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Crop A crop is "a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. Crop may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in a more refined state (husked, shelled, etc.). Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture. A crop is usually expanded to include macroscopic fungus (e.g. mushrooms), or alga (agriculture). Most crops are harvested as food for humans or livestock (fodder crops). Some crops are gathered from the wild (including intensive gathering, e.g. ginseng). Development The qualitative changes in function or number of cells, tissues, organs, or the entire plant. Also known as differentiation or morphogenesis. The objective of the Crop Development research focus area is to improve cultivars. Gene frequencies are constantly manipulated to develop new genotypes that will produce more efficiently under existing or potential environmental conditions.
Get original essayThe germplasm collection is the heart of the breeding programme and is constituted from sources throughout the world. New cultivars that combine characteristics such as yield, quality, disease and pest resistance are continuously being developed. This research focus area operates in collaboration with the Crop Protection research focus area when breeding for resistance against pests and diseases. Maize Development Maize is the third most important cereal crop species in the world (after wheat and rice) and is grown across a wide range of climates, but mainly in the warmer temperate regions and humid subtropics. Maize has multiple uses, including for human foods, animal feeds, and the manufacture of pharmaceutical and industrial products. It is the staple food source for people in many countries. As an animal feed it is highly desirable because of the high energy and feed value of the kernel, leaf and stem. It is becoming increasingly important in many countries for industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It can be used to produce starch, ethanol and plastics and as a base for antibiotic production. Over the past 40 years the total global area sown to maize has increased by about 40%, and production has doubled.
The growth and development of the maize plant are complex processes. During the life cycle of the plant, many of the growth stages overlap, and while one part of the plant may be developing another part maybe dying. Figure v represents the progression of the key growth stages and the basic parts of the maize plant. Growth of a maize plant is defined as the accumulation of dry matter. Development is concerned with the plant’s progression from being vegetative (i.e. growing) to reproductive. During the life cycle of the plant there are several key identifiable stages at which the plant’s requirements must be met to ensure high yields. Wheat Development Wheat evolved from wild grasses and is thought to have first been cultivated between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. It is an annual plant belonging to the genus Triticum which includes common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum (Triticum turgidum). Wheat is the largest grain crop in Australia.
Australian wheat farmers produce around 16 million tonnes of wheat each year, 70% of which is exported. In world terms, Australia is the fourth largest exporter, contributing around 11% of world trade, and is the largest producer and exporter of white wheat in the world. Asia, the Middle East and the Pacific are the principal export destinations while the domestic market is the largest single market and is growing rapidly. The wheat crop goes through three distinct phases as it grows from planting to harvest. They can be described as follows:
The foundation phase starts from sowing and lasts through to the start of stem extension. During this time yield-bearing shoots / tillers and primary roots form as the canopy develops. The components of yield (ear numbers and grain sites /m2) are set by the end of this stage. The speed of growth will depend on the environment with dull, cool days giving slow growth. In spring wheat’s this phase will be rapid as the days are bright and temperatures increasing. Construction The construction phase starts from the first node being detectable through to flowering. This is a critical growth period as yield-delivering leaves, deep roots, fertile florets and stem reserves form. The canopy will be complete and capable of intercepting 95% of incoming Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). Growth is very rapid with high daily nutrient demand from the soil. It is also referred to as the Grand Growth Phase.
he production phase starts just past flowering, lasting through to the grains filling and ripening. During this period the critical yield components i.e. grains /m2 and the grain weight will be determined. The health of the Flag Leaf and its nitrogen status must be maintained as it will contribute up to 70% of the carbohydrate that ends up in the grain. Wheat Growth Stages In more detail the development of wheat can be described using a number of scales that have been defined over the years. There are typically three used; Zadoks, Feekes and Haun, with the Zadoks being the most widely used to help input management decisions. Below is the scale detail. Barley Development Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a widely grown and highly adaptable winter cereal crop that is used mainly for stock feed and the production of malt for the brewing industry. Barley is an annual plant that has been selected from wild grasses. It is thought to have been an important food crop from as early as 8000 BC in the Mediterranean/ Middle East region. Because of barley’s tolerance of salinity, by 1800 BC it had became the dominant crop in irrigated regions of southern Mesopotamia, and it was not until the early AD period that wheat became more widely grown. Barley is the second-largest grain crop in Australia. Over the last 5 years Australian barley farmers produced an average of 7.5 million tonnes of grain per year, of which almost 70% was exported. Australia is the second-largest exporter of barley, contributing almost 30% of the world’s barley trade. Saudia Arabia, Japan and China are large importers of barley, and these markets are growing rapidly.
