated through the actions of the novel’s protagonist, Okonkwo. After accidentally killing Ezeudu’s son and spending seven years in exile with his family in Mbanta, Okonkwo returns to Umuofia and finds his village changed by the presence of the white men. This is exemplified through the exchanges between Obierika and Okonkwo that occur in chapter twenty of the novel:
“Does the white man understand our custom about land?” “How can he when he does not even speak our tongue? But he says that our customs are bad; and our own brothers who have taken up his religion also say that our customs are bad. How do you think we can fight when our own brothers have turned against us? The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart” (Achebe, 152).
After much effort to reclaim his land by destroying a Christian church, Okonkwo soon realizes that the people of Umuofia are not going to protect themselves or fight for their culture. His tribe, once so deeply rooted in tradition, has changed. Okonkwo, no longer recognizing the society to which he once belonged, commits suicide to avoid being tried in court. The globalization of the Igbo culture ultimately altered the cultural identity of the people and broke down their cultural barriers by forming an interconnectedness among people, thus challenging their cultural values and in turn, their spirituality.
Rather than depicting the loss of spirituality through a globalized culture as found in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, the novel Gods Without Men by Hari Kunzru instead questions the way in which people handle their spirituality in relation to the “unknown”. Through dovetailing plotlines, Kunzru’s fiction revolves around a place in the Mojave Desert known as the Three Pinnacles.
The reader quickly learns that this place holds great significance and means various things to different characters. Whether taking the form of traditional spirituality through religion or through the existence of extraterrestrial life, the Pinnacles are vital to the overall theme of spirituality:
“He’d been a young man, one of nine, covenanted to pray and never cease to pray to Almighty God to avenge the murder of their Prophet upon the Nation, all sworn that they would teach the same to their children and their children’s children unto the third and fourth generation” (Kunzru, 184).
Spirituality is introduced on both the individual and universal level. The main characters, Jaz and Lisa, are central to the novel. Coming from different spiritual backgrounds (Jaz being Punjabi Sikh and Lisa, American-Jewish), their diverging faiths present a clear obstacle to their marriage. Spirituality can also be demonstrated through the native traditions of the Mojave.
For example, through the arrival of the coyote that roams the text in various forms, as well as through the U.F.O. cult that is established at the Three Pinnacles. Although the novel remains mysteriously unanswered and does explicitly state what truly is and what is not, Kunzru’s Gods Without Men is a successful reflection of the globalized spirituality that perpetuates the modern era.
Touching back upon Peter Van Der Veer’s statement regarding spiritual idealism, Van Der Veer adds that “there isn’t even a word for spirituality in Sanskrit” (Van Der Veer). Should we fear that globalization will in fact bring the ultimate deterioration to social values, including that of spirituality? As demonstrated through Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Hari Kunzru’s Gods Without Men, as globalization continues to develop, an interconnectedness will be formed among all people that will result in a cultural homogenization. Our traditions, our customs, our spirituality and our identities will be challenged in this digital age (Kilgour).
This essay will discuss globalization which is a process that refers to international integration among countries, economies, regions, and individuals in order to create a global network. Examples of globalization which occur in real life will be given as well as what causes it and the impact it might have. There are both advantages and disadvantages as a result of globalization, however, I believe that it has been, for the most part, beneficial for the world and the people.
Get original essayGlobalization is a cultural, legal, political and social phenomenon which results in the expansion of international cultural, economic development, political activities. One may consider it being a cultural phenomenon since globalization represents the exchange of culture, language, ideas, knowledge, and technology, among cultures. This leads to greater interactions between different populations. Legally, globalization has impacted how international law is created, enforced, and conserved. Moreover, politics has also been affected, as a result of globalization, because it has given attention to intergovernmental organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations (UN). Countries’ economics, cultures, and societies have flourished at an exceptional level globally. This includes the global networks of communication, trade, transportation, and immigration. It becomes easier to familiarize oneself with others as goods, people, knowledge, and ideas flow easily around the globe, causing a sense of unity. Globalization is not a new concept. Traders traveled great distances in order to buy goods that were expensive and perhaps rare to find in their homelands. During the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, it brought advances in transportation and communication that eased trade across borders and have since continued to develop.
Aforementioned, globalization results in developments in various aspects, for instance, international cultural, economic development, political activities. Countries’ economics, cultures, and societies have flourished at an exceptional level globally. This includes the global networks of communication, trade, transportation, and immigration. It becomes easier to familiarize oneself with others as goods, people, knowledge, and ideas flow easily around the globe, causing a sense of unity. This can be seen in the convergence theory which states “states that as nations transition from the beginning stages of industrialization to highly industrialized nations, the same societal patterns will emerge, eventually creating a global culture”. Furthermore, globalization has lead to more people to have urbanized into cities, and with that, the job market has changed quite drastically. Seeing as people moved away from the agricultural (periphery) landscapes and workforce to cities where the division of labor is focused on more innovative jobs (core). People are now living longer due to better health care and antibiotics, more children survive after they are born, and the parents can also count on the newborn child to survive. Another important consequence of globalization is the technology which has been improved rough innovation, most notably in accordance with the space-time convergent theory - the theory that has granted nations to be brought closer through improved ease of communications and transportation.
As indicate, globalization has affected the world in several different ways, however, if one was solely looking on some positive consequences’ globalization has brought. One major point is that it allows for open lines of communication meaning that people have the ability to communicate with one another more easily. By sharing of culture, and money, and products, between countries that are happening because of international trade, and advances in transportation and communication creates a sense of unity amongst the people. Globalization also encourages free trade. For that reason, consumers can purchase more goods globally at a reduced cost. This will, in turn, lead to businesses creating more work opportunities for individuals. As a result, globalization can raise the standard of living on less developed and poorer countries, when providing opportunities such as work, modernization, with technology, and improved access to goods and services. Lastly, competition between companies will increase with free trade, causing the price of goods to decrease and more products being purchased, which will benefit the consumers and might stimulate additional growth.
There are also disadvantages to Globalization. Billions of people have not benefitted from this economic prosperity. Hans Rosling made this point “The 1 to 2 billion poorest in the world, who don't have food for the day, suffer from the worst disease: globalization deficiency. The way globalization is occurring could be much better, but the worst thing is not being part of it. For those people, we need to support good civil societies and governments.” As I mentioned earlier, job opportunities can be created through globalism, although, they tend to be created in areas where labor cost are the cheapest, which is mostly in less developed and poorer countries. Companies want to produce the cheapest goods and do not need to follow the same rules as more developed countries when they produce goods in poorer countries. Therefore, they give the workers a minimum wage and fewer benefits. One of the strongest arguments against globalization is its negative impact on the environment and its lack of sustainability. Many experts believe that the planet cannot sustain an increasingly global economy, especially if the increased living standards leads people to purchase and demand more consumer goods like clothes and technology. When production and consumption increases globally, consumers use more resources, for instance, water and fossil fuel. Combined with the constant use of airplanes, boats, cars, and other vehicles emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is the main cause of global warming. Further examples of what globalization have caused are climate change, deforestation, and pollution. This has already resulted in climate change and will only rise.
A t-shirt follows one side of globalization. The waving of cotton takes place in lower-wage countries such as China, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Vietnam etc. because it’s cheaper compared to produces the in more developed countries. The finished shirts also called blanks, are sent back to Europe or to the United States to be screen printed. The blanks are then sold to any nation globally. China and India are among the greatest examples of nations that have benefited from globalization, however, there are also many other countries which are fast-growing in Asia, such as Indonesia and Vietnam.
In conclusion, globalization can be defined as being the sharing of culture, products, services, and money among countries, by the reason for international trade and improvements in technology, transportation, and communication. Globalization leads to more affordable products which are accessible for more people, and fewer people live in poverty. However, some disadvantages with globalization are that people, and the environment often suffers. It can reduce job opportunities in more developed countries as the production of goods moves across borders to where production is cheaper leading to people working for little money in less developed countries. Ecological problems such as global warming and climate change is another disadvantage brought by globalization. The topic of globalization can be very difficult and controversial to discuss since it brings both disadvantages and advantages. However, are the advantages greater than the disadvantages? It is hard to say, however, in my opinion, I believe it has for the most part been beneficial for the world and the people at this time.
Globalization is erasing country borders. It’s expanding something to a worldwide scale, and generally making the world a little bit smaller. When you think of globalization in terms of sports, the best example is soccer. Soccer is something that started in 1863 as a simple game played in England by people of humble beginnings and not long after that turned into a worldwide phenomenon (Parrish). Soccer has over 3.5 billion fans worldwide. When you really think about that number you realize how big of a deal that is. That’s about 50% of the world’s population. Meaning that 1 in every 2 people watch, play, and generally enjoy soccer. The globalization aspect of it comes in when you know that its regional popularity is in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas: basically, almost the entire world.
Get original essaySoccer was globalized when the FIFA World Cup was established in 1928. Being the single most watched sporting event in the world, the World Cup is a way to bring the world together in a delightful way. According to FIFA’s website, “It fulfills FIFA’s objectives to touch the world, develop the game, and build a better future through a variety of ways.” They also mention, “As of mid-2007, FIFA has grown to include 208 member associations, thus making it one of the biggest and certainly the most popular sports federation in the world” (“FIFA World Cup”). The World Cup has been held every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when WWII stopped it from being held (“FIFA World Cup”). Countries compete against each other in these tournaments in a process of elimination until one country comes out on top and is titled champion.
Every four years the World Cup is held in a different country known as the host country. In 2006 the host country was Germany, in 2010 it was South Africa, and in 2014 it will be Brazil. Host countries reap plenty of benefits from holding the world cup in their country. Besides bragging rights, countries rake in millions of dollars from tickets, merchandise, and tourism. Germany’s international broadcaster, Deutsche Welle, reports that when the World Cup was held in Germany in 2006, it not only earned their tourism industry $399 million in revenue, but also produced 50,000 new jobs (DW Staff).
An even bigger benefit was proven in 2010 when the World Cup was held in South Africa. The 20 Centers for 2010 campaign was launched. The campaign’s aim is to create 20 Football for Hope centers in various locations in Africa that’s’ purpose is to promote education, football, and public health in disadvantaged communities all across Africa (“FIFA World Cup”). This is a great example of when the benefits of the World Cup go beyond country borders and benefit an entire continent. Being the most viewed sporting event in the world, the World Cup has quite the influence on what happens in the world. So many people wait years to watch the Cup and they take away what is being offered in cases like special campaigns. That being said it’s great to hear that this organization is using their influence in a positive way, that is to better the world.
Another great example of how soccer is globalized is the way that the teams work. When matches aren’t played between national teams, meaning players play with their country of origin, they’re played between football clubs. Football clubs have players from all around the world playing on their team; it’s all based on skill and has nothing to do with nationality. Football clubs are what I believe to be the prime example of what erasing country borders is all about. You can have a football club like Barcelona who has members that are Brazilian, Cameroonian, Argentinian, Dutch and Mexican to name a few, all while located in Spain. Another great example is explained by Daniel Kaplan, “Last season, when the British soccer team Liverpool FC played Real Madrid, the number of Spanish players in Liverpool’s team outnumbered those playing for Madrid” (Kaplan). It’s a system that brings people from all over to work together to achieve a common goal that is to bring entertainment, to play, and ultimately to win. According to Branko Milanovic of Yale Global Online:
Soccer is the most globalized sport. Owners of any sporting team demand and pay for top talent from anywhere in the world. Before 1995, soccer rules in Europe limited the number of foreign players to a handful per club. A Belgian player successfully protested that the rules violated European laws on labor mobility and discrimination. Since then, the doors have opened wide and skills in the game have improved, though talent is increasingly concentrated among the wealthiest teams and nations. (Milanovic)
The fact that they took it as far as bringing up labor laws and discrimination so as to demand to play in a different country’s team shows these players’ passion for playing with a strong team, and their passion for the game. Although players play for football clubs throughout the years, when the World Cup roles around most players return to their country of origin as a way to still represent their national pride.
Over the years, soccer has seen more and more globalization. During my research I came across a couple of charts that explain it all very clearly. There are flags of national teams on the top of the chart and flags of football clubs on the bottom of the chart with lines drawn that connect the two. The lines represent what football club a country’s players play when they don’t play for their national team. These lines are connecting all kinds of combinations of players from different countries and continents (Lemos and Lima). It shows how much of a world effort soccer has become. I saw the 1994 chart and thought that it was quite globalized, with lines drawn connecting the countries of Asia, Europe, South America, and some of Africa, until I came across the 2010 chart. In just 16 years the amount of lines had approximately quadrupled and lines connected a much bigger variety of national countries and football clubs. Oceania and North America where also added to the mix when previously the two continents weren’t as involved. Also countries, like Saudi Arabia, that previously shared the same members on both their national teams and football clubs and didn’t bother mixing with other clubs were now branching out to other places and swapping players with different countries. This increase in expansion across borders is impressive and gives us the idea that the world is in fact becoming a little bit smaller every year and hopefully the future will see an even bigger trace of globalization.
Generally the World Cup is a great example of what globalization is. Soccer started in one country but eventually expanded to include the whole world in this phenomenon. It’s a world effort because one country can't have a world cup on it's own. During the opening ceremony of the World Cup, when stadiums are packed and each country's flag is being represented, when someone from Japan can be sitting next to someone from Brazil, and someone from Spain can be sitting next to someone from South Africa, when everyone in the stadium feels a sense of oneness and that they are truly a global citizen is when country borders are practically erased. It is at this time that soccer becomes more than a sport; it becomes a culture.
Before I give my answer to the questions given to us, I want to share what I already know about Globalization, State, and Nation. Globalization implies the speedup of developments and trades (of human creatures, products, services, capital, advances, or cultural practices) all over the planet. One of the impacts of globalization is that it advances and increments intelligence between diverse districts and populaces around the globe. And states are the individuals or agents of the overseeing classes collected in an administrative body or a politically organized body of individuals ordinarily involving an unequivocal domain. While Nation is a stable community of individuals shaped on the premise of a common dialect, domain, history, ethnicity, or mental makeup shown in a common culture. A country is more plainly political than an ethnic group; it has been portrayed as 'a completely mobilized or institutionalized ethnic bunch'.
Get original essayGlobalization brings reorganization at the worldwide, national, and sub-national levels. Particularly, it brings the reorganization of generation, worldwide exchange, and the integration of budgetary markets. This influences capitalist financial and social relations, through multilateralism and microeconomic occurrence, such as commerce competitiveness, at the worldwide level. The change of manufacturing systems influences the course structure, labor preparation, the application of innovation, and the structure and organization of capital. Globalization is presently seen as marginalizing the less taught and low-skilled specialists. Trade extension will now not consequently infer expanded business. Moreover, it can cause a large compensation of capital, due to its higher portability compared to labor.
Globalization is the method through which occasions and choices in one portion of the world have come to influence individuals in another part of the world and so have driven to more noteworthy inter-locking of distinctive parts of the world. It has frequently been claimed that globalization postures challenge almost the legitimacy of the concept of the nation-state.
The scope of globalization in our world continues to expand. Because of globalization, we experience what we used to experience only in other countries. Due to the extent of globalization, the debate is also growing on whether globalization helps or harms the Filipino way of life. Despite this, there is no denying that globalization continues to affect our way of life. Here are some examples of how globalization affects our daily lives.
According to the articles that I have read, there are positive and negative effects of globalization on states and nations, examples of these effects are colonialism, promotion and increasing interactions between regions and people around the world, exchange of products and services between different places or regions, and more. First colonialism it can be either a positive or negative effect of globalization, it is a negative effect because some countries take control of other lands, regions, and boundaries of the country by turning those lands into their colony. It can be a positive effect of globalization because when the other country stops colonizing the dependent region, it can help the region to have knowledge about different things, like political development, technology advancement, improving the health and care systems, enhancement of civilization and literacy through education.
Next is the promotion and increasing interactions between regions and people around the world and the exchange of products and services between different places or regions. Sectorial integration could be a procedure in which neighboring states enter into an understanding in arrange to update participation through common teachings and rules. Regional Integration is additionally known as the method by which two or more nation-states concur to participate and work closely together to make peace, steadiness, and prosperity.
Regional integration makes a different nation to overcome divisions that obstruct the stream of merchandise, administrations, capital, individuals, and concepts. These divisions are a limitation to financial development, particularly in creating nations. The World Bank Group help its client in different countries to advertise regional integration through common physical and organizational infrastructure. Divisions between nations made by topography, destitute framework, and wasteful approaches are a hindrance to financial development. Regional integration permits nations to overcome these expensive divisions by joining merchandise, administrations, and factors’ markets, hence encouraging the stream of trade, capital, vitality, individuals, and concepts. Regional integration can be advanced through common physical and organizational foundations. Particularly, regional integration requires participation between nations in: Trade, venture, and household regulation; Transport, ICT, and vitality infrastructure; Macroeconomic and money-related policy; The arrangement of other common open merchandise (e.g. shared normal assets, security, education). Cooperation in these zones has taken distinctive organization shapes, with diverse levels of arrangement commitments and shared sway, and has had diverse needs in several world locales.
Regional integration can lead to considerable financial picks up. Regional integration permits nations to: Improve advertising efficiency; Share the costs of open products or expansive foundation projects; Decide arrangements agreeably and have a stay to reform; Have a building block for worldwide integration; Procure other non-economic benefits, such as peace and security.
Although, there are possibilities to territorial integration that got to be recognized and overseen. Nations may have distinctive inclinations on needs for regional integration, depending on their communication gap, financial topography, or inclinations for sway in particular zones. Regional integration’s effect on exchange and speculation streams, allotment of financial action, development, and pay dissemination is frequently troublesome to survey. The need of satisfactory complementary approaches and education may lead to wasteful results. For occurrence, approach obstructions at the border may balance the picks up transport foundation participation. Regional integration makes champs and washouts, eminently inside nations. Approaches and teaching are required to guarantee that regionalism is comprehensive and social, natural, and administration risks are overseen.
One of the possible advantages of globalization is to provide opportunities through risk diversification to reduce macroeconomic uncertainty in production and consumption. In a global economy, power is a company's ability to manage both tangible and intangible assets that, regardless of location, generate customer loyalty. Regardless of size or geographical position, by using its greatest assets: its ideas, competence, and contacts, a business can meet global expectations and tap into global networks, prosper and serve as a world-class thinker, producer, and trader. On the net impact of globalization on economic development, some analysts have an optimistic outlook.
Over the years, numerous studies have studied these results, seeking to quantify the influence of globalization on the economies of different nations using variables such as trade, capital flows, and their transparency, GDP per capita, foreign direct investment (FDI), and more. Using time-series cross-sectional data on trade, FDI, and portfolio investment, these studies examined the effects of several components of globalization on development. Although they provide an overview of the economic growth of the individual components of globalization, some of the findings are inconclusive or even contradictory.
On the other hand, the results of those studies appear to favor the optimistic stance of economists, rather than the one taken by the public and non-economist opinions. Trade between nations encourages development through the use of a competitive advantage, which is due to a strong link between openness to trade flows and the effects on global growth and economic efficiency. Furthermore, the positive relationship between capital flows and their effect on economic growth is strong.
The Financial effect of globalization in countries, it compels businesses to adjust to diverse methodologies based on modern ideological patterns that attempt to adjust the rights and interface of both the person and the whole community. This alter empowers businesses to compete around the world conjointly means an emotional alter for trade pioneers, labor, and administration by honestly tolerating the interest of specialists and the government in creating and executing company approaches and procedures. Chance decrease through expansion can be finished through company association with universal money-related teaching and collaborating with both neighborhood and multinational businesses.
