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In Sula, Toni Morrison chronicles the lives of two African-American women whose close friendship is torn apart by infidelity. In the novel, Morrison paints the relationship between the character’s leading women, Sula and Nel, as one of fulfillment, encouragement, and support. Patriarchal heterosexual relationships, by contrast, are painted as unsuccessful or damaging by restricting free will, leaving women to raise families alone, and creating competition and causing division within female friendships. According to Adrianne Rich, author of “Compulsory Sexuality and Lesbian Existence,” patriarchal heterosexual relationships should be examined as an institution much as the economic system of capitalism or the caste system of racism. Rich believes requisite patriarchal heterosexuality has been established as a means of restraining women’s unique identities and perpetuating male dominance, with the result that it “keeps numberless women psychologically trapped, trying to fit mind, spirit, and sexuality into a prescribed script because they cannot look beyond the parameters of the acceptable. It pulls on the energy of such women” (657). Morrison mirrors Rich’s beliefs in Sula when she fabricates the male presence as a negative force in the lives of the novel’s women, where males are typically absent and marriage is seen as a job. While the novel’s two main characters, Sula and Nel, suffer a period of disconnection, both women ultimately realize that their most intimate and essential relationship is with each other.

Sula and Nel become fast friends very quickly as a product, describes Morrison, of realizing at a young age that they are “neither white nor male” (52). Knowing that all freedom is forbidden to them, each girl decides to become something else; they’re able to use each other to develop. The two grow so intimate that they frequently act in tandem, performing identical tasks without need of speech. The author demonstrates the girls’ nonverbal collusion when Nel and Sula dig holes in the earth during a sunny summer day: in concert, the girls strip the bark off twigs and use the twigs to dig two separate holes; still not speaking, they join their two smaller holes to form a single larger hole and, when Nel’s twig snaps, both girls toss in their twigs, add bits of trash, and then fill in the hole they’ve created. When thinking about their relationship, Nel relates that “talking to Sula had always been a conversation with herself. Was there anyone else before whom she could never be foolish? In whose view inadequacy was mere idiosyncrasy, a character trait rather than a deficiency?” (95). The two girls evidence Rich’s sentiments that “woman-identification is a source of energy, a potential springhead of female power” (657). In each other, the girls find complete acceptance and an emotional rapport not evidenced in any of the heterosexual relationships in Sula.

As a product of this constant intimacy with each other, Morrison reports that Sula and Nel grow content and no longer experience the need to conform to the Bottom’s expectations. For example, Nel’s mother, Helene, urges her daughter to pull her nose with a clothespin in the hopes of giving it a more “attractive” appearance; Nel performs this duty with zest but without expectation until she meets Sula, at which point she retires the clothespin permanently. As well, though Nel still endures having her hair straightened with a hot comb once a week, the affect no longer appeals to her. Morrison’s detailing of Sula and Nel’s relationship is true to Rich’s description of the benefits of female friendship. Quoting author Audre Lord, Rich writes that female comradeship is “the empowering joy which ‘makes us less willing to accept powerlessness, or those other supplied states of being which are not native to me, such as resignation, despair, self-effacement, depression, self-denial’" (650). Like Rich, Morrison illustrates that close female camaraderie makes it possible for the women to resist conformity.

Marriage, both in Sula and in “Compulsory Heterosexuality,” is viewed as the destructive, yet inevitable, outcome of the patriarchal heterosexual mold. In detailing marriage, Morrison writes that Eva, after being hospitalized following the death of Hannah, recalls Hannah’s dream from the night before of getting married in a red dress. Eva remembers that marriage, in dreams, always means death. Morrison’s views on marriage encouraged by patriarchal heterosexuality are even more clearly expressed through Sula’s eyes:

Those with husbands had folded themselves into starched coffins, their sides bulging with other people’s skinned dreams and bony regrets. Those without men were like sour-tipped needles featuring one constant empty eye. Those with men had had the sweetness sucked from their breath by ovens and steam kettles. Their children were like distant but exposed wounds whose aches were no less intimate because separate from their flesh. They had looked at the world and back at their children, and Sula knew that one clear young eye was all that kept the knife away from the throat’s curve. (122).

From Sula’s statements, it’s apparent that Morrison feels marriage is a negative construct into which women are lured as a way of filling what they are indoctrinated to believe is an unavoidable emptiness.

Rich writes in “Compulsory Sexuality” that women marry as part of the patriarchal heterosexual institution because it’s essential “in order to survive economically, in order to have children who would not suffer economic deprivation or social ostracism, in order to remain respectable, in order to do what was expected of women because coming out of ‘abnormal’ childhoods they wanted to feel "normal," and because heterosexual romance has been represented as the great female adventure, duty, and fulfillment” (654). Consistent with Rich’s theory, Morrison states that Nel’s parents have succeeded in dulling any spark of individuality from Nel in their determination for her to be viewed as well-bred, desirable wife material. Helene, in particular, is resolute in her yearning for Nel to lead a more “normal” life: having been born to a whore and raised by her grandmother, Helene is still plagued with the need to prove, to herself and others, how far she’s risen on the social ladder, even if her daughter must serve as the proof. Nel marries Jude because he makes her feel singularly needed; in Morrison’s words, “[Nel] didn’t even know she had a neck until Jude remarked on it, or that her smile was anything but the spreading of her lips until he saw it as a small miracle” (84). For his part, Jude desires to marry Nel in reaction to being emasculated by the white citizens of Medallion. Morrison conveys that the whites refuse to hire African-Americans for decent jobs despite their superior qualifications, so Jude is forced to rely on very little pay and must turn to his mother for support. To Jude’s way of thinking, marrying Nel allows him to justify his menial work; he can tell himself that he stays at his job out of necessity, to support his family. As for Sula, she encourages Nel’s marriage to Jude simply because “she thought it was the perfect thing to do following their graduation from general school” (84).

When Sula supports Nel’s marriage, however, she doesn’t suspect that Nel will settle down to the conventional patriarchal role of the possessive, sympathetic wife. When Jude complains about how tough life is for a black man, for example, Sula interjects her opinion that black men seem to have a rather easy life specifically to prevent Nel from uttering the expected “milkwarm commiseration” (103). In response to Sula’s comments, Jude sizes Sula up as “a woman roaming the country trying to find some man to burden down with a lot of lip and a lot of mouths” (103). Simply because Sula dares to voice her own beliefs, Jude becomes upset and concludes that Sula’s going to be trouble for men. After Jude leaves Nel, Morrison narrates Sula’s reflection that “she knew well enough what other women said and felt, or said they felt. But she and Nel had always seen through them. They both knew that those women were not jealous of other women; that they were only afraid of losing their jobs” (119). Instead, by the time Sula returns from ten years away at college, she discovers belatedly that Nel has changed: after Sula sleeps with Jude, Nel is unable to forgive her. Sula eventually comes to the bitter realization that “now Nel was one of them. One of the spiders whose only thought was the next rung of the web…They were merely victims and knew how to behave in that role (just as Nel knew how to behave as the wronged wife)…Now Nel belonged to the town and all of its ways” (120). In the end, Nel is so enveloped in the town’s customs that she chides Sula for her determination to remain independent.

Though Morrison narrates that Sula’s glad she lived for herself, Sula also falls for a man prior to her demise. When Sula first meets Ajax, she enjoys his company mainly because he doesn’t talk down to her like other men; a not-so-subtle critique of male condescension. Gradually, Sula feels herself developing a sense of possession over Ajax. When she makes the mistake of revealing too much of her emotions to her lover, he decides to leave. Sula realizes that she "did not hold my head stiff enough when I met him and so I lost it just like the dolls" (136). Morrison’s description of Sula’s self-scorn over falling for Jude shows the author’s view that females act as mindless “dolls” when pursuing a conventional heterosexual relationship; it also reveals yet another failed heterosexual connection. Further, Sula discovers that Ajax’s real name is Alan Jacks. Since she hasn’t even known his name, Sula concludes that she never knew the man at all. Their relationship represents Sula’s attempt to fall in with the heterosexual institution: the urge to conform insinuates itself so heavily that Sula constructs her own image of “Ajax;” repeatedly describing her craving to scrape off his outer layer to reveal the “gold” she’s sure lies underneath (137).

Within the first three chapters of Morrison’s novel Sula, the author sketches a picture of absent boyfriends, husbands and fathers. Eva, Sula’s grandmother, is forced to raise her family alone when her husband BoyBoy abandons her. Rekus, Sula’s father and Hannah’s husband, is granted only a single sentence in the novel, when Morrison explains that he died when Sula was three; the cause of his death isn’t mentioned. Wiley, Nel’s father and Helene’s husband, is alive but rarely home. The male image doesn’t improve as the novel progresses: Jude leaves Nel after having an affair with Sula, and Sula’s boyfriend, Ajax, leaves when he suspects Sula is beginning to feel possessive of him. The consequences of the little-seen or completely absent males are exhibited in various ways. For instance, because they’re left to raise their families alone, Eva, Hannah, and Helene are unable to spend much time playing with their children. The lack of personal attention damages not only the mothers’ relationships with their daughters, but the daughters’ eventual relationships with their own children: since Helene is birthed to a lower-class whore, she feels the need to groom her daughter, Nel, into the perfect, docile woman as proof of how far she’s come. Nel is therefore not allowed room for imagination or other personal expression.

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As Rich urges in “Compulsory Sexuality,” Morrison closely scrutinizes patriarchal heterosexual relationships in Sula. Both women highlight the benefits of female companionship: when Sula and Nel are together in the beginning of the novel, Morrison relates that each is able to be her own person, express her own passions, and feel completely free, a sentiment echoed in “Compulsory Sexuality.” Morrison focuses on her belief that heterosexual relationships are an institution inflicted by males to repress females by continually stressing the failure of compulsory patriarchal heterosexual relationships and the harmful outcomes compliance exacts on women. Nel’s seduction into the patriarchal heterosexual relationship mold, for instance, costs Sula and Nel’s friendship to end in heartbreak and leaves Nel, in particular, feeling that she’s lost a piece of herself. Similar to Rich, Morrison describes patriarchal heterosexual relationships, and the marriage touted as the ultimate goal thereof, as a leech sucking women dry of joy and leaving them empty husks continuing to live for their children’s sake. Solely through an examination of the institution of patriarchal heterosexual relationships can the pattern of male dominance, which has set the mold for all forms of abuse, be broken.