Growth and development The growth cycle of barley has the following divisions: germination, seedling establishment and leaf production, tillering, stem elongation, pollination, and kernel development and maturity. Each will be considered in greater detail. Germination The minimum temperature for germination of barley is 34 degrees to 36 degrees F (1 degrees - 2 degrees C). After the seed takes up moisture, the primary root (radicle) emerges. The radicle grows downward, providing anchorage and absorbing water and nutrients, and eventually develops lateral branches. Other roots formed at the level of the seed make up the seminal root system ( figure 3 ). These roots become highly branched and remain active throughout the growing season. After the radicle emerges from the seed, the first main shoot leaf emerges. It is enclosed within the coleoptile for protection as it penetrates the soil. As a result, the seeding depth should not exceed the length that the coleoptile can grow, usually no more than 3 inches (7.6 cm).
Seedling establishment and leaf production Once the seedling has emerged, the coleoptile ceases elongating and the first true leaf appears. Then leaves appear about every 3 to 5 days depending on the variety and conditions. Another way of quantifying leaf appearance is in terms of accumulated heat units calculated by summing the number of degrees above 40 degrees F for each day. About 100 heat units accumulate between the appearance of successive leaves in a medium maturing barley. Eight or nine leaves are usually formed on the main stem, with later maturing varieties usually forming more leaves. Emergence of the final leaf, termed the flag leaf, is an important growth stage for timing the application of certain growth regulators. * Heat units for each day are calculated with the following equation: Growing degree unit= (max. temp. + min. temp.)/2 - 40 degrees F Tillering When the seedling has about three leaves, tillers usually begin to emerge.
Ability of barley plants to tiller is an important method of adapting to changing environmental conditions. When environmental conditions are favorable or if the plant density is reduced, compensation is possible by producing more tillers. Under typical cultural conditions for spring barley, tillers emerge during about a 2-week span with the total number formed depending on the variety and environmental conditions. Deep seeding and high seeding rates usually decrease the number of tillers formed per plant. There may be more tillers formed when early season temperatures are low, when the plant population is low, or when the soil nitrogen level is high. Some tillers initiate roots, contributing to the nodal root system. About four weeks following crop emergence, some of the previously formed tillers begin to die without forming a head ( figure 9 ).
The extent to which this premature tiller death occurs varies depending on the environmental conditions and the variety. Under poor or stressed growing conditions, plants respond by forming fewer tillers or by displaying more premature tiller death. Stem elongation Until jointing, the plant apex or growing point is below the soil surface where it is protected somewhat from frost, hail, or other mechanical damage. Between 3 and 4 weeks after plant emergence, the upper internodes of the stem begins to elongate, moving the growing point above the soil surface. The head also begins to grow rapidly, although it is still too small to readily detect through the surrounding leaf sheaths. During the "boot" stage, the head becomes prominent within the flag leaf sheath.
Pollination usually takes place in barley just before or during head emergence from the boot. Pollination begins in the central portion of the head and proceeds toward the tip and base. This event occurs 6 to 7 weeks after crop emergence. Since pollen formation is sensitive to stress, water deficits and high temperatures at this time will decrease the number of kernels that form and may reduce yields. These yield reductions can be diminished by planting early so that pollination and early grain filling is completed before late season stresses occur. Kernal development and maturity Once head emergence and pollination have occurred, kernels begin to develop. The length of the barley kernel is established first, followed by its width. This helps explain why thin barley developed under stress conditions is usually as long as normal grain, but is narrower. Figure 11 shows the physical changes as a kernel develops. The first period of kernel development, designated the "watery ripe" and "milk" stages, lasts about 10 days.
Although the kernels do not gain much weight during this phase, it is extremely important because it determines the number of cells that will subsequently be used for storing starch. Kernels crushed in this stage initially yield a watery substance which later becomes milky. Kernels that are storing starch and growing rapidly are characterized by a white semi-solid consistency termed "soft dough." This period usually lasts about 10 days following the milk stage.
Finally, as the kernel approaches maturity and begins losing water rapidly, its consistency becomes more solid, termed "hard dough." This is when the kernel also loses its green color. When kernel moisture has decreased to about 30 to 40 percent, it has reached physiological maturityy and will not accumulate additional dry matter. The final yield potential has been established at this time. An easily identified field indicator of physiological maturity is 100 percent loss of green color from the glumes and peduncle. Although the moisture content of the grain is still too high for direct combining, it can be swathed and windrowed. When kernel moisture has decreased to 13 to 14 percent, the barley kernel is ready for combining and threshing. Leaf area establishment and duration Since photosynthesis provides energy for growth and dry matter for yield, it is important that leaf area be established rapidly and protected throughout the growing season. Early in the plant's growth, the leaf blades are the major photosynthetic organs.
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Get custom essayThe rate of leaf area establishment depends on temperature, but can be increased by high nitrogen fertilization and seeding rates. The duration of leaf function is also important for maximum grain yield. The maximum leaf area is usually reached about heading, then declines during grain growth when the demand is great for photosynthate (products of photosynthesis). As the lower leaves die, the upper leaf blades, leaf sheaths, and heads become very important as photosynthetic sources for grain filling. For maximum yields, the last two leaf blades and sheaths, as well as the head and awns, are particularly important. Barley also has a limited capacity to mobilize substances that were produced and stored earlier in the growing season if conditions reduce the capacity of the plants to produce current photosynthate.
The development of solar cell technology began in 1839 the search for the French physicist Antoine-César Becquerel. Becquerel observed the photovoltaic effect during experimentation with a solid electrode in an electrolyte solution when he saw that a voltage developed when the light fell on the electrode. The main events are discussed briefly below, and other milestones can be accessed by clicking on the image shown below.
Get original essayCharles Fritts - First Solar Cell: the first real solar cell was built around 1883 by Charles Fritts, who used selenium-coated seams (a semiconductor) with an extremely thin gold layer. The device only had 1% efficiency.
Albert Einstein - Photoelectric effect: Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect in 1905 for which he received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.Russell Ohl - Silicon solar cell: the first solar cells, however, had an energy conversion efficiency of less than one percent. In 1941, the silicon solar cell was invented by Russell Ohl. Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin (efficient solar cells) In 1954, three American researchers, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin, created a silicon solar cell capable of efficient six percent direct sun power conversion. They created the first solar panels. Bell Laboratories of New York announced the production of the protocol type of a new solar battery. Bell had financed the survey.
The photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell (solar cell) is a solid-state electrical device that converts light energy directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The energy of light is transmitted by photons, small packets or quanta of light. The electrical energy is stored in electromagnetic fields, which in turn can make a flow of electrons flow. Solar cell assemblies are used to make solar modules that are used to capture energy from sunlight. When multiple modules (as before installation in a pole-mounted tracking system), the resulting integrated group of modules, all oriented in a plane, called the solar panel are assembled.
The electrical energy generated by solar modules is an example of solar energy. Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic cells to produce electricity from light, even if often used specifically to indicate the generation of electricity from sunlight. Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the light source is not necessarily sunlight. These are used to detect the electromagnetic radiation of light or other near visible field, for example, infrared detectors or by measuring the intensity of light.
Most people around the world are very familiar with implementing technology in everything such as for transport, paying bills and communicating with other people. The globe has become truly globalised in the 21st century. The use of technology in today’s society occupies a vital role for people to communicate easier, but it also causes a negative impact because today’s generation depend on technology more often compared to 20th century. Australian society is one of the countries that uses technology for everything such as apple pay, high-tech car parks and smart watch. According to Australian Bureau Statistics, there are 14.7 million internet subscribers at the end of June 2018 and increased by 3.6% at the end of December. This is also supported by the International Institute for Management development because it is proven that Australia is rank 15 out of 63 nations when it comes to digital competitiveness. This proves that technology has evolved over the years since industrial revolution started and it made a huge difference in the society to improve lifestyle and connect easier to other places and other people. Furthermore, technology has been part of everyone’s daily lives which becomes inevitable to society because it helps to create the future of education, medicine and other industries.
Get original essayIndustrial Revolution has been a global event, at least to the extent that it has happened in all those areas of the world, of which there are very few exceptions, where Western civilisation’s impact has been felt. Due to this, many technological innovations were invented to develop people’s work leading to economic increase of government. Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone invention in 1875 was the first technological innovation to have a huge impact on human communication. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century marked an era of growth, but most historians refer this period as the First Industrial Revolution to distinguish it from a second period of industrialisation since the early 19th and 20th centuries (Allen, 2009). This corroborates with a source from Robert Buchanan, a professor of History of Technology states that the rationalisation of production, which was characteristic of industry in the 20th century, can reasonably be considered as the result of applying new techniques that have been part of technological history since 1900. Both sources corroborate the idea that without the creation of industrial revolution, today’s century would not have a more advanced technology for the society. Also, many individuals around the globe appreciate industrialisation’s advantages like internet and mobile phones. According from John S. and James Knight, who are historian authors depicts that gadgets inevitably start to represent civic ambitions, the instruments to communicate with others and contribute to the globe around us. This is supported by Karehka Ramey, a professor at a university also says that the greatest task confronting individuals is to determine what kind of future we need and then generate appropriate innovations that will make things easier. It is portraying that technologies change and affect the future of the society since it evolved. As a result, Australia is renowned for quicker adoption of new technology techniques than most other nations. With one of the largest Internet access prices in the globe, it joined the fresh millennium.
Technologies are very important to the society today because everything involves technologies like computers, phones and smart watch. The development of technology made a huge impact to the society in so many positive ways such as improved transportation, improved communication and mechanised agriculture (Ramey, 2012). Additionally, with the help of technology, today’s century has achieved a lot, for example, have the opportunity to travel, keep in touch with friends on the other side of the earth and cure many diseases. In Australia, scientists and researchers have been accountable for many of the world’s significant breakthroughs, technological innovations and Australia’s technology development has had several significant outcomes. It has improved innovation and design possibilities, assisted multiple companies make changes in their current facilities, and helped enhance the value of their products. This proves technology has developed, and country like Australia is experimenting new ways of advanced technologies to be able to use in the future. Technology has taken the world closer and encouraged the exchange of ideas in order to find better alternatives to any issue. Based from a book author, Hemangi Harankhedkar utters that, “Advancements in technology have led to the evolution of newer and faster modes of transport and communication”. This source implies that through technology, communication has been better compared to the last century and it made it easier for today’s generation. However, not only did the communication improved by technology, it also improved the advancements in agriculture that leads to increase of food production (Wood, 2010). With the help of technology, food productions have increased, therefore, it results a great impact to the government and to the society as it increases the economic funds and produce more food for people. Moreover, the use of technology has encouraged studies from genetic to extra-terrestrial spaces and based from Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia is proud of its dedication to scientific discovery, and A$ 2.9 billion was spent from 2011-2016 through the Backing Australia Ability project to finance studies aimed at stimulating financial and science development. This shows that Australia is trying to make technologies more useful by doing projects and exploring new things. Technology always let everyone access free data, exchange of thoughts and links with individuals worldwide and this will help to form the society and the century ahead, which make a huge difference from the 20th century (Aginginplace.org). This also corroborates with the source of Robert Buchanan that depicts, “Despite the immense achievements of technology by 1900, the following decades witnessed more advance over a wide range of activities than the whole of previously recorded history.” (2018). It conveys the same message that today’s society has a wide knowledge about technology than the previous centuries.
Technology may have caused many positive impacts today, but it also brings negative effect especially on the younger generations. Some negative impacts of technology on society are resource depletion, increased population and people’s behaviour and attitude. According from Karehka Ramey, technology has caused concern due to its bad implementation, which has led in environmental pollution and has also threatened our life and community (2012). Technology on its own is unharmful to society, but the way in which society uses technology to achieve specific goals results in negative impacts on society. Furthermore, due to advanced technology these days, people who spend the whole day working on computers will never be able to physically develop their own meals like those who resist in the areas because they rely everything on the technologies. This is the difference of the modern world; people are becoming unproductive unlike before; much physical activity was engaged in the days when there were no gadgets and no contemporary means of transport. The common man’s lives was not as luxurious as today’s, but more vigorous. Based from a modern historian, Manali Oak, “The internet has bred many unethical practises like hacking, spamming and phishing. Internet crime is on the rise and being an open platform lacks regulation”. This is a reliable source because many young teenagers are facing cyber bullying and hiding their true identity to hack or copy someone’s personal account through social medias. This is why Australia created a project called CERT Australia which is the national emergency response team for computers. It is the government’s single point of touch for cyber security problems that affect significant Australian businesses. Having this kind of actions shows that technology affect people’s lives due to incidents from social media such as Facebook, snapchat and Instagram. Another negative factor of technology is that children spend all the time playing online and not playing outdoor for less or almost no time. Young people spend most of their moment working in social networks, missing the joy of real social life. This also shows that the result of modern technology made younger people become addicted to the internet and phones, and this has caused to many anxiety disorders. Also, as Hemangi Harankhedkar articulates that, “Technological means have also affected non-verbal communication. Lack of face-to-face interaction has reduced the non-verbal grasping power of individuals”. This depicts the difference of last century to today’s society. The social life of today has changed a lot since the advanced technology is created because these days, there are now few people who gather and hangout together because they care more about online life than the real social life.
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Get custom essayTechnology in the 21st century has developed, and it influences the society in positive and negative ways. Unlike in 20th century, people had time to interact with other people without computers and phones; they use dictionary, send handwritten letters and play outdoor games. Life before was simple yet fun, but today, since technology has been a huge innovation in the society, people have less contact to other people physically and they rely everything on technology. The rapidly progressing technology in general has provided momentum to innovations in different areas and enhanced the quality of human lives. Since the historical changes of technology, it largely has influenced every aspect of living that has made impossible to separate technology and human existence because society is intermittently co-dependent on technology.
To more effectively explore the topic regarding development paradigms, a subset of literature has been selected based on its relevance to the topic. This review will present the status quo of works on this topic and is arranged based on the chronological development of researches and literature on this topic.
Get original essayIn the work of Newton and Van Deth (2012), the process of development goes through phases. First, policy makers are posed with a wide variety of possible policy instruments to achieve the end goal of the state, being a welfare state. Possible policy instruments are tools used by the government in order to achieve the desired outcome. These instruments may include taxing of good and services, imposing regulations, passing new laws, etc. Second, actions by the government are evaluated and are given feedback by several affected actors inside and outside the state. Political actions are evaluated in two ways, namely: efficiency and effectiveness. On the one hand, efficiency is using the minimum amount of resources possible and achieving the maximum effect. On the other hand, effectiveness is achieving what was intended and being able to satisfy the criteria that were set. Last is achieving the predicament of a welfare state. With that, a welfare state should, specifically reduce poverty, promote equality of opportunity, promote individual autonomy, promote social stability, and promote social integration.
According to Bellu? (2011), development can be equated to any type of improvement. This can occuronn two levels, namely micro and macro. Development can be qualified or evaluated in different ways. One is through economic development. Economic development is correlated with the idea of economic growth. This means that economic development can be measurednominally inn terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Another illustration of development is territorial development. This type of development is qualified by the interconnectedness of the rural and urban areas and quantified by the linkage by transportation and information systems. Last is through sustainable development. This is where the demands of the status quoares met without damaging the demands of the future generation. It includes abstract and concrete aspects of society, such as culture and national memorabilia. However, the paper highlights the relationship of these development quantifiers. A development of one quantifier may be harmful to another – all developmental actions face certain trade-offs and conflicts.
Poverty is the most defining characteristic of third world or developing countries. It is defined as a living condition that a population or groups of people experienc, when they lack the means to provide for themselves due to either external or personal circumstances. This is the problem development seeks to alleviate. In rural areas, underdevelopment is prevalent due to poor access to job opportunities, education, health and other basic necessities. The inequality that occurs between different socio-economic classes, specifically between natives of urban and rural areas, is reflective of the state; thus, prompting legal institutions to create respective development policies. The discrepancies were not limited to location, but as well as class, gender and even race which were not supported by the previous national policies. Moreover, in thetwentieth-centuryy post mainstream liberalism, conceptions of development have evolved into a set of standards or frameworks, also known as paradigms, which conclusively referenced equity, participation, and sustainability as the goals of development. States have then become pro-poor growth, which advocates for economic expansion, in hopes of supporting minorities or individuals in the lower income stratum (Thomas, 2014).
According to Trebilcock and Prado (2014), the essential constituents of development are separated into three sections of theories; economic, cultural, and geographic. All the following theories have contrasting expositions, however, concur that institutions serve a great role in promoting development. In their book “Advanced Institution to Law and Development”, there are five apparent economic theories.
The first, the linear theory, elucidates that new capital formation is imperative for developing countries to progress. Whereas in the structural change theory, it focuses on the implementation of a service economy, heavily dependent on manufacturing as its central income. It rejects the idea of traditional subsistence agriculture in domestic economic structures and instead advises developing countries to use farm mechanization as a means to increase labor productivity. In short, the structural change theory suggests that economic development is controlled by industrialization and increasing investments on infrastructure. Conversely, in the dependency theory, the state of domestic economic development is determined by historical influences of colonial or economic power. Moreover, the theory cites foreign direct investment as a means of creating a broader economy in developing countries. However, the theory does acknowledge that financial dependence on developed countries could easily lead to corruption which will ultimately hinder indigenous manufacturing sectors from progressing. The next theory, neoliberal, advocates the establishment of a free-market. Free-market, as detailed in the text, would implicate efficient allocation of economic resources and pricing signals, that would include; fiscal discipline, tax reforms, liberalization, open trade, market degradation, and fostering competition within sectors. It rejects the former theory’s concept on public expenditures and endorses alternately a laissez-faire system. Similar to the structural change theory, the endogenous theory encourages that technological innovation and human capital chiefly impacts domestic growth. This theory cites resources, and education as the determinant for an industrial advantage.
Following the economic theories, the book presents the cultural theories of development. It emphasizes the role of culture in institutional stability and change, as institutions encourage political tyranny and social discrimination. By mimicking the culture of developed societies, developing countries could finally move on from progress-resistant outlooks that impede the progression of rationalism and democracy and the goals of cultural freedom.
The last and final section, the geographic theories of development specify three factors; climate, location, and natural endowments. As stated in the book, most tropical climates have a negative impact on economic productivity due to tenuous tropical soils and the rampancy of crop pests and parasites. Therefore, tropical countries are more likely to experience setbacks in agriculture outputs, which is crucial to the gross domestic product of developing countries. The location also plays a huge role in development; as far as landlocked countries are concerned, their location limits the monetary opportunities for trade and other economic benefits international and interregional commercial activities could provide. Furthermore, the abundance of natural resources, ironically, could have some negative implications for the country. It risks further odds of civil conflict ensued by disputed resource ownership and higher levels of inequality of wealth, human capital, and political power. In spite of the aforementioned theories, economic geography dismisses that physical geographic traits are responsible for underdevelopment, rather it focuses on the regional inequality and how favorable economic development varies for different countries depending on factors such as; density (population), distance (region), and division (economic integration). The 2009 World Development Report (as cited in Trebilcock & Prado, 2014) states that development transpires by increasing rates of human capital, shortening the distances between regions and centers of economic activities, and finally, lessen the impermeability of trade borders. Likewise, the Jeffrey Sachs theory lists threeimpendingg features in development, citing; transportation costs, diseases, and poor soil fertility. This highlights the role of geographical location greatly in economic reforms. On the other hand, institutionalists place less emphasis on geography, in terms of underdevelopment, citing poor institutions as the problem. Despite the divergent claims, most researchers agree that geography has an indirect, nevertheless strong, role in a country’s development, as well as the requisite need for strong institutions in creating effective government policies. Peter Drahos (2014) further elaborates on these institutions, focusing on indigenous people and the disadvantages they face due to extractive property rights. This explicates the different notions of a ‘developed’ state between indigenous people and normative understanding. For indigenous people, especially in developing countries, their indigence proves to be difficult for them to survive as a state, thus their reliance on intellectual property. Correspondingly, indigenous knowledgepresentst a notable role in the networking scene, separating them from traditional conventions in cross-bordercommerces. Notwithstanding the opinions on the extractive nature of the state's property order, it can be inferred that human capital, in this cas,e intellectual property, augments developing countries into better socio-economic positions.
The general consensus of Trebilcock and Prado’s theories explain the importance of legal institutions and government bodies in achieving development goals. By changing the quality of state intervention, it will then have a positive cumulative effect on the various successions of economic, cultural, and geographic facets in developing countries. In the book, "Redefining Sovereignty in International Economic Law" (2008), Qureshi also explains the interplay between sovereignty and development, in the context ofEurocentricc and third world perspectives. The constructive and expansive natureofn the two featuresallowsw developing countries to protectitselfs against the encroachment of state competence. Additionally, historical factorshaves left developing countries insecure about its legislators thus, sovereignty must preserve its offensive capabilities as it replicates its own paradigm through further development actions.
With the continuous efforts of developing countries to seek aid, researches and traditions of development studies soon began to propagate. Development studies began as an interdisciplinary course stemming from the various discourses of development theories over the years. The social science was divided into three dimensions: international development which focuses on assisting third world countries, national development which focuses on nation-building and the role of public institutions in domestic well-being, and lastly, global development which focuses on interdependence, integration, and globalization of different countries. Combined with these three dimensions or outlooks, development studies has experienced a paradigm shift, that no longer exclusively considers economic matters as the sole determinant. The study now recognizes other variables and deprivations that may impede development outcomes, such as socio-economic, political, and sovereign problems. From poverty eradication, the course has become broader in their goals, especially in terms of social progress, human capital, cultural reforms, and political empowerment. Moreover, the course has proved to be a supplement to governments, NGOs, and other international organizations to address macro and micro level problems such as poverty, sustainable development, industrialization, and political ecology to name a few. The tradition may not be as popular in developed countries, but, job opportunities and schooling in this field have now become increasingly open to help developing countries in Africa and Asia (Currie-Alder, 2016).
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical measure of the three development indicators of a country: average life expectancy, educational attainment, and gross national per capita income. In UNDP’s latest Human Development Report (2016), the Philippines ranked 116th against 188 countries in total, with the index rate of 0.682. The life expectancy of Filipinos is approximately 68.3 years, the expected years of schooling is a short number of 11.7 years, and the gross national capita income is 8,395 PPP dollars. Overall, the Philippines is ranked relatively higher than countries in the medium regio, but is considered below average compared to countries in East Asia and the Pacific. Despite the Philippines' increasing index rate, the Philippines, in juxtaposition to other countries, develops in a rather slow, albeit consistent rate. However, after the United Nations introduced the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) in 2010, inequalities or loss in human development now can be discounted from the scores. The Philippines without the IHDI is ranked 0.682, but with the discounted score, the Philippines falls in the below average region with an index rate of 0.556. Throughout the years, