Our Previous Samples

In this case first we have to identify the word GIS that is what is GIS. The meaning of word “GIS” is Geographic information System, Also there are so many, definitions to Geographic information system following definiens are some of them.

• A system is a group of connected entities and activities which interact for a common purpose.
• A system intended to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of geographic data.

GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical, analysts, and data base technology. So now we can talk about basically GIS technology is more useful in technical practice of Civil Engineering, In the preparatory phase is focused on spatial allocation of the building structure, check of best its feasibility and usefulness, road structure projects worked out, variant more detailed solution of technical problems of the building structure are projected.

In process of working on project various forms of basic source materials as well as the results of actual data capture, map documents previous resources photographs referring to the solved problem and appropriate legal and technical direction have been used. GIS technology often interconnected with modern technologies of data capture on the base of geodetic methods making use of GPS, total station or other powerful electronic system. In the following, text you will find further practical possibilities how to take advantage of GIS in the Civil Engineering.

GIS plays a vital role and serves as a complete platform in every phase of infrastructure life cycle. Under the infrastructure planning is a important thing. In the planning process it give us the well organized data. Which can help professionals to combat Complex scenarios relating to the selection of site, environmental impact,

Study of ecosystem, managing risk regarding the use of natural resources, sustainability issues, Managing traffic congestion, Routing of roads and pip lines, Economic analysis benefit alternative analysis, environmental impact mitigation etc. Then the next important aspect under the infrastructure is collection of data when we talk about the data collection precise and accurate data set is more important to held a successful project.

So the GIS data set is that kind of data set which have all the correct tools and functions. Also it gives users to access to the required data which they want in reasonable time also. As examples if anyone analysis about topography, field survey, subsurface geology, imaging, hydrology, wetlands, traffic and other site specific designs perfect data set will be very important. They the next aspect is environmental analysis, Analysis is one of the major and most influential phase of infrastructure life cycle. Analysis guides us about the validity of correctness of design or we can say that analyses is a method which supports our design some of the analyses that can be performed by GIS are.

• Water distribution analysis.
• Traffic capacity.
• Volume calculations.
• Environmental impact.
• Soil load analysis.
• Material consumption
• Site feasibility analysis.
• River or canals pattern analysis.
• Temperature and humidity analysis.

The Next Aspect is Design. This allows creation of new infrastructure data for new civil works including grading,contouring,specifications,cross sections,design calculations,mass haul plans, environmental mitigation plans and equipment staging. This includes integration with traditional design tool such as CAD and databases for new design capabilities.

Next One is Construction. This aspect is the most close aspect for the community that’s the stage when all layout plans and paper work and other designs come in to the real world applications. In this case basically GIS helps to professionals to understand about those side works which happen during the construction. Also those GIS applications helps to professionals to keep their construction works within their budget as well as to manage their labourers well and utilize their resources efficiently like,

• Timely usage of construction equipment.
• Managing working hours.
• Payment calculations.
• Material tracking.
• Traffic management.

The data collection as built surveying is the next aspect as we all the another GIS application in civil engineering field. In this case GIS provides the tools to collect precise site data anddocument existing conditions with as built surveying infrastructure data,operators use defined,operational,industry standard data models. As built surveying with GIS technology permits the surveyor to deliver data into operational GIS,eliminating costly data conversion and reducing errors.

Our Next Application is Operations. We can introduce this as a maintenance also these operations areControlled by modelling of site data and baselines prepared in planning phase compared those operations. Most commonly modelling of sites are in the form of raster images of CAD drawings. These things really helpful to professionals to keep the track of timely operations of activities without any obstacle. It will help to efficiency of the site.

Also using GIS can make a record of work that has been completed and can give us a visualization in the form of thematic maps which will guide us about rate of operations, completed operations as well as pending operations. Also, we can get a good idea about history of our work. Also went professionals doing their network tracings topological characteristics of GIS applications are very useful to complete their work well.

Some women obsess over handbags, but for others shoes are the apple of their eye, and I come under second category. I love experimenting on my foot fall, sometimes to show off my new dress or jeans, and sometimes just to accentuate the illusion of height.

However I don’t agree elfin should always look for six inch stiletto at all times. Being comfortable can still means fashionable, and thanks to the great choice of stylish flats available all over the world where you don’t have to compromise your style for comfort. But if you want extra height, below are some quick Do's and Don't for those of you who wish to accentuate your height.

Nude Heels your BFF Purchase a pair of nude heels. “Nude” in this sense, refers to the shade that closely blends in with your skin tone. As a result, you add more length onto your leg while making it obvious that your extra length comes from the heels. Live your life high with Classic Pumps and Stiletto Classic pumps come in various heel sizes but none of them are very high or very narrow, Pumps can be worn as casuals as well as formal shoes whereas Stiletto Worn by women on formal and festive occasions as they have usually thin heel of 1inch to 10 inches. Both pump and stiletto will create the illusion of longer length, making your legs look more slender and attractive. Go crazy with Peep Toes Shoes with peep toes are a good choice because they tend to elongate the foot and thus make you look taller Don't be afraid of Pointed toe

When choosing a toe, opt for a pointed front so that it will add length.Be stylish with your Comfy Shoes If you’re travelling, I suggest leaving the uncomfortable shoes at home. But that doesn’t mean you need to bring ugly running shoes. I suggest a pair of cute sneakers, loafers, flat boots, and a pair of comfortable sandals. Big NO to Wedges

Women love wedges because they gives additional steadiness when walking. However, the large soles of any wedge shoes increase a heavy look to the leg.

Avoid Shoes with Chunky Heels Like wedges, shoes with big, chunky heels might give women more steadiness while walking, but again, the large heel doesn't actually contribute to a short woman's look. This heel style is not pleasing because it will make legs looks more short and heavier.

Better to be on ground

There is nothing wrong with a little platform for a short woman, and certainly, it will provide a little lift, but shoes with thrilling platforms make a short woman appear almost as though she's walking on poles, which I feel not exactly the style statement any women would like to make. Don't wrap, avoid wearing ankle straps

If you have short legs and you choose to wear a style that wraps around your leg or ankle, you are going to give an illusion of short leg instead of long one. And even if you want to choose go for thin straps that sit low on the ankle that are nude or skin tone, which will help to elongate your legs.

Do not ever go for square or rounded toes as they will only make your legs look shorter.

f you choose to wear heels that are short, try to make sure, they are at least 2” in order to give you some lift. Anything shorter than that and you can find a pair of flats that would be much more attractive than a short kitten heel.

Boots that end at mid-calf make a horizontal line right across the thickest part of the calf. Not only does this break up the appearance of a long, slim leg, but it also introduces a cut-off line. A much better style choice for elfin who want to wear boots is a sleek, knee-high boot or ankle boots

If you choose to wear shoes with higher heels, bring an extra, shorter pair just in case. Read 'the science of wearing heels' to see the implications of wearing high heels in the long term.

The glamorous salon is where luxury meets sophistication in a sparkling setting that seduces the eyes. Mirror furniture, rich fabrics and metallic accents combine to create a look that plays on extravagance.

Chandeliers with shimmering crystal cascades and faux fur brings softness to every home. All this tempting you?

Discover a lot of decorating ideas glamorous salon to sublimate your interior space!

In the following lines you will be able to be inspired by our selection of photos and discover many tips and advice for your home interior decorating .

The glamorous style is appreciated by many people and is becoming more and more popular in luxurious interior design. If you like such interiors and wonder how to appropriate them in your own space, we are here to give you a hand. Today we are going to see how to create a glamorous living room interior.