Detective fiction is a type of inscription in which a detective is mechanized to resolve misconduct. The audience is dared to explain the wrongdoing by the hints delivered in advance. The detective reveals the response at the conclusion of the novel. When the story starts, crime is familiarized. In particular narratives, the erroneous individual is blamed for the crime to keep the reader locked in. Ultimately, the detective initiates an investigation to detect the guilt-ridden perpetrator. This paper describes the role of Edgar Allen Poe the father of detective fiction. The principal investigator story was created by Edgar Allan Poe and his small tale The Murders in Rue Morgue that he wrote in 1841 (Klein, 1999). In the story, two females are killed, and the police department has a tough time deciphering the circumstances.

Investigator Dupin leads his personal examination and resolves the offense when the law enforcement agency cannot. Poe is persistent in using Dupin in numerous additional short stories. The genre cultivated slightly generally through the 1800s. Victorian novelists, such as Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens, engraved detective fiction. Nevertheless, when Sir Arthur Conan Doyle shaped Sherlock Holmes, the genre produced. Doyle wrote and completed fifty short stories as well as narratives around Sherlock Holmes with his sidekick Dr. Watson. Doyle's characters are very common today. In the 1900s, numerous innovative detectives were introduced, safeguarding that the genre sustained growth. Some of the additional general investigators were Endeavor Morse and Gervase Fen, a formation of Edmund Crispin. Crispin is attributed to making the investigator genre more modern. William Legrand, the main character in “The Gold Bug,” shows specific characteristics with Poe's famous unprofessional detective, Dupin. Legrand is of a memorable intimate, but because of financial adversities, he has been to close to poverty.

On the contrary, he comes from the French lineage from New Orleans. He resides lonely on an island near Charleston, South Carolina. Additionally, similar to Dupin, he surrogates between sorrow and enthusiasm, which directs the teller of tales to the uncertainty that he is the dupe of a class of insanity (Delamater, 1997). The basic evidence of the story is that Legrand is metaphorically nibbled by the gold bug once determining a portion of parchment on which he discovers a cipher with guidelines to the suppressed beauty of the adventurer Captain Kidd. As through the extraordinary significant Dupin stories, “The Gold Bug” emphases little on accomplishment than on the clarification of the phases to the resolution of its mystery. To crack the mystery of the cipher, Legrand establishes the critical potentials of the substandard detective: close consideration to the minute point, extensive information about language and mathematics, far reaching knowledge about his opponent which is Captain Kidd, and most important a perceptive intuition as well as a methodical reasoning ability.

Poe’s famous gothic stories of psychological obsession, such as “The Black Cat,” “The Tell-Tale Heart,” “The Fall of the House of Usher,” and “Ligeia," seem at first glance entirely different from his logical stories of detection. In many ways, however, they are very similar: Both types depend on some secret guilt that must be exposed; in both, the central character is an unusual whose mind seems distant from the minds of ordinary men; and both types are elaborate puzzles filled with clues that must be tied together before the reader can understand their overall effect."The Oblong Box" and "Thou Art the Man," both written in 1844, are often cited as combining the gothic and the compelling core of Poe's genius. The narrator of "The Oblong Box," while on a packet-ship journey from Charleston, South Carolina, to New York City, becomes unusually curious about an oblong pine box that is kept in the stateroom of an old school acquaintance, Cornelius Wyatt (Poe & Richardson, 2009). In the course of the story, the narrator uses deductive processes to conclude that Wyatt, an artist, is smuggling to New York a copy of Leonardo da Vinci's

"The Last Supper" done by a famous Florentine painter.When a storm threatens to sink the ship, Wyatt ties himself to the mysterious box and, to the horror of the survivors, falls into the sea with it. Not until a month after the event does the narrator learn that the box contained Wyatt's wife embalmed in salt. Although earlier in the story the narrator prided himself on his superior acumen in guessing that the box included painting, at the conclusion he admits that his mistakes were the result of both his carelessness and his impulsiveness. The persistent deductive efforts of the narrator to explain the mystery of the oblong box, combined with the sense of horror that arises from the image of the artist’s plunging to his death with the corpse of his beautiful young wife, qualifies this story, although a minor tale in the Poe canon, as a unique combination of the gothic and the ratiocinative.

“Thou Art the Man,” though frequently categorized as a mockery of small-town life and behaviors, is likewise a stimulating but slight influence to the type. The story is expressed in a sarcastic tenor by a storyteller who suggests to an explanation for the vanishing of Mr. Barnabus Shuttleworthy. He is one of the town’s wealthiest and most celebrated appreciated inhabitants (Amper & Bloom, 2007). When Shuttleworthy’s nephew is suspected of killing the uncle, Charley Goodfellow, a near acquaintance of Shuttleworth, brands each exertion to protect the young man. Each term he expresses to elevate and back the alleged nephew, though, aids only to excavate the town’s people’s doubt of him.

Through the story, Goodfellow is mentioned as “Old Charley.’’ He is praised as a gentleman who is substantial, exposed, forthright, and truthful. At the story’s inference, he obtains an enormous box allegedly covering wine assured him by the killed man previous to his demise. When the box is opened, the partly lousy body of Shuttleworth sit down in the table, points his limb at Goodfellow, and speaks, “Thou art the man!” Goodfellow, not astonishingly, acknowledges to the homicide. The rudimentary satires of Charley’s of not being such a “good fellow” afterward and of his labors to have the nephew sentenced even as he fake to have him absolved are dominant to the story’s conspiracy, the extreme sarcasm emphases on the incomes by which Goodfellow is made to admit. It is Goodfellow’s honesty and uprightness that reasons the storyteller to suspicion from the start and therefore discovery the body, twig a part of monster jawbone depressed its gullet to root it to be seated up inside the case, and use ventriloquism to brand it appear as if the dead body says the arguments of the name. The story presents such characteristic detective-story agreements as the formation of untrue signs by the illicit and the detection of the felonious as the smallest likely suspect.

“The Mystery of Marie Rogêt,” although it also focuses on Dupin’s solving of a crime primarily from newspaper reports, is based on the murder of a young girl, Mary Cecilia Rogers, near New York City. Because the crime had not been solved when Poe wrote the story, he made use of the facts of the case to tell a story of the murder of a young Parisian girl, Marie Rogêt, as a means of demonstrating his superior deductive ability. The story ostensibly begins two years after the events of "The Murders in the Rue Morgue," when the faultless of police, having unsuccessful to solve the Marie Rogêt case himself, doubts about his status and requests Dupin for assistance.

Dupin’s technique is that of the definitive wing chair investigator; he folds all the reproductions of the reporters articles that have interprets of the misconduct and circles about systematically investigative every one. He states the circumstance extra complicated than that of the Rue Morgue since, paradoxically, it appears so modest. One of the elements of the story that makes it less accessible than the other two Dupin tales is the extensive analysis of the newspaper articles in which Dupin engages— a report that makes the story read more like an article critical of newspaper techniques than a narrative story. In fact, what makes Poe able to propose a solution to the crime is not so much his knowledge of evil as his knowledge of the conventions of newspaper writing. Similarly, it was his knowledge of the meetings of novel book that made it possible for him to deduce the correct conclusion of Charles Dickens's novel Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of ’80 (1841) the previous year when he had read only one or two of the first installments.

Another aspect of “The Mystery of Marie Rogêt” that reflects Dupin’s deductive genius and that has been used by subsequent detective writers is his conviction that the usual error of the police is to pay too much attention to the immediate events while ignoring the external evidence. Both experience and right philosophy, says Dupin, show that truth arises more often from the seemingly irrelevant than from the so-called strictly relevant. By this means, Dupin eliminates the various hypotheses for the crime proposed by the newspapers and suggests his hypothesis, which is confirmed by the confession of the murderer (Poe, Tales of mystery and imagination, 2003).

Although “The Mystery of Marie Rogêt” contains some of the primary conventions that find their way into later detective stories, it is the least popular of the Dupin narratives not only because it contains much reasoning and exposition and minimal narrative but also because it is so long and convoluted. Of the many experts of detective fiction who have commented on Poe's contribution to the genre, only Dorothy L. Sayers has praised "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt,” calling it a story especially for connoisseurs, a serious intellectual exercise rather than a sensational thriller such as “The Murders in the Rue Morgue.” The above are some of the work done by Allen Poe. From these stories, one can deduce that Detective Fiction is essential in helping in the training of the criminal investigators. From the stories, one can be able to gauge a lie or something real. On the other hand, the Detective fiction induces critical thinking of an individual. Therefore, it is essential to assist one in making a rational decision.

References

1. Amper, S., & Bloom, H. (2007). Bloom's how to write about Edgar Allan Poe. New York: New York: Chelsea House.

2. Delamater, J. (1997). Theory and practice of classic detective fiction: prepared under the auspices of Hofstra University.

3. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Pr.Klein, K. G. (1999). Diversity and detective fiction. Bowling Green, Ohio Bowling Green State Univ. Popular.

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4. Poe, E. A. (2003). Tales of mystery and imagination. London: Collector's Library. Poe, E. A., & Richardson, C. F. (2009). The complete works of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Cosimo Classics.

Table of contents

1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction
Blood SpatterBloodstain Characteristics
3. Materials and Methodology
ObjectivesMaterials Required
4. Observations and Results
5. Conclusion

This is to certify that the NTCC entitled “DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT FROM THE ANGLE OF PROJECTION OF BLOODSTAINS” is submitted as project by Ms. NAVODITA TYAGI B.Sc.(H) FORENSIC SCIENCES during her period of study in Amity University of Forensic Sciences ,AMITY UNIVERSITY,UTTAR PRADESH under my supervision and guidance.