No advancement has challenged the ordinary state-centric picture of world politics more drastically than the rise of globalization. Globalization, in fact, can be seen as the buzzword of our time. Among lawmakers, for the occasion, the customary intelligence is the twenty-first century will be the ‘global century. Globalization is the emergence of a complex web of interconnecting meaning that our lives are increasingly formed by the occasions that happen, and choices that are made, at a great distance from us. The central highlight of globalization is in this manner that geographical distance is of declining pertinence which regional borders, such as those between nation-states, are getting to be less significant.
Today, the world legislative issues (or worldwide administration) are organized around choices made by many worldwide legislative bodies impacted by effective states, private actors(like MNCs), and non-legislative players. It might seem as well as untimely or as well idealist to conversation almost the rise of a “global state.” Globalization influences a parcel of things. Among them is the status of the nation-state within the universal framework. Being the central or as a few contend as it was universal performing artists, states nowadays are confronting the challenge of losing both their restraining infrastructure on universal undertakings and parts of their sway.
It used to be that slow writing to communicate with people who were far away. But because of globalization, it is now easier for us to have communication with our family and friends abroad. Due to the results of technologies such as Facebook and Viber, it only takes seconds to communicate with people who are far or who are working overseas. This is one of the examples of how globalization has changed family and friendship. We used to go to the library to read and we even borrowed books from the library to study. Now with just one click, we can read the answers to our questions. We have faster access to books and articles through Google, Bing, Hotbot, Web crawler, Excite, and Yahoo. Also, due to globalization, we are gaining easier access to imported products and services. Many stores in the Philippines are companies that came from abroad. The only examples of these are McDonald's, Nike, Uniqlo, Samsung, iPhone, and other products that we can buy from other countries. Those are just a few examples of the ways in which globalization affects our daily lives.
The effect of globalization shifts with respect to the quality of the state. All states are influenced by the whole handle of globalization, but a danger to the sway and the independence of the state gets more influenced in regard of powerless states than powerful ones. By powerful states, we cruel those nations that have the capacity to impact the standards of the worldwide economy and indeed the power to control their claim integration into the world economy. Some industrialized nations just as the Joined together States have played a great part in forming globalization. The choices are taken by these nations to deregulate and liberalize economies affect the stream of cash, products, administrations, and multinational movement over borders, which are related to globalization. The decisions taken by the Joined together States and European nations between the 1960s and the 1970s laid the establishment for the globalization of cash and capital streams. It is, in any case, not genuine that no limitations are forced on powerful states by globalization. A key illustration is a way worldwide capital markets can correct a quick and devastating discipline on any government undertaking by unseemly money-related or trade rate approach.
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Get custom essayThe financial development in globalization is regularly due to quick mechanical progressions and changes within the gathering of data and communications. Globalization has continuously existed but today's globalization has been a much more quick and more intense handle than in the past. The address here is whether today's globalization debilitates the country state and whether it undermines national control over the economy. We are attempting to decide whether globalization leads to a more noteworthy social and financial imbalance in society. We are going to start by talking about how the globalization of the economy has played the biggest part in changing today's world. States have released their approaches in arrange to energize other countries to contribute and take part in their markets. As already specified, the social impact on work laborers inside created countries is getting to be increasingly negative.
In popular discourse, globalization is often synonymous with internationalization, referring to the growing interconnectedness and interdependence of people and institutions throughout the world. Although these terms have elements in common, they have taken on technical meanings that distinguish them from each other and from common usage. Internationalization is the less theorized term. Globalization, by contrast, has come to denote the complexities of interconnectedness, and scholars have produced a large body of literature to explain what appear to be ineluctable worldwide influences on local settings and responses to those influences. Influences of global scale touch aspects of everyday life. For example, structural adjustment policies and international trading charters, such as the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), reduce barriers to commerce, ostensibly promote jobs, and reduce the price of goods to consumers across nations.