What colors for my glamorous living room decor?

Most of you may think that the glamorous style puts on pink and shades of pink, but it is not mandatory. You can opt for the shades of pink and lilac in case you want to give a feminine touch to your interior. You can also try neutrals and pure white. These colors are timeless and you would not have to worry about it going out of fashion. Shades of gray, from gray dove to graphite are also welcome in a glamorous space. Black and white is a very nice monochrome option that you can diversify with shades of pink, purple and bright metallic tones.

While the glamorous decor is distinguished by bold themes and seductive textures, the color scheme is a blend of sobriety and sophistication. Gold and silver play a prominent role in surfaces and bindings with a gold finish. Soft pink and shades of white harmonize with the metals. While smooth gray and creamy neutral tones create the basis of this elegant look.

Want to get a beautiful glamorous living room decor?

Everything in the details. The comfort and elegance must be in harmony with a refined decor and luxurious furniture that will attract you in a seductive atmosphere. A plush sofa covered with decorative pillows and faux fur creates the ambience of this glamorous style. A few sparkling elements, a bold print and chic vases filled with fresh flowers will bring a touch of glamor and more. While femininity plays an important role in this type of design, sophistication reigns

How to choose my sofa for a glamorous living room decor?

Glamorous sofas are the essence of luxury. Tufted or purified fabrics, wavy arms and wavy backs are just some of the features that make a sofa the centerpiece of a Glamor living room. Whether you prefer a neutral or bold design, above all, look for a sofa that suits your tastes.

Faux fur fabrics are at the top in glamorous design

Add to your glamorous space a luxurious look with faux fur fabrics draped over sofas, chairs and even on the floor. Soft and sensual, faux fur plays on the tactile senses to promote relaxation and inspire comfort.

Mirrors take an important place in every glamorous living room decor

The mirrors give a glamorous touch to your space and add a lot of pep to the set. Opt for mirrored furniture to add depth and sparkle to the main room. Side tables, vases and decorative wall mirrors create a chic and sophisticated effect.

We put on metal keys for more sumptuousness

Decorative gold or silver accents add a rich and opulent touch to the glamorous lounge design. Warm yellow gold contrasts perfectly with neutral furniture. While bright silver highlights the room with a subtle luster.

Create a distinctive look with unique decorative pieces that reflect your sense of style. Decorative sculptures, geometric accents and figurines are a great way to showcase your personality. It's time to find provocative furniture or modernize your old furniture in something innovative and unusual. Furniture is an important part of every living room. They talk not only about the design of your interior space, but also about you.

A carpet in my glamorous living room decor, why not?

Although it is often an underrated decorative element, carpets are an important part of a glamorous living room. Bold patterns, bright colors, luxurious materials and patterns give your space a glamorous look. Consider your furniture and decoration before choosing the perfect carpet. This one must bring a finishing touch in addition but without being the element in excess.

The key to a glamorous design or decor is to create a captivating and seductive look using the right textures, materials and colors.

In the case of the living room, you can do this by choosing a palette of simple colors such as that based on shades of gray, and enriching it with textures and sophisticated finishes. Blue is also a beautiful color. Combine it with neutral accents and do not forget to play with textures, patterns and shapes. Some color combinations are glamorous by nature. For example, black combined with golden accents will always be elegant and exquisite. A black velvet sofa can be a nice focal point for the room and you can complement it with golden accent details.

It is also very important to choose the right lighting for the room. It must be soft, subtle and focused around certain key elements. For example, a lamp in the corner of the living room can showcase an elegant side table or a beautiful curtain.

Some prefer that their living room be as simple as possible. Others appreciate a more glamorous approach. With a little inspiration, you can try to find a balance. The living room is generally perceived as the most important space in the house, so it is the ideal starting point for such a project.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Formation and Development
3. Scientific Developments
4. Location of the Hotspot
5. Hypothesis for the future
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

Introduction

The glass house mountains are a group of large hills scattered across the sunshine coast region in Queensland Australia. The mountains received their names form the indigenous community however their shared name (the glass house mountains) was named by Lieutenant captain cook in 1770. Many ideas have been theorized regarding the formation of the mountains including several indigenous dream time stories, however, as scientific research has developed it is believed that the formation can be proven by the plate tectonic theory. In order to confirm this statement, it is necessary to discuss how the mountains have developed over the last 32 million years, the scientific theories that have led to the development of this claim, and a hypothesis concerning future volcanic activity in Australia.

Formation and Development

Scientists are confident that the formation of the Glass house mountains was not due to the subduction of tectonic plates because the continent of Australia is not near a plate boundary and therefore would not have been heavily affected if subduction had occurred. It was established that the formation of the mountains began 32 million years ago as the Indo-Australian plate moved over a large hotspot under the earth’s crust located in the asthenosphere. The hotspot applied immense pressure on the rock above, forcing magma through the weak sections in the crust. As a result, forming many active volcanoes scattered across the sunshine coast of Australia, now known as the glass house mountains. The hot spot and the volcanic activity covered large sums of the nearby land in a thick coating of basalt, leaving the molten plugs of the volcanoes covered and protected. As the tectonic plate continued to move in a north-easterly direction carrying the volcanoes away from the hotspot it allowed them to cool and become extinct as the magma supply had ceased. The plugs hardened to make extremely hard rhyolite and trachyte plugs under a layer of basalt. Over millions of years, the basalt covering the hardened plugs was weathered and eroded away exposing the plugs, this is how the extrusive mountains are known to this day.

Scientific Developments

Alfred Wegener, a meteorologist, developed the continental drift theory in the years 1908-1912. Wegener presented the idea that hundreds of millions of years ago all the continents were joined together as a supercontinent he had named ‘Pangea’, but over time have broken away. He believed this to be accurate because the borders of the continents seemed to fit together like a puzzle and groups of fossils were found to be connected over continents. In 1915 Wegener published a book explaining his discoveries and however fascinating it was not enough to convince the world of his theory. Many people did doubt his theory because not only was Wegener not a geologist, but he had made calculation errors in his published research. However, the largest flaw in his claim was that he was largely deficient in evidence regarding how the continents did separate due to the lack of technology at that time. The continental drift theory was mostly correct and although Wenger is not alive to witness it, the theory is now partially accepted by the scientific community.

Plate tectonics theory is the modified and scientifically approved version of the continental drift theory. Plate tectonics is the concept that the earth’s crust is broken into different plates that sit above the mantle. The movement of magma in the mantle (convection currents) cause the plates to contact, thus causing subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, earthquakes, and tsunamis. There are three different types of plate boundaries, convergent (when the plates push together), divergent (when the plates pull away from the other), and transformed (when two plates slide past each other). This theory was developed using the help of modern-day technology that was not available to Wegener. GPS technology was used to confirm that the continents were indeed moving, magnetic readings detected the seafloor spreading, seismic monitoring found strong evidence regarding the earthquakes occurring along plate boundaries, and deep-sea drills and eco sounders assisted in the discovery of the ocean ridges. However, the fossil samples that Wegener had used were also a large part of developing the correct theory regarding plate tectonics.

Location of the Hotspot

Convection currents are the movements in the semi-plastic mantle that cause the tectonic plates to move. This occurs due to heat being unevenly distributed in the core of the Earth, thus heating different parts of the magma in the mantle causing parts to be less dense and rise, eventually cool and gain density and sink back below to the heated section and restart this process. This action triggers a circular motion in the mantle that pushes the plate above forwards into another. A convection current has been moving the Indo- Australian plate in a North-Easterly direction for longer than 32 million years. Geologists have theorized using satellite GPS technology that the Indo- Australian plate is moving approximately 7cm per year. Using the knowledge that the glass house mountains ceased all volcanic activity 26 million years ago (when the plate moved them from the hot spot) it is hypothesized that the hot spot is now located 1820 km from the last glass house mountain. Therefore, it is likely that the east Australian hot spot is now located just above the Tasmania region of Australia in the bastrait.

Hypothesis for the future

“The East Australia hotspot is a volcanic hotspot that forces magma up at weak sports in the Indo-Australian Plate to form volcanoes. The hotspot is currently located in Eastern Australia. Therefore, the Australian continent will have future volcanic activity.” This claim is a valid prediction of Australia’s future. Volcanic activity is likely to occur on the island of Tasmania because previous volcanoes formed in a roughly southwesterly direction due to the plate moving in a north-easterly direction. Tasmania is lined up in the same direction as the previous volcanoes formed on the main island and is directly south from Mt Schank and Mt Gambier which are the youngest Australian volcanoes/mountains, both erupted only 5000 years ago. Although it is not certain that the continent will experience volcanic activity, it is possible all activity will form on the oceanic crust to the side of Tasmania. However, lava fields have been already detected in Tasmania as a result of close proximity to the hotspot. If the activity does occur on the island of Tasmania it is unlikely to occur within the next million years and will not be nearly as substantial as the formation of the glass house mountains. Small fissure volcanoes or magma chambers are the extent of the expected activity to develop, this is due to the cooling of the hotspot over the period of time after forming the glass house Mountains. This can be inferred because the volcanoes that have developed in a southwest direction from the glass house mountains have decreased in size and have become less explosive.

Another hypothesis raised is the possibility of the convection currents converging the Indo -Australian plate and the Pacific plate to eventually cause a subduction zone and if large enough could eventually form volcanoes on the continent of Australia. However, this is unlikely for many millions of years and due to the continent’s placement on the plate.

Conclusion

In summary, the glasshouse mountains are a range of peaks located on the sunshine coast of Australia, formed by the Indo-Australian plate moving over a hotspot forming various volcanoes. The plate has been moving in a north-easterly direction for over 32 million years. As the volcanoes moved from the hotspot, they were cut off from a magma supply and began to cool. Over millions of years, the basalt exterior was eroded form the now extinct volcanoes, and the rhyolite and trachyte plugs were exposed. This information was uncovered using the modified version of continental drift (Alfred Wegener’s theory), called plate tectonics. It is hypothesized that the east Australian hotspot is currently located north of Tasmania in the Bastrait and will continue to produce volcanic activity in the future. The activity is expected to be located in Tasmania and be minor in comparison to the glass house mountains because the hotspot’s temperature has decreased throughout the last 32 million years.

Bibliography

1. ABC News. (2019). Australia's coordinates out by more than a metre, scientists say. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-28/aust-latitude-longitude-coordinates-out-by-1-5m-scientists/7666858 [Accessed 6 Jun. 2019].
2. Earth How. (2019). Indo-Australian Plate: Tectonic Boundaries and Movement - Earth How. [online] Available at: https://earthhow.com/indo-australian-plate/ [Accessed 6 Jun. 2019].
3. Geomaps.com.au. (2019). The effect of the mantle hotspot on Eastern Australia. [online] Available at: http://www.geomaps.com.au/scripts/mantlehotspot.php [Accessed 6 Jun. 2019].
4. Mary-cairncross.com.au. (2019). Glasshouse Mountains Geology. [online] Available at: https://www.mary-cairncross.com.au/glasshouse-mountains-geology.php [Accessed 6 Jun. 2019].
5. Science, L. and Earth, P. (2019). What Is Plate Tectonics?. [online] Live Science. Available at: https://www.livescience.com/37706-what-is-plate-tectonics.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2019].
6. Sunshine Coast Council. (2019). Backward Glance: The history of the name Glass House Mountains. [online] Available at: https://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/Council/News-Centre/Backward-Glance-and-the-history-of-the-name-Glass-House-Mountains-300816 [Accessed 6 Jun. 2019].
7. ThoughtCo. (2019). The Continental Drift Theory: Revolutionary and Significant. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/continental-drift-theory-4138321 [Accessed 6 Jun. 2019].
8. Volcanodiscovery.com. (2019). Newer Volcanics Province. [online] Available at: https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/newer-volcanics-prov.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2019].
9. https://www.weekendnotes.com/glass-house-mountains-guide/135906/
10. https://www.mary-cairncross.com.au/glasshouse-mountains-geology.php
11. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continental-drift/
12. https://getech.com/plate-tectonics-50/
13. http://www.learnz.org.nz/shakeout154/bg-easy-f/what-causes-geohazards%3F
14. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/oldroot/volcanoes/volc_images/australia/volc_australia.html

Table of contents

1. Introduction
Global status of large old trees in the face of multiple threatsWildlife dependance on large old trees
2. Conclusion

Introduction

Global decline of large old trees from anthropogenic alteration has gained considerable interest globally and could resulted in losses of numerous wildlife species. In recent decades, about 10-40% of the global species are facing critical threat of extinction. Some believe that sixth mass extinction event is perhaps in progress. Ross et al. 20183 described anthropogenic-related habitat loss as the biggest cause of biodiversity loss on a global scale. According to Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), “488 species are classified as extinct, extirpated, endangered, threatened, or of special concern, ” with habitat destruction as the most significant factor threatening 84% vulnerable species in Canada. Due to its higher economic value, loss of large old growth tree populations from selective-logging practices is classified as major factor to habitat loss for several endangered species 5. Critical to reverse these losses is to recognize the significance of large old tree habitats, understanding drivers of their decline and its impact on wildlife species relying on them for nesting and feeding. This essay is an outcome of issues/controversy identified during the field visit to Haliburton forest and wildlife reserve and will review empirical literature on high value old-growth large trees and associated wildlife population. The essay will also look at different management policies for the protection of these remaining giant vertical habitats.

One of the oldest and largest living organisms on earth are known to be large old-growth trees. These giant keystone vertical structures play a key role in ecological functioning and provide range of ecosystem services such as providing habitats or protective cavities to approximately 30% vertebrates species in some environments, supply sufficient food to large number of animals in the shape of nectar, fruits, flower and foliage, assist in connecting ecosystems by drawing pollinator and seed dispersers and providing nesting to numerous wildlife. These giant trees also sequester massive amount of atmospheric carbon, provide micro-environments to various species and play a vital role in local hydrological functioning. The keystone function of large old trees continue for hundreds of years even after tree death and provide nesting services to numerous species. The mature tree begin to produce number of distinctive physical characteristics such as massive amount of coarse woody debris, organic matter, nesting, den and roosting cavities and dead branches. Formation of large old tree habitat structures require hundreds of years. For instance, it takes 120 to 220 years for the formation of cavities in Eucalyptus tree These cavities/hollows provides key facilities such as feeding, nesting, roosting, escaping from predators or hibernating to significant number of taxonomic groups including vertebrates, invertebrates and mammals.

Global status of large old trees in the face of multiple threats

Large old-growth trees are prone to multiple range of human induced threats such as forest cutting, infrastructure development (highways, roads, residential projects, pipelines construction), clear cutting and selective logging operation, farm land and grazing. Out of around 3. 04 trillion global number of trees, 15 billion trees are cut per year as per the recent estimates, indicating critical reduction of tree population of various genera including old-growth large trees. Interestingly, there could be key interactions between drivers threatening large old tree habitats. For instance, land-use changes like forest fragmentation, clear-cutting or selective-logging can interact to enhance the sensitivity of some habitats to deadly wildfire. Lindenmayer et al 201311, explained that in mid-boreal forest of Sweden, large trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) above 50 centimeters are all almost entirely disappeared despite of their large concentration in the forest a century ago. In North America, less than 1% distribution of large dead Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) with dbh of greater than 63. 5 cm is remaining in the logged areas. In Australia, abundance of large old trees stands in Mountain Ash forest is expected a massive drop in population from mean of 5. 1 of large old trees/hectare at 1998 levels to the mean of 0. 6/hectare in the next five decades. In Amazonian Brazil, studies predicted that 53% of large old trees with dbh greater than 60 cm have died in the past 30 years. In Canada, Red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees found in Wolf Lake forest reserves are the largest old-growth conifers trees in North America and key source of food for songbirds, chipmunks, mice and squirrels. However, pine trees are currently facing looming threat from industrial, mining as well as logging activities, with only 0. 6% of old-growth red and white pine trees are intact and remain in their range prior to the European settlements in North America.

York suggested that removal of large big trees will likely creates long-lasting negative impact especially on wildlife and biodiversity and further argued that in spite of historic exploitation focusing on removal of large trees and their possible long-term damaging effects, cutting of these giants is still widespread in United States. Vaillancourt et al. argued that in boreal conifer forest, present of large tree structures is being threatened by current even-aged silviculture system, hence wildlife dependent on these habitats is also likely to be affected by extensive logging operations. Furthermore, large old tree are threatened by various other natural and unnatural drivers such as wildfire, browsing by herbivores, drifting agricultural pesticides spray, removal of trees in urban environments due to concerns on human safety, several diseases and dieback syndrome.

Wildlife dependance on large old trees

The association of some wildlife species are so significant that presence of large old tree act as a cost-effective alternate for their existence and abundance. In Australia, 42% of the vertebrates and 28% of reptiles rely on large tree cavities. In USA, John et al. 2017, studied spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) population across territories which experienced massive logging of large trees against unlogged region, and found high extinction rates of owl population when owl territories contained less number of big trees (>61 centimeters dbh) and canopy cover (>70%), whereas increased concentration of big trees leads to decline in extinction rates. Bowman and Robitaille 199713 explained habitat loss as the reason of American martens (Martes americana) local extinction from historic territories in North America. Martens normally like large over mature conifer forests which are being extensively logged in several parts of North America. In Canada’s Vancouver Island, nearly all black bears (Ursus americanus) use dens in trees with mean dbh of >100 centimeters. Large trees such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzieseii) are also being used by bats species for roosting. In northwest pacific region, species which use trees with dbh >50 centimeters including Black bear (Ursus americanus), long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis), American marten (Martes americana) and fisher (Pekania pennanti) are categorized as sensitive or at risk.

Old tree stands provide also microclimate and thermal benefits during the winter due to their dense and large crown span as well as multi-layered composition. In British Columbia, Armleder and Waterhouse 199415, studied winter habitat requirements by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), and found high concentration of deer activities in old Douglas-fir stands which provide them good snow protection as well as conifer foliage produced through litter-fall which cater 62-89% of the mule deer feeding requirements during the winter.

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Conclusion

Large old trees are keystone vertical structures and one of the oldest living organism in the world. However, their massive population decline mainly due to anthropocentric activities such as logging, clearing, habitat fragmentation bring them at risk of short-term or even permanent extinction. There is an urgent need for new decision-making and management action to preserve existing large old trees. Lindenmayer et al suggested long-term management of large trees, preservation of the regions where they are most likely to evolve and promotion of recruitment should be included in new conservation policies. Long-term monitoring and documenting detrimental impacts of loss of large old trees and understanding their key ecological role is also critical.

Table of contents

1. Disclosure of Urgent Garbage Problem Through Humes Book
2. Solutions That Can Be Implemented To Address This Issue
3. Conclusion
4. Work Cited

From the moment we are born we are contributing to one of the biggest problems in modern America, garbage. Garbage has created a national crisis and it may not be what comes to mind when thinking about a crisis. This response is the biggest problem, we as Americans do not realize how big of a problem garbage has become. Pulitzer prize winning author, Edward Humes is calling attention to the problem with his book Garbology. Garbage problem and solution are partly revealed in this essay with the help of Humes book. 

Disclosure of Urgent Garbage Problem Through Humes Book

The book starts out with a tragic story in May of 2010 on the south side of Chicago, inside the remains of a ruined house. An elderly couple were trapped within the ruined house. However, they are not trapped because of the building collapsing but, the couple were hoarders, which contributed to trashing piling up. Over the years, the elderly couple trash piled up until it hit the ceiling. The house was covered with old newspapers, bottles and various other kind of junk that contributed to the pile.

There was no space left unused, the house became so full of their garbage the couple was trapped inside until they passed away. After not being seen for 3 weeks police and firefighters were called to the scene to discover the house that looked as though it had been hit by a title wave of garbage. Surprisingly, this was not as rare of a case as it should be; up to 6 million Americans are compulsive junk hoarders. Hoarders are quite symbolic of the American garbage crisis. The average American leaves behind 102 tons of garbage in their lifetime, 102 tons! Although most Americans do not hoard, in their homes the garbage will eventually be piled up in a dump, which is no more of a solution than keeping it piled inside a house. Since 1980 the average American trash output has increased by a third, since 1960 its more than doubled. This is not a worldwide problem however, when compared to other countries with similar living circumstances like Germany, Austria and Denmark the average American will produce 50 percent more garbage. The problem clearly starts with us as Americans and our waste habits, it cannot be solved by some outside source, we must make a change to our garbage habits.

Edward Humes takes the reader to the landfill in Los Angeles County’s garbage, Puente Hills. The Los Angles County’s garbage employees a man by the name of Bike Mike, to which he has worked at the landfill for 20 years. Big Mike utilizes a German made machine called a BOMAG to deal with the garbage. The BOMAG (14 feet tall and 30 feet long bulldozer), pushes garbage with a force of 100,000 pounds.

The massive machine may seem extreme to simply move around garbage but, in a single day at work, Big Mike shapes 13,000 tons of garbage into the size of a football field. No other machine can do the job like the BOMAG. Big Mike job is extremely dangerous due to the amount of garbage, 2010 alone 8 landfill workers lost their lives, the garbage they deal with can pile up to 30 feet high.

The job is ranked as the 15th most dangerous occupation according to Business Insider. When comparing other jobs on the list like pilots, deep sea fishermen and loggers who all deal with death every time they go to work, it shows how extreme the amount of garbage is that men like Big Mike work with on a day to day basis. Over the years Puente Hills has been the final burial site for 130 million tons of garbage and it grows every day. For comparison that would be about equivalent to every single car produced in the US in the past 15 years. The mass of garbage is so big that it has its own ecosystem. Los Angeles County landfill is only one of many landfills throughout the United States.

I recently attended a lecture by Dr. Bill Kabasenche who shed some more light on the garbage problem. He shared with me yet another startling fact just like so many others discussed in Garbology. As it turns out there is a startling large number of landfills that are placed close to African American and Hispanic neighborhoods, and near Indian reservations.

