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The most common form of negotiation involves successively taking on and giving up positions. Positional bargaining is an inefficient means of reaching to an agreement and the agreements usually neglect the interest of the parties involved. It encourages stubbornness and so tends to harm the relationship between both the parties. A good agreement is one which is efficient, wise, fair and lasting. Wise agreements improve the relationship by satisfying the interests of both the parties. Principled negotiations provide a better way of reaching to an efficient and wise agreement.

The process of principled negotiation can be used effectively on almost any type of dispute and the four principles are:

1. 1. Separate the people from the problem

Differences on perception, emotions and communication are the major sources of people problems. People don’t communicate clearly and they mix their emotions with the issues and their side’s positions. So separating the people from the problem will be helpful in addressing the issues without damaging the relationship. Each of the parties must allow the other side to express their emotions. Each side should try to make proposals which would be appealing to the other side. Each party should employ active listening and avoid blaming or attacking the other.

1. 1. Focus on interests rather than positions

When the problems are defined in terms of the underlying interests, it is always possible to find a solution which satisfies both the parties. Identifying the underlying interests that led the parties to adopt their positions is the first step. Once after both the parties have identified their interests they must discuss them together and both parties should pay attention to the other side’s interest and take those into account and remain open to different proposals or positions.

1. 1. Generate a variety of options

Making a decision in the presence of your adversary narrows your vision and deciding an optimal solution while under pressure is relatively harder. To offset these barriers it is important to separate the invention process from the evaluation stage. Brainstorming for all possible solutions focusing on shared interests of both the parties in an informal atmosphere will help to overcome obstacles to generate options that creatively settle differences. Each side should try to make proposals that are appealing to the other side.

1. 1. 4. Insist that the agreement be based on objective criteria

Some negotiators can get what they want simply by being stubborn. Objective criteria can be used to resolve the differences when interests of both the parties are directly opposed. Objective criteria should independent of each side’s mere desires and both legitimate and practical. Unbiased standards such as market value, expert opinion, scientific findings, professional standards, legal precedent etc… are the sources of objective criteria. Each party must keep an open mind and the issue should be approached as a shared search for objective criteria.

Negotiators try to protect themselves from a bad outcome or poor agreement is by establishing a worst acceptable outcome, or “bottom line,” to help them resist the pressures. The bottom line is always decided upon in advance of discussions, so the figure almost guaranteed to be arbitrary or unrealistic and too rigid. It inhibits imagination/inventiveness and undermines the incentive to create or generate options. So the weaker party should concentrate on assessing their best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA) and identifying BATNA is the best alternative to the bottom line. The weaker party can have a better understanding of the negotiation context if they also try to estimate the other side’s BATNA.

There are three approaches to deal with opponents who are stuck in positional bargaining and seek only to maximize their own gains.

1. Simply continue to use the principled approach, because this approach is often contagious.
2. The principled party may use “negotiation jujitsu” to bring the other party in line. Here the key is to refuse to respond in kind to their positional bargaining. When the other side attack, the principled party shouldn’t defend and break the cycle by refusing to react and also it should deflect the attack back to the problem by using questions instead of statements, and using silence as a weapon to draw the other party out.
3. When all else fails and the other party remains stuck in positional bargaining, the one-text approach can be used. A third party or mediator is brought in to separate the people from the problem and direct the discussion to interest and options.

The best way to respond to such tricky tactics is to explicitly raise the issue in negotiations, and to engage in principled negotiation to establish procedural ground rules for the negotiation. To seek verification on the other side’s claim is the best way to protect against being deceived about the facts or intentions. It is very important not to make any personal attack and to be seen as calling the other party a liar.

Table of contents

1. Personal perspective
2. Historical perspective
3. Ethical perspective
4. Cultural perspective
5. Critical perspective

Imagine a movie that is suspenseful, historical, and full of action. In 1863, an epic event occurred in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania which was made in to a movie in 1992. This location is now visited by thousands of visitors and is considered a historical landmark.

“Gettysburg”, the movie, featured an all-star cast that provided impeccable performances describing a horrible event that changed the course of the Civil War. Six different perspectives describing the visual communication of the movie will be analyzed. Perspectives by David Lodge, give an analytical criticism on how the movie is to be interpreted by the audience. Analyzation into the perspectives will give a detailed account of what the director wanted to accomplish. These different perspectives give the movie a “flavor” into how it is sampled by the audience.

Personal perspective

My gut reaction to this film is it was a failed attempt by the Confederates to send a message to the Union forces. Communication was mediocre and each side relied on messengers to get information on each other. The battle was more of a political agenda for Robert Lee to prove he can beat the Union Forces even though his second-in-command, James Longstreet strongly disagreed. “Lee sought to score politically meaningful victories, take the war out of the ravaged Virginia farmland, and gather supplies for his army” ("Gettysburg," n.d.). As a result of Lee’s failure, 51,000 soldiers were killed, injured, etc.

As Union forces were unknowingly receiving reinforcements, the Confederates thought they had an advantage. “Lee attacked the Federals on the heights, but failed to dislodge the defenders” ("Gettysburg," n.d.). The heights were two hills that the Union gained ground on and the Confederates needed this area to complete a victory, unfortunately fighting going up a hill proves to be difficult. The hills were called Little Round Top and Big Round Top. The reason the Confederates wanted to take the hills is they could have flanked the entire Union army causing even more bloodshed. “Union Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain dashed headlong into history, leading his 20th Maine Regiment in perhaps the most famous counterattack of the Civil War” (Brann, 2014). Lawrence’s Maine regiment fought the Confederates until they ran out of ammunition. The famous counterattack was famous due to the ingenuity of Colonel Chamberlain; attacked using bayonets. The enemy, heavily fatigued and overheated, surrendered. This act of bravery earned Colonel Chamberlain the Congressional Medal of Honor.

Historical perspective

The Civil War was based off of many economic perspectives. “In the mid-19th century, while the United States was experiencing an era of tremendous growth, a fundamental economic difference existed between the country’s northern and southern regions” ("American Civil," n.d.). In the North, manufacturing and farming was flourishing. The South’s economy depended on growing cotton and tobacco which were picked by African-American slaves. The South was fearful that their “workers” would disappear due to the Northern States encouraging freedom.

The creation of The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 by President Lincoln made the southern half of the United States very nervous. “On September 22, soon after the Union victory at Antietam, he issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in the rebellious states “shall be then, hence forward, and forever free” ("Emancipation Proclamation," n.d.). The movie depicted exactly to what the history books had written.

The film followed the timeline along with a narrative to explain how the movie was going to start off. According to (Ebert, 1993), “This is a film, pure and simple, about the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863, about the strategies, calculations, mistakes and heroism that turned the tide of the Civil War decisively against the South.” The movie went into depth about how the military men lived their lives, left behind friends, and accepted death.

The film provided realism in providing many scenes that seemed lifelike to me; smoke, injured bodies, and uniforms that were evident of the time period. Adding to the realism of the conflict, many charitable organizations took part in “Gettysburg” reenactments. “Each year the Gettysburg Anniversary Committee (GAC), local organizers of the Annual Gettysburg Reenactment, choose several community and preservation causes and support these organizations with a portion of the proceeds from the event” ("Preservation," n.d.). The movie’s success in the technical perspective was the thousands of personnel that participated from different organizations to recreate the march of the Confederates towards the conflict. Each participant has their own uniform, musket, etc. Putting all these participants together honored the brave men who gave their lives during this conflict.

According to (Egan, 2012), “I have never had a more intimate experience with history as I did the day we filmed that scene on the actual battlefield.” Brian Egan was one of the actors in the movie and he was describing the final march across the field towards the final battle with the Union troops. This technical perspective gave insight to marching through heat, high grass, and not seeing the enemy until it was too late.

Ethical perspective

The morals indicate that the war was believed to be insignificant to one side and the other side fought in keeping their values and land intact. According to (Weigel, 2016), “If Gettysburg was the pivot of the Civil War, and if the Civil War changed the country from “the United States are…” to “the United States is… then the United States as we know it was forged on July 1-3, 1863, outside a small crossroads town in Pennsylvania” The ethical perception of the movie illustrates that even though many people were killed, it demonstrated how the country should be molded. How soldiers from opposing sides feel they “wronged” each other, two veterans from the actual event met at Gettysburg in 1913. “two Civil War veterans, one from the South and one from the North, walked through the town of Gettysburg together, bought a hatchet together in a hardware story, re-ascended Cemetery Ridge together, and buried the hatchet together at the Bloody Angle” (Weigel, 2016). This was a sign that ethically they did a bad thing, but rather forgets about it, decided to come to amends with each other.

Cultural perspective

Symbols that were inherent of the culture during that time were the destroyed properties of the Gettysburg residents. “The battle brought devastation to the residents of Gettysburg. Every farm field or garden was a graveyard. Churches, public buildings and even private homes were hospitals, filled with wounded soldiers” ("History and Culture," n.d.). The scenery of the movie included what a war would bring. The cultural perspective was a depressing one; death and devastation.

What the movie did not show was the cultural perspective of the aftermath of the war. The last medical ward did not leave until two years after the war. More than 19,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were treated and released. “By January 1864, the last patients were gone as were the surgeons, guards, nurses, tents and cookhouses” ("History and Culture," n.d.). So many patients went through this location that a request was made to build a hospital.

Critical perspective

The issue of the film aims at what aggression each side had during the war. Also, what happened at the end was a very critical moment. The critical perspective of the movie was amassing many people to achieve the realism of going into battle. “Probably no American movie has devoted more time to discussions of battlefield strategy than “Gettysburg”, which is a film to warm the cockles of a military tactician's heart” (Holden, 1993). The movie was very expertly created that critics were very impressed.

The movie was criticized as being too much of a drama. “The same meticulousness that went into its battle scenes has produced a bloated screenplay (by Mr. Maxwell) in which the characters soliloquize and debate in a flowery language that aspires toward a Shakespearean elevation” (Holden, 1993). The debate, in which Mr. Holden claims, is what the rhetoric idealizes the realism of the film’s description.

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The movie, “Gettysburg”, was made to bring the public aware of a war that shaped the United States history. This event changed the course of the war which was very advantageous to the North. The movie featured six different perspectives according to David Lodge. Perspectives by David Lodge, give an analytical criticism on how the movie is to be interpreted by the audience. The top notch actors/actresses performed a stellar epic event that remains part of our history. The combination supplied an unforgettable movie that gives clear and concise reenactments of the war.

Much of Charles Dickens' representation of morality in his most famous of Christmas stories, A Christmas Carol, is derived from "the wisdom of our ancestors." (1) From the beginning of his narrative Dickens explains his usage of the phrase "dead as a doornail," in relation to Marley, as trusting in the "wisdom of our ancestors," even if it were not the simile he himself would have invented. He continues to carefully craft his story in attribute to traditional culture.

Christmastime, as a setting, stands for the temporary breakdown of restraints felt within a normal life in a Dickens society. Scrooge's nephew describes Christmastime as:

...the only time I know of, in the long calendar of the year, when

men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up

hearts freely, and to think of people below them as if they really

were fellow-passengers to the grave, and not another race of

creatures bound on other journeys....though it has never put a

scrap of gold or silver in my pocket, I believe that it has done me

good, and will do me good; and I say, God bless it! (6-7)

Indeed the fragmentation and restoration of a set of values is the theme of A Christmas Carol- a story set not in chapters, but sung in staves. The characterization of a story told in song is in itself a return to ancestral and traditional values. One remembers the well-known opening "I sing of warfare and a man at war," (ln. 1) from Virgil's Aeneid. The poems by Ancient Roman writers, such as Virgil and Ovid, speak to a culture's history but perhaps most importantly to teach a lesson in morals. By adopting this medium Dickens pays homage to his ancient predecessors, and also to the art of Christmas carols in themselves (as the title suggests).

Before the twentieth century one of the only means of widespread education was through the Christian Church. And through Dickens' characterizations of church officials as often being corrupt, it can be assumed that Dickens probably did not like the tainted information churchgoers were receiving. However Christmas carols maintain their integrity no matter who sings them. Their message is clear and their words unaltered, save for children's common mistakes (going 'waffling' as opposed to 'wassailing'). Principally what Dickens' novel does is take the eroding moralistic traditions of the past and deliver them intact to the common man.

His many characters allegorize the traditional values Dickens is concerned with in the past, present and future. Ebenezer Scrooge is perhaps the most allegorical among them. Albeit in crisscross order, we see Scrooge's progression and depression throughout his time as a schoolboy into his elderly, miserly years. His first vision is of himself is as a terribly lonely child at Christmas, trying to keep himself company with the characters from books.

The first spirit, that of Christmas Past, is himself a young child and an old man all at once; and the luminous glowing of his head speaks for the importance of the human mind. This first ghost represents memory and its ability to tie all of one's life together. Indeed the fluid movement of time throughout the story suggests that in terms of humanity it is not the "when" that is important; it is only the "what" that one should concern himself with.

The second spirit, that of Christmas Present, exemplifies the concerns one should ideally have in association with Christmas: goodwill, generosity, love and celebration, to start. The food "heaped on the floor to form a kind of throne," (57) aids the spirit in evoking thoughts of prosperity and merriment. Similarly the moral theme of A Christmas Carol has little to do with the solemnity of a religious occasion (although the sway of organized Christianity is present, in the tolling of the church bells to mark the hours, for instance), but mostly in praising the abundance of joy, which have the capability of sharing with one another. In essence Dickens' Christmas is not about self-restraint and religious piety. It is a time for sharing one's riches, be they on a scale of poverty or one of wealth- be they monetary or spiritual.

Here Scrooge begins to realize what is perhaps already apparent to the reader: to celebrate by feasting is an extremely enjoyable experience, but only if one shares that feast with others. The Cratchit family is able to demonstrate the ability to derive great joy from having little by sharing it with loved ones, in opposition to the very little joy Scrooge derives from plenty because of his solitude. This visit from the Ghost of Christmas Present also highlights the importance of teaching that joy to the next generations to come.

In literature the presence of children embodies the natural human response to innocence within a loving environment, or one lacking in love. The children in the story at hand are no different as they serve to greatly focus the course of the book. Chiefly this focus is achieved through the pathetic character of Tiny Tim. His endearing faith and spirit in the face of deathly illness is one of the reasons A Christmas Carol has maintained its extreme popularity through the centuries. Tiny Tim correctly highlights the connection between himself and Jesus Christ when he tells his father:

...he hoped the people saw him in the church, because he was

a cripple, and it might be pleasant to them to remember upon

Christmas Day who made lame beggars walk and blind men see.

(67)

Growing up in an environment of monetary comfort but little love, Scrooge ages into a cold-hearted miser. Yet growing up in a world of much love and little money, the youngest Cratchit possesses the kindest soul in the story.

In contrast to the spiritual light radiating from Tiny Tim's character are the "devilish"-looking creatures: the boy called Ignorance and the girl called Want. "They are Man's" (86) children, as they are a product of the neglect of social responsibility. Ignorance and Want are explained by the second spirit to be humanity's "doom" if ignored.

The third spirit, the Ghost of Christmas yet to come, carries with him a grim tint to the story. He represents the fate of Scrooge (i.e. greater humanity) if poverty goes on unaltered by those who have the power to change the conditions. As Scrooge begins to understand that a desolate and perverted future is to be his own fate, the fear of death and imminent reckoning causes him to connect his new lessons and memories into an emotional landscape where not only can he relate with the common man's suffering, but he also cares outright as a humanitarian. As it is earlier noted, Scrooge is able to see other people as if "...they really were fellow-passengers to the grave, and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys."

Dickens comments on 19th Century Britain's economic corruption by picturing the world of the counting house. Yet he goes on to visualize a restructuring of selfish society, by embracing the most basic human morals of love. The society Dickens suggests is one of a kind of voluntary socialism. As Scrooge learns that all men are men regardless of their station, the reader is lead to envision each of themselves as responsible for the happiness or suffering of others.

What we have here is the suggestion that all men have the same capability for joy or sadness no matter what their natural abilities or resources are. This message is carried to the reader through a collection of ghosts, yet they are not at all tied to the definition of 'supernatural'. Each ghost standing for past, present, future, memory, generosity or responsibility, carries a piece of the whole moral that Dickens lays out. What Dickens creates in A Christmas Carol is a representation of the most poignant wealth humans possess: first the ability to change, and second the capacity for brotherhood and communion. In essence what Dickens creates is an allegory of love.

References

1. Dorling, D., Mitchell, R., Shaw, M., Orford, S., & Smith, G. D. (2000). The ghost of Christmas past: health effects of poverty in London in 1896 and 1991. BMJ, 321(7276), 1547-1551. (https://www.bmj.com/content/321/7276/1547.short)
2. Coate, M. (2022). On Angst, and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come: Reading Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol as an Existentialist Work. Dickens Quarterly, 39(4), 439-461. (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/870999)
3. Patterson, A. P. (1994). Sponging the Stone: Transformation in" A Christmas Carol". Dickens quarterly, 11(4), 172-176. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/45291515)
4. Chitwood, B. (2015). Eternal Returns: A Christmas Carol's Ghosts of Repetition. Victorian Literature and Culture, 43(4), 675-687. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/victorian-literature-and-culture/article/abs/eternal-returns-a-christmas-carols-ghosts-of-repetition/587C67E0FE3450B2BB6424322A5F04BD)
5. Zigarovich, J. (2016). Proleptic Death in Dickens’s A Christmas Carol and Little Dorrit. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews, 29(2), 79-83. (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0895769X.2016.1214065?journalCode=vanq20)

The popular children’s book The Giving Tree tells the story of a tree that loves a boy so completely and selflessly that it is willing to give up everything it has for the boy. Gilbert Grape is a realistic version of just that—a young man who resentfully abandons his own dreams to support those of the people around him; in potent ways, the traits of strength, compassion, and sacrifice are seen in the novel What’s Eating Gilbert Grape by Peter Hedges. Gilbert is a sort of contorted Giving Tree who ultimately is willing to sacrifice his own happiness to support his dysfunctional, borderline insane family. Instead of moving out of small-town Endora and making a life for himself, he stays to support his family, which is on the verge of falling apart. Everyone around him wants something from him—his mother wants food and cigarettes, his mentally disabled brother wants him to stay forever, and his older sister Amy wants him to support the house—literally.

Gilbert must not only keep his family from figurative collapse, but he must find a way to keep the house from collapsing under the weight of his massive mother. His entire family depends on him and a part of him hates them because of it. This is evident when Gilbert is sitting in his living room and thinks to himself, “I see the sagging floor, the wilting house…the mildew of my clothes, and I understand wanting to erase this place, erase these people” (Hedges 109). Gilbert is withering away to nothing and who resents everyone around him because of it. This resentment also stems from his fear of leaving. His roots are imbedded in Endora, and his past, present, and foreseeable future are all trapped there as well. Despite this, Gilbert understands that there is no life for him in his hometown anymore and he dreams constantly of escape. And while he resents his family for making him stay, at the same time, he enjoys being needed and being looked up to. He fears that if he leaves, he will lose his family, not only in the sense that it might just fall apart, but also in that his family will resent him forever. His desire to be needed is seen when he reveals why he helped out some friends, “Suddenly, I’m the greatest guy, and I leave, secure in their esteem” (218). His fear of leaving is also partly due to the fact that he has witnessed first hand his family’s reaction when his father hanged himself.

Perhaps one of Gilbert’s greatest fears is that of becoming his father—a man who was so overwhelmed by the responsibilities of being the father figure that he abandoned his family altogether. Despite his brutal honesty and cynical nature, we see that Gilbert truly is a good person. But, the years of putting his family before his own happiness have made him bitter and he longs for nothing more than to leave. Yet, there is a slight problem—his family’s entire well being depends on him staying. Without Gilbert, his brother might not make it to eighteen, his mother might fall through the floor, and his family might just crumble; each selfless action he completes drains him, until he is virtually a shell of a human being—a man who can no longer emote or form relations with anyone. This is evident when Becky says to him, “You’re out of touch, out of sync. You don’t like yourself. You don't even see yourself” (254). Gilbert has effectively given himself up completely for his family and is on the verge of meeting the same end as the Giving Tree. Yet the thing that keeps him from losing his will entirely is the same thing that has caused him so much suffering to begin with—his family.

Gilbert may be self-sacrificing, but his family is certainly not the equivalent of the boy who takes and takes until there is nothing left. His family can be selfless too, even if they are completely dysfunctional. The only exception to this is Arnie, the mentally disabled brother who wants nothing more than his brother to stay with him forever. Everyone else, however, has given up something for the sake of the family, and everyone knows that there will come a time when Gilbert must leave to begin his own life. This can be seen when Amy comes into his room, finds his suitcase open on the floor, and says, “I know, Gilbert. I know how you feel… I may be a lot of things but I’m not dumb” (242). After everything, Gilbert knows that it is time to start fresh and with his family’s support, decides to burn down the house after their mother dies. For once in Gilbert’s life, things work out in his favor. Arnie makes it to his eighteenth birthday, Gilbert’s mother dies happily, and the house that has caused him so much trouble is incinerated. The fire revitalizes Gilbert and ultimately gives him the strength to finally leave after years of dreaming to do just that. Somehow, the years of sacrificing his own happiness and putting his family first have paid off.

In tracing Gilbert's life, Hedges's novel celebrates the qualities that make us human - especially sacrifice and endurance, as Hedges portrays a life that is equally depressing and enlivening. In the end, Gilbert is revitalized, he has survived and now he is free. Just as the Giving Tree loved the boy, Gilbert would give every thing he had for the sake of family. But because his family understands sacrifice as well, his actions are eventually reciprocated. Gilbert Grape is a Giving Tree with a family that knows when to let him go.

Heel to heel with the end of the Civil War, the Gilded Age was a baptism of sorts; it was freedom’s debut and moral consciousness’ rebirth. Slavery was well on its way to becoming a blemish of a freedom-loving country, and the practices of American citizens shifted like a street car on its rail. The development of a leisure culture encouraged entertainment and play time amongst rapidly growing cities. Industrialization boomed with the encouragement of job-seeking immigrants, European financial support, the government’s nod of approval, and entrepreneurs’ wallets. As idealistic as the circumstance appeared to be- and seemingly close to being realistic- the lines of unspoken social and economic justices blurred. Control and regulation of the businesses and its laborers led to a political tug o’ war. The urbanization of the Gilded Age provides a basis for the understanding of the country’s progress in a court of law and the events to follow the era.

The compelling need to compete for jobs, as well as control of the business itself, was a driving force that had the potential to make or break the success of the times. James Bryce’s The American Commonwealth highlights the “neglect” of the details of politics and the strain it placed on people. With the end of the war came a sudden abundance of material production and development of the West. As quick as the rise of the economy came was as fast as the single breath of rest for the people went. Social reformer Henry Demarest Lloyd called for a “renaissance of [morals]” and a halt on materialistic desires. If the nation continued to expand without reflecting upon itself, the system would fail in dispensing its wealth. The tendencies of wanting to form a monopoly or control the formation of one created a spectrum, a distance between a choice of economic interests and social stability. By ignoring the country’s virtues in question, the government also ignored the well-being of its people. Citizenship was encouraged through the approval of unions and busts of trusts, but nothing was done to encourage the minority’s rise on the class ladder. The burdens and weight of urbanization was dispensed on the shoulders of the working class. Long hours within factories weakened their physical health and positive perspective of the industrial system. Addressing the relations of labor and capital, it became evident that the success of the industrial system called for a sacrifice of the laborers. (Doc 1, Doc 2, Doc 6)

Money-stuffed business owners steered the government’s actions during the Gilded Age like their own private car. Neither existing government parties found it in their interest to rid of the “grievous wrongs…inflicted upon the suffering people.” Becoming a leading industrial world power, it was easier to refrain from heavy taxing in support of manufacturers. The government’s land’s worth would be increased while the poor’s room to move amongst class ranks decreased. The strategies of both parties focused on distracting the masses with a crisis of tariffs.

A critical analysis of the corruption amongst national banks, rings, trusts, and that of capitalists would be ignored much to their delight. So long as the funds of millionaires were a priority in Congress- as the Senate saw to it- the minority was left in the dust of construction and expansion. (Doc 3, Doc 7) As the exploitation of the government came to light, Congress was forced to save face and demonstrate a neutrality towards businesses. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1877 quenched the thirst for change because it regulated railroads and the pools being formed. It called for carriers to decline from offering “undue…preferences” to any particular person, company, firm, etc.

Favoritism would be eliminated, but so would opportunity to advance competitively as exemplified in the act of legislature of 1888. Apprentices that had been indentured had a right to properly learning the skill of their practiced trade.

However, as technological advances took control of factories, laborers lost relevance to production. They no longer needed to be mindful of operating machines considering the machine itself did most of the services. A balance between employers and laborers was virtuously necessary, but concluded in a stalemate. (Doc 4, Doc 5) Despite the nation’s increase in wealth through urbanization and the façade of a prospering people, the fraudulence nature of the Gilded Age crippled the masses in their rise to security.

The competitiveness amongst laborers, a battle for control of trusts and their extermination, and the government’s favoritism for big businesses aided in the downfall of an era. What could have been an outwardly and inwardly gold time period merely became a sham. The disappointment of what was being disguised set the stage for the looming shadow of the Progressive Movement.

Works Cited

1. Bryce, James. The American Commonwealth. The Macmillan Company, 1888.
2. Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. Labor in America: A History. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
3. Goodwyn, Lawrence. Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America. Oxford University Press, 2008.
4. Levenstein, Harvey A. Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet. University of California Press, 2003.
5. Levine, Lawrence W. Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America. Harvard University Press, 1990.
6. Lloyd, Henry Demarest. Wealth Against Commonwealth. Harper and Bros, 1894.
7. Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. Macmillan, 1904.
8. Wiebe, Robert H. The Search for Order, 1877-1920. Hill and Wang, 1967.
9. Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. HarperPerennial Modern Classics, 2015.
10. Zwick, Jim, and Mark A. Lause. American Workers, Colonial Power: Philippine Seattle and the Transpacific West, 1919-1941. University of Washington Press, 2002.

When the general public studies and analyzes fiction, the plot, exposition of characters, climax, and resolution seemingly serve as the "critical" elements highlighted in its evaluation. Provocative literature, however, employs several less predictable but arguably more poignant characteristics. Description and symbolism flesh out the plot and characters, adding depth and form rather than mere shape and matter. Margaret Atwood's subtle use of diction, imagery and allusion in her novel The Handmaid's Tale lends dimension and realism to a dystopian society. Through her subtle use of the titles of the cassette tapes, Atwood alludes to the moral foundations of the Republic of Gilead, and thus displays her linguistic prowess. Several tapes bear the titles of "Folk Songs of Lithuania" and "Mantovani's Mellow Strings," which represent both the return to tradition and modesty pursued in this society. Furthermore, "Elvis Presley's Golden Years" hearkens to the controversy of sexuality and society's role in its censure. As an assimilation of the two, "Boy George Takes It Off" and "Twisted Sisters at Carnegie Hall" represent the question and clarification of traditional gender roles as a response to the pop-culture hysteria of the 1980s. These titles, in addition to instances in the novel categorized beneath them, attest to Atwood's broad scope of knowledge and meticulous attention to detail.

Without divulging a single note or melody of a Lithuanian folk song, cursory research reveals that such compositions have roots in tradition, similar to the mandates of Gilead. Defined as songs "handed down from generation to generation" amongst "a common people," folk songs represent the continuation of ritual and values throughout an evolving society ("Folk Song"). Lithuanian folk songs, more specifically, highlight "tradition and spirituality, celebrating heritage amidst and industrialized world" (Institute of Cultural Partnerships). Similar to this genre of music, the Republic of Gilead and its regulations find roots within tradition and religion. In fact, the inspiration for the institution of handmaids stems from the Bible-the ultimate document of tradition. The Red Center, officially entitled the Rachel and Leah Center, hearkens back to the Bible wherein Rachel gives her maid Bilhah to "bear upon her knees, that she may also have children by her" (Genesis 30: 3).

The very system that dictates the lives of Offred and the others is rooted in the tradition of the Bible. Furthermore, the jargon of Gilead establishments likewise stems from this reverence for religious customs. When conditioning the women for their new roles as reproductive vessels, the Aunts chant the Beatitudes, hailing that "blessed are the meek" (Atwood 89). Through song, prayer and rite, the Beatitudes remain an indoctrinated element in any Christian education, thus becoming a form of religious tradition. During the Ceremony for reproduction, the Commander reads aloud from the Bible and "asks for a blessing and success in all the endeavors," thus transforming sexual intercourse into a religious process . The mere prevalence of religious (or religious derivative) terms, such as soul scrolls, prayvaganzas, salvaging, and Jezebel, littered throughout the text amplifies the religious and therefore traditional tone of the novel. "Folk Songs of Lithuania" does not merely act as a title for a collection of tapes, but it also symbolizes Gilead's pursuit of tradition and religion in a modern society.

Closely related to a return to tradition highlighted by the folk songs, "Mantovani's Mellow Strings" also represent a celebration of classical and modest values amidst a chaotic world. Annunzio Paolo Mantovani composed "soothing instrumental music" and found vast success internationally from the 1950s until his death in the 1980s (Slonimsky). During this dynamic era spanning rock and roll, disco, and pop music, this classical orchestral musician managed to garner several gold albums and sell millions worldwide. Often categorized as "background listening," Mantovani's music offered a soothing alternative to the music of the times (Slonimsky). Gilead, like Mantovani's mellow music, promotes modesty and simplicity. In pre-Gilead days, love, passion, and violence ruled unchecked. Women subjected themselves to utter misery and "starved themselves thin or pumped their breasts full of silicone" to suffer the "indignity" of courtship (Atwood 219). Husbands would abandon their wives and children or "stay around and beat them up" . Fear emanated women's lives: fear of abandonment, fear of sexual predators, fear of being killed .

The founders of Gilead recognized these miseries and attributed them to unrestrained emotions and impulses. Therefore, to abolish such problems, modesty and simplicity became law in the new society. Society rules that women's (handmaid's) speech be stripped of emotion and restricted to "praise be" and "blessed be the fruit" to avoid any temptation to form bonds . Women's "modest apparel" now reaches from neck to floor, often covering their heads with veils, to inhibit them from inspiring lustful feelings among the men . Impulses and love no longer act as the driving force to sexual activity; rather, reproduction alone justifies sex. In a society where "love is not the point," women are free to "fulfill their biological destinies in peace and with full support and encouragement". Convicted sexual predators meet violent ends in a society that no longer tolerates extreme and immoral behavior. Unmarried men may have no source of pleasure for fear that their morals be undermined. This return to modesty and moderation draws the parallel between Gilead and "Mantovani's Mellow Strings."

As a challenge and excuse for to Mantovani's call for modesty, Atwood includes "Elvis Presley's Golden Years" as another symbol for the moral foundation of Gilead. Infamous for his 1956 appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show, Elvis "the Pelvis" Presley stirred controversy over sexuality and society's role in monitoring it. Due to his provocative pelvic gyrations on prime time television, the cameraman resolutely held the camera above Presley's waist in an effort to censor the singer's performance. Despite the reluctance from adults, Elvis was embraced by a generation of more sexually liberated youth. The conservative nature of Gilead and its reverence for the creation of life caused the leaders to censor sexual activity by ruling that sex exist solely for the sake of reproduction. With this mandate came the end of the "pornycorners" and "feels on wheels" programs . Sexuality likewise became forbidden. Once seen as an instrument for pleasure, Offred's body appears "shameful, immodest" to her because she sees herself merely as a womb or reproductive vessel .

Although society indoctrinates her sub-human and emotionless status, Offred manages to escape this mindset, if only temporarily. As she passes two guards "who aren't yet permitted to touch women," Offred taunts them with the sway of her "hips a little, feeling the full red skirt sway" around her . First feeling slightly ashamed, Offred feels overcome with a sense of power because her masters "will suffer" for "they have no outlets". They must feel the physical discomfort of censured sexuality. Although often criticized for its far right political and moral standards, Gilead does not stand alone in its regulation of sex. Throughout the novel, Offred's mother stands as the archetype for feminism and political activism. Even liberals, however, enforce restrictions on sexual liberation. As a protest to pornography, Offred's mother and her peers burn piles of magazines depicting women "hanging from the ceiling by a chain wound around her hands" . Although some may deem this display of sexuality as obscene, the women in these photographs appear to embrace their sexuality and manipulate it for a profit. Wary of unrestrained sexuality, the leaders of Gilead, like the people who censored Elvis, stifle and restrict sexual liberty in an attempt to preserve their society's morals.

Like Elvis Presley, Boy George and Twisted Sister became icons of a musical generation-not only because of their songs but also for the controversy they incited. Boy George, a member of the Culture Club, unsettled the foundation of traditional male-female roles. As a society having barely adjusted to the sexual revolution of the 1970s, people were then expected to accept the gender revolution of the 1980s. An open homosexual transvestite, George flagrantly ignored and challenged convention. Similarly, Twisted Sister belongs to the genre of "Eighties Hair Band"-a breed of musicians noted for their long, teased hair and rock ballads. This band, however, took a step further in their personas by wearing thick, pronounced, and colorful make up. Although their lyrics and sexual preferences were decidedly heterosexual, their gender-deceptive appearance shocked audiences.

Although society tolerated such behavior in the pre-Gilead era, leaders in Gilead removed any uncertainty of gender roles by implementing strict policies governing men and women's positions. Gileadian women must submit themselves to the service of men and country. Once-powerful women like Serena Joy gave "speeches about the sanctity of the home, about how women should stay at home" . Titles such as "Wife," "handmaid," "Offred," and "Martha" restrict their roles within the home to positions of servitude. Serena Joy becomes part of a collective group known as "the Wives," defining her as property of her spouse. Handmaids serve society and their households to "be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth" . The titles of the handmaids themselves ("Offred" or "Ofglen") combine the word "of" with the name of the commander. Women in this society do not possess the luxury of a first name but rather become the property of a man. Marthas fall victim to the stereotype of women as maids. Their responsibility is to tend to the manual needs of the household: cooking, cleaning, and serving.

Essentially, Prayvaganzas embody the standards of male and female roles: "women's prayvaganzas are for group weddings" and the celebration of domesticity, whereas "men's are for military victories" and the celebration of conquest . While the titles of the women place them as subjects of the men, the men's titles imply a sense of honor and nobility. The Commander, by his name alone, adopts the role of leader and guide. Likewise, the "Guardians" watch over the women with a sense of authority and domination. Not only do the men assume respected statuses, but they are also placed in positions that govern over the women. Furthermore, Offred attests that, although "household disciplines" are "women's business," "there's no doubt about who holds the real power" in the society-the men . Fighting against the blurred gender roles of Boy George and Twisted Sister, the Republic of Gilead establishes rigid laws governing men and women and their social status.

Through her subtle nod to the music of her generation, Atwood weaves the thread of Gilead's foundation throughout the entire novel. Her use of these specific song titles affirms Atwood power over language and imagery. Through the cassette title "Folk Songs of Lithuania," she highlights Gilead's return to tradition and religion. "Mantovani's Mellow Strings" offers a modest contrast to the chaos of modern music like Gilead offers a modest (emotional moderation) contrast to the chaos of modern society. "Elvis Presley's Golden Years" strikes a chord with Gilead and society's censorship of sexuality. Gilead's reaction to individuals represented by "Boy George Takes It Off" and "Twisted Sisters at Carnegie Hall" entails a detailed and rigid definition of gender roles in society.

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Beyond this analysis, however, the song titles act as a thread woven throughout the novel-a thread that embodies how elements of the past influence the state of the present. Gilead exists as a backlash to previous generations' treatment of sex, reproduction, and the environment. The status of the world in 2195, even if only through the topics its people discuss, relies upon the existence of Gilead. Therefore, these songs connect the readers to the pre-Gileadian people (because of the songs' existence), Gileadian people (because of the songs' connection to the tale) and the people of 2195 (because of their study of Gilead). Neither time nor music can be isolated-the present relies upon the past.

Works Cited

1. Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid's Tale. New York: O. W. Toad, Ltd, 1986.
2. Slonimsky, Nicolas. "Mantovani." Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. 2001.
3. Biography Resource Center. Galenet. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomas Gale. 18 Nov. 2004 <http://galenet.galegroup.com>.
4. "Traditional Lithuanian Folk Songs." Institute for Cultural Partnerships. 2003. 18 Nov. 2004
5. http://www.culturalpartnerships.org.
6. http://dictionary.com

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Discussion
3. Works Cited

Introduction

The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey both deals with characters that question their mortality due to death. Gilgamesh and Odysseus are motivated by attaining glory and honor. Both of these stories show how fame can interact with how your life turns out in the underworld. The more people remember you, the more likely you will have an enjoyable afterlife.

Discussion

At the beginning of the epic, Gilgamesh believes that your heroic duties count the most in the afterlife, similar to Odysseus. Gilgamesh learned the difficult lesson that he too must face the reality of his own death. Both these heroes at first believe that through battle and legendary circumstances that they will receive everlasting glory. Both of these characters learned different things while confronting death. After being confronted by death, Gilgmesh and Odysseus discovers that our accomplishments is not what makes you be remembered but through meaningful relationships with others.

At first, Gilgamesh does not worry about death. He figures if he dies doing something heroic, then people will remember him forever. That to him is like living forever. Enkidu tries to talk Gilgamesh out of going to fight, but Gilgamesh replies, 'Who, my friend, can go up to heaven?....But people’s days are numbered….Here you are, even you, afraid of death. What good is your bravery’s might….I must establish eternal fame.' (The Epic of Gilgamesh, 20).

Gilgamesh goal is to gain everlasting fame. He believes going on this battle with Enkidu will be nothing but great success, but everything changes though after the death of Enkidu. Enkidu’s death makes Gilgamesh want to live forever. Gilgamesh wants to escape death and tries to learn from Utanapishtim how to live forever. Utnapishtim’s hints to end his life as a careless man and his dreams of immortality and return to the life of humanity and peace.

Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh of the flood. He states that creation also contains the seed of death, meaning death is inescapable. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh of the flood. Gilgamesh does not listen. He still wants to be immortal. Utnapishtim told him to stay up for 6 nights. Gilgamesh sleeps and wakes up and the seven day. His humanity made him fail the test, no man can stay up for that long. Utnapishtim tells him to give up his fancy life and return home.

After returning to Urk Gilgamesh realized his biggest accomplishment. He built a civilization that will continue long after his death. He did not need the heroic remembrance if the people at home remember him simply from building the walls to protect them. Just like Gilgamesh, Odysseus was confronted by death. He visits the underworld with this crew. The first person he sees was his mother. While Odysseus has been seeking glory and adventure, his family was suffering at home.

After talking to his mother, his desire for glory slowly changes for the desire of going home. His central value changes from glory to family honor. He wants to go home and protect his wife and son. Odysseus is next visited by the ghost of Achilles, who has been sent to the Underworld after being killed at war. He is a king in the underworld for his glory, but he made it clear that he regrets his own choice, “No winning words about death to me, shining Odysseus! By god, I'd rather slave on earth for another man – “If he could go back, he would choose to live a long, forgettable life, rather than die a young death.

Achilles sacrifice his pleasures in life for the abstract promise of glory. Surprising, he still happy to hear that his son has become a great warrior though, showing how family continue your legacy. Odysseus had wished he could have died on the battlefield, but through his encounter with Achilles makes him see that he should savor his home and his family. Putting this two stories together. Odysseus at first was looking towards death. Fighting in battle meant the best life in the underworld.

After visiting Odysseus realize that may not be the case. He learned what was going back at home which made him want to go back and honor his family. Gilgamesh at first had you only live once attitude. Through his friendship with Enkidu Gilgamesh became a better leader to his people. He was able to gain understanding and connect with the people of Urk. Both these heroes at first believe that through battle and legendary circumstances that they will receive everlasting glory. While confronting death, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk having learned that life is measured not by fame, but by the time he spent while alive and the people with which he surrounded himself. Family plays an important role for greek culture. Family reflects on your legacy not fame and glory.

Works Cited

1. Homer, Fitzgerald, R., Erni, H., & Homer,. (1963). The Odyssey. Garden City, N.Y: Anchor Books.
2. Sandars, N. K. (1972). The epic of Gilgamesh. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Table of contents

1. That's the ginger shot effect
Less is moreGinger shot with tangerine and turmericGinger shot with apple and cayenne pepper
2. Preparation

Of course, we still do not want to give away the positive effect of the ginger drink and have therefore brought along not just one, but three cheaper and homemade versions of the ginger shot for you. In addition, you will learn in this post, what makes the trend drink so strong!

That's the ginger shot effect

Ginger is the cold-killers par excellence. The inconspicuous root contains, among other things, potassium, phosphorus and vitamin C, which are necessary to strengthen the immune system and make us more resistant to influenza viruses or colds. In addition, thanks to the gingerol contained, ginger naturally has a pain-relieving effect and is also expectorant and anti-inflammatory. An all-rounder for health! Why would you prefer a ginger shot than a ginger tea?

Here we come to the essential health benefit of ginger shots. What many do not know is that as soon as we heat ginger, for example for a tea, it loses important vitamins and minerals. For the shot, the root is processed in its raw form, so it is much healthier for us.

Less is more

Our three following recipes are for a small supply of ginger shots - so do not drink all at once! One shot a day is enough. If you have a sensitive stomach, it is best to eat a snack first to avoid heartburn. In general: Drink the sharp shot slowly and enjoyably.

Of course, we still do not want to give away the positive effect of the ginger drink and have therefore brought along not just one, but three cheaper and homemade versions of the ginger shot for you. In addition, you will learn in this post, what makes the trend drink so strong! Recipe for ginger shot with lemon

Ingredients for 400 ml (equivalent to 10 shots):

3 lemons

100 g of ginger

100 ml agave syrup or maple syrup

Squeeze the lemons and catch the juice. Peel the ginger and chop it roughly. Puree the ginger, lemon juice and agave syrup or maple syrup in the blender or with the blender. Put the ginger-lemon juice in a bottle and store in the fridge. He stays there for a few days. Shake well before use.

Ginger shot with tangerine and turmeric

Recipe for ginger shot with turmeric and tangerine

Ingredients

8 small tangerines

100 g of ginger

200 ml of water

1 tsp turmeric paste

Preparation

Squeeze the tangerines, peel the ginger and dice roughly. Mix the tangerine juice, ginger cubes and the water in the blender or with the blender and finely add the turmeric paste. Put the liquid in a bottle or screw-top jar and store in the refrigerator. There, the ginger mix lasts a few days. Shake well before use.

Turmeric makes it twice as healthy: In Ayurvedic healing art turmeric has been a permanent place for more than 4000 years and was even considered sacred. This is mainly due to its component curcumin, which has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Turmeric in winter helps us through its cell-protecting power, which strengthens the natural functioning of the immune system.

Ginger shot with apple and cayenne pepper

Recipe for ginger shot with apple and cayenne pepper. Ingredients for 400 ml (equivalent to 10 shots):

2 medium sized apples

2 limes

100 g of ginger

400 ml of water

1 Msp. Cayenne pepper

Preparation

Core the apples and dice them roughly. Squeeze the limes, catch the juice. Peel the ginger and chop it roughly. Puree apple pieces, lime juice, ginger and 2 cups of water in a blender or with a blender. Strain the pureed liquid through a fine sieve. Put the collected liquid in a bottle or a screw-cap and store in the refrigerator. There she stays a few days. Shake well before use. With which foods you can strengthen your immune system in the winter, you will find out here. And for those who love healing drinks: Be sure to try our turmeric latte!

The Karnad has engrossed work to re-translate and if vital and potential to structure the standard estimations of social and political frameworks with respect to position. he's furthermore required with the fragile which methods for confidence. Karnad Speaks in his Interview: "I composed Tale-Danda once the „Mandir? and along these lines the „Mandal? developments were beginning to indicate afresh anyway applicable the inquiries show by these scholars were for our age. it's not basically Associate in Nursing assault on position. it's a matter of „Why?, can any anyone explain why some of our issues show up perennial."

The which methods for Taledanda is 'passing by decapitating'. the key topic of Karnad's Tale-Danda is that of philosophical regulation of position and confidence to achieve its genuine right which implies and to structure a comparable for the benefit of the general public and in this way the nation

The plot is fixated on the decent non mainstream change and social change that occurred in Karnataka inside the 12the century. Basaveswara, prominently alluded to as Basavanna was the focal figure of the development. He supported and oversubscribed the moral, religious and populist esteems for tranquil life. He made 'Anubhava Mantapa' a novel institute of socio-profound and non mainstream encounters. it completely was bolstered just standards of general love and solidarity Shaivism or Saivism is that the name given to the orders that respect Lord Shiva in light of the fact that the most elevated Supreme Self or Brahman. underneath the administration of Basavanna they molded a reformist clique 'Sharana'. the basic arrangement of this faction was that everybody is that the buff and preeminent child of Lord Shiva, along these lines all zone unit break even with none rank or class separation. For the essential time inside the historical backdrop of Hinduism, Basavanna made mindfulness on oppressive and exploitive nature of the predominant social apply referred to as class structure. The Shudras inside the Hindu society were dealt with in a most cruel way.

Through the Sharana development he battled against this universal apply of class structure. His heavenly mastery was the commence of his social life that intended for furnishing everyone with common ideal, in spite of sexual orientation, standing or social status.

In the play, Karnad has made the between station wedding as a focal issue of Sharana development. inside the consecrated written work framework and Hindu confidence between position wedding is certainly not a basic errand. in any case, if such relational unions for the most part happen, they're if 2 sorts, particularly anuloma and pratiloma. Anuloma, wedding between the following station man and lower standing woman, is reasonable; anyway pratiloma, wedding between a lower position man and the following rank woman, isn't middle of the road. Power-legislative issues and customary confidence influenced the novel development of Sharanas. The traditionalists were very unwelcoming to the possibility of the wedding between a shoemaker kid and a Brahmin woman. Damodar Bhatta, the ruler's cleric, sees this arranged wedding as a wrath to the holy composition human advancement and a challenging assault on Hindu confidence. He holds the sentiment that distinction is characteristic in nature itself and subsequently progression is key need of human presence.

The play includes a humanistic approach with Associate in Nursing appeal of social equity. The creator underscores the need of acceptive everyone similarly and dismissing the division of society on the preface of casteband statement of faith. There zone unit a few scenes inside the play that concentration the pitiable state of 'socially second rate individuals'. The creator moreover features the silliness of attentive the ongoing customs by the Brahmins and their conduct towards the untouchables. on account of their low position the starvation experiencing people were limited meaning to the contrary aspect of the conduit looking for nourishment and asylum. Malliboma was mortified by Brahmin young ladies at the entryway of Jagadeva's home. The creator uncovered the void of ceremonies of sorted out confidence once Sharana Jagadeva was compelled to watch the Brahmanical customs at the demise of his dad:

"Minister: (assuaged): Well, the rest of unquestionably took care of. Nothing utilized as a part of the present ceremonies is additionally place to utilize afresh. Not the wood, not the pots, not the left-overs. Consume what you'll. Relegate the rest of the waterway. Everything should be discarded. Jagadeva: anyway I too was utilized in the ceremonies. in this manner what do I do to occupy my time?"

The creator has not exclusively uncovered the exploitive and political nature of Brahmins anyway furthermore examined grandiosity of Sharanas. Shranas, United Nations organization purported correspondence, ne'er had uniformity of genders among themselves. Karnad demonstrates that the turbulently devoted male Sharanas ne'er minded to give their young ladies correspondence inside the general public.

Karnad's TaleDanda might be a disaster demonstrates Basavanna's rule of development and advance consummation in dread and slaughter. Karnad deconstructs the which methods for standing and confidence and demonstrates a substitution network of sharanas United Nations office censure worshipful admiration, trust correspondence of genders and work and restrict the rank framework. Pranav Joshipura has moreover communicated the comparative view: "...instead of thinking while in transit to dispose of the gathering framework, Karnad presents it in an exceptionally astounding way with none answer...to treat Associate in Nursing classical drawback while not proposing any answer raises genuine questions in regards to the ability of a creator." (Gupta. 1996 : 102)

Therefore in TaleDanda, Girish Karnad gives the differed parts of social deformation. It uncovered the appalling face of the class structure in Asian country .regarding history as a play jumped out at Karnad through the cutting-edge unsavory legislative issues and ensuant socio-religious disturbance. tho' the idea of words the play began agent in his psyche from the season of 'Crisis', it got its last sort once the rank and network basically based developments were making strain in thecountry.. The creator through this play has prevailing with regards to uncovering the malicious impacts of social disfigurement at social, social and mental levels.

Conclusion

Girish karnad is that the most extremely popular media demeanor in cutting-edge Asian country. he's India's driving creator Associate in Nursingd a skilled expert individual of expressions of the human experience.

Krishanamayi cites "In the emotional universe of Karnad, ladies, at interims and keeping in mind that not matrimony,are subjected to various styles of hardship, mortification, brutality and torment in about each stroll of life in a strategy or the inverse. The creator not exclusively uncovered the erraticism of the framework wherever young ladies zone unit thought of as "second sex," "other," "non-persona" anyway furthermore inquiries the way young ladies region unit associated to disguise their hegemonic belief system and corrupt their own situation to hold up under on the on-going subordination and oppression. Man United Nations office is overwhelmed by the dominance rationale has mandatory her breaking points on her. She acknowledges it because of biosocial reasons". ( Kakar. 1996 : 53)

Girish Karnad is captivated towards the rich Indian individuals and mythic subjective substance culture. Karnad's Naga plan the least difficult treatment of culture, goes in close vicinity to the second pattern. It's treatment is to the subjective substance of guardians. In Naga outline we find the effect of Naga clique of Kerala.. It holds the effect of Hindu folklore. The change of each Appanna and nobility exhibits the significance of the foundation of wedding. karnad demonstrates it's through change that they pick up the remaining at interims the lifetime of network. In India ,both man and woman acknowledges the social weight in putt aside individual emotions with respect to selfhood and dreams in regards to love and flexibility and figures out how to surrender to the inverse for family and network.

Somalata's perception of Tale-Danda is momentous: "In this play Karnad finds the vital connection between a la mode society and Literature adroit in choosing the persuasive contrary energies like custom and advancement; moderate and reformist; religious and physical; perfect and sober minded; steadiness and transition for improvement a coherent arrangement in lovely terms...

In TaleDanda Karnad rebuilt the contention on position framework. One can't be judged by his position or statement of faith. He jarred America to ''kill the rank structure, wipe it off the substance of earth''. He whimsical a general public wherever people can "sit along, eat along, contend in regards to God along, not interested in rank, birth or situation." (Singh. 2000: 249)

Karnad's social apply is supported inside the play 'The chimney and along these lines the Rain'. it's a thick, mentally impressive play. it's organized around thoughts and much more than smothered connections, that unfurls with an uncommon economy and power of feelings. subsequently, Karnad embellishes Indian culture pleasantly in these plays. He needs to shape mindful our age of Indian culture. it's correct these days we have return a far distance anyway our way of life still grabs our eye. He ne'er endeavors to force something on the perusers or group of onlookers; he unendingly makes comprehend the significance of our way of life.

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Karnad can't help contradicting the built up custom of thinking about a station or statement of faith on the quality of Physical Parentage. Rather data is that the correct group to guage any spirit.

In Girlhood (2013), Marieme (Karidja Touré) joins a gang and goes on a journey of self discovery. Through this journey, she finds herself becoming violent. After Marieme and the other girls dance and have fun, Marieme notices her sister Bebe (Simina Soumare) with a gang of girls stealing a bag from a woman. Marieme confronts her sister, and their argument escalates to Marieme slapping Bebe, to which she responds, "you hit me? You're just like him." This scene is traumatic for both Marieme and Bebe. It is traumatic for Bebe physically because she has been hit, but also emotionally because she loses trust in her sister. For Marieme, it is emotionally traumatic because she is forced to consider who she is becoming and how it is affecting her sister. This moment not only highlights the character development that Marieme has had so far, but also marks the beginning of another phase of character development for her.

The way the camera is used here is very interesting, particularly with when it chooses to cut and how that relates to how the point of view switches between sisters. The sequence starts with a medium shot of Marieme, noticing her sister. The reverse is a wide shot, signifying Marieme's point of view. The camera then stays tight on Marieme, following her to her sister to what becomes a medium two-shot. Because this is the same shot, it still feels like Marieme's point of view. The camera breaks into shot-reverse-shot, but maintains point of view of Marieme by singling her in her coverage, but shooting over her shoulder to Bebe. Once Marieme hits Bebe, the camera cuts to Marieme, showing her reaction to Bebe saying "you hit me?". This maintains point of view on Marieme, showing us how she has to deal what what she's just done. When the camera cuts back to Bebe, it is no longer over Marieme's shoulder. This gives Bebe more power in the scene and transfers the point of view to her momentarily as we see how she reacts to being hit. Marieme pulls Bebe into a tight two-shot, and from then on we only see them in frame together, showing how Marieme tries to reconcile despite Bebe continuously pushing her away.

In "Scenes of hurt and rapture," Emma Wilson discusses how director Céline Sciamma is "peculiarly attentive to sensory detail, what things feel like, how they touch." (pg 3). This is very present in this scene as we see very tight shots showing the physicality between the sisters, both with the slap, and with Marieme caressing Bebe's face and Bebe pushing her away. This creates a very visceral tension that is extremely palpable to the viewer and helps them feel the sorrow and confusion that Marieme is experiencing.