During the entire period ,she was very sincere and has completed the project with lot of hard work and enthusiasm.

I wish her luck for her prosperity and bright future ahead.

Acknowledgement

In this NTCC project, on the topic “DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT FROM THE ANGLE OF PROJECTION OF BLOOD STAINS” ,I place on record my thanks and gratitude to DR. S.K. SHUKLA, Director of AIFS, Amity University, AUUP who supported me in the preparation of this project.

Excellent advice and support of my guide Dr. AMARNATH MISHRA has been really invaluable on the academic level for which I am extremely grateful. Under his guidance I have been able to complete this project.

I am extremely thankful to all the faculties of AIFS for the help rendered support throughout during the course of study and guiding me in the completion of the dissertation. My sense of gratitude and thanks goes to all staff members of administration for their co-operation throughout my course.

Introduction

Blood spatters are the patterns that are created by the blood when it falls on a surface from a certain height during a crime .The examination of location , shape, size and distribution pattern of bloodstain that helps in the analysis of the physical events that took place and the events due to which the patterns are made.

In this study blood spatters were created with the red colour whose viscosity was similar to that of blood drops of red colour were dropped from different – different heights and at different angles too. These were analyzed to estimate the height , angle and volume and the size and shape of the pattern. As a resultant. It was concluded from the study that the droplets from different height different shapes; such as a droplet from 2.5 of height appears small and round while at the same time a droplet from 6 feet of height gives a round appearance with larger diameter including more number of satellites. This analysis of the drops gives estimation about the suspect’s height and the shape estimates about the time of occurrence .it can be helpful in the forensic field of investigation and can be put on the par above of all the evidences for the conclusion.

Blood Spatter

Blood pattern analysis is a forensic discipline which is basically the scientific study of the static events resulting from blood shedding events. It deals with the physics of the blood on the principles of physics like as mechanics and physics of fluid .It includes the examination of the blood location, shape , size and the scattering pattern on the various surfaces such as walls, ceiling, floors etc.

The examination and analysis of such physical appearance of blood which forms a pattern is known as blood spatter analysis. The blood stains often reveal the invaluable evidences during the crime scene investigation.

Bloodstain Characteristics

When a drop strikes the surface ,it forms a circular pattern. The size of the blood droplet depends on the height where it falls , angle at which it strikes the surface and the speed of the droplet and the type of surface on which it is falling like hard and smooth surfaces creates a pattern that is smaller then the rough or irregular shaped surfaces. The circular pattern formed by the drop of blood increases in size when it falls from the height of about one inch to seven feet.

Secondary or satellite spatter is formed when blood droplet falls on a hard surface. These SD satellites surround around the circular blood stain

When a drop strikes a smooth surface at 90 degrees ,it produces a circular blood stain whereas if the blood drop strikes at an angle less than 90 degrees, an elongated pattern is observed.

The shape of the blood drop also helps in determination f the direction of blood stain. If the stain is elongated or elliptical in shape, the tail end/the narrower end of the stain points to the direction of travel of the blood drop.

Comparison between the angle of impact and the direction of travel also reveals the origin of the blood drop.

The angle of the impact of blood spatter is the angle of the blood as it strikes a contact surface. This angle can be determined by taking measurements of the length of the bloodstain and the width of the bloodstains.

Importance of Blood Spatter Analysis

Blood spatter analysis shows various aspects regarding crime scene which helps in reconstruction of crime scene.

It tells us-

1. The origin of blood drop.
2. Distance from origin to the impact.
3. Direction of impact.
4. Type of impact.
5. No. of blows or shots.
6. Position of victim and the offender at the time of bloodshed.
7. Movement of victim and offender during bloodshed.
8. Movement of victim and offender after bloodshed.
9. Impact angle.

Materials and Methodology

Objectives

To study the effect of height ,angle and volume on size and shape of blood spatter.

Estimation of suspect’s height from the shape of blood spatter.

Materials Required

Red colour (Viscosity similar as that of blood),Measuring tape ,Pencil ,White paper ,Droppers ,Protactor ,Camera.

Hypothesis for objective 1:

Null hypothesis (h0): height, angle and volume affect the size and shape of the blood spatte.

Alternate hypothesis (h1) : height, angle and volume does not affect the shape and size of the blood spatter.

Hypothesis for objective2:

Null hypothesis (h0): suspect’s height will be estimated from the size and shape of blood spatter.

Alternate hypothesis (h1): suspect’s height will not be estimated from the size and shape of the blood spatter.

Sample Collection:

The experiment was conducted in the laboratory on the floor(for height) as well as on the wall(for angle)with the help of colour (viscosity same as that of blood).

For the parameter of height: white sheet was placed on the floor and then from different heights i.e. from 2 feet,2.5 feet,3 feet , 3.5 feet, 4 feet, 4.5 feet, 5 feet, 5.5 feet,6 feet respectively coloured drop from the dropper was dropped to make the spatter.

For the parameter of angle : white paper was fixed on the walls and from different heights, colour was taken in the brush and was splashed on walls at an angle of 30,45,60 and 75 degrees respectively. Then the spatters made were observed.

Sample analysis: The samples collected were analyzed for their size and shape on the basis of the sine formula. The size and shape of the spatter formed were analyzed for estimation of height of the suspect and the angle formed.

Before carrying out the analysis , basic knowledge about the blood spatter is required. The knowledge about the size and the shape formed due to the force with which the spatter was made.

Observations and Results

OBSERVATION TABLE NO. 1

HEIGHT FROM THE GROUND AVERAGE DIAMETER(in cms.) OBSERVATION PICTURE

2 FEET 0.7 Round drop with no satellite.

2.5 FEET 1.0 Round drop with no or very small satellite.

3 FEET 1.5 Round drop with very small and few satellites.

3.5 feet

1.6 Round drop with small satellites.

4 feet 1.6 Round drop with small but more satellites.

4.5 feet 1.8 Round drop with large satellites.

5 feet 1.9 Round drop but with larger satellites.

5.5 feet 2 cm Round drop with more larger satellites.

6 feet 2 cm Round drop with much larger satellites.

RESULT:

When the drop of the colour was dropped from a height of 2 feet, the drop formed was small, round with no satellite and small diameter. But when the same drop was dropped from a height of 3 feet ,the drop formed was slightly bigger ,round with very small and few satellites. When the drop was dropped from a height of 6 feet , the drop formed was bigger in diameter with large number of satellites.

Conclusion

In this study, when the drop of the liquid was dropped from a smaller height then the formation of droplet on the surface was smaller in diameter and do not possess formation of satellite whereas the drop of the liquid dropped from a suitable height such as 2 ,2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6 feet respectively .The drops formed were larger in diameter and possess bigger including large number of satellites. If the volume of liquid is less , then the drop formed is light whereas if the volume is more, then the drop formed is heavy and dark.

When the drop of the liquid is dropped at a right angle to the surface, the drop formed is circular. When the spatter was made from a smaller height as a resultant the small and blunt spatter were formed . When the spatter was made from a height of 2, 3, 4, 5 feet respectively, the sharp, elongated and long spatters were obtained.

At 4 feet, when the spatter was made at an angle of 75 degrees Celsius , patterned spatter was formed. It was noticed during this study that the droplets of the blood forms different shape and size in every condition. Sometimes , the droplets shape and size also depends upon the surface and the temperature of the environment, which could affect the result. The droplets of blood give estimation about the weapon of offence used in the particular crime. On behalf of which, we can conclusively obtain the modus operandi of the crime. This study was conducted only for the examination of the blood droplets shape and size on the smooth surface such as paper and floor.

The droplets viscosity can also affect the result on present various surfaces. During this study, no real blood was wasted and nobody was harmed.

Null hypothesis for objective 1 was accepted i.e., angle and volume affect the shape and size of the blood spatter.

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As well as ,null hypothesis for objective 2 was also accepted i.e., suspect’s height will be estimated from the size and shape of the blood spatter.

It is important to note that a hero is not always someone who is working for the sake of furthering a just cause and that he does not have to be admired by everyone, including the reader. In fact, John Milton presents his audience with a quite unconventional hero in his Paradise Lost. Instead of highlighting God and his Son as the heroes of his epic, Milton opts to deem a much darker Satan as the hero of Paradise Lost. It would have been quite easy for Milton to appeal to his Protestant background and to render God as the hero. However, it is interesting to see how Satan classifies as more of a hero than the Creator Himself. By definition, a hero is an individual who faces conflict, has the ability to easily sway and motivate his followers and accomplishes some type of major objective. It is very rare for God to be portrayed as the foil to a character that has been epitomized as the antithesis to a supposed Ultimate Hero.

Satan's role as the story's hero is quickly established as the reader is introduced to his struggle in hell during the opening pages of Paradise Lost. If a character faces nothing but compliant characters and situations throughout a storyline, it would be virtually impossible for him to prove his courage; the most vital characteristic of any hero. Instead, Satan finds himself in quite a contrary position as "the thought / Both of lost happiness and lasting paint / Torments him." (Book 1, lns. 54-56) He has fallen from heaven and been placed in a dark, fiery hell where the only assurance he receives is the fact that he will be subject to anguish for the rest of his life. When it comes to obstacles, attempting to overcome eternal damnation mandated by The Creator is most definitely a daunting hurdle to overcome. Through the earlier books of Paradise Lost, Satan finds himself battling the situations in which God has placed him in, not with God himself. However, he clashes with a direct representative of God for the first time when he enters a skirmish with Abdiel. Abdiel's name literally means "servant of God" as he is the only angel to stand up to Satan and considered to be the most courageous for his decision to stand up to the face of evil. The fearless angel practically warns Satan of his impending downfall as he states "I alone seemed in thy world erroneous to dissent from all: my sect thou seest, now learn too late how few sometimes may know, when thousands err." (Book 6, lns. 145-48) This exemplifies how God once again averts conflict by sending someone in his place to fight "The better fight" (Book 6, ln. 30). Even though Satan is eventually forced "over the wall of Heaven" and "swallowed up by Hell" (p. 801), he is successful in creating disarray among the God's angels by directly confronting the battle instead of hiding behind his men and allocating all of the fighting amongst the dark angels.

An imperative trait a hero must possess is the gift to be able to cast away any fear his men may be harboring and instead instill courage and enthusiasm in order to keep his supporters loyal and confident towards his cause. Satan exhibits his talent for persuasion time and time again as he lifts the spirits of the demoralized dark angels and inspires them to fight for a cause that seems virtually impossible. His most persuasive technique is exhibited when he admits to his supporters that he has erred. He confesses that if he had known the full capabilities of God, he would have never challenged the Almighty Being. (Book 1) Consequently, Satan and the dark angels are forced to face a God who will continuously "frustrate all plots and wiles" (Book 2, ln. 193) as he is said to have an eye that "views all things." (Book 2, ln. 190) By speaking as if they have absolutely nothing to lose at this point, Satan creates the new objective of making "a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven." Even though hell is a place for those who have worked against God, Satan is pictured to only become increasingly stubborn and conniving towards Him. By taking time away from dwelling on their bleak situation and placing a focus on a new objective, Satan gets the dark angels excited about tackling a new mission. Their success may be attributed to the fact that Satan quickly changes the dark angels' focus on something that cannot be achieved to a much more reasonable, attainable endeavor, the corruption of mankind.

Given any heroic story, the tale never ends until the hero accomplishes what he has set out to achieve. Paradise Lost does not stray from this formulaic setup as Satan successfully introduces both death and sin to mankind while he sees to the corruption of Adam and Eve. Instead of making use of brute force like he does earlier in the epic poem, Satan makes use of his manipulation skills as he introduces deception to a world that is said to be free of any wrongdoing. His victory is carried out by planting a simple thought of "offense and trouble" that Eve's "mind knew never till this irksome night." (Book 5, lns. 34-35) Unfortunately, Satan's victory is short-lived as his accomplishment is quickly negated by the work of God's Son. Since God is aware of Satan's actions before he even commits them, He sends for his Son to cancel out Adam and Eve's sins by having His Son die for them. Even though Satan's accomplishment is quickly remedied, it still does not change the fact that he completed his main objective of corrupting mankind.

Even though he had been brought up according to the teachings of the Protestant church, Milton creates a hero out of a character who has always been looked down upon by members of the Protestant faith. It is interesting to note that many of Christianity's morals are highlighted by contrasting them to the actions of Satan. However, Milton makes use of unconventional methods in Paradise Lost to portray God as a power working against a heroic Satan who is forced to face conflict as he attempts and successfully completes a specific objective. The reader is able to learn about many of the hero's characteristics, especially his perseverance and bravery, as Satan is placed in countless situations where he must prove himself. While God be may considered to be the hero in other epics and stories, He resorts to secondary actions in Paradise Lost by sending others to accomplish his goals. The only attributes about God that the reader knows are the ones that are explicitly detailed by the author. In contrast, Satan's characteristics are divulged through his actions and thinking patterns as he clashes with characters in Paradise Lost.

Table of contents

1. The behaviourist approach
2. Psychodynamic perspective
3. Humanistic approach

In this assignment I will explain the principal psychological perspectives and assessing the different psychological approaches to study. The main psychological perspective An approach is a perspective that involves specific norms of the human behaviour, the way they function, which aspects of them are worthy of study and what research methods are appropriate for undertaking this study. There may be several different theories within an approach but they all share these common assumptions. Sometimes people wonder why there are so many different psychology perspectives and whether one approach is correct and others wrong.

The psychological perspective is the result of a synthesis of cognitive and behavioral psychology theories. In this tradition of research, three strategies are clear: (1) the adoption of attitude change as the most interesting dependent variable, (2) the modeling of communication (i.e., persuasion) as a special case of behavioral learning theory, and (3) the reliance on experimental social psychology for conceptual and methodological research strategies.

The behaviourist approach

Behaviourism is an approach to psychology that emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction to the psychoanalytic theory of the time. Psychoanalytic theory often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods. The behaviourist school of thought maintains that behaviours can be described scientifically without recourse either to internal physiological events or to hypothetical constructs such as thoughts and beliefs. Rather than focusing on underlying conflicts, behaviourism focuses on observable, overt behaviours that are learned from the environment. Its application to the treatment of mental problems is known as behaviour modification. Learning is seen as behaviour change moulded by experience; it is accomplished largely through either classical or operant conditioning.

In the second half of the 20th century, behaviourism was expanded through advances in cognitive theories. While behaviourism and cognitive schools of psychological thought may not agree theoretically, they have complemented each other in practical therapeutic applications like cognitive-behavioural therapy, which has been used widely in the treatment of many different mental disorders, such as phobias, and addiction. Some behaviour therapies employ Skinner’s theories of operant conditioning: by not reinforcing certain behaviours, these behaviours can be extinguished. Skinner’s radical behaviourism advanced a “triple contingency” model, which explored the links between the environment, behaviour, and the mind. This later gave rise to applied behaviour analysis (ABA), in which operant conditioning techniques are used to reinforce positive behaviours and punish unwanted behaviours.

In social learning theory Albert Bandura (1977) states behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning. Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways. Individuals that are observed are called models. In society, children are surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’s TV, friends within their peer group and teachers at school. Children pay attention to some of these people (models) and encode their behaviour. At a later time they may imitate the behaviour they have observed.

First, the child is more likely to attend to and imitate those people it perceives as similar to itself. Consequently, it is more likely to imitate behaviour modelled by people of the same sex. Second, the people around the child will respond to the behaviour it imitates with either reinforcement or punishment. If a child imitates a model’s behaviour and the consequences are rewarding, the child is likely to continue performing the behaviour. If parent sees a little girl consoling her teddy bear and says “what a kind girl you are”, this is rewarding for the child and makes it more likely that she will repeat the behaviour. Her behaviour has been reinforced. Reinforcement can be external or internal and can be positive or negative. If a child wants approval from parents or peers, this approval is an external reinforcement, but feeling happy about being approved of is an internal reinforcement. A child will behave in a way which it believes will earn approval because it desires approval.

Psychodynamic perspective

In psychology, a psychodynamic theory is a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs. In the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud proposed a psychodynamic theory according to which personality consists of the id (responsible for instincts and pleasure-seeking), the superego (which attempts to obey the rules of parents and society), and the ego (which mediates between them according to the demands of reality). Psychodynamic theories commonly hold that childhood experiences shape personality. Such theories are associated with psychoanalysis, a type of therapy that attempts to reveal unconscious thoughts and desires.

All behaviour has a cause (usually unconscious), even slips of the tongue. Therefore all behaviour is determined. Personality is made up of three parts, the id, ego and super-ego. Behaviour is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sex drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive & death instinct). Both these drives come from the “id”. Parts of the unconscious mind are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego).

The biological approach believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology. It is the only approach in psychology that examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviours from a biological and thus physical point of view. Therefore, all that is psychological is first physiological. All thoughts, feeling & behaviour ultimately have a biological cause. A biological perspective is relevant to the study of psychology in three ways:

Comparative method: different species of animal can be studied and compared. This can help in the search to understand human behaviour.

Physiology: how the nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, how changes in structure and/or function can affect behaviour. For example, we could ask how prescribed drugs to treat depression affect behaviour through their interaction with the nervous system.

Investigation of inheritance: what an animal inherits from its parents, mechanisms of inheritance (genetics). For example, we might want to know whether high intelligence is inherited from one generation to the next.

Each of these biological aspects, the comparative, the physiological and the genetic, can help explain human behaviour. Twin studies provide geneticists with a kind of natural experiment in which the behavioural likeness of identical twins can be compared with the resemblance of dizygotic twins (whose genetic relatedness is 0.5). In other words, if heredity affects a given trait or behaviour, then identical twins should show a greater similarity for that trait compared to fraternal twins. Research using twin studies looks for the degree of concordance (or similarity) between identical and fraternal (i.e. non-identical) twins. Twins are concordant for a trait if both or neither of the twins exhibits the trait. Twins are said to be disconcordant for a trait if one shows it and the other does not. identical twins have the same genetic make-up, and fraternal twins have just 50 per cent of genes in common. Thus, if concordance rates (which can range from 0 to 100) are significantly higher for identical twins than for fraternal twins, then this is evidence that genetics play an important role in the expression of that particular behaviour.

Humanistic approach

Humanistic psychology, also often referred to as humanism, emerged during the 1950s as a reaction to the psychoanalysis and behaviourism that dominated psychology at the time. Psychoanalysis was focused on understanding the unconscious motivations that drive behaviour while behaviourism studied the conditioning processes that produce behaviour. Humanist thinkers felt that both psychoanalysis and behaviourism were too pessimistic, either focusing on the most tragic of emotions or failing to take into account the role of personal choice.

The strengths of the behaviourist approach are that behaviourism is based upon observable behaviours, so it is easier to quantify and collect data and information when conducting research. Since research and experiment is a very powerful tool in providing explanations and clear evidences about a certain phenomenon, early theorists and proponents of behaviourism took pride in initiating the studies of observable behaviours rather than those that cannot be observed and measured.

Another strength of the approach is that it is scientific, for example, Pavlov’s work was used to create objective and therefore scientific approach to psychology. The approach aims to study behaviour that is observable and directly measurable. This is done because thoughts and opinions are operationalised, so that it is possible to analyse and compare behaviours. The weaknesses of the behaviourist approach are that there is much emphasis on nurture as it focuses on how the environment affects and shapes behaviour. This means that the role of nature is ignored, as behaviourists usually ignore that genetic-make up could have an impact on the way in which we behave. Many internal factors govern behaviour; one example of this is the role of motivation and emotion are not taken into account in the behaviourist approach.

The social learning theory has many strengths but one of its key strengths is the fact that Bandura verified the first concept. His findings were that children do copy aggression; this was confirmed in his case study of 1961. This study revolved around vicarious reinforcement as he would have a child watch an adult bash and play aggressively with the Bobo Doll/inflatable doll. Afterwards the child would also repeat the same thing he/she had been shown as long as the role model was not punished for his/her actions. Another weakness of this theory is that it does not stress the child’s actual cognitive development. While there are some cognitive insights in SLT, this is not stressed. A child is seen as a sponge, absorbing information through modelling. The actual child’s contribution to how such models are absorbed, processed and worked out through time is not present to any great extent in the theory. Modelling is a theory based on imitation via observation. It does not stress what happens later–innovation. While the initial blueprint for activity is seen in the model (the expert who is observed) can easily be visualised, there seems to be no model for innovation. Innovation is too abstract to be modelled.

The strength of the psychodynamic approach is that they focused on the effects that childhood experiences have on the developing personality. This is strength because Freud was the first psychologist to realise the importance of childhood. It also led to other psychologists including Piaget developing theories on childhood. An example of this is the Little Hans case study. Hans had a fear of castration which led to him having a phobia of horses. Another strength is that it takes both nature and nurture into account. This is strength because it emphasises the importance of both. An example of this is that Freud’s assumption of childhood experiences focused on nurture whereas the ID, Ego and Super-ego focused on nature.

One of the major strengths attributed to Humanistic theory is the idea that the subject is fully accountable and in control of their actions. This is in stark contrast to the notions behind psychoanalysis. Leading from this assumption is the notion that humanistic theories promote the idea of being human, self-fulfilment and realistic and observable goals that can be obtained. A final strength to Humanistic theory is the idea that from a clinical perspective it offers an open space in which a patent can express any feeling of thought without being led down a path to revisit traumatic events which they may not feel comfortable discussing.

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Despite these problems, humanistic theory has been incorporated into many differing views on psychotherapy and human change. Many argue now that a humanistic undertone in treatment provides a nice foundation for change. While it may not be sufficient, it may still be necessary for a significant personality change to occur.

Of Mice and Men is a novella by John Steinbeck that centers around the character of Lennie analyzed in this essay. Despite being considered by some as a flat character, Lennie's evolution throughout the novella is evident as he becomes more human with time. The reader develops a strong empathy for this fascinating character, who is presented in many ways. Although Lennie has simple desires and a limited view of the world, his character adds to the poignancy of Steinbeck's message.

Lennie is marked by a strong contrast between his physical appearance and his mentality, which highlights many important aspects of this character. At the beginning of chapter one, Lennie is described physically: he is “huge”, has “large, pale eyes” and “sloping shoulders”. These long vowels and diphthongs emphasise Lennie’s strikingly massive appearance. His imposing stature makes his last name ironic, since physically, Lennie is exactly the opposite of “Small”. Furthermore, the reader gets the impression that Lennie has no control over his body and his abrupt, rough movements: for instance, Lennie’s “arms (…) h[a]ng loosely” when he walks and he “flung[s] himself down” to drink. This is perhaps a sign of trouble: his physical strength could be dangerous to others, especially if he can’t control it. Steinbeck beautifully makes several comparisons between Lennie and certain animals, which underline key features of this character. For example, in chapter three, in just one sentence, Lennie is referred to a massive and strong animal, a bear with his “paws”, but also to a weak and small animal, a sheep that “bleat[s]”. This animal imagery highlights the contrast between Lennie’s physical strength and mental weakness, powerlessness. Indeed, right from the beginning of the novella, the reader understands that Lennie is different and is certainly mentally disabled. He seems childish, naïf, and his only preoccupation is for George to let him “tend the rabbits”. His mental weakness makes him live in the moment and worry only about petting “furry” things; George on the other hand – Lennie’s “opposite” both physically and mentally – plans ahead and anticipates. It is incredibly ironic that Lennie, “a big guy”, gives a “whimpering cry” and “blubber[s] like a baby” when George takes his mouse away from him. The alliteration in ‘b’ imitates Lennie’s way of speaking and further emphasises the similarities of his behaviour to that of a child’s. Furthermore, Lennie’s obsession over rabbits, “soft” and “furry” animals, reflects Lennie’s need for security. For most men, like George, security means having your own land and being self-sufficient; but like an infant, Lennie just needs to “pet” soft things to feel comforted and protected.

Lennie’s inability to take care of himself makes him dependant on George, with whom, in spite of their many differences, he shares a strong bond based on loyalty and solidarity, and with whom he couldn’t live without. Lennie admires George and regards him as a role model: this is shown when Lennie repeatedly “imitate[s] George”, “push[ing] himself back, dr[awing] up his knees” and “pull[ing] his hat down a little” the way George does. There is no doubt that Lennie relies on George, and their relationship resembles that of a child-parent one. When Lennie misbehaves, George admonishes him like a father, embodying authority. For instance, when George demands that Lennie give him the mouse he has in his pocket, “snapp[ing] his fingers sharply”, Lennie “obey[s]” and “lay[s] the mouse in his hand”: Lennie is somewhat submissive and compliant. Their relationship is also similar to that of a dog and his “master”: George infantilises Lennie and tells him “Good boy”, which is something an owner usually says to his dog. George is clearly the leader of the two, with Lennie depending on him and constantly seeking for his approval, which is shown when he says “ ‘Look, George. Look what I done’ ”. Despite being under George’s commands, Lennie and George share a true bond and remain loyal towards one another through thick and thin. When Lennie gets into trouble in Weed for the hundredth time, George still runs away with him to save Lennie a sentence of imprisonment. Indeed, he is constantly sacrificing his life for Lennie, and it sometimes makes him go “nuts” when he thinks about the “swell” time he could have without him. However, they save each other from loneliness (“I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you”), and their strong friendship is perceived as odd, “funny”, by the men on the ranch, since “hardly non of the guys ever travel together”. Their relationship stands out from the other workers during the dull, solitary times of the Great Depression, who “got no family”, “don’t belong no place” and “ain’t got nothing to look ahead to”. Lennie and George share a common dream that differentiates them from everybody else and gives them hope: they plan to “live off the fatta the lan’” in a “little house”, owning farm animals that Lennie will be allowed to take care of. Though their dream is unfortunately unrealistic, Lennie’s innocence and immense hope keeps it alive.

Lennie is presented not only as a predator, but also as a prey. As previously said, his physical strength and massive stature makes him dangerous to others, a predator. For instance, when Lennie slowly walked towards Crooks because he had been “supposin’ ” that George wouldn’t come back for him, Crooks immediately “saw the danger as it approached him”: in this sentence, Lennie is directly associated with “danger”, scaring Crooks. Lennie is perceived as a predator, ready to pounce at him at any moment. Crooks’ life would have seriously been at risk if he hadn’t reassured Lennie that George would be “back all right”. Lennie’s perilous nature is also shown when he is “stroking” Curley’s wife’s “soft” hair, but then breaks her neck unintentionally after she tried to get away. The way Lennie is seen as a dangerous predator, though he has only good intentions, is incredibly tragic and deeply moves the reader. He is a victim of his own physical strength and emotions. However, Lennie is also Curley’s wife’s prey in this situation. Indeed, one could look at things from another angle and notice that Curley’s wife singles out Lennie when she gets him alone in the barn, luring him into her trap by telling him that he could “feel” how “soft” her hair was. Indirectly, she brought on Lennie’s death as well as her own. Likewise, Curley also singles out Lennie: when Curley enters the bunk house, looking for a fight, his eyes instantly “light[ ] on Lennie” and then “attack[s]” him, his helpless and scared prey that “bleat[s]” like a sheep. The fact that Lennie is both a predator and a prey is further shown in the final chapter, where predators become preys. The chapter opens with a description of the surroundings, echoing the beginning of the novella: this repetition highlights the many differences. Indeed, the same place is very different towards the end, where the sycamore leaves are now “dry” and “silver”, “the sun has left” and “shade has fallen”. A water snake is “swallowed” by a “heron”: this snake, an animal that was the predator along the “deep green pool” in chapter one, has now become a prey. The tables have turned. Indeed, Lennie is also changing: when he arrives at the scene, he is alert and seems troubled, his head “jerk[ing] up” with every small sound. In chapter one, he was perceived as a strong, imposing bear with his “huge paws”; this greatly contrasts with the final chapter, where he is as “silent[ ] as a creeping bear”. Lennie has become a hunted animal, and as the tension rises, the reader can sense a tragic end approaching.

Though his life is marked by a heart-breaking fate, Lennie is perceived as a pure-hearted and innocent individual, who is nevertheless an outsider in the cruel and harsh world he lives in. Lennie’s cheerful mood puts a smile to the reader’s face, as he often “smile[s] happily”, “giggle[s]” and “grinn[s]” with “delight”: free of responsibilities, Lennie has the mentality of a child, oblivious to the evil and prejudices of society. This is seen when he casually enters Crooks’ room and talks to him, completely unaware that Crooks is surprised because no one has ever entered his room before, since he is viewed as simply a worthless “nigger” by most of the men on the ranch: Lennie’s ingenuous nature allows him to act with pure kindness. The line in the Bible “Blessed, are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven” is quite relevant: if we consider that “poor in spirit” means mentally fragile, this quote could further demonstrate that being weak allows someone to act out of goodness and be worthy of “Heaven”. According to Slim, “a real smart guy […] ain’t hardly ever a nice fella”. Indeed, Lennie seems to be incredibly kind, embodying Christian values. For instance, he is generous, which is shown when he promises George that “if they was any ketchup, why he’d give it all to [George]”; he is also incredibly faithful and loyal towards him. There are many religious references relating to Lennie in the story, further making him seem like a Christ-like figure. For example, the scene at the “Sacramento River” where he jumps into the water could be seen as a sort of baptism, marking a beginning of a new life: this moment is a turning point in his relationship with George, who has a moment of epiphany and feels guilty because of the way he took advantage of Lennie’s mental weakness. In fact, this event at the Sacramento River was more of a baptism for George than for Lennie: after George’s symbolic baptism, he begins a new life, where he cares for and looks after his loyal companion. In spite of being a moral character, Lennie is cast aside: his mental disability and way of thinking makes him very different from the rest of the men on the ranch. He is regarded as a “cuckoo” and is misunderstood by many, just as he is unable to understand others and abstract ideas such as death. At the end of chapter two, the line “a coyote yammered, and a dog answered from the other side of the stream” further emphasises how Lennie is an outsider of society: an interpretation of this is that Lennie is presented as a “coyote”, a wild animal, who “yammer[s]” in an uncivilised way. This contrasts with how George is depicted, seen as a “dog” who “answer[s]” the way a human being would. Indeed, Lennie, just like the coyote, is too untamed and wild to fit into society the way everybody else does: the “stream” of the river highlights this symbolic separation that stands between Lennie and the civilised world, isolating him and making him an outcast.

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Throughout the novella, Steinbeck poignantly presents and develops the character of Lennie, in such a way that the reader is deeply moved by his sad fate. However, Lennie’s tragic end and the fact that he is replaced by Slim right away conveys a pessimistic message, denouncing that in the bitter and harsh world we live in, everybody is replaceable and hopes and dreams are in vain, just as the poem that inspired Steinbeck for the novella’s title, “To a mouse” by Robert Burns, suggests it.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
3. Review of related literature
A. Environmental AwarenessB. Proper or Solid Waste ManagementC. Effects of Improper Waste ManagementD. Methods and Practices of Implementing Waste Management
4. Conclusion

Introduction

The project proposal aims to address, give awareness, and solution to the problem of waste management in Angeles University Foundation. The researchers have observed that garbage cans are provided within the school premises yet it is not clearly labeled. This particular reason goes down to one presumption – proper waste disposal is implemented but not duly observed. Proper waste management is a necessity since there are hazardous wastes which can be a threat to the environment when not handled properly and safely discarded.

As per Republic Act 9003, proper waste disposal must be imposed for the protection of public health and the environment since wastes can carry toxins and bacteria. This proves that a clean environment can lessen the chance of obtaining illnesses. Awareness, attitude, and practices of the target community can greatly contribute to the betterment of proper waste disposal implementation.

As the phenomena are calling us and the words reuse, reduce and recycle are once tingling in our head, let us also try to refuse. Refuse to pollute and refuse to practice unhealthy habits which can worsen the state of our environment. The proposed solution in this paper will help not just the chosen community itself but also the well-being of the citizens involved.

Background of the Study

Waste Management is defined as the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by the activity of humans and the process is undertaken to reduce their effect on health and the environment. Countries over time experience development with the growth of industrialization and globalization. Due to various reasons, urban areas are facing many challenges. Unhealthy disposal of solid waste is one of the important problems in many societies, and waste recycling is considered as a solution for managing solid waste. Waste Management is a great challenge to environmental sustainability, it not only shows the challenge but also it shows the social handicap. Sustainable use of environmental resources and services is very important for sound environmental development. Thus, the human way of life has placed a lot of pressure on the environment because of their high consuming behavior which is accelerating simultaneously with economic development. This matter has raised awareness of sustainable development which integrates the natural world and the human social world towards future prosperity. Therefore, development practitioners, policymakers, and international organizations realize the point that there must be a harmonious co-existence among human society, development, and the environment in order to achieve sustainable development.

Statement of the Problem

One of the problems that the researchers observed is the improper waste management in Angeles University Foundation. The study aims to give awareness and solution to the problem of waste management in the said University. The results in the proposed study will be used to help the researchers to make developing proper waste management of Angeles University Foundation to stimulate the solicitude of the students be possible.

Review of related literature

This chapter contains related literature having bearing on the study. Topics included are Environmental Awareness, description of Proper Waste Management, Practices for waste management, and effects of Improper waste management which gives important concepts and ideas for the development of the study.

A. Environmental Awareness

According to Ferry, Humans are fast-paced creatures, always wanting and needing whatever they desire as quickly and efficiently as possible. This attitude our society possesses has created multibillion-dollar individuals and corporations, has seen humans achieve the unachievable in regards to wealth and prosperity, and ultimately has created the desire for the human race to always have the newest technologies, regardless of the carbon footprint each individual leave on our ecosystem. This is nothing new; the human race has been driven by greed and selfishness since the beginning. But as a whole unit, society has slowly started to decide the real, true purpose in life is not a success, not money, not security, but environmental sustainability. As cited by Raghavan, V., et al. Environmental awareness has been raised globally in this modern era but it is still often not practiced by many. Humans are aware of the different consequences that can be brought by the neglect of proper waste disposal but the negative response of the people fosters more chaotic situations. As studied by C.D., Raghavan et al. revealed awareness of e-waste disposal is lacking. The environment in which we live is very important and it directly affects our lives which cause of pollution and outbreak of diseases in many parts of the world.

B. Proper or Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is a discipline under different which concerns different aspects of humans and wildlife. The practice of proper waste management is defined as the right storage, collection, disposal, transfer, and processing of solid waste materials. Proper waste management is considered to be a demanding activity for each individual to do in a daily basis. The government, however, came up with the proposal of recycling materials to lessen the production of plastics and other materials which ends up going to landfills. A policy has been passed for law which addresses and promotes environmental concerns. The Philippine Republic Act 9003 addresses the proper waste management and recycling in each and every community. The law implies good governance for awareness promotions and the use of modern and appropriate technology and programs. The achievement of the goal can result to a cleaner and better environment. It can also result to more sustainable living, a lesser threat to the public’s health, and avoidance of damage and toxicity in our surroundings.

C. Effects of Improper Waste Management

Recent studies conducted in the United States revealed that millions of wastes are disposed of improperly. This has become a challenge to the government as well as the environmentalists for it provides serious threats to the health of the people and to the environment. To manage this, the authorities strictly implemented waste management regulations and there are penalties for violators in order to enforce and promote proper waste disposal practices throughout the country.

The government has been challenged to manage waste disposal because it is increasingly becoming more serious. The responsibility of the citizens is not only to practice proper waste disposal but also to also encourage other people around them to do the same.

D. Methods and Practices of Implementing Waste Management

As mentioned by Palafox in his article “Ecological Waste Management” Solid waste management should shift for more sustainable approaches to mitigate climate change effectively. These approaches include recycling, composting, and waste prevention. Given example is the Marikina which is well-known for its well-maintained cleanliness because of its effective programs and strict implementation of solid waste management policies. One of its remarkable programs is the Food Waste Truck Program, which implements the collection of kitchen restaurants and food stall wastes that transform as fertilizers for the city's urban garden. In addition, Eco-Savers Program is also considered as one of their effective programs which aim to raise awareness about the importance of proper waste management to youth and children and is used to let them participate in the recyclable trading activity. Which makes the mantra 'cleanliness starts with one’s own home' possible resulting to practicing to waste segregation that will lead to planet preservation.

In addition, Segregation is also considered as one of the most important activities or practices that could help waste management. We need to promote and implement segregation for effective waste management in urban areas and to reduce the size of landfills gradually to come up with to no landfills in four-five decades from now. Also, demonstration projects on waste segregation including recycling, and campaigns for waste reduction were designed to ascertain people's attitudes and behavioral responses toward 3R practices. This practice for waste management initiatives shows a positive impact on people's attitudes and consciousness about resources and waste management.

Conclusion

In conclusion, waste management is a crucial aspect of environmental sustainability and social development. The improper disposal of waste poses significant challenges to urban areas, necessitating effective solutions such as waste recycling. It is evident that human activities, driven by consumption and economic growth, have exerted pressure on the environment. However, there is an increasing awareness of the need for sustainable development, which integrates the natural world and human society for future prosperity.

The researchers have identified improper waste management as a problem at Angeles University Foundation and aim to raise awareness and propose solutions through their study. The review of related literature highlights the importance of environmental awareness, proper waste management practices, and the effects of improper waste disposal. It is crucial for individuals to understand the consequences of neglecting proper waste disposal and actively participate in waste management initiatives.

Moreover, the implementation of waste management methods and practices, such as recycling, composting, and waste prevention, can contribute to mitigating climate change and creating a cleaner environment. Examples from Marikina demonstrate the effectiveness of programs like the Food Waste Truck Program and the Eco-Savers Program in promoting proper waste management and engaging the community.

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Ultimately, achieving sustainable development requires a harmonious coexistence among human society, development, and the environment. It is the responsibility of individuals, government authorities, and organizations to prioritize proper waste management, promote awareness, and enforce regulations. By practicing sustainable waste management, we can contribute to a cleaner, healthier environment and ensure a better future for generations to come.

Table of contents

1. Acknowledgement
2. The Company
Role of TobaccoIntroductionThe Project: In a nutshellObjectivesTimeline

Getting the chance to work in an organization deemed as a ‘dream company’ by hundreds of thousands of professionals is always special – a dream comes true, an experience of a lifetime. But seldom does it match up to the expectations. This summer project, however, did not just meet the aforementioned expectations, it exceeded them in a dramatic yet understated manner.

Sales is considered the most important function in any business function, and rightly so. It is this function that brings in the revenues after all. The sales function is the growth engine of the organization. It is the function that rakes in the mullah that drives customer retention and loyalty, minimizes their turnover and incorporates a conducive, positive corporate culture in the organization. This is why the sales team has immense pressure on its head- it has to achieve the targets, while ensuring growth and satisfying the wants of other members of the supply chain. The general trade market in the Indian subcontinent accounts for the lion’s share of the total sales.

Acknowledgement

This project is a result of the efforts invested by a number of very inspiring, brilliant minds. Dr. Shalini Rahul Tiwari, Professor at IMT Ghaziabad, played a very important role in this project- that of my academic mentor. Not only was she instrumental in guiding me throughout the two months I spent doing this project, she made sure that she was always there whenever I needed her help.

Mr. Vibhor Aggarwal, Area Sales Manager at ITC Limited played perhaps the most exhaustive role in this project. Always there to help me out in the most challenging of situations, it was because of Mr. Aggarwal’s dedication and commitment that this project was a success.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Rohit Dogra (ITC Limited), Mr. Rahul Sinha (Human Resources, ITC), Mr. Ravi Kandara, (RSM, ITC Limited) and Mr. Bhandari (Senior Sales Supervisor, ITC) for their guidance.

The Company

ITC Limited is a Calcutta based conglomerate with major business interests in the segments of Agri Business, Fast Moving Consumer Goods (Abbreviated as FMCG), Hotels, IT, the Paperboards and Packaging Industry and most importantly, Tobacco. Established as the Imperial Tobacco Company in British India in 1910, the company, during its initial years, produced mostly tobacco products. Today, however, with more than 31,000 employees across India, an annual turnover of $9.1 Billion and market capitalization of $50 Billion, it is known as an FMCG Giant, a prominent brand of hotels and a diversification success story and is, therefore, a part of the Forbes 2000 List.

After going public in 1954, the company, originally known as the Imperial Tobacco Company, changed its name to ‘Indian Tobacco Company’ in 1970 under the chairmanship of Ajit Narain Haskar, its first Indian Chairperson, before changing its name again in 1974 to just ITC, thereby signaling his intention to diversify the company into newer segments, some of which are discussed above.

The company first diversified into the Indian Hotels Business in 1975 by purchasing what is now known as WelcomHotel Chennai. ITC then entered the Paperboard business. At one point of time, in the 1970s, ITC Limited was the largest major marketer of Condoms in the country.

Perhaps one reason why ITC had to sometimes ‘rush’ into diversification was the fact that the Government of India was actively seeking to undertake significantly more efforts to protect public health, and this included discouraging smoking in general, and smoking in public in particular. That could not have been good news for a company that sells almost 80% of all cigarettes sold in India. That is why the company had been concentrating most of its efforts on introducing more and more products under various brands belonging to different segments of FMCG.

Role of Tobacco

Though the company would like to call itself an ‘FMCG Major’, the truth is that it still is India’s biggest Tobacco company which manufactures and sells the most cigarettes in the country. This can be illustrated by the fact that despite contributing 43.2% of the company’ revenues, the company’s Non-Tobacco Division (NTD) accounted for just 15.86% of its Gross Profit.

Introduction

As we have just discussed, ITC is a major player in the Indian FMCG Sector with presence in all major segments such as biscuits, cookies, instant noodles, wheat, ghee, incense sticks, rice, salt, snacks, potato chips, namkeen, packed foods, frozen foods, luxury chocolates and juices in Food Category, and Deodorants, perfumes, soaps, gel bars, shower gels, hand wash in the Personal Care Products category. With such a huge product line in its Non-Tobacco Division, ITC needs a cutting-edge distribution system and designated sales team to push these products in both the general trade and modern trade.

On the 9th of April, 2018, I joined ITC as a Trade Marketing and Distribution Intern at their Institutional Area Office in Gurugram, Haryana. I reported to the office of Human Resources to Mr. Tarun Massand and Mr. Rahul Sinha, Senior HRs at ITC Gurugram. He introduced me to Mr. Ravi Kandara, the Regional Sales Manager, who was to give further guidance throughout the next two months. He ordered me to familiarise myself with the various segments the company operates in. In order to do so, he told me to visit major retail outlets in Delhi NCR. The list of these retail outlets was pretty comprehensive and covered all formats of retail as we know them. Mr. Kandara then attached me to Mr. Yogendra Kumar, Senior Sales Supervisor for Food and Beverages, Delhi and NCR.

I started covering the market with SPAR Hypermarket, located in MGF Metropolitan Mall, Gurgaon. Though I was not accompanied by Mr. Kumar, I was in constant touch with him throughout the visit. The following week, I visited 18 retail outlets, which included the likes of supermarket chains like ABRL’s More Supermarket, Spencers’ Supermarket, La Marche Supermarket, etc., Cash and Carry Stores like Metro Cash and Carry Store, Reliance Market and Best-Price (By Walmart) and a plethora of Kiryana Stores.

The Project: In a nutshell

• This project primarily revolves around the development, channelizing and utilizing the Cash and Carry Stores’ BDA Channel in the Modern Trade Distribution Channel.
• BDAs refer to Business Development Associates employed by Cash and Carry Store Chains Reliance Market, Metro and Best Price across their various stores in the country.
• These BDAs cover a large number of retail outlets (Mainly Kiryana stores) to sell a large assortment of very carefully chosen SKUs across various brands.
• The BDAs carry Kiryana Price List (KPL) to these stores to sell this assortment.
• The KPL is simply a list of 650-700 high selling SKUs from across brands. These KPLs contain the MRP, the selling price per unit price, price per bundle and the retailer’s margin.
• Thus, it becomes imperative for us to maximize the number of SKUs offered by the BDAs through the KPLs to the retailers in order to effectively utilize this channel.

Objectives

• The primary objective of this project is to leverage ITC’s position as a leading FMCG Brand in the country to increase its presence in the Modern Trade market as well as the General Trade market with the help of Cash and Carry Stores and their BDA Channel.
• To ensure that the Kiryana Price lists of the various Cash and Carry Stores include as many ITC SKUs as possible. This is because at present, on an average, only 9 ITC SKUs are listed in the KPLs.
• Another objective is to identify and discover ideas so as to minimize the existing and potential conflicts between the different Cash and Carry Stores, between Cash and Carry Stores and Hypermarket and Supermarket chains, and between Cash and Carry Stores and the company’s Wholesale Dealers (WDs).
• This is perhaps a big challenge for the company as it will lead to friction, disharmony and unhealthy competition among the two channels of distribution, ultimately harming the company.

Timeline

The Stakeholders

The Cash and Carry Stores visited:

• Best Price (Wal-Mart), Zirakpur
• Metro, VIP Road, Zirakpur
• Reliance Market, VR Punjab, Kharar
• Reliance Market, Patiala
• Metro, Shahdara, Delhi NCR

ITC’s Wholesale Distributors:

• Ess Enn Marketing, Sector 29, Chandigarh
• Mahajan Enterprises, Industrial Area, Panchkula

The Problems Identified

• BDAs offer only the fastest selling, popular SKUs such as Aashirvaad Aata (10 KG), Yippee Noodles (35g, 60g), Sunfeast Dark Fantasy Chocofills (75g) and Mangaldeep Agarbatti.
• General Trade Outlets purchase these SKUs from this channel, but avoid purchasing other SKUs such as B Natural Juices, Bingo Potato Chips, Sunfeast Pasta Treat, etc.
• After having interacted with many BDAs, it can be concluded that BDAs make minimal efforts in pitching the products in the KPL.
• “They sell what sells,” is how Mr. Prem Kumar from Reliance Market, Patiala describes what his men do.
• This is a major problem for ITC, as it seeks to expand manifold the SKUs these stores offer in their KPLs.
• One way to counter this is by incentivizing the BDAs.

Proposed Solutions

• To counter this problem, I, under the guidance of my mentor, Mr. Vibhor Aggarwal came up with a simple solution: to create a unique bundle of 3 ITC SKUs for these BDAs to sell to the retail outlets.
• If these BDAs managed to sell a predetermined number of these bundles to a specified number of unique outlets, they stand to earn an incentive of Rs. 20 per unique outlet per month.
• The pilot involves three primary SKUs: B Natural 1 Litre Juice, Sunfeast Yippee Noodles 240 g and Sunfeast Mom’s Magic Cookies 58 g.

Pilot 1

• According to this pilot, every BDA will be instructed to sell at least 6 units of 1 Litre B Natural Juice (any flavour), 6 units of Yippee Noodles (Pack of 4, 240 g, with free Bowl) and 24 units of Sunfeast Mom’s Magic Cookies (58 g) to each unique outlet twice a month to at least 67% of all outlets in his/her monthly sales beat.
• These SKUs were finalised after careful discussions at several brainstorming sessions between the ITC Sales team at the Sector 5, Panchkula office.
• On an average, a BDA covers approximately 170-190 outlets in a month (Data from Reliance Market, Patiala).
• Thus, the target number of unique outlets a BDA covers in a month revolves around 120.
• The minimum number of billings per month has been set at 2.
• Since an average BDA earns a salary of Rs. 15000 per month, an incentive of 16% of his/her salary shall provide the BDA enough reason to pitch ITC Products to the retailers.

Proposed Budget

• A Cash and Carry Store employs, on an average, 15 full time BDAs.
• Thus, an incentive plan for these BDAs, provided all the BDAs are able to achieve their respective targets, should cost the company approximately Rs. 2400 per one Cash and Carry Store.
• This amount, however, is very miniscule when compared to what the company stands to earn by way of

Pilot 2

• Training sessions for BDAs: One of the key recommendations would be to organize training sessions for the BDAs, with the help of the local Sales teams. This would ensure that the BDAs have sufficient product knowledge to convey to the retailers.
• Organizing Seminars: ITC could organize seminars with the help of its Sales and Distribution team to guide the BDAs on how to pitch its products.

Pilot 3

• • Increased In-Store promotional activities: ITC could introduce more In-Store Promotional activities such as banner advertisements and End Caps to increase awareness for relatively new brands such as Engage and B Natural.
  • The reason for this is when retailers start stocking newer products, they do so by going to the Cash and Carry store themselves and buying it. This is an ideal time to target these retailers.

The Way Forward

• Going forward, I believe that one area which needs a lot more careful deliberation and attention is the resolution of existing and potential conflicts between General Trade and Modern Trade.
• The cut-throat competition between the company’s WDs and Modern Traders poses an immediate threat for the company’s growth in segments such as Atta, Noodles and Biscuits.

Recommendations

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• Keeping in mind the aforementioned Pilot programs suggested, I would recommend running all the three programs.
• These pilot programs would cost the company negligible amounts of money, while the potential and scope of business these programs can generate appear to be well worth the risk.
• Another recommendation would be to provide a slightly lower landing price for these aforementioned SKUs to the Cash and Carry Stores to provide an initial push to Pilot Project 1.

Key Learnings

• An elaborate understanding of ITC’s Brand and Product Portfolio.
• An extensive understanding of the Distribution Network.
• A substantial understanding of the working of modern trade outlets with special emphasis on the working of Cash and Carry Stores.
• A considerable working knowledge on how to go about and solve apparently difficult problems in Modern Retail outlets.
• An immense understanding of the negotiation skills required in an employee that made this project successful.

The present research reveals the different uses of fresh Bael fruit pulp in various recipes, which is nutritious and healthy for all age groups. The recipes are entirely vegetarian and are prepared considering the medicinal values of the fruit. Bael tree (aegle marmelos), also known as wood apple, has several other names associated with it like golden apple, Japanese bitter orange or stone apple.

All the parts of the tree like the leaves, stem, bark, flowers and fruits are used in Indian traditional system of medicine. The pulp of the fruit per 100 grams contains 31.8 % of carbohydrates, 0.3 % of fat and 1.8 % of protein, it is also a rich source of vitamins and minerals with a fiber content of 2.9% and 61.5 % of water. Bael fruit has great medicinal and mythological value. This tree is found mainly in South East Asia, and basically originated in India. Utilization of the fruit of this tree in day to day life has a great nutritional and commercial importance. The important medicinal properties of the tree are anti diabetic, anti microbial, anti inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, cardio protective, anti cancer and radio protective. Besides these great medicinal uses of the plant, it is also associated with the myths and beliefs in Indian culture. The pulp of Bael fruit is used to prepare juice or also known as Bael sherbet. The pulp is also eaten on its own. In many practices people make a powder from the pulp and use it as a medicine in treating various ailments.

Key words: - Bael fruit, Aegle marmelos, Wood apple, Golden apple

1. Introduction

The popularity of the fruit is mostly seen in the northern part of India, but not so popular in the south. Diverse recipes have been created so as to familiarize the fruit to the people by focusing on its medicinal value and exceptional taste. This will help popularizing the fruit and enhancing its commercial use. Increase in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in the society, has led this fruit to attract the attention of people, due to its various medicinal properties without any ill effects. The Bael tree grows in conditions which are not suitable for the growth of any other trees and is found mostly at high altitudes as well in the plains. The tree is not grown on a commercial basis, it is mostly found growing in the wild or open forest. The Bael tree bears fruits in the summer as it requires a dry season to give fruit. Bael fruit is generally grown in the month of February to May. It grows in subtropical hills and plains of India, specially the dry hilly forest areas where no other fruit can be grown. This fruit is commonly found in places like, lower Himalayas, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Haryana and Punjab.

This fruit is also found in Thailand, northern Malaysia, Indonesia, Phillipines, Egypt, and the Carribean Islands. Indian Bael is generally not available for sale in markets, rather it could be found near temples or someone’s backyard. Bael fruit is green in color which turns to a pale yellow color once ripe. The outer covering is a hard shell which needs to be cracked open to obtain the orange color pulp which has a lot of seeds in between. Over ripe Bael fruit results in a pulp which gets sticky in texture and gets a caramel color in patches. Once ripe, the Bael fruit pulp is sweet Orangey like a mix of papaya and sour lime or also resembles like mango. Sweetness of the fruit depends on the ripening stages. Bael may even taste sour incase not ripened properly. The outer shell of Bael fruit is hard and it has a very creamy, slimy and sticky pulp inside and hence it cannot be used as a table fruit.

Therefore it is generally used in the form of processed products and has a restricted use in cooking. Whereas the study has been carried out to prepare products considering the taste of people, and the convenience of preparation, these products can be included in ones daily diet. Raw Material Fruit is collected from the trees in a ripe stage and processed as follows

• Washing the fruit.
• Breaking the shell and dividing the fruit in two halves.
• Scooping out the pulp with seeds and fibers.
• Discarding the shell.
• Addition of water (half of the weight of the pulp)
• Straining the mixture and discarding the seeds.
• Fruit pulp is ready to use.

All the recipes are purely vegetarian and a healthy option for the diner. All the studies are tried and tested, keeping in mind the holiness of this fruit. The various dishes prepared are as follows.

Advancement in technology expand boundaries of significant changes in the way of people survive and their working process. One of the most important aspects of variations in modernization is the modes of expressing one’s talent like art. The phrase ‘Art in the digital age” refers to the point that how artists and designers use advancing technologies to give shape to their conceptual ideas or transform the productions of objects. Art is modernizing day by day which leads us to practices of art in this culture. Modern techniques like computers are basically having a huge impact on visualizing the art. Even though, digitalization has turned the whole world of art. The thesis behind the essay is positive attitude towards digital art and it’s exploration in digital world.

The main component of the successful implementation of digital art is faster speed than traditional art media. According to Benjamin “aura” and “cult value” that’s replaced by technical term “exhibition value”. These modernization practices basically represents the modern art way. As if now the ways of doing or performing art is changing to modification in traditional practices are required instead of this, where digital art is handy in digitalization era there in contrary it cannot take place of traditional art. Because there is no doubt that traditionally art take time and space but artists express their emotions by hand practices and that kind of art is the unique identity of artists. Nevertheless, busy living standards of modern society have no more enough time to show their talent that is why they need modern techniques to explore their skills in different field like as painting or drawing takes more time and space. Even more, if there is any mistake occurs with modern art one can clear it at the same time or in couple of seconds and make it accessible to everyone just with the help of internet. Computer technology changes life forever as in according to Cynthia Goodman (1987) “Neither conventional media and nor traditional techniques, computer are revealing an exciting and fertile new world of visual expression”. The final decision should also be based on the fact of whether such a digital art would make accessible by computer technology for the competitive modern society. 

Business aspect of digital art can be explored by the technology and it is like an opportunity to save the costs with the help of advancement in technologies. It may be one of the reasons to the connection between the people because online work expands the bond between social interaction and play key role in creativeness. There are plenty of methods of art media and it is not just like a single word or thing to say because it belongs to various fields. Researchers explain that various fields in art explain the importance of art media in technophile age and society. It does not mean that media directly overlap with society but it interacts with social cultures, talent and human activities. Apart from that, the human resources can take enough time to manage or cooperate with such techniques but in a little time they may addicted of such facilities. Everyone ought to be realized the art media and other media techniques as if the society will not be give attention towards the term “media” at the same instant it may impact on the further progress of their living standards. 

From the past few centuries, some of the traditional art skills are just going to disappears and may new generations are not aware from that. At the same point, computer art plays fruitful role to preserve it by various methods as not the accurate image of time-honored but the precision copies of some of the arts are available in this era. It is possible because of duplication of classical art in mechanical ways. Is these arts are the original copy of the classical art or with physical touch? The answer is “no” the physical touch that is given by the artist in his/her handmade art of drawing that definitely not be similar as the expressive drawing have. Even that, the argument arises here in against of this is the right reasonable but in other words the traditional art copy can replace the need of that may disappear with time. For instance, there are a lot of paintings of “Mona Lisa” but nobody is successful to copy as the original one is, and like that it is near to the original painting. The thing that matters more is closeness that digital art get by scanning and using distinct methods. In addition to this, preservation of art is useful and is like a history so, artists must put their efforts to preserve it as they can. Perla Innocenti (2012) states “Conservation for digital art could benefit from interdisciplinary synergies with Digital Preservation”.

Further strengthening to digital art, why technology changes rapidly with various new flying colors? the best answer here is the “change is the law of nature” if life stops at a particular point then it has no significance .So, going standards forward matters more. As the same thing in the art according to Douglas Davis (1995) “the work of art in the digital age of reproduction is physically and formally chameleon. Nothing seems like the art technology because of its importance and is the relationship between original and reproduction of creativity of art. Author Christine Paul (2002) explains that whenever new art comes in the form at the stance the term “digital art” occurs. Moreover, putting efforts to relocate and learn new skills is art and it should be protected and makes it s a part of life so that, it will be becomes one’s talent and passion.

Where digital art reaches at peak on the contrary it also risks the hard work of handmade creativity of art and no doubt digital art has many unforgettable points but it gives negative side to the views of popular traditional artists. In addition to this, everyone cannot afford digital equipment to explore their talent and they feel disappointed because they cannot feel the power to explore their talent in front of digital art and the feelings and emotions that looks mendatory also disappears as one can express by themselves. Government and other authorities should give chance to other ones by arranging fair to express one’s hidden skills of creativity.

Digital art in this technophile age is changing in accelerating way. As digital age gives chance to preserve historical art values and makes it more challenging by the broad knowledge. Technology gives more opportunities to do something in various industries. In concluding sentence, digital art manipulate chances for future and gives positive attitude towards challenging life not only in art but also in other fields too.

Works Cited

1. Davis, D. (1995). The work of art in the age of digital reproduction. Retrieved from https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/art-and-electronic-media
2. Goodman, C. (1987). Digital visions: Computers and art. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams.
3. Innocenti, P. (2012). Digital art preservation: A matter of trust. Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcms.1021203
4. Manovich, L. (2002). The language of new media. MIT Press.
5. Paul, C. (2003). Digital art. Thames and Hudson.
6. Sternberg, J. (2000). How digital art history? International Journal for Digital Art History, 1(1), 1-14.
7. Stallabrass, J. (2003). Internet art: The online clash of culture and commerce. Tate Publishing.
8. Tavinor, G. (2009). The art of videogames. Wiley-Blackwell.
9. Weibel, P. (1997). Art at the turn of the millennium. Thames and Hudson.
10. Wolff, J. (2011). The social production of art (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.