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Table of contents

1. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt: Braxton, Age 3
2. Identity Versus Role Confusion, Evan, Age 13
3. Generativity Versus Stagnation, Joshua, Age 35
4. Conclusion
5. Works Cited

Erik Erikson was a very significant twentieth centurion, psychoanalyst (Erikson Institute). He is best known for his eight psychological stages of development. Erikson believed that personality develops in a sequence of stages. He believed every person goes through these different eight stages of development and during each stage, each person faces a psychological crisis. This struggle ends in either a positive or negative result for personality development. According to Erikson’s theory, if each stage is completed successfully, it will result in a healthy personality and the achievement of characteristic strengths which a person uses to resolve subsequent crises (McLeod, 2018). If a person does not successfully complete these eight stages, Erikson claims it can result in reduced ability to complete further stages (McLeod, 2018). In turn this would create an unhealthy personality and low self-esteem. Recovery of these ‘failed stages’ can be made later on, however (McLeod, 2018).

Erik Erikson’s theory has eight psychological stages. The stages are as follows: Trust versus mistrust (age birth to 1 year), Autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages 1 year to 3 years), Initiative versus guilt (ages 3 to 6 years), Industry versus inferiority (ages 6 to 12 years), Identity versus role confusion (ages 12 to 18 years), Intimacy versus isolation (ages 18 to 30 years), Generativity versus stagnation (30 years to late adulthood), and Integrity versus despair (late adulthood) (Boyd & Bee, 2015). Finding a balance through many of these stages is important.

Here, we will discuss three of these eight stages. We will focus on Autonomy versus shame and doubt, Identity versus role confusion, and Generativity versus stagnation. An interview has been done on three individuals that fall within these three stages. We will relate the answers to the interview questions to the specific stage to determine exactly how the person falls into that stage.

Each interviewee was asked the same questions; just in different forms to be sure the question was understood for each person. One interviewee was three years old, the second was thirteen years old, and the third was thirty five years old.

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt: Braxton, Age 3

Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of Erikson’s eight stages. This stage takes place during a child’s early childhood years (Boyd & Bee, 2015). The main idea behind this stage is that a child is beginning to learn independence and developing more personal control (Cherry & Gans, 2018). Children who complete the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage successfully will feel confident in themselves; however, if they fail to complete this stage, the child will likely feel inadequate (Cherry & Gans, 2018).

Braxton says that in the future, he looks forward to his job- feeding the animals, which is the same as his current ‘job’. This shows that Braxton is expressing his independence by feeding all of his animals on his own most days. He does not rely on his mom and dad to do his job for him. This also shows that Braxton does not quite have the full capability of thinking futuristically. Braxton’s favorite thing about himself is that he is handsome. We, as adults, may have a list a mile long criticizing ourselves and pointing out every little flaw. However, Braxton still has the innocent mindset and does not think negatively about himself yet. When asked what his least favorite thing about himself is, Braxton insisted that he does like himself. He does not have negative thoughts or think anything about him is ‘bad’. This shows that he is not quite into stage three (Initiative versus guilt) because he does not view things about himself as good or bad. Braxton thinks other people think he is nice and awesome. This goes right along with not noticing negative things about him. Children at this age are so innocent minded and mainly just concentrated on their increased independence.

Braxton’s biggest fears are snakes and bears. This response shows that he has grasped what fear is but it has not consumed him. He understands that these things could hurt him but he does not focus on it all the time, he just knows that these things could be mean to him and that scares him. If Braxton could change anything about the world, he would change his underwear. This makes it very clear that Braxton is not able to see the big picture or see overall negative things in the world at this age. When asked what he would change about himself, he responded that he would change himself into a cowboy. This goes along with the innocent mind and not seeing the negative in him at the age of three. Braxton has been given the opportunity to master his independence at a safe distance. His parents have support and encouraged his independence and it is showing through his development. Patience is huge for parents as their children move through this stage. Even letting children get dressed on their own or put their shoes on themselves helps the child; though it is good for the parents to provide support and to assist if and when the child asks for assistance.

Braxton said he cares most about going to the park and his favorite people at this time are two of his cousins, Silas and Violet. It is not until stage three (Initiative versus guilt) that children really are focused on play and interaction with others. Braxton may be getting very close to entering stage three because he has been much more interested in spending more time with his cousins and playing with them. If Braxton were able to teach someone younger than him something, he said he would teach babies how to walk and how to talk. It is very clear based off of this response alone that Braxton is in the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage. This stage is all about children learning to gain independence and Braxton very clearly would just want to teach someone younger than him that bit of independence that he knows and has mastered. Overall, it seems as if Braxton is mastering the Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt stage. He seems as if he feels confident in himself and will achieve the virtue of will. It does not seem as though Braxton feels inadequate or has low self-esteem. He thinks highly of himself and he loves himself just the way he is.

Identity Versus Role Confusion, Evan, Age 13

Identity versus role confusion is the fifth stage of Erikson’s eight stages. This stage takes place during adolescence, from approximately twelve to eighteen years of age. During identity versus role confusion, the adolescent is going through puberty changes and is learning their sense of personal identity (Cherry & Gans, 2018). This is another stage where independence plays a major role, just in a much different aspect. Adolescents who complete the identity versus role confusion stage successfully will arise with a spirited sense of self and will develop feelings of independence and control (Cherry & Gans, 2018).

During this stage, an adolescent is figuring out who they are and where they are going in their life. Evan’s biggest goal for the future is to go to college and he looks forward to playing baseball professionally in his future. Evan is very into baseball right now and practices or plays every single day of the entire year. He is very focused on his life right now and has realized how much it could affect his future so he is working hard now so he can achieve these goals as he gets older. Evan likes how he pitches in baseball and wishes he were bigger so he could be even better at baseball than he already is. He is very wrapped up in baseball and has a mindset that he absolutely will achieve these goals he has set for himself. Evan does not fear that he will not be able to achieve these dreams and goals. He does however, fear snakes. This shows that Evan is not wrapped up in fear and it does not consume him, but he knows what fear is and he knows things to be afraid of.

Evan feels accomplished when he and his teammates win a tournament and also when he puts in a good day of work. He is starting to mature a lot more since he is realizing that working hard to win and working hard in general are when he feels the most accomplished.

Evan had a few interview questions that he hesitated on an answer and he also felt uncomfortable at times. He is in a stage where he is learning to develop a sense of self and also at this age, most adolescents are concerned what their peers think of them and how their peers view them. Evan insisted that he does not care what others think of him but it absolutely seemed like there was something he wanted to say. He was asked how he believes other people think of him, so it was not even a question in a negative way. Based on the way he answered his question, I think he is beginning to see negative things in himself but does not want his peers and friends to think or see the flaws that Evan notices in him. He wishes that he were bigger (taller) than he is so that he could be even better at baseball and also because I think he feels inferior compared to other kids at school or on his baseball team. He wants to feel like he fits in but he does not feel that way all the time when he thinks about his size compared to everyone else’s.

Evan is able to see futuristically at this stage. When asked what he cares about most, I assumed he would answer baseball since that is such a huge part of his life right now and is what he dreams of doing even when he is older, but Evan said he cares most about money. He loves to buy things and have the best of the best and wear name brand everything. Things like this make adolescents feel like they fit in more and are ‘cooler’ because they have name brand. Evan will work right now because he enjoys it but also because he loves having money and being able to spend it on things he really likes.

Evan does not have any regrets at this point in his life. He does wish the world had more fish in the waters. He wants to be able to catch more fish and he believes that if there were more fish, it would be inevitable that he would be able to catch more.

If Evan had to give any person younger than him advice, he would tell them if they make a bad decision, they need to own up to it and accept their consequences. This made me think Evan may have had a bad experience regarding this and maybe someone he cared about lied or did not own up to something they did and it rubbed Evan the wrong way. This answer shows Evan understands the important parts of life. It shows something bad may have happened to him but he has learned from it and wants to be sure he does own up to his choices because he did not like the way it made him feel when he did not or when a friend did not own up to their bad decisions.

Evan is definitely finding his role in life right now and focuses on things in his life now, like baseball, and knows how it can affect his future.

Generativity Versus Stagnation, Joshua, Age 35

Generativity versus stagnation is Erikson’s seventh stage of psychological development. According to Kendra Cherry (2018), generativity refers to making your mark on the world while stagnation refers to the failure to find a way to contribute. During this stage, a person will focus on creating and developing things that will survive those (Cherry, 2018). In most cases, the main focus in this stage would be on the children of whoever is currently in this stage. When a person accomplishes this stage successfully, they will feel productive in the world around them, like they are contributing (Cherry, 2018).

The first answer Joshua gave when asked what he looks forward to in the future was watching his children grow up. This was a very clear indicator that Joshua is in the generativity versus stagnation stage. His biggest goal is to make sure his family is taken care of and fears not being there for his family and not being able to make sure they are always taken care of. Joshua is a very caring person who is always willing to help anyone, even if they are complete strangers (unless it could put his family in harm’s way). He wants to contribute to the world around him by creating more positivity for people currently in armed forces and veterans. Joshua believes they need more support while on active duty and once they return home. He dreams of one day running hunting services for veterans, primarily who are disabled but not limited to. Joshua would love to do guided hunts and create easier ways for veterans to be able to have the ability to hunt, which is a passion of Joshua’s. This makes it very apparent that Joshua wants to be involved in the community and in the world. He is mastering the basic virtue, care, which is the main virtue received from this stage if it is successfully completed (Cherry, 2018).

Joshua feels most accomplished when he teaches someone something new. He is passionate about hunting and fishing and has many times taken people just to teach them how to do it and he thoroughly enjoys it with every bit of his being. He not only loves teaching his children things, but also loves teaching others new things and introducing them to things he is passionate about. This shows that Joshua is not at all self-centered and is mastering this stage.

Kendra Cherry (2018) says that many people go through a mid-life crisis during this stage. This could be looking back and regretting something a person did not do that they had the opportunity to do. Joshua’s biggest regret is not playing football in college. He had many opportunities but never had the proper guidance so he ended up going to work instead of doing what he loved. This has made him want to give advice to younger people to take advantage of any and all opportunities set before you. He said that life is too short to not continuing to do what you love and life goes by so fast. Joshua is entirely satisfied where his life has taken him but he does wish he would have taken advantage of his college opportunity playing football and getting a degree.

Parenthood and work are both important events during the generativity versus stagnation stage (Cherry, 2018). Joshua definitely focuses on the importance of his parenthood but he also focuses on the importance of his work. He is currently trying to move up in the company he works for, FedEx. Although both his parenthood and his work are extremely important to Joshua, he will always put his family before his work because his family is his number one in life. He is always trying to teach his children new things and hopes they go farther in life than he did.

One main characteristic of generativity versus stagnation is making commitments to other people (Cherry, 2018). Joshua has been married for nearly five years and with his spouse for seven. There is no question as to whether or not he is in the generativity versus stagnation stage based off of this fact and the fact of raising his children successfully and with pride. Joshua said he cares most about his family and the most important people in his life are his wife and children. Joshua very clearly sees his life and the world as a whole and can focus on that. He feels accomplished as a whole.

Conclusion

Overall, I think Erik Erikson’s stages are very accurate with what people in each stage are going through. The one thing I think can fluctuate is the age of the person in each stage. I also believe that some people could be part way in to two different stages. When I interviewed Braxton, it seemed as though he may be on the verge of being in initiative versus guilt as well as being in the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage.

While Erikson’s theory does make much sense, I do not think it is the only way we should view psychological development. There are so many other theorists and it is good that we study many more than just Erikson. He has very good points and ideas but some people may disagree that a person has to succeed in a conflict to arise positively to the next stage. I think every person can relate to some aspect of each stage as they go through life.

Keep in mind:
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According to Erikson’s theory, everyone must go through each and every stage throughout their entire life (David, 2014). His theory believes there are other factors such as parents and society also impact development (David, 2014).

Works Cited

1. Boyd, D., & Bee, H. (2015). Lifespan development. Pearson.
2. Cherry, K., & Gans, S. (2018). Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-development-2795740
3. Erikson Institute. (n.d.). Erik Erikson. https://www.erikson.edu/about/erikson/
4. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton & Company.
5. Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. W. W. Norton & Company.
6. Erikson, E. H. (1994). The life cycle completed (extended version). W. W. Norton & Company.
7. Kroger, J. (2007). Identity Development: Adolescence through Adulthood. Sage Publications.
8. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558.
9. McLeod, S. (2018). Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html
10. Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental psychology, 18(3), 341-358.

Erma Bombeck was a great and funny woman. She had many ups and downs in her life, but she never let them get to her. She just laughed them off. Erma Louise Bombeck was born February 21, 1927 in Dayton, Ohio. Her mothers name was Erma Fiste. She was 16 at the time of Ermas birth. Her fathers name was Cassius Edwin Fiste. He was 33 when Erma was born. He didnt earn much money as a crane operator, but he always provided for the family. Erma also had a half sister, Thelma, who was 14 at the time of Ermas birth. Thelma was from her fathers previous marriage. Erma and Thelma were very close. They all lived on Hedges Street in Dayton, Ohio.

In the late 1920s, tap dancing was a nation wide craze. Erma loved to tap dance as a child. She took lesson with Thelma, who turned out to be an excellent tap dancer. Erma, at the age of five, won a spot on a local radio show called Kiddie Review. She actually tap danced on the radio. She continued doing this until she was 8 years old. At the age of 9, Ermas father, Cassius died of a heart attack. No one, not even Cassius, knew he was sick. Thelma left Erma and Erma Senior soon after he died. It would be eight years until Erma would see her again. Erma Senior had no family except Erma so the two of them went to live with Cassiuss parents. Erma Senior now worked for a living at a General Motors factory. She eventually remarried.

In high school at Patterson Vocational High School, in Dayton, Erma wrote a humor column in the school newspaper. After graduating in 1944, she went to work full time for the daily newspaper, Journal-Herald, as a copy girl. A year went by before Erma left the newspaper to go to college at the University of Dayton. Erma wrote humor for the student newspaper and magazine. She majored in English. She also worked many other jobs while at college. Erma graduated college with a B.A. degree in 1949. After college she went back to work for the Journal-Herald as a reporter. She became a feature writer in the women’s page.

August 13, 1949, Erma married a man named William Lawrence Bombeck. He was a school administrator. Erma and Bill were both twenty-one years old at the time of their marriage. Bill got a job at Centerville High School as a science teacher. The Bombecks soon decided that Erma would quit her job to be a homemaker as soon as their first baby arrived. Although, Erma was not able to conceive. The Bombecks then decided to adopt an infant girl named, Betsy, in 1945. Also, in spite of what the doctor said, Erma actually gave birth to her first son, Andy, in 1955. Three years later, in 1958, Mathew was born, to complete the family. During the pregnancy of Andy, the Bombecks moved to a small home on Chushwa Dr. in Centerville, Ohio. Bill found many jobs, other than teaching, to do in their neighborhood. Erma and Bill became a real suburban family.

In spite of the hectic life of raising three children, Erma still had the dream of returning to journalism in the back of her mind. In 1965, Erma decided to return to journalism at a local newspaper called the Kettering-Oakwood Times. In her book If Life Is a Bowl of Cherries, What Am I Doing In the Pits?, Erma stated how she felt at this time: I do not feel fulfilled cleaning chrome faucets with a toothbrush. Its my turn. By 1967 she had over nine hundred newspapers publishing her humorous columns about housewives and motherhood. Also in 1967, she published her first book called, At Wits End. Her other works include the following: 1971-Just Wait Till You Have Children of Your Own, 1973-I Lost Everything in the Post-Naval Depression, 1976-The Grass Is Always Greener over the Septic Tank, 1978-If Life Is a Bowl of Cherries, What Am I Doing in the Pits?, 1979-Aunt Ermas Cope Book: How to Get from Monday to Fridayin Twelve Days, 1983-Motherhood: The Second Oldest Profession, 1983-Erma Bombeck Giant Economy Size, 1984-Laugh Along with Erma Bombeck, 1985-Four of a Kind: A Treasury of Famous Works by Americas Best-Loved Humorist, 1987-Family: The Ties That Bind and Gag!, 1987-I Want to Grow Hair, I Want to Grow Up, I Want to Go to Boise: Children Surviving Cancer, and 1991-When You Look Like Your Passport Photo, Its Time to Go Home. Erma was also the author of the Good Housekeeping column, Up the Wall, and contributed her writing and producing skills to many movies and television shows.

On April 23, 1992, Erma Bombeck learned that she had breast cancer. The doctors removed her left breast and put in a fake one. Everything was going fine until July 1, 1993 when she became ill and both of her kidneys had shut down. Erma had polycystic kidneys all her life. She started giving four-times-a-day kidney dialysis to herself. About this time, she also went public on how she had two miscarriages. In 1994, one of her kidneys was removed and in 1996, Erma had a kidney transplant. Several days after the transplant, complications were arousing. She was suffering from postoperative pneumonia and she developed jaundice from gallbladder disease. Early on the morning of April 22, 1996, Erma Bombeck died of heart failure. An observer noted that she died with a faint smile on her face. Her words will live on.

Works Cited

1. Bombeck, E. (1978). If Life Is a Bowl of Cherries, What Am I Doing in the Pits? McGraw-Hill.
2. Bombeck, E. (1984). Laugh Along with Erma Bombeck. Fawcett.
3. Bombeck, E. (1987). Family: The Ties That Bind and Gag! Fawcett.
4. Bombeck, E. (1991). When You Look Like Your Passport Photo, It's Time to Go Home. HarperCollins.
5. Bombeck, E. (1996). Forever, Erma: Best-Loved Writing from America's Favorite Humorist. Andrews McMeel Publishing.
6. Knippenberg, R. (1999). Erma Bombeck: A Life in Humor. Sourcebooks.
7. Mayer, C. A. (1993). Erma Bombeck: Writer and Humorist. Enslow Publishers.
8. Rogers, M. A. (2001). Humor and Women's Stories. University Press of Mississippi.
9. Shoup, A. B. (1994). Presenting Erma Bombeck. Twayne Publishers.
10. Willis, D. (Ed.). (1997). The Portable Erma Bombeck. Running Press.

Through all the speeches of the Symposium, Eryximachus’ speech may be the most difficult to understand. Looking at Eryximachus’ initial, more scientific approach to love, under which he views love as something that can be quantitatively measured, one many find it difficult to accept the more abstract arguments of a “universal” love that he poses later on in his speech. Thus, one can ask: Why does Plato present such a striking, almost contradictory, set of arguments within Eryximachus’ speech?

The initial portrayal of Eryximachus shows him to be a man of science. From the very onset of Eryximachus’ speech he begins with the statement, “I feel sure it’s from medicine, my own area of expertise that I’ve realized how great and wonderful a god Love is, and how his power extends to all of human and divine life.” These words indicate a man who clearly takes pride in his occupation in medicine. This “pride” in his occupation then continues to manifest itself in his following arguments. As shown in the statement, “Love is not only expressed in the emotional responses of human beings to beautiful people, but… in the bodily responses of every kind of animal, in plants growing in the earth,” Eryximachus’ pride in medicine is shown in his adherence to the belief that love can be viewed, and therefore explained, in terms of medicine and science. This “scientific” view is supported by the fact that Eryximachus’ assertions imply that he believes that love is a quality that can be quantitatively measured. This is seen in his words “bodily responses” which supports the idea that Eryximachus believes that he can physically view and acknowledge the presence of love in all living things.

Another important aspect of Eryximachus’ speech is seen in the very nature of the speech itself. Because Eryximachus’ speech is so distinct from the other speeches, it is clear that Plato uses this argument as a representation of a very specific way to view love. This tactic is seen in the fact that Eryximachus’ speech uses a disproportionate number of personal pronouns—the words “I” and “my”—which supports the idea that Plato clearly desires to distinguish Eryximachus’ speech from that of the other characters by showing to the readers that Eryximachus, himself, believes his speech to be unique to the other speeches. In addition, Eryximachus’ first words, “This is what I think,” also provides another layer of separation between his speech and the other speeches by stating the obvious and asserting that what he is about to say about love is totally original. From the start, this separation between Eryximachus’ speech and the other speeches helps provide a clear visual of how Eryximachus thinks, allowing readers to compare and contrast this line of reasoning with a different one in Eryximachus’ next argument. Eryximachus’ following argument portrays a very different line of reasoning from the argument prior. After speaking of the quantitative aspects of love, Eryximachus asserts a more abstract and philosophical argument, one that contends that love is a universal force. Eryximachus’ statement, “When those elements I mentioned before (hot and cold, dry and wet) are influenced by the well-ordered Love, they are in harmony,” provides a glimpse of the idea that love is far more than just a “bodily response,” but rather a universal force that rules the balance between opposite forces. This “universal” view of love is also shown in Eryximachus’ statement, “So Love as a whole has great and mighty—or rather total—power, when you put this all together,” which portrays Love to be an omnipotent and all-encompassing power. In addition, the fact that the word “Love” is capitalized hints at the idea that Eryximachus views Love as a god, a view that adds to the more “abstract” and spiritual basis of his new argument.

After reading the entirety of Eryximachus’ speech, one cannot help but to be confused. After all, Plato presents a striking dichotomy between Eryximachus’ arguments. On one hand, Eryximachus seems to adhere to the scientific method, on the other, Eryximachus seems to base his definition of love on philosophy. In fact, these very contradictions undermine Eryximachus’ speech rather than strengthen it. So why does Plato present Eryximachus’ speech in this manner? Perhaps, Plato is concerned with an idea beyond the topic of love. By giving such contrasting views of love, Plato subtly hints at his view of the relationship between science and philosophy. The very undermining of Eryximachus’ speech due to the two perspectives reflects Plato’s view that science and philosophy are incompatible. Perhaps more intriguing is the fact that because Eryximachus’ is a scientific man by trade, Plato is also asserting the shallow nature of science in it’s understanding of abstract qualities such as love.

This negative view of Eryximachus by Plato is seen in the pompous portrayal of Eryximachus’ character. For example, Eryximachus’ statement, “I feel sure it’s from medicine, my own area of expertise, that I’ve realized how great and wonderful a god of love is…,” shows Eryximachus to be someone who repeatedly tries to remind everyone that he is a doctor, despite the fact that it is clear that the other characters already know that he is a doctor. It is the very weakness of Eryximachus’ speech that explains to the audience that men who base their views solely off science are incapable of understanding love and other ideals through the correct way of philosophy. Plato, therefore, may have created this dual-faceted argument in order to establish the idea that it is philosophy, not science, that is able to answer the truly important questions in life.

“One day I will say goodbye to Mango. I am too strong for her to keep me here forever. One day I will go away . . . They will not know I have gone away to come back. For the ones I left behind. For the ones who cannot out” (Cisneros 110). The House on Mango Street focuses on the mental progression of Esperanza as she observes her community. Many critics argue that this story illustrates a modernized bildungsroman because Esperanza matures into a young woman and attains an appreciation for her society due to her experiences. Yet Esperanza is an observer through the majority of the novel, and she forms an identity that opposes the typical female on Mango Street. Furthermore, Esperanza embodies several heroic attributes and represses them in order to fulfill what she believes is the norm for women, but after observing the “imprisonment” these women face, she becomes determined to escape the same fate. Although Esperanza lacks the experience and maturity to escape Mango Street, she recognizes, with the help of her community and mentors, that she is a pre-determined heroine who is able to break the redundant cycle of entrapment and, through writing, able to return to Mango Street after finding success to save other generations of women from the same fate.

From the beginning of the novel, Cisneros uses several descriptions that suggest Esperanza is capable of becoming a heroine. Although Esperanza is young and unsure about herself, her stories demonstrate her disposition as a strong woman. For example, in “Hairs,” Esperanza characterizes her hair: “It never obeys barrettes or bands” (Cisneros 6). Cisneros provides this description in order to parallel the innate temperament of her protagonist. Instead of recognizing the uniqueness of her hair, Esperanza believes her hair is “lazy,” and describes the perfection of her mother’s hair. This demonstrates that Esperanza is uncomfortable with her disposition; she would rather have the norm. These ideas are developed further in “My Name.” Again, Esperanza demonstrates her discomfort with being attributed to masculinity or strength: “It was my great-grandmother’s name and now it is mine. She was a horse woman too, born like me in the Chinese year of the horse – which is supposed to be bad luck if you’re born – but I think this is a Chinese lie because the Chinese, like the Mexicans, don’t like their women strong” (10). Esperanza evades her innate strength because she believes she will be rejected by her society. By denying her heroic attributes, Esperanza illustrates her insecurities and her immaturity: “Fear and hostility are the alienating forces she tries to understand” (de Valdés 164). Cisneros demonstrates the uncertainty her heroine encounters due to social pressures. Esperanza is an inherently strong being, but her lack of experience leaves her vulnerable and doubtful of her abilities. Although she is afraid of social isolation and judgment, Esperanza opposes the redundant circular structure of entrapment into which her great-grandmother was forced.

When describing her great-grandmother, Esperanza discusses her own desire to live an atypical life. Many women, as Esperanza will observe in her community, remain in the house while their husbands are free to explore. Even though Esperanza strives to adapt to the norms of her society, she refuses to adapt to the conventional lifestyles for women: “[My great-grandmother] looked out the window her whole life, the way so many women sit their sadness on an elbow . . . I have inherited her name, but I don’t want to inherit her place by the window” (Cisneros 11). Esperanza intends on living a life outside of the house and escaping Mango Street, but, in order to do this, she must progressively mature to become a secure, courageous individual. She must overcome her anxieties of rejection and accept her innate strength. Her desires to leave Mango Street increase as she observes the women in the neighborhood and reflects on their positions in the home and inability to escape: “Esperanza comes to realize that she must leave Mango Street so that she will not be entrapped by poverty and shame or imprisoned by patriarchy” (Klein 24). Although Esperanza understands the redundancies for women on Mango Street, there is no immediate need to leave the neighborhood because she has not fully matured.

Esperanza’s inexperience also affects her security beyond her cultural group. In “Those Who Don’t,” Esperanza describes different colored people entering her neighborhood with anxiety due to physical differences. Although she believes there is nothing to fear within her own community, Esperanza’s immaturity is exploited by her description of entering into a different neighborhood: “All brown all around, we are safe. But watch us drive into a neighborhood of another color and our knees go shakity-shake and our car windows get rolled up tight and our eyes look straight. Yeah. That is how it goes and goes” (Cisneros 28). Esperanza’s implicit strength is minimized due to her lack of experience outside her social group. She criticizes the “others” for being afraid of Mango Street; yet, she is also determined to escape that same community. This also demonstrates Esperanza’s youth because she desperately wants to abandon Mango Street, but she is afraid of what experiences await her outside her community.

Esperanza then begins to progressively mature by accepting of her heroic attributes, recognizing that the women on Mango Street follow the same redundant cycle, and, with the help of mentors, accepting responsibility for future generations of women who may suffer the same fate as those in her community. As the novel continues, Esperanza begins to acknowledge her inherent strength. Unlike in the earlier stories where she oppressed her tenacity, Esperanza associates herself with objects and people of power. For example, in “Four Skinny Trees,” Esperanza discusses the physical similarities between her and the trees. She has made a connection to the trees “who do not belong here but are here” (Cisneros 74), similar to her own position on Mango Street. She then describes the inner strength of the trees: “Their strength is secret. They send ferocious roots beneath the ground. They grow up and they grow down and grab the earth between their hairy toes and bite the sky with violent teeth and never quit their anger” (74). This parallels Esperanza’s own disposition as a strong woman who relies on her community as an empowering force in order to one day explore outside Mango Street. She grows within her culture, and, in the future, she will grow within a different cultural setting: “The importance of community for Esperanza – of finding out where one belongs and making a space for oneself; realizing that she does indeed belong on Mango Street and to her Chicano community after all – is crucial” (Karafilis 67). Although Esperanza desires to escape Mango Street, she realizes her strength is reinforced by remaining within her community while maturing.

Esperanza’s acceptance of her heroic nature continues as the novel proceeds. Although her lack of experience keeps her silent, her inner strength grows. In “Beautiful & Cruel,” Esperanza describes movies in which a strong women takes control of her life and the people around her. Esperanza wants to be this type of woman, but, due to her youth, she is unable to achieve this goal at this time in her life; instead, she recognizes her abilities to become this “strong” woman: “I have begun my own quiet war. Simple. Sure. I am one who leaves the table like a man, without putting back the chair or picking up the plate” (Cisneros 89). Esperanza refuses to submit to the same redundant cycle as the other women on Mango Street; instead, she emulates the “strong” women in the movies. Esperanza exhibits her heroism when she believes Sally is being hurt by the boys in “The Monkey Garden.” She recognizes her responsibility to help the women of Mango Street from the same fate and attempts to rescue her friend: “[I] ran back down the three flights to the garden where Sally needed to be saved. I took three big sticks and a brick and figured this was good enough” (97). Unfortunately, Esperanza is humiliated due to her heroic efforts. After an increase of security with her heroism, Esperanza quickly regresses and is molested/raped by a man in “Red Clowns.” Due to her humiliation, Esperanza lapses back into an insecure girl, and she once again attempts to become “normal.” Unlike the other girls on Mango Street that are taken advantage of their whole lives, Esperanza’s experience with sexuality – or the “norm” – is unacceptable in her mind: “the knowledge with which she emerges is not that of regeneration, but of painful knowledge, the knowledge of betrayal and physical violation” (Klein 25). She does not care about the social isolation she may suffer any longer, she refuses to be violated or victimized like the other women on Mango Street.

As Esperanza accepts her heroic abilities, she recognizes the redundant cycle of entrapment the women on Mango Street suffer. Through the novel, Esperanza observes a variety of women in the community that all experience the same oppression. “Rafaela Who Drinks Coconut & Papaya Juice on Tuesdays” is an interesting parallel to the story of Rapunzel. Rafaela’s husband believes she is “too beautiful” to leave the house or go dancing, so she must remain in the house to avoid being abused. Esperanza and her friends bring her juice from the store, and Rafaela lets down a clothesline in order to retrieve the juice. Esperanza’s heroic nature is demonstrated through this action because she is aiding a women she considers a “damsel in distress.” Many of the women in this novel share the similar lifestyle: “there is an ironic twist to the guidance of mentors, for often Esperanza is guided by examples of women she does not want to emulate, such as Sally and Rafaela” (Klein 24). Although other women in the story guide Esperanza’s talents and sense of responsibility, majority of the women in the neighbor create a strong opposition to the life Esperanza desires.

Sally also has a strong influence on Esperanza. When she was searching for social acceptance, Esperanza befriended Sally in order to understand the “norms” for women her age. Through her observations of and experiences with Sally, Esperanza learns that femininity and beauty parallel vulnerability and frailty in her community. Sally is trapped and abused by her father during her maturity, and in order to escape, Sally is married at an early age in “Linoleum Roses.” Although Sally believes this is an escape, Esperanza has observed enough “imprisoned” women to understand that Sally has followed the same pattern as the other women on Mango Street: “She is happy, except sometimes her husband gets angry . . . he won’t let her talk on the telephone. And he doesn’t let her look out the window. And he doesn’t like her friends, so nobody gets to visit her unless he is working” (Cisneros 101-102). Sally is entrapped more than the other women, because she is forbidden to even look out the window – she is forbidden to dream of a different life. Sally believes she has escaped the redundancies of Mango Street, but Esperanza recognizes the same circular structure she must avoid. By including an increasing number of trapped women, Cisneros empowers her protagonist. In the beginning of the novel, Esperanza was torn between her concerns for social acceptance and her ambition to escape the cycle, but, as she observes the miserable lives of the women who chose the “norm,” she decides to risk her social life for a better future. Esperanza realizes she would never be content in the redundant structure on Mango Street, so she must embrace her innate strength in order to overcome the degeneration of her community and escape.

While she observes the entrapment of women on Mango Street and empowers herself in order to circumvent the same fate, Esperanza is advised by women and discovers her responsibility to her community. Guadalupe, Esperanza’s aunt, describes the importance of writing as a means of escape: “You must keep writing. It will keep you free . . .”(Cisneros 61). Although Esperanza does not understand this message at first, she begins to understand that her abilities will help her avoid the same fate as the other women. Similar to this advice, Esperanza’s mother stresses the importance of education to her daughter: “Esperanza, go to school. Study hard” (91). Her mother explains that shame can interrupt her progression. This message is extenuated by Esperanza’s heroic humiliation and rape in the following stories, illustrating that shame can lead to regression and vulnerability. Esperanza does not understand the messages at first, but due to experience, she recognizes the necessity to listen to others in order to escape: “[Her mentors] nurture her writing talent, show her ways to escape the bonds of patriarchy, and remind her of cultural and communal responsibilities” (Klein 24). The remaining mentors focus more attention on Esperanza’s future responsibilities to return to Mango Street in order to complete her heroic quest.

Esperanza is determined to leave because she fears the same fate her great-grandmother faced, especially after her experience in “Red Clowns.” She recognizes her inner strength; yet, her young age leaves her vulnerable to the desires of men. Although she is afraid of the people outside of Mango Street, she is resolved to escape her community. In “The Three Sisters,” three women discuss the Esperanza’s destiny and place importance on her return to Mango Street after finding success. Cisneros’ use of three sisters illustrates a mystical element in The House on Mango Street: “The tradition of the sisters of fate runs deep in western literature from the most elevated lyric to the popular tale of marriage, birth, and the fate awaiting the hero or heroine. In Cisneros’ text, the prophecy of the facts turns to the evocation of self-knowledge” (de Valdés 170). Again, Esperanza interprets this message to mean she needs to return at some future point at time, but, combined with the advice from Alicia, Esperanza realizes her return will be one that changes the redundant structure of Mango Street. She argues with Alicia about who takes responsibility for change: “No, Alicia says. Like it or not you are Mango Street, and one day you’ll come back too” (Cisneros 107). Esperanza realizes then that not even the mayor will bring about the change; instead, due to her heroism and determination, she will be the woman the break the cycle. The women of Mango Street are relying on her to use her intellectual and mental strength in order to help future generations of women in the community.

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Through observation, experience, and advisement, Esperanza progresses into the courageous heroine she was pre-determined to become. Although she had to overcome certain struggles that women in her community face, Esperanza empowers herself through these experiences and decides she will control her own destiny by escaping Mango Street; yet, as revealed by her mentors, she is Mango Street, and she has a responsibility as a strong woman to return to Mango Street and save future generations from the oppressive cycle. She illustrates her understanding of the mentor’s messages in the end, proving she has matured throughout the novel; on the other hand, she is still vulnerable in the community and has not experienced any cultural diversity. She has not resolved her initial fears of “outsiders,” and in order to show complete growth, she must leave Mango Street and maintain her cultural identity that she has embraced. Although this story is not complete to fulfill a bildungsroman, Cisneros provides the reader with a heroic female that is determined to change her societal norms through education and writing. Writing, as Guadalupe explains, has freeing powers, and Esperanza will not only use her writing abilities to escape Mango Street herself, but her writing will also free the future women of Mango Street from a oppressive fate.

The commentary is a theoretical framework that builds on the concept that eSports should be considered a sport. The first part of the paper analyzes the definition of a sport and determines that competitive video games should apply to the meaning. The second part of the paper discusses how eSports should be recognized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). In addition, the application of Title IX is applied to have eSports listed as an emerging sport for women.