Get original essayYet they also shift support from “old” industries to newer ones, creating dislocations and forcing some workers out of jobs, and have provoked large and even violent demonstrations in several countries. The spread of democracy, too, is part of globalization, giving more people access to the political processes that affect their lives, but also, in many places, concealing deeply rooted socioeconomic inequities as well as areas of policy over which very few individuals have a voice. Even organized international terrorism bred by Islamic fanaticism may be viewed as an oppositional reaction–an effort at deglobalization–to the pervasiveness of Western capitalism and secularism associated with globalization. Influences of globalization are multi-dimensional, having large social, economic, and political implications. A massive spread of education and of Western-oriented norms of learning at all levels in the twentieth century and the consequences of widely available schooling are a large part of the globalization process. With regard to the role of schools, globalization has become a major topic of study, especially in the field of comparative education, which applies historiographic and social scientific theories and methods to international issues of education.
Globalization is both a process and a theory. Roland Robertson, with whom globalization theory is most closely associated, views globalization as an accelerated compression of the contemporary world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a singular entity. Compression makes the world a single place by virtue of the power of a set of globally diffused ideas that render the uniqueness of societal and ethnic identities and traditions irrelevant except within local contexts and in scholarly discourse. The notion of the world community being transformed into a global village, as introduced in 1960 by Marshall McLuhan in an influential book about the newly shared experience of mass media, was likely the first expression of the contemporary concept of globalization. Despite its entry into the common lexicon in the 1960s, globalization was not recognized as a significant concept until the 1980s, when the complexity and multidimensionality of the process began to be examined. Prior to the 1980s, accounts of globalization focused on a professed tendency of societies to converge in becoming modern, described initially by Clark Kerr and colleagues as the emergence of industrial man.
Although the theory of globalization is relatively new, the process is not. History is witness to many globalizing tendencies involving grand alliances of nations and dynasties and the unification of previously sequestered territories under such empires as Rome, Austria-Hungary, and Britain, but also such events as the widespread acceptance of germ theory and heliocentricism, the rise of transnational agencies concerned with regulation and communication, and an increasingly unified conceptualization of human rights. What makes globalization distinct in contemporary life is the broad reach and multidimensionality of interdependence, reflected initially in the monitored set of relations among nation-states that arose in the wake of World War I. It is a process that before the 1980s was akin to modernization, until modernization as a concept of linear progression from traditional to developing to developed–or from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft as expressed by Ferdinand Toennies–forms of society became viewed as too simplistic and unidimensional to explain contemporary changes. Modernization theory emphasized the functional significance of the Protestant ethic in the evolution of modern societies, as affected by such objectively measured attributes as education, occupation, and wealth in stimulating a disciplined orientation to work and political participation.
The main difficulty with modernization theory was its focus on changes within societies or nations and comparisons between them–with Western societies as their main reference points–to the neglect of the interconnectedness among them, and, indeed, their interdependence and the role played by non-Western countries in the development of the West. Immanuel Wallerstein was among the earliest and most influential scholars to show the weaknesses of modernization theory. He developed world system theory to explain how the world had expanded through an ordered pattern of relationships among societies driven by a capitalistic system of economic exchange. Contrary to the emphasis on linear development in modernization theory, Wallerstein demonstrated how wealthy and poor societies were locked together within a world system, advancing their relative economic advantages and disadvantages that carried over into politics and culture. Although globalization theory is broader, more variegated in its emphasis on the transnational spread of knowledge, and generally less deterministic in regard to the role of economics, world system theory was critical in shaping its development.
The Role of EducationAs the major formal agency for conveying knowledge, the school features prominently in the process and theory of globalization. Early examples of educational globalization include the spread of global religions, especially Islam and Christianity, and colonialism, which often disrupted and displaced indigenous forms of schooling throughout much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Postcolonial globalizing influences of education have taken on more subtle shapes. In globalization, it is not simply the ties of economic exchange and political agreement that bind nations and societies, but also the shared consciousness of being part of a global system. That consciousness is conveyed through ever larger transnational movements of people and an array of different media, but most systematically through formal education.
The inexorable transformation of consciousness brought on by globalization alters the content and contours of education, as schools take on an increasingly important role in the process. Structural adjustment policies. Much of the focus on the role of education in globalization has been in terms of the structural adjustment policies of the World Bank and other international lending organizations in low-income countries. These organizations push cuts in government expenditures, liberalization of trade practices, currency devaluations, reductions of price controls, shifts toward production for export, and user charges for and privatization of public services such as education.
Consequently, change is increasingly driven largely by financial forces, government reliance on foreign capital to finance economic growth, and market ideology.
In this paper, we will research what globalization is, how it's influenced our world, and whether is globalization the cause of why the rich are getting richer and the poor poorer.
Get original essayFor the 21st century, the process of globalization is a topic that has millions of different views. Especially today, globalization is taking on a newer, faster, and more thorough form. This is due, in large part, to political and trade policies that have allowed economic structuring to open up in a way that facilitates both domestic and international trade.
There is no definition of globalization in a universally accepted way. The reason is that globalization includes many complex processes with varying dynamics reaching different areas of a company. It may be a phenomenon, an ideology, strategy, or all together. IMF defines globalization as 'the increase in economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of goods and services transactions across borders, international capital flows more freely and faster, but also a wider diffusion technology.'
Globalization refers to the increasing unification of the world's economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees and import quotas. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word 'globalization' was first employed in a publication entitled “Towards New Education” in 1930, to denote a holistic view of human experience in education.
Many researchers divide the globalization process into two waves: before the First World War and after the Second World War. “There was a long period characterized by persistently low international trade until 1800, globally the index never exceeded 10% before 1800”. This changed over the course of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution started a huge race of globalization, especially in Europe. The technological advances triggered a period of marked growth in world trade, the so-called “first wave of globalization”.
The first wave of globalization led to the First World War which broke the whole balance in world markets. The post-World War I recession was slow, and that slowness led to the decline of liberalism and the rise of nationalism. “There was a huge drop of growth in the interwar period”. After the Second World War trade started growing again. This new -and ongoing- wave of globalization has seen international trade grow faster than ever before. Today the sum of exports and imports across nations amounts to more than 50% of the value of total output.
There are two sides to the subject of “Is globalization good or bad?”. The supporters of the globalization process argue that it has the potential to make this world a better place to live in and solve some of the deep-seated problems like unemployment and poverty. On the other hand, the general complaint about the process of globalization is that it has made the rich richer while making the non-rich poorer. To be more clear, positive aspects of globalization might include; building up the economic and social structures of struggling countries, learning about and sharing of new and interesting cultures, and the opportunity to fight with serious issues like unemployment, disease, and natural disasters. Globalization has perks, but there are some arguments about it. They include; the maltreatment of weaker and poorer economies by those that are tougher, the creation of a single world culture, and the process of the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer.
Poor are getting poorer is the biggest argument of anti-globalists. After the devastation and losses of World War II, the world population stood at about 2.5 billion and many people feared that famine would spread, that gaps between the rich and the poor would increase, and disorders would become ever more frequent. However, “around the globe, despite significant differences from country to country, life expectancy has increased from 48 to 71 years and per capita income has expanded by 500%”.
According to IMF’s research in 2007, globalization is good, and not just for the rich, but especially for the poor. The growing economies of India and China lifted 200 million people out of abject poverty in the 1990s as globalization took of. “In the next eight years, almost one billion people across Asia will take a “Great Leap Forward” into a new middle class.” As a worldwide example, since 1990, the share of people in low-income countries living in extreme poverty has diminished from 47% to 14%. And progress is not just demographic. Over the last ten years, major discoveries have been made, such as three-dimensional printing, the first implantation of an entirely artificial heart, and cancer immunotherapy to name a few.