Placing garbage near African American and Hispanic neighborhoods, and near Indian reservations is unacceptable in a Country that prides itself on being equal. It is very unsettling for the garbage problem to also become a racial one. Dr. Kabasenche brought up an acronym that explains many Americans mindsets when it comes to trash, NIMB not in my backyard. This mind set is one of the biggest problems in the garbage crisis, we want the trash to go somewhere but not in my backyard, and if it is not there then the problem is solved. Although it may not end/come into our back yards eventually it will turn up in someone else yard. No matter if it is in the backyard of animals or in landfills throughout America, it is a problem. Due to not seeing the trash, does not mean it has disappeared.

A common belief is that recycling is the answer, if we recycle more then we can eliminate the garbage piling up. It is easy to think that Americans are doing a good job of recycling, anywhere you go there are recycling bins for glass or plastic. According to Columbia University/BioCycle data Americans only recycle 24 percent of our garbage while 69 percent go to landfills and the remaining garbage is waste converted to energy.

Clearly, we are not up to par with our recycling as most American’s think. On page 16 alone in Garbology there are enough stats to prove how behind we are with our recycling. 5.7 million tons of carpet is sent to landfills when it could be recycled, 35 billion plastic bottles, and 40 billion plastic spoons, knives and forks. Enough aluminum is thrown away to rebuild the entire commercial air fleet 4 times over, enough steel to rebuild Manhattan from the ground up. These statics are astounding, and American’s need to realize the effects of garbage in the United States. Even worse when we throw these items away, we are spending more money for additional items that continue to accumulate in landfills (garbage). Aluminum takes 95 percent less energy to recycle than it does to produce it. If we recycled all our aluminum, we would never again would need to produce millions of sodas cans each year because, every single can that is recycled could be reused forever.

Not only do we cost ourselves millions in not recycling what goes into landfills, much of the recycling we do collect when we ship out to other countries. In 2010 our biggest export to China was scrap metal and paper waste, about 8 billion dollars’ worth of it. A year or two later Chine sell the product back to the United States. China is making billions off our laziness to not recycle when it could produce thousands of jobs back in the United States. A paper business by the name of Nine Dragons Paper started in 2000 by a Chinese woman who exports massive amounts of old paper. In 2010 the value of Nine Dragons Paper was worth 4.4 billion. That is 4.4 billion that the United States gave away because we were too lazy to recycle on our own.

Although recycling could be used to expand the United States economy and help to deal with a large amount of the trash, this is not the final solution. The United States has dug a hole, for that we must change the American mentality when it comes to garbage. David Steiner believes part of the answer is in the landfill themselves “Landfills are amazing resources; they are not just holes filled with trash.

They are the not the problem. They are part of the solution”. Steiner runs WMI a company that turns trash into useable energy, with over 100 power plants converting landfill gas into electricity. The electricity that is produced powers 1.1 million homes that is more output than the entire United States solar industry in 2011. Just like recycling, this is a big help to turn around the garbage problem in America but, there is one other thing that must be done to truly turn the country’s problem around. “Presidents used to fret that Americans did not save enough. Now they worry when we do not shop enough”. The American dream has become a wasteful one we feel empowered by going and buying whatever we think we would enjoy. It is this wasteful spending that separates us from other countries. We buy so much junk that end up in the garbage after no time at all. Americans must think about how much wrapping is used, it is not necessary for objects to be wrapped in so many layers of plastic that it requires a knife and a strong arm to cut through. When we ship objects in the mail, we use an entire box full of plastic peanuts. It is our wasteful mindset and reckless packaging that can be reversed and lead to less trash being produced and turn around the 102-ton legacy of trash that each American is currently doomed to produce.

Solutions That Can Be Implemented To Address This Issue

The problem of garbage has become a significant concern in many parts of the world. Below let's find out what stept we can take to solve the problem of garbage. 

1. Recycling and Waste Separation: Encouraging and promoting recycling initiatives is crucial. Implementing effective waste separation systems that allow individuals to separate recyclables from non-recyclables at the source can greatly reduce the amount of waste ending up in landfills.

2. Composting and Organic Waste Management: Establishing composting programs for organic waste can divert a substantial portion of waste from landfills. This process converts organic waste into nutrient-rich compost that can be used in agriculture or gardening.

3. Waste-to-Energy Conversion: Investing in waste-to-energy technologies can help convert non-recyclable waste into energy sources such as electricity or heat. This approach not only reduces the volume of waste but also contributes to sustainable energy production.

4. Reducing Single-Use Items: Encouraging the use of reusable items, such as water bottles, shopping bags, and coffee cups, can significantly reduce the consumption of single-use plastics and other materials that contribute to waste generation.

5. Education and Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about the importance of waste management and providing guidelines on proper disposal and recycling practices can promote responsible behavior and foster a culture of waste reduction.

6. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Implementing EPR policies can hold manufacturers accountable for the disposal and recycling of their products. This encourages companies to adopt sustainable packaging and design practices, reducing the environmental impact of their products throughout their lifecycle.

7. Community Engagement and Participation: Involving local communities, businesses, and organizations in waste management initiatives can create a sense of ownership and responsibility. Community cleanup drives, volunteer programs, and collaboration with local authorities can significantly contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable environment.

8. Government Regulations and Policies: Governments can play a crucial role in implementing comprehensive waste management policies, setting targets for waste reduction, promoting recycling infrastructure, and incentivizing sustainable practices.

9. Innovative Technologies: Exploring and investing in innovative technologies for waste management, such as advanced recycling techniques, waste sorting technologies, and waste treatment systems, can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of waste management processes.

10. International Collaboration: Recognizing that waste is a global challenge, international cooperation and knowledge-sharing platforms can foster collaboration and best practice exchange among countries to tackle the issue collectively.

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Conclusion

Through the book Garbology Humes shows us how much we contribute to the garbage problem and how quickly the issue is getting out of control. As Americans we are born into the garbage problem, from day one we contribute to it. We must change our ways as a nation to reuse what we can and stop the massive output of trash that currently exists. Garbology brings the problem to our attention and shows us the solution. The change begins with each individual American. By implementing a combination of above solutions, we can work towards minimizing the impact of waste on the environment, conserving resources, and building a more sustainable future for generations to come.

Work Cited

• Plummer, Ken, William Rathje, and Cullen Murphy 1993! The Archaeology of Garbage… Contemporary Sociology 22(6): 870
• Lehmann, La 2015 The Garbage Project Revisited: From a 20th Century Archaeology of Food Waste to a Contemporary Study of Food Packaging Waste Sustainability 7(6): 6994-7010
• Camp, Stacey Lynn 2010 Teaching with trash: Archaeological Insights on University Waste Management. World Archaeology 42(3): 430-442
• Leone, M.D. 1981, Archaeology’s Relationship to The Present and The Past. In Modern Material Culture: The Archaeology of US (eds & R.A. Gould and M.B. Schiffer). New York: Academic Press.
• Lipe, W.D. 2000. Archaeological Education and Renewing American Archaeology. In Teaching Archaeology in The Twenty- First Century (eds S.J. Bender and G.S. Smith). Washington, D.C: Society for American Archaeology, pp. 17-20.
• Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 3 Nov. 2014. .

The concept of global governance crystallises and complicates one’s understanding of the global political economy as transparency and ambiguity reign over the global political economy. (Rosenau 1995) quotes that “to anticipate the prospects of global governance … is to discern powerful tensions, profound contradictions, and perplexing paradoxes. It is to search for order in disorder, for coherence in contradiction and for continuity in change… (in) authorities that are obscure, boundaries that are in flux and systems of rule that are emergent.” The concept of governance is also a very problematized term since traditionally it was never truly inclusive since its orientation is centred on the U.S. and the developed countries. The Council of Rome defines governance as the command mechanism of a social system …to provide security, prosperity, coherence, order and continuity to the system. In broadest application, it includes not only national and international systems, but also encompasses local and regional social structures with a focus on issues of sectoral development such as education, health, military, business and family (Rosenau 1995).

Global governance has been employed in wide and variable contexts which cast many ambiguities over the term as it relates to the global political economy. Global governance as used by several academics and international professionals denotes “a complex set of structures both public and private, while more popular writers tend to use it synonymously with government” (Weiss 2000). As a consequence, the unskilled application of the concept blurs any clear definition of it, making it hopelessly vague (Bernstein 2010). (Overbeek 2005) concurs, observing that the often used concept of global governance is seldom clear, obscuring the very character of governance. In addition, Lawrence Finkelstein confirms the fuzzy and deceptive confusion asserting that "we say governance because we don't really know what to call what is going on" (Finkelstein 1995, Kumar 2010). Another confounding element of global governance is that concept usage divorced from historicity usually leads to further misunderstanding. Marx affirms that most abstract concepts although valid are derived from a series of historic relations and are most effective and understood when rightly contextualised (Overbeek 2005)

In addition to the innate nebulosity of global governance, the multidisciplinary interlinkages and interdependencies have heavily complicated the concept. The plurality, heterogeneity and intricate networks of postmodernity obfuscate the term to include so many elements. As (Kumar 2011) comments, “there is no single organising principle on which global governance rests… no emergent order around which communities and nations are likely to converge…it is the sum of myriad control mechanisms driven by different histories, goals structures and processes having multiple dimensions.”

Even the field of global political economy or IPE which traditionally and initially encompassed six aspects: international trade, international finance, North-South relations, Multinational corporations (MNCs), hegemony and globalisation now embraces innumerable interests and concerns. Furthermore, the optimal mode of analysis of the IPE problématique is to follow a complex approach: multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary point of view (Veseth 2002). Resulting from the dynamics of globalisation, the spiralling of knowledge patterns, movement of goods and services and the proliferation of non-governmental organisations and lobby groups have all generated a cumulative and inextricable interdependence.

Through cooperation (collective and linked activity based on shared identity and goals), global governance is so multifaceted as to embody both formal institutions and informal, ad-hoc arrangements and civil society groupings, several laws and best practice guidelines and conventions, with both state and non-state focus. At the same time, the implications of this all-inclusiveness in the realm of global governance are targeted towards greater legitimacy, accountability, transparency, efficiency and democracy. Aiming to wealth re-distribution, power sharing and institutional reform, global governance is being continuously reconfigured in conformity with the changing times. Indeed “the concept of global governance focuses on the complex interlinkages between different societal actors and governmental institutions” (Dingwerth 2006) therefore novel patterns of global governance needed to emerge for progress and continuity to be maintained for a constantly evolving reality (Dingwerth 2006; Ciceo 2010)

Table of contents

1. Accessibility To Hindi
2. Hindi And Shree Guru Granth Sahib Ji
3. Case Study On Adoption Of Hindi
4. Adaptation
5. Conclusion

Every language with its own attributes, in today’s world, in today’s century, in today’s time, serves as a method of communication, as a tool for civilization, as a weapon for evolution, as a knot for globalization. Hindi, as such, portrays direct resemblance to inheritance of Indian culture, customs, traditions and identity. Immigration of generations of Indians to various nations like Fiji, Mauritius, Kenya and so forth has also immigrated Hindi, its essence and the means of communicating precious, historical and iconic cultural aspects of India as a whole. Whether it be Biharis or Punjabis or Gujaratis, all have benefited from Hindi as a mode of passing ‘who we are’, from generation to generation, within and outside of India. Faith-based stakeholders have the power to influence the greatest of minds. Apparently, this notion needs clear focus in the coming decades to revive enthusiasm in Global Hindi and Indian Culture.

Fiji shares a remarkable similarity with Mauritius when it comes to people, languages and culture. There is a sense of belonging to any geographical and spiritual environment where communication can be established. As such, Fiji, parallel to Mauritius, comprises of people of diverse culture, ethnicity, age, heritage, opinion and values. Nevertheless, Hindi and Indian culture have progressed immensely in Fiji, through education systems, media channels, Kirtan, Bhajan, Ramayana, Bhagavat Geeta, Sanatan and Sangam conventions and temples, Arya Samaj portrayal of Vedas, Gurudwara Sahib and Guru Granth Sahib Recitals and various programs launched and implemented by High Commission of India. However, are these efforts sufficient?

Accessibility To Hindi

Initially, Hindi began in form of poetry, drama and story-telling syllabus in schools. Today, linguists with the help of computerized technology and education boards have introduced Hindi courses and curriculums in universities with deeper emphasis on vocabulary, grammar, comprehension and translation skills. Moreover, people have options to utilize email and social media applications in Hindi. Even software applications are continuously being designed for beginners to write and translate Hindi via Hindi Unicode systems online. Anyone without any grasp of Hindi today can write and understand Hindi within minutes via online transliteration applications. In terms of entertainment, Bollywood has spread Hindi amongst all ages, across the globe. Every Smartphone or Ipad in any country has Bollywood within reach, has YouTube without limitations on Songs, Ghazals, Movies and TV Serials within reach, and that means having Hindi within reach. On the other hand, religious applications are available in ‘App’ forms for those who prefer to interact with daily prayers, hymns, sermons and preaching.

Hindi And Shree Guru Granth Sahib Ji

In Mid 16th century, Shree Guru Angad Dev Ji created the Gurumukhi script, which became the standard writing script for Punjabi language. Since then, all Sikh faith scriptures till early 18th century (i.e.1706) have been written and compiled using the same script. The translations for such Holy Scriptures in mid 20th century by Professor Sahib Singh in a more comprehensible Punjabi terminology have been widely accepted under Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee at the Golden Temple, Amritsar, one of the central thrones and wonders of the world. Ideally, further translations developed in Hindi, English, Urdu and French languages. Supreme sources from where Gurbani has been collected and compiled in Guru Granth Sahib include authors such as Bhagat Namdev, Jaidev, Trilochan, Ravidas and Kabir, who have depicted their spiritual bliss in Hindi which we read today and take gratification in.

Case Study On Adoption Of Hindi

Sikhs, hailing from the land of five rivers Punjab, shipped during the colonial periods of 1858 to 1947, are now a minority in Fiji, but continue to shine with glory in areas of preservation of Punjabi and Indian culture, language, art, and architecture. Such examples include our aptitude for Harmonium, Tabla, and Dhol, singing, dancing, food, attire, religious ceremonies and adoption of Amritsar Domes at our remodeled Sikh Gurudwara.

Guru Granth Sahib is traditionally written in Gurumukhi text, for which the usual translation is done in Punjabi language. Subjected to increasing intermarriages, overuse of Fiji Bhojpuri-Hindi for daily interaction, loss of their own Punjabi tongue and fall of youths’ interest in original Punjabi language complexity, Fiji Sikh families have become prone to lack of comprehension of the natural essence and meaning of their beloved holy scriptures. This is where Hindi has started playing a more significant role whereby one is required to utilize what is available and what is still luminous and that is the use of Hindi vocabulary and phrases to simplify the original Gurumukhi texts and translated to the congregation in more lucid terms.

The added advantage of Hindi comes with its ability to retaining the original expression and intended message. Hindi allows our congregation to become more aware and firmly grasp upon Gurmat knowledge into their daily lives. Areas where Punjabi language in Fiji has plummeted, Hindi has served as a functional tool to preserve religious faith and identity.