Recognizing ESports as a Sport Sitting in front of a computer and playing video games is not the image that comes to mind when a person thinks of an athlete. Instead, an image of someone who may not be physically fit and lacks athletic abilities is usually the stereotype that is associated. In some cases, people would refer to a gamer as a nerd or associate it with nerd culture (Kendall, 2011). The term gamer can be used to classify many different types of people. The most popular classification are people that play board games, collectible card games, and video games. For the purpose of this paper, the term gamer will be used to describe individuals that participate in competitive video gaming. With the advance of technology, competitive video gamers are starting to demonstrate the same athletic properties as traditional sports athlete. The concept of video games has also changed. Instead of playing video games recreationally, people are starting to play video games competitively in tournaments that closely resemble sports competition. This review paper will attempt to build the theoretical framework that eSports should be considered a sport and be recognized by The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

The first video game competition can be traced back to October 19, 1972, at Stanford University’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in which about two dozen students competed playing Spacewar (Li, 2016). One of the first recognized competitive tournaments in video games was when Atari held a multi-city competition that offered 10,000 participants a chance to become a world champion in Space Invaders (“Players Guide”, 1982). Since then the way video games have been played has changed. The evolution of eSports is now known as competitive video gaming (Li, 2016). For the purpose of this review paper, eSports will be a general term that includes all the various eSports leagues from around the world. Each league could be compared to a different sports league that plays the same sport such as the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), Bellator and Invicta Fighting Championship. The various eSports leagues have different rules, play different games, rank professionals differently and host tournaments and competitions. The consistent aspect throughout the leagues is that the competitors play video games and the athletes that win matches consistently could progress to a professional level.

One of the biggest debates concerning eSports is whether competitive video gaming can be defined as a sport. The definition of sport has been attempted many times, and a universal definition has not been determined (Perks, 1999). Rather than a definitive academic definition, people refer to the Oxford English Dictionary (n.d.) definition, “An activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment” (para. 1). The definition of sport needs to be discussed to ensure that eSports can be defined as a sport.

The first term to analyze is physical exertion. Aadahl, Kjaer, and Jørgensen (2007) state that absolute intensity can be used to determine the intensity of exercise, by analyzing the multiple of an individual’s basal metabolic rate (MET). Since the MET could be used to determine exertion, a connection could be made via how the MET is affected when playing video games. Additionally, the oxygen levels (VO2) can be used; a moderate physical activity would have a 40%-60% VO2 reserve and/or 4-6 MET’s (Stroud, Amonette, & Dupler, 2010). In a study performed by Bronner, Pinsker, and Noah, (2013) male and female participants MET’s raised between 4-9 while participating in video games that involved dancing. Stroud et al., (2010) was able to get their participants VO2 and MET at a low to moderate activity level by standing and shaking Nintendo Wii controllers while playing Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Games. This shows physical exertion being demonstrated during the playing of video games.

Multiple links can be observed between physical exertion and video games. Modesti, et al., (1994) conducted a study that showed the basal blood pressure is raised while playing a video game. Also, physical exertion could also be considered perceived exertion. Two ways to measure perceived exertion is using the 15-point Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) or the 10-point Borg category ratio (CR10) (Borg, 1998). Using RPE and CR10, a participant looks at the scale and determines how strenuous the activity feels. Heart rate can also be used to gauge perceived exertion, as the RPE scale is structured from 6-20 to represent heart rates. During video game competitions and training, many eSports athletes exhibited signs that could be considered physical exertion to keep up with the routine of being a professional video gamer (Li, 2016; Rodriguez, et al., 2016).

The second part of the definition to analyze is skill. To become a professional gamer, a player must learn different skills and techniques to get better. Researchers have used video games as a way to understand how a person develops skills (Boot, Sumner, Towne, Rodriguez, & Ericsson, 2016). Green and Bavelier (2015) conducted a study that showed people learn skills from playing action video games. Bavelier, Green, Pouget, and Schrater, (2012) conclude that not one skill but many skills are obtained playing action video games. In competitive gaming, the skilled players dominate people that play for fun (Li, 2016). In eSports, there is a clear divide in win – loss record between players that are considered professionals and those that are not.

The final part of the definition deals with a person or team that competes against another person or team for entertainment. Playing video games as a hobby has evolved into competitions and tournaments with cash prizes. Depending on the game being played, a person can enter a contest solo in the cases of fighting games such as Street Fighter, or join with a team, playing games such as Counter-Strike or League of Legends. ESports are broadcasted on ESPN in the United States and various networks around the world. Special eSports arenas have been constructed to host the events.

Countries have begun to recognize professional gamers as athletes. In the United States, professional gamers can obtain P-1 visas, which are given to athletes (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, n.d.). In 2013, professional gamer Danny “Shiphtur” Le was the first to receive a P-1 visa for eSports (Dave, 2013). In South Korea, the Korea e-Sports Association (KeSPA) is recognized by the Korean Sport & Olympic Committee (KeSPA, n.d.). KeSPA regulates athlete’s amateur and professional status (Li, 2016). The recognition of professional gamers grew in South Korea that the South Korean Air Force had an eSports team when professional gamers had to do mandatory military service (Li, 2016). Using the examples provided, eSports should be recognized as a sport.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a member-based organization that has set the standard for college athletics in the United States (Masteralexis, Barr, & Hums, 2015). In 1989, a poll was administered in the United States that discovered 78% of Americans thought college sports was out of control (Masteralexis, Barr, & Hums, 2015). Since then, the NCAA has become the recognized authority over collegiate athletics. The NCAA has 1,121 college members with nearly half a million college athletes, competing in 24 sports among three divisions (The National Collegiate Athletic Association, n.d.). For eSports to be taken seriously as a sport at the collegiate level, the NCAA will need to recognize eSports as a sport. For that to happen, the sport must go through an extensive review process.

The first step for eSports to become recognized as a collegiate sport is to meet the NCAA’s definition of sport. The NCAA (n.d.) has a similar definition in the Oxford English Dictionary but expands on the sport being played at the collegiate level. Definition of a sport: For purposes of reviewing proposals, a sport shall be defined as an institutional activity involving physical exertion with the purpose of competition versus other teams or individuals within a collegiate competition structure. Furthermore, a sport includes regularly scheduled team and/or individual, head-to-head competition (at least five) within the competitive season(s); and standardized rules with rating/scoring systems ratified by official regulatory agencies and governing bodies. (para. 6)As discussed earlier, eSports falls into the definition of a sport and is already being recognized and organized by several college campuses (Wingfield, 2014). ESports also has an advantage to being acknowledged as a collegiate sport, since no defined gender is required to play competitive video games. Women and men can play together without an imbalance being created by gender differences. Since women can start a women-only team or participate with men, the recognition of eSports in the NCAA could fall under the emerging sports for women list.

A common misconception is that video games are just for men. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 48% of women play video games in the United States (Duggan, 2015). The Entertainment Software Association (2016) has discovered, women over the age of 18 represent a larger portion of the gaming community than boys 18 years and under in age. The number of women that are playing video games continues to rise, according to Newzoo, female gamers increased 70% from 2011-2014, 18 million to 30.3 million (Harwell, 2014). There is a lack of data to account for the number of women that are currently participating in eSports, but women are starting to make an impact on the sport. Intel has begun to sponsor and nurture female only competitive teams in hopes to raise the number of female competitors (Buck, 2015).

With women creating female-only teams or being able to play with men in eSports, the ability for the NCAA to recognize eSports could fall under Title IX. The creation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C §§ 1681 et seq., was enacted to end discrimination on the basis of gender (Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 1972). The original text was vague and made it difficult to decipher what sports would be covered under the original amendment. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) which oversees Title IX released a letter in 2008 that helps try to define how a sport will be recognized under Title IX (U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, 2008). OCR’s definition will help determine if eSports should be covered by Title Ext. determine eSports as a Title IX sport, Robert Morris University (RMU) in Chicago, Illinois will be used as a primary example. Although RMU is not a NCAA member, the University is a member of a comparable organization, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and currently has eSports listed as a sport under the athletics department (Robert Morris University, n.d.). RMU treats eSports as a sport and the participants as athletes.

In the letter distributed by OCR, two main categories are reviewed. The first category that OCR uses to make the determination is to analyze the program structure and administration (U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, 2008). This review has two parts, the first part is to check “whether the operating budget, support services (including academic, sports medicine and strength and conditioning support) and coaching staff are administered by the athletics department or another entity, and are provided in a manner consistent with established varsity sports” (U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, 2008, para. 11). In 2014, Kurt Melcher brought eSports to RMU under the athletic department, with an operating budget that included hiring coaches and building an arena (Ruby, 2004). Initially, to comply with being consistent with varsity sports, 35 scholarships were provided to varsity and junior varsity players (Ruby, 2004).

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The second part of the first category requirement questions if participants are recruited and receive scholarships compared to other varsity sports (U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, 2008). When the eSports program was just beginning at RMU, the recruitment mimicked other sports. Top amateurs were being contacted as well as the program was being marketed. The university received over 7,000 people who showed interest in joining the team and was able to secure amateurs who turned down going pro to play at RMU (Ruby, 2004). The university now grants around half a million dollars in scholarships for the eSports teams (TEDx Talks, 2016). The program structure and administration of RMU’s eSports closely resembles the structure of other athletic departments.

Works Cited

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Sports is well respected and well recognized by many around the world. The reason for this is because as a society, we all agree that it takes a set amount of skill to be considered great at the sport. But Esports doesn’t get the same amount of respect and recognition it deserves, due to the erroneous view that people have. This view is that video games are easy to pick up and it’s not a physical activity, therefore it shouldn’t be considered its own sport. Basketball, Baseball, and Football all are very different sports in their own respective way. But all these sports are very physical, and this is their biggest similarity.

Video games may not be as physical as these sports, but they still require a certain level of physicality. Take fighting games like “Mortal Kombat” and “Street Fighter” for example; these games have combos for each fighter, and if the player wants to do the combo they must input a set order of commands to activate the combo. If a player came pull off this combo, this is what distinguishes them as being a great player. The Fans of Esports love to watch the pros play their favorite game. As they watch the pros play they can learn new strategies that they can implement into their play-style when they play the game. This is no different from regular sports. For example, people who play basketball, like to watch NBA games because they can learn how to sharpen their jump shots, and their passing game. College football teams learn new routes, coverages, and schemes from watching the NFL teams using their strategies.

Esports tournaments are often held in event room like a hotel ballroom, or at gaming conventions. World championships are held in a sports arena, or sports stadium. This is because the championship has the best of the best, and it has a higher interest from the fans of the video game. Streaming services like, twitch and YouTube, livestream the tournaments for the fans that can’t make it to the event or who just don’t have the money. ESPN is known for broadcasting NBA, NFL, and MLB games, but recently they have broadcasted major Esports tournaments. For example, they have hosted the “EVO series” for a couple of years now. Fans and video game players aren’t the only people that watch these tournaments. The game developers are always watching the Esports tournaments, and the reason for this is because this allows them to gain insight on the “Meta” of the respective game. A “Meta” is the most popular and advantageous tactics/strategies being used by all players in the game. This balance patch often tweaks a few game-play mechanics that has a drastic effect on the “Meta. ” This is no different when the professional sports leagues implement new rules and regulations every season. The new rules and regulations are added for the protection of the players health and to make the sport fairer for every team.

Sports and Esports are both very similar no matter how you look them. They both rely on strategies and having the dedication of practice being put into their respective sport. Also, both sports have a fan base, both use strategies from the professional leagues, both balance the sport with rules and regulations, and they are both livestreamed and/or broadcasted on T. V. With all this being said, it still doesn’t push Esports away from being a sport. Rather it helps further prove that it is in fact its own sport and it deserves its respect and recognition that rightfully deserves.

Works Cited

1. Taylor, T. L. (2018). Watch me play: Twitch and the rise of game live streaming. Princeton University Press.
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More than 44.5 million immigrants resided in the United States in 2017, which is the historical high since census records have been kept and according to 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) data, one in seven U.S. residents is foreign born. In this essay I will be talking about the history of immigration, specifically from Mexico into the US, how immigrants are currently treated in our current society, and how by gaining citizenship it can take off some of the fear or pressure of the relationship between immigrants and non-immigrants.

Seeing as we are just north of the state, immigration from Mexico to the US is a topic that has had a pretty tumultuous and long history, so bear with me here. To start off, we take our attention to, at the time of Texas’s annexation from Mexico, one particular man who was an important figure to the immigrants. The man I am talking about is José Antonio Navarro. José Antonio Navarro contributed to the first immigrant wave of Mexicans into Texas. He was a friend of Texas’s founder Stephen F. Austin, was one of the only people who advocated for Mexican Texans as a part of the Texas Senate, and was one of the main people to sign Texas’s Declaration of Independence on March 2, 1836. As Texas officially became its own state and a part of the U.S. in 1845, Navarro even went one step further by trying to ensure voting rights to the nonwhite people of Texas. Now a little after the annexation of Texas, the U.S obtained California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico after their victory against Mexico in the Mexican-American war. This didn’t end up contributing much to immigration because even though the population of immigrants was growing, looking at the bigger picture of migration shows us that it was more of a shift occurring from north to south than it was into the previously mentioned lands. 

The former Mexican citizens who lived in the south migrated back to Mexico and other regions around it which causes Mexican immigration levels into America to decrease for years and years until agricultural work in the U.S. grew in the late 1800s. In the book Distant Neighbors: A Portrait of the Mexicans by Alan Riding, he describes how the long history of immigration between Mexico and the United States as “involving so many ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors in both countries” and this was due the U.S. agriculture expanding in the 1880s and 1890s. You had the U.S. taking hold of many Mexican territories and taking it for themselves for years and pushing former Mexican citizens out in the process but then we see a turn with this agricultural growth pulling Mexicans back up north. This ultimately would continue into the 1900s gaining momentum from the Mexican Revolution and the U.S. entering World War I since many people were being sent off to go fight the agricultural jobs freed up (as well as some railroad jobs) and violence was pushing people out of Mexico in search of refuge. Once again referring to Alan Riding, he has stated that anywhere from 500,000 to 800,000 Mexican immigrants crossed into the United States in the two decades leading up to the stock market crash that caused the Great Depression (1929–1941). This wave of migrants was actually what led to the creation of the US Border Patrol in 1924 due to just how massive the amounts of people were that were coming over. 

Going back to the topic of the Great Depression, this was THE event that would finally turn the tides on immigration flows. Hundreds of thousands of Mexicans returned back home as jobs were becoming more and more scarce for everybody. But, history would go on to repeat itself as the need for work during World War II grew immensely. This resulted in the creation of the Bracero Program which was designed to create a legal agreement between Mexican migrants looking for work (paid) and the U.S., which ended up allowing for 4.6 million migrants to receive temporary work permits. We all know that our country’s promises don’t always come through, and this is exactly what happened with the Bracero Program. Despite the agreement's promises to regulate payment and treatment of migrant workers, the 22 years of the Bracero Program were filled with mistreatment such as abuse and the exploitation of Mexican workers. Did the program provide a legal way to come work for the U.S.? Yes, yet many Mexican citizens still came north without any authorization. Furthermore, once the war was over the US government even began to focus on sending the migrant workers back home. More than 1 million Mexican citizens (and sometimes even US citizens of Mexican origin) were sent back to Mexico under the deportation program called “Operation Wetback” in 1954. It wasn’t until 10 years later however did the Bracero Program finally be called to an end. Migrants still flowed considerably into the U.S. regardless that the program had ended. 

In a 2012 article titled Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy the authors Douglas S. Massey and Karen A. Pren note how undocumented immigration began to rise after, and as an effect of, the termination of the Bracero Program. By this time U.S. industries, particularly agriculture, had grown accustomed to the reliance of Mexican migrants for cheap and easy labor. The links and bonds between the farmers and the laborers still existed as farmers were aware of how much their industry relied on labor from Mexico. The biggest turning point in this time after the Bracero Program was the passing of NAFTA (North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement). An almost immediate result of the treaty was a currency crisis in Mexico. This currency crisis as well as the ridding of tariffs on corn became just another one of the push factors that sent a new wave of undocumented Mexican immigrants to seek work north of the border. When NAFTA was passed, the undocumented immigrant population in the United States had already been increasing due to the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which was a document that granted legal status to up to 2.7 million undocumented immigrants, having some people think that this encouraged further unauthorized immigration.

The relationship between our country and immigrants has never been that great, even in recent history it just seems to go downhill. Nowadays, we all know that a good portion of our immigrants are treated differently almost purely due to the reason that they weren’t born here, and this is of no thanks to our good old president.

The road to citizenship however is filled with many rest stops on the way that aid immigrants on their journey to becoming a citizen, though that doesn’t exactly make it easy. 

In this essay I am going to discuss the notion of noble lie in Plato’s Republic. The significance of a noble lie is the distinction that is made between a true lie and a lie in just words itself to maintain harmony throughout society. This lie brings about the idea of imitation as it leads to misunderstanding information that is not necessarily true. Ultimately lying is unethical, but if it benefits the society it is a noble lie. Plato wants to divide this city of individuals into three different sections. These sections would include guardians, auxiliaries, and producers. 

To start off, the guardians are the elite of the city and rule over all of the other individuals. The auxiliaries on the other hand would be known as the middle class as they try their best to protect and preserve the individuals that they live with. Lastly, the producers are the individuals that make up the lower class. Plato then goes on to talk about how Socrates will choose who becomes the storyteller of these “noble lies”. This is when Socrates said to Glaucon 'well then, as I was just saying, we must discover which of them are best at safeguarding within themselves the conviction that they must always do what they believe to be best for the city. We must watch them right from childhood, and set them tasks in which a person would be most likely to forget such a conviction or be deceived out of it. And we must select the ones who remember and are difficult to deceive, and reject the others (Republic 413d).' Right before this statement Socrates talks about how all of this deception of the truth comes from the idea of sorcery and that is why they need to look closely as to who they choose to be this teller of noble lies. 

Socrates goes on further to talk about how this individual must show compassion for the city while not falling for sorcery as this would lead to major downfall in the city itself. Socrates further explains this by talking about how they will choose among the guardians “the sort of men who seem on the basis of our observation to be most inclined, throughout their entire lives, to do what they believe to be advantageous for the city, and most unwilling to do the opposite (Republic 412e).” This statement clearly shows what Plato means by finding someone to express the “noble lie” to set the standards of the city in which he lives in. Although this may sound like a good idea in Plato’s time, I personally do not feel that this would be acceptable in today’s society. So many individuals now have strong beliefs that they stand for and are not willing to change or adjust to help society prosper. 

On top of this, it almost seems as if individuals are now getting upset about the smallest things and forming assumptions that are not necessarily true. That is why this idea of a noble lie may not work best in today’s society knowing how the individuals now are dealing with societal problems. 

Introduction: Conventional wisdom claims that racism is a belief that a racial group considers itself superior to other racial groups. The highest rates of racism in advanced countries. When it comes to racism, our minds go unconsciously to blacks and the false and inhuman traditions of slavery. Racism has been around throughout history, and there has been racial segregation in almost all societies and nations. Racism is the preeminence of knowing a race over other races. In fact, racism is a particular type of prejudice, which is based on inaccurate arguments and the generalization of some characteristics to a group of people, in an unsustainable way. Racism is racially motivated if anyone allows their fanatical beliefs to prevent further growth and racial segregation. All ethnic groups are deprived of a particular race, housing, political rights, educational opportunities or social interactions. My whole life I have heard people say that there have always been those who stand against injustice and defend the rights of those who have been oppressed. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those who was recognized as the leader of the African-American Civil Rights Movement and was campaigning for injustices to black people. Thesis statement: In this essay, we examine the characteristics of this leadership from a variety of dimensions.

In his speech in 1963,17-minute speech, King maintains that ' I have a dream'. Americans today tend to believe that the speech is one the inspiring speaking from the aspect of public speaking during history in the US. There, Martin Luther King begins his speech with the argument that we are here alongside the Lincoln Memorial, who had abolished slavery 100 years ago, but still black people did not achieve their rights. American people tend to think that the important thing to happen is that it's actually the first time that people hear and read the TV show, but mostly on the radio and in the US, and on the streets of the world, and get acquainted with the face of Martin Luther King. Basically, his followers are saying that the name of Martin Luther King is tied to the American black civil rights movement.

Topic sentence: The movement, in 1955, was followed by the arrest of a black woman, Rosa Parks, who was not raised from a white seat on a Montgomery city bus. The arrest of Rosa Parks led to a movement that began with the bootstrapping of Montgomery's buses. A year later, the District Court in the United States canceled Montgomery's buses. Following this success, King in 1957 formed an organization called the 'Christian Leadership Conference of the South'. Martin Luther King's commitment to not resorting to violence and peaceful efforts to achieve equality led to a calming demonstration that he organized on American society and Martin Luther King had a great contribution to the success of the civil rights movement. The demonstration took place on August 28, 1963, and on the one-hundredth anniversary of the proclamation of the Slavery Declaration issued by Abraham Lincoln in Washington, DC, bringing about 250,000 people to the Lincoln Memorial Monument. Following King's March and speech, the pressure of citizens on the government of John F. Kennedy began to submit to Congress the ratification of civil rights bills and this became one of the most important national issues.

Topic sentence: Martin Luther King had many successes. Evidence & citing: His followers argue that Some of his most important achievements are Support for quiet protests during the strike in Memphis city scavengers, Leading the bans on Montgomery Bus Company in Alabama, famous speech like I have a dream, His major role in the formation of the South African Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, advocating for the protection of civil rights and non-violence. Commentary: My own view, however, is that Civil rights law, The law of the right to vote, Immigration and Nationality Services Act, The law of fair housing transactions.

Topic sentence: In the comparison between Obama ex-president of U. S and Luter King Allen (2013) argue that Obama and King have a wide range of similarities in the leadership and its effect on black people. Evidence & citing: My own view, however, is that Luther King is a historical figure, an interdisciplinary figure, a thinker whose ideas are still fresher after fifty years, but Obama is no longer the case in the same year that he left the White House because he was not a thinker. In addition, Obama never wanted to be a moral leader and could not at all. I think the Nobel Prize giving him was a mistake. Obama is quite a political figure with all the mistakes that politicians have in the world today. They are people who talk, but they do something else. Obama, therefore, is fundamentally different from Luther King, but it should be noted that, if Luther was not Kenny, Obama would not be. Yet a careful analysis of the information reveals that Obama has a more sensible mindset among American presidents, but some of his positions separate him from someone like Gandhi's Luther King, a non-violent struggle. Most important is the issue of peace, which can be said Obama has been a hotly-fledged president, but Martin Luther King, like Gandhi, like the Dalai Lama and Desmond Tutu, has been the true face of peace.

Topic sentence: Smit (2018) is surely right about emotional concepts of human life that nowadays, only one character of Martin Luther King is featured, a dream that speaks merely of love and equality. Evidence & citing: Many times, speaking of concepts such as love, equality, social justice, and peace between religions, seems very simple, or a kind of deception it cannot be parallel with which the rough reality of human life and destiny, even the oppressors believe these terms. Although I disagree with Smit much of what he says, I fully endorse his final conclusion because Martin Luther King was essentially a fighter person and heavily criticized the system. Commentary: The question is, how can these transcendental concepts not be the means of suppressing systems that promote their use and make them survive more? I still maintain that anyone who speaks of love, friendship and nonviolence is not necessarily a passive person, not a comedic struggle. The history of Latin American struggles gives us some interesting examples. There were priests like Oscar Romero, who even died in this way, or a figure like Gustavo Gutiérrez, who founded the liberation theology. They are like Christians, like Luther King, who speaks of the basic concepts of Christianity, including love and tolerance, but they are also combatants.

Topic sentence: Luther King, if he spoke about these bases, continued his struggle, and so he was murdered. When he says 'I have a dream', he does not absolutely think that, for example, a monotheistic non-classical society will be formed, but he wants to create a value revolution and challenge that American dream, a dream which is summed up for many in the wealth and individual success.

Topic sentence: In the recent discussion of Whitaker (2018) about the revolution of values, a controversial issue has been whether Martin Luther rejects or defends the political revolution. Evidence & citing: he argues that he provided the ground for a political revolution, but this political revolution is worthless without bloodshed and on the basis of a revolution. Such a thing can never be raised in Marxism, because Marxists often overlook the values, while the issue is underlying.

Commentary: My own view is Martin Luther was exactly involved with critical thinking of values. it means when talking about poverty and misery among the blacks and looking for a solution, we must transform and build a society from below. To find a black president to go to the White House does not solve their problems. We must change our attitude toward each other, the attitude of blacks towards whites and white whites than blacks.

According to Nguyen (2019), the strategy that Martin Luther King took in the period of his leadership is that, King's leadership has identified him as the main face of the civil rights struggle in the public, and for this reason He was careful to preserve his image for the vast majority of the US and make it acceptable to them, on the contrary Malcolm, the main figure of the 'nation of Islam', was known as an armed struggle and a division in the world. King with these methods strongly opposed and tried to portray the public's imagination as a moderate, not a radical.

Topic sentence: Nguyen (2019) insists that in many respects, this moderation has caused him to hire a large number of whites and join them in the movement. Evidence & citing: King was not only a symbol of hope for blacks but also for progressive whites. He also tried to keep the civic resistance movement united, and at a time when Americans were increasingly interested in freedom and equality, trying to connect the various groups of activists to the followers. Commentary: I have always believed that he was a conceptual leader due to the fact that I can rely on the documents that Nguyen mentioned in some lines above. He was so skillful to recognize what was needed in a different situation that he was involved in and he could equip himself with the knowledge of social intelligence. I acknowledge that he could appeal followers with reliable actions because all of the black and even white people could trust him and it was the trigger of his success for the next steps. His target in achieving the equality between black and white people was the dream that he talked about it in the first and the historical meeting of him. nd he made much effort to meet it by convicting all listeners with honesty and faith.

Topic sentence: Vischer (2012) has debated the theory of moral in his book that it is extremely useful because it sheds insight on the difficult problem of being an ethical leader in the society of those U. S when Martin Luther was starting to explain about the racism and the equally between black and white people. Evidence & citing: He argues that a leader like him tolerate all of the temptations of not being influenced by the interest group. He believed in ethical leadership because of the context of what he learned in his education and brought up period. Commentary: Martin Luther King was so genius in speaking and it was the most powerful skill that he has as a leader. It shows that he could improve his emotional intelligence in the ground of influencing the audience.

He argues that it was highly likely that if he had not that skill he might not attract the followers in the first meeting. In other words, he could not meet his vision which was the black people right that the whites. Topic sentence: In addition, I consider that Martin Luther used the great man theory in the period of his leadership. He attempts to make a considerable fundamental difference in the ideology of his followers. Evidence & citing: Because we can see that he could change the treatment and attitudes which were some necessary part of life at that time. He underlined some structure and impression which were unseen at that time. But he could explain that with the insight of what he had believed in it. This was one of the key successes of the great man and make others trust and follow him in his words.

Topic sentence: From my point of view, he could reflect an interaction between the character traits and the various situational factors like openness to experiences, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. Evidence & citing: He faced dilemmas that require choices between a political person who can take advantages from the government and being quite against all inequality than black people or being a person who is tied with moral and values. I agree that He could internalize a strong set of ethics, principle and right conduct based on a value reveloution. because of this analysis I agree with Whitaker (2018) about the revolution of values in his leadership. Commentary: He shows his ability as a powerful leader with aligning the value of his followers with those he was looking for. Martin Luther provided the extrinsic motivation for black people who could imagine that one day they can vote in a democratic country.

His leadership was including the integrity, vision, empathy, and consistency and because of all these four factors, he could do the right thing. Evidence & citing: An important consideration is how thinking about a value-laden issue or ethical dilemmas which he was involving them. But he could make a decision about ethical behaviors and even he murdered because of his belief and his ideology. Commentary: Now if I want to mention some distinctive traits that he had and it was a capacity to produce an effect on followers was the influence tactics. He was skillful to use words exactly his own word to influence others. In other means these traits can be measured by speaking power. I can say that he was equipped with expert, referent and legitimate power. Thus, having access to this source of power could affect the followers to move.

Conclusion

Conclusion paragraph: I strongly believe that Martin Luther was a person with a method of critical thinking and high social intelligence due to the fact that he could behave in different political position that even were different with the education he graduate. he as a conceptual leader could help black people to achieve their right with influencing and motivating them with a wonderful speech . People like Luther King, with their campaigns in the United States, have shown that the most miserable people can achieve their civil rights. Though there is a strong will, intentions that are based on a sound thought, and if it is accompanied by a moral leader of personality such as Martin Luther King, it can modify things to a degree, then no matter how small this change is.

Naturally, humanity cannot be completely changed, and the issue of good and evil is always associated with man, but what can be changed is human judgment, whether it is about events, about cultures or about humans themselves. He implemented the ethical leadership in his period oh being leader and he proved it that when somebody has insight and incentive for an aim nothing can distract them from meeting it. His ideology lied in the movement of people who didn’t know a speech can put them on the path of being equal with the whites.

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People like Luther King will help us strengthen our judiciary so that we can prevent the emergence of people like Stalin and Hitler, or wars such as the two world wars, as far as possible. We continue to read and teach their works for learning valuable experiences. . with the lesson of this great leader I try to make an effort that it will equip me with the essential skills. It will grant me the ability to face the future with sufficient and adequate experience. I am so keen on doing enrichment research on influential leadership skills to elevate my abilities and goal to be a successful leader in the work environment and daily life.

References

1. Emanuel, R. (2018). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , ' How Long? Not Long' (23 March 1965). Voices of Democracy. . Retrieved From: https://eds-a-ebscohost-com. ezproxy. myucwest. ca/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=be2b340f-77aa-409b-a127-868113a5363b%40sessionmgr4009
2. Whitaker, R. (2018). Martin Luther King Jr. and Mormonism: Dialogue, Race, and Pluralism.
3. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought: Retrieved From https://eds-a-ebscohost-com. ezproxy. myucwest. ca/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=f4456808-9dc6-48c8-a057-a62accfbfa11%40sessionmgr4009.
4. Smit, J, M. (2018). Martin Luther King Jr. , W. E. B. Du Bois, and Attitudes Toward Change. Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric. Retrieved from: https://eds-a-ebscohost-com. ezproxy. myucwest. ca/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=59ac65a6-e9b6-43a1-8575-472b6cbc3ede%40sdc-v-sessmgr05.
5. Allen, J. (2013). Obama and King: Politico. Retrieved From: https://www. politico. com/story/2013/08/barack-obama-and-martin-luther-king-jr-095866Nguyen,
6. T. (2019). King's Other Legacy. TIME Magazine. Retrieved From: https://eds-a-ebscohost-com. ezproxy. myucwest. ca/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=a1eb2675-aceb-4d7b-85c9-315b245607bd%40sdc-v-sessmgr03
7. Vischer, R, K. (2012). Martin Luther King Jr. and the Morality of Legal Practice: Lessons in Love and Justice. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from: https://eds-a-ebscohost-com. ezproxy. myucwest. ca/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzUwODMyOV9fQU41?sid=0d25ed10-d428-4977-8cc9-b9fb02637c78@sdc-v-sessmgr05&vid=1&format=EB

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Background

Provides a foundational overview, outlining the historical context and introducing keyinformation that will be further explored in the essay, setting the stage for the argument to follow.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

As a girl born and raised in Nepal, I had never imagined that today I would be in the United States pursuing my dream of becoming a Registered nurse (RN). I am the eldest daughter of the family who has financial responsibilities towards my family in Nepal besides the studies. My journey in LaGuardia began in 2016 Fall with the ESL classes because English is my second language. With the fact known that the path I have chosen to be an RN is not going to be easy, I chose to follow it anyway because I was dedicated and passionate to achieve my goals despite all the difficulties. Since the time I joined this school, I have applied for the foundation scholarship and the awards have helped me cover my education expenses, for example buying course-related software, books, and MetroCard. As a result, I have been able to focus 100% on my studies rather than worrying about the expenses. This is my final graduating semester, and I am hoping for the continuous support from the foundation again.

To start the essay, currently, my short-term goal is to pass the final semester with a good GPA. I have planned to continue my bachelor’s degree in nursing (BSN) at SUNY University at Buffalo right after I graduate from LaGuardia. I aspire to be a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA) in the next five years. CRNAs are the advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) with a doctorate who works in collaboration with the doctors to safely administer anesthesia and monitor patients throughout their surgeries. I plan to achieve this career goal through my role as an ICU nurse because it will give me hands-on experience in the surgical aspect of patient care which will help me built my foundation in clinical knowledge and expand my leadership skills that are necessary to a CRNA.

My vision as a nurse is that I will see each patient as an individual and provide them individualized care. I want to be a nurse who is open-minded and compassionate in providing quality care to the patient so that they can trust me as their care-provider. I acknowledge that nursing is a very challenging and noble profession, and I want to pursue it as my career because I believe it is a field that will provide me with many opportunities to help people and make difference in their lives every day.

Before enrolling in the nursing program at LaGuardia Community College, I pursued the license of a certified nursing assistant (CNA) and worked as a Nurse Aide in Dry Harbor Nursing home for four months. This position directly provided me with the opportunity to experience different aspects of the healthcare system. I was amazed to learn that nursing is indeed more than just looking at a sick person. Most people think that a hospital is a place where only the sick are treated. Despite the disease is treated, many patients suffer mentally which could affect their mental health. To prevent, nurses not only treat the disease, but they focus on healing the whole person by providing holistic care. Holistic care involves taking care of a patient’s mind, body and soul. It requires acknowledging the effects of illnesses or diseases on the person’s emotions, religion, family, relationship, and society. Consideration of all these aspects of a patient during the development of the nursing care plan is critically important in today’s society.

Currently, I tutor Math and Science ten hours a week at the Office for Students with Disabilities (OSD) in college. Being a tutor is a valuable experience I have ever gained as a student. Assisting different students with different learning styles helped me acknowledge and enhance my interpersonal, communication and listening abilities. Since nurses play a dynamic role in healthcare, one of their primary roles is to be an educator. With my experience as a tutor, I believe it will help me later in my nursing career in teaching patients according to their needs and desires.

After joining LaGuardia in 2016 Fall, I have been consistently successful in achieving my goals such as entering the nursing program and making through the final graduating semester. As a student, I learned many informational lessons from my mentors and faculty teacher who are amazing and most talented. This wouldn’t have been the same case if I had divided my attention towards covering my expenses and study at the same time. My heartfelt thanks to the LaGuardia Foundation Scholarship for continuously supporting a student like me who is committed to turning the dreams into reality. I am sincerely hoping for continuous support for the Fall 2019 semester as well. 

Works Cited

1. National League for Nursing. (2010). Scope and Standards of Practice for Registered Nurses. Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. (2017). Practice Guidelines for Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists. Park Ridge, IL: Author.
3. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2008). The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice. Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Author.
5. Cohen, M. Z., & Cesta, T. G. (Eds.). (2018). Nursing Case Management: From Essentials to Advanced Practice Applications. Springer Publishing Company.
6. Creasia, J. L., & Friberg, E. E. (2015). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice (6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
7. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing (9th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
8. St. John, W., & Chester, P. (2015). Health Policy and Advanced Practice Nursing: Impact and Implications. Springer Publishing Company.
9. Davis, M. A. (2017). Holistic Nursing: A Handbook for Practice (7th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
10. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.