In over three years from 2015 to 2018, we have successfully attained people’s attention and understanding of the scriptures through diversity or mix of Punjabi and Hindi in sermons and prayers. This has allowed us to inculcate worthy subjects such as history, ethics, righteousness, appreciation of humanity and various socio-cultural themes across people of various faiths, creed (belief) and age.

Adaptation

High commissions of India abroad have channeled major funds, instruments and initiatives to grow Hindi and Indian culture at a global scale. Such efforts have not gone astray. Such efforts have eventually perpetrated a spark of illumination within us as individuals, and within our homes, societies and nations at large, to actually learn, to preserve and to safeguard language and culture against this rapid pace of ever-changing dynamics of today’s globalization.

Conclusion

We share much passion and regard to Globalization of Hindi and Indian Culture in the midst of growing corporate globalization. As faith-based stakeholders, there is a need to realize that Global Hindi and Indian Culture is being fostered by countless Government and Non-Government and Civil Society Organizations across the globe. There is constant delivery of such mechanisms, however we need to question, how interested are the recipients of these services? Are Youths today actually eager to benefit from these growing initiatives? Are Youths actually willing to sacrifice time for such efforts OR Are they too occupied with their socio-technological life? Has generation gap made it more difficult for Youths to sustain Hindi and Indian Culture? These are the tough questions that need enlightenment.

If there is hope, it dwells upon faith-based stakeholders to passionately preach, counsel and rejuvenate the minds of today’s youths by breaking into their inner conscience and setting their paths right through none other than the use of our beloved holy scriptures. Iron cuts through iron, likewise there is no better remedy to instill culture, other than by the same culture. What it means is, Dharmik teachings or Vedic teachings or religious teachings have the power to invigorate anyone’s lost interest and bring forth a change, a positive change, a change that can eventually grow into further bliss.

Table of contents

1. Catholic Social Thought
2. The Common Good
The Preferential Option for the PoorThe Promotion of PeaceGlobal Solidarity
3. Evidence of the Principles in the Communities & in my future Profession as a Nurse
4. References

Catholic Social Thought

Milburn defines Catholic Social Thought (CST) as the expansive religious and communal observation on the civil concerns that occurs in the church. The Catholic Church developed the CST to support some ideals and morals that should guide human behavior. Out of the nine principles that build the CST, four will be discussed in this article, followed by examples of how these principles are evident in the communities that I belong to and in my future profession as a Nurse.

The Common Good

According to The University of Notre Dame, “the common good is the good that comes into existence in a community of solidarity among active, equal agents”. Human beings are social beings, and the common good comes when there is solidarity in helping to solve social challenges. The foundational principle applies especially today when there are high levels of inequalities, and that is affecting the interaction between human beings. The principle encourages individuals to make decisions that will lead to the common good and enhance human fulfillment.

The Preferential Option for the Poor

This principle is a fundamental ethical test of how humankind is viewing society from the outlook of the most vulnerable members, whose requirements should be addressed first. The principle does not plan on excluding the other members to focus on the poor, but rather urges to prioritize the needs of the susceptible members of the society. The principle has extended the understanding of the poor and the concept has been embraced by all in the social, economic, and political classes.

The Promotion of Peace

According to Catholic teaching, peace is not only the absence of war. Peace is held by integrity and appreciation to human dignity which promotes shared respect and morale among the members of the society at both national and universal levels. The principle advocates for peaceful coexistence among the people by avoiding violent conflicts.

Global Solidarity

Global solidarity acknowledges that human being as part of one family has the responsibility to advocate for the equal rights of everyone in the community and the larger society. The principle is also responsible for the development of policies and providing resources to the governments to help address the social issues the global community is facing. The principle has been critical, and it led to the formation of global organizations such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization. The solidarity is used to raise awareness on issues countries are experiencing and ways that can be used to eliminate them in the short and long term. The CST principle has led to increased advocacy, relationship-building, and support for the vulnerable. The world has overcome some issues due to global solidarity, and it will shape how issues are solved in the future.

Evidence of the Principles in the Communities & in my future Profession as a Nurse

The common good is evident in society, and there are many instances to prove it. For example, during this COVID-19 pandemic period, the rich have been contributing funds and other resources to help the most vulnerable in Australia. Business owners are capable of humanizing the business market and enhancing human relations when they focus on the common good. During this period, the majority of the businesses were affected, and most people were laid off. Employers have tried to shield their employees and others from the adverse effects and disruption caused by COVID-19. The principle of the common good has made them realize that success can be achieved when everybody plays their collective role. The level of awareness among the people has increased, and the focus has shifted from individual success to communal success. Adoption of the principle has led to success in the fight against some micro and macro issues Australia has been facing, and the principle will be critical in the coming years as more threats emerge.

The principle of ‘Preferential Option for the poor’ is evident in the community and especially among local and territory governments. The agencies have concentrated on developing policies that will help the poor and marginalized in the community. McDonald, Bailie, & Morris highlight that the participatory systems are relying on reliable information to address the underlying poor child health needs among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. These indigenous communities have been facing issues of inclusivity, and that has made them more vulnerable. As a Nursing student, having studied the health issues the Indigenous communities have faced and still facing, focusing on enhancing the health of the children will help in providing better health, social, and economic success for the poor in Australia. There has been the development of indicators and the government has been monitoring the impact of their policies in these communities. Reducing the health risks of children from poor backgrounds can help in achieving better social outcomes, and that is a critical concept advocated by the principle.

Australia has been one of the peaceful nations in the world and that has helped to support the social and economic success of the nation. The principle of ‘Promotion of peace’ is evident in Australia, and it has helped to provide a safe environment for healthcare practitioners. As an aspiring future nurse, the principle will influence my personal and professional growth. According to Fryer, during armed conflict, it is challenging to address the needs of the women, and promoting peace helps to prevent instances such as sexual violence. That will mean as a nurse, I will have the opportunity to cater to the health needs of other individuals and ensure the care will lead to enhanced well-being when there is peace of mind. Reports and news in countries such as Iraq and Syria show the need for promoting peace in the world. In such environments, it is challenging for healthcare professionals and the government, and that makes individuals face more challenges. Concepts of CST can help to provide an excellent environment for nurses to operate and ensure the healthcare needs of the people are easily managed.

‘Global solidarity is key to helping to enhance the strengths of stakeholders to address the challenges they are facing. For instance, the principle of global solidarity has been used to respond to the social, health, and economic needs caused by the impact of COVID-19. Nurses in Australia have been using directives provided by the WHO to provide treatment and promote awareness of COVID-19 among Australians, and that shows the importance of global solidarity. Global solidarity has helped to address issues with knowledge gaps, and through that, improve health equity among the people. After graduating, I will join one of the professional nursing organizations, and the principle will be critical to help the organization promote health among the global population. The health needs of the people keep changing, and through global solidarity, better outcomes can be achieved. The CST, therefore, will help in ensuring the objectives of the professional nursing community are achieved, and people around the world will benefit from high-quality care.

References

1. Australian Catholic University. (2020). Retrieved from https://leo.acu.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=3176540&chapterid=290246
2. Fernández, J. L. F., & de la Cruz, C. D. (2019). Catholic Social Thought and the Economy of Communion as a Business Model. In Caring Management in the New Economy (pp. 115137). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cristina_Diaz_de_la_Cruz2/publication/332599486_ Catholic_Social_Thought_and_the_Economy_of_Communion_as_a_Business_Model/lin ks/5dcb37f8299bf1a47b332df4/Catholic-Social-Thought-and-the-Economy-of-
3. Communion-as-a-Business-Model.pdf
4. Friedman, E. A., & Gostin, L. O. (2017). From local adaptation to activism and global solidarity: framing a research and innovation agenda towards true health equity. International journal for equity in health, 16(1), 1-4. Retrieved from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/192561651.pdf
5. Fryer, D. (2016). Women, peace and security: The agenda is not women and it won't achieve peace or security. Australian Defence Force Journal, (200), 4. Retrieved from: https://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_200/Fryer_Nov_2016.pdf
6. McDonald, E. L., Bailie, R. S., & Morris, P. S. (2017). Participatory systems approach to health improvement in Australian Aboriginal children. Health promotion international, 32(1), 62-72. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ross_Bailie/publication/260108391_Participatory_sy stems_approach_to_health_improvement_in_Australian_Aboriginal_children/links/0f317536327b94eac0000000.pdf
7. Milburn, T. J. (2010). Introducing Catholic Social Thoughts. Retrieved from https://web-aebscohostcom.ezproxy2.acu.edu.au/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzE4ODA4MjNfX0FO0?sid=ee1356be-b31d-4003-9184 34086febfdb1@sessionmgr4008&vid=0&format=EK&lpid=navpoint7&rid=0
8. The University of Notre Dame. (2015). Introduction to the principles of Catholic Social Thought. Retrieved from https://socialconcerns.nd.edu/content/introduction-principles-catholic-social-thought

Table of contents

1. Causes of Global Warming
Natural Causes of Global WarmingHuman Influences on Global Warming
2. The Effect of Global Warming
3. The solution to Stop Global Warming
4. Conclusion

The climate has continuously changed for centuries. Global Warming is a serious issue. It has caused and caused a number of environmental issues. Global warming is a rise in the surface temperature of the earth. The main concern about global warming is that has changed various life forms on the earth. It has caused issues in the climate and environment because of humans and natural causes.

Causes of Global Warming

Global warming is a serious issue and is not a single issue but a number of environmental issues. Global warming is a rise in the surface temperature of the earth that has changed various life forms on the earth. The issues that because global warming are divided into two categories include “natural” and “human influences” of global warming.

Natural Causes of Global Warming

Global warming happens because of the natural rotation of the sun that changes the intensity of sunlight and moves closer to the earth. Another cause of global warming is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide it traps the solar heat rays and prevents it from escaping from the surface of the earth. This has caused the temperature of the earth to increase. Volcanic eruptions are another issue that causes global warming. For instance, a single volcanic eruption will release the amount of carbon dioxide and ash to the atmosphere. Once carbon dioxide increase, the temperature of the earth increase, and the greenhouse trap the solar radiation in the earth.

Finally, methane is another issue that causes global warming. Methane is also a greenhouse gas. Methane is more effective in trapping heat in the atmosphere that carbon dioxide by 20 times. Usually, methane gas can release from many areas. For instance, it can be from cattle, landfills, natural gas, petroleum systems, coal mining, mobile explosion, or industrial waste process.

Human Influences on Global Warming

Human influence has been a very serious issue now because human do not take care the earth. A human that causes global warming is more than natural causes of global warming. The earth has been changing for many years until now it is still changing because of the modern lifestyle of humans. Human activities include industrial production, burning fossil fuel, mining, cattle rearing, or deforestation.

The first issue is the industrial revolution. Industrial have been using fossil fuels for power machines. Everything that we use is involved in fossil fuel. For example, when we buy a mobile phone, the process of making a mobile phone have involved machines and machines uses fossil fuels, during the process carbon dioxide is releasing to the atmosphere. Besides industrial, transportation such as cars is also releasing carbon dioxide from the exhaust. Another issue is mining. During the process of mining, the methane will trap below the earth. Besides, rearing cattle will also cause methane because cattle released the form of manure. However, cattle are important because it make the latter equally responsible for the occurrence of global warming

Next is that the most typical issue that's deforestation. Deforestation may be a human influence because humans are thinning out trees to supply papers, and wood, build houses, or more. If human continuing deforestation, greenhouse emissions will concentrate within the atmosphere because trees can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. . Besides, humans also releases carbon dioxide when breathe. Therefore, the amounts of millions of people who breathe have released carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If human continue deforestation, human breathing that release carbon dioxide will stay at the atmosphere.

The Effect of Global Warming

The greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for many years since hundreds of years ago. However, the effect that global warming will cause on the earth is extremely serious. There are many effects that will happen in the future if global warming continues. That includes polar ice caps melting, economic consequences, warmer waters, and more hurricanes, the spread of diseases, and earthquakes Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.

The first effect is polar ice caps melting. As the temperature increase, the ice at the North Pole will melt. Once the ice melts the first effect will be raise on sea levels because the melting glaciers become oceans. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Centre “if the ice melted today the seas would rise about 230 feet”. It affects many low-lying areas such as the Netherlands. In the future, the Netherlands will be covered by water once the North Pole is melted. However, it is not going to happen so fast but the sea level will continue to rise.

Another effect is the species' loss of habitat. Species that include polar bears and tropical frogs will be extinct due to climate change. Besides, various birds will migrate to other places because animals are not like humans. They cannot adapt the habitat that changes their living or temperature. The next effect is more hurricanes will occur and economic consequences still affect as well. Hurricane causes damage to houses and the government need to spend billions of dollars in damage and people need places to stay or have been killed. Once a disaster happens many people have died and diseases happen. Diseases are more serious because it can spread to other people very fast and more people will get the disease and the disease maybe come more serious because of different weather.

The solution to Stop Global Warming

The first thing one should understand is that global warming is bad for our earth and we should use all possible methods to Reduce global warming and work towards stopping it.Now there are solutions that we can stop global warming. However, we humans and governments need to move forward to implement global warming solutions. To reduce global warming, we can do to reduce the contribution of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Therefore, the solutions that we can reduce global warming are reducing gasoline, electricity, and our activities that cause global warming.

To reduce gasoline means we have a choice to choose a hybrid car that reduces using gasoline. Besides, petrol price is increasing. If a person everyday drives to work they need to pump petrol after 3 days and causes carbon dioxide. Another way to reduce gasoline is to take public transport or carpool to work. It can help reduce carbon dioxide and save cost

Another way to reduce global warming is recycling. Recycle can reduce garbage by reusing plastic bags, bottles, papers or glass. For instance, when we buy food, we can use our own containers instead of plastic bags. Another example is after finish drinking the water from the bottle; we can reuse it or use our own bottle. If all this is being reused, humans can reduce deforestation and help save the environment. Besides, turn off electricity if unused. It can save thousands of carbon dioxide and buy products that have energy saving because it saves cost and saves the environment.

Finally, humans should stop open burning such as burning dry leaves or burning garbage. It will release carbon dioxide and toxic if burning garbage with plastic. Besides, government should reduce deforestation because the earth's temperatures are increasing. Trees will help to improve the temperature on earth.

Conclusion

Overall, I have understood that our earth is “sick”. We humans as a responsibility need to “heal” the earth. Global Warming has caused many problems for human but we human who make global warming happens. Many people have died because of disease or disaster. It also affects the economics of the country. However, we need to be reduced the global warming by using less gasoline, recycle and humans should help to reduce global warming instead of making the earth's temperature increased. Our generation should start taking care of the earth because in the next generation they will suffer if we do not do reduce global warming. Our future Generation is dependent upon our actions. Therefore, global warming is a serious issue now. As a we are learning it because we need to understand the effect of climate change that will affect us when we have our business and we can start saving the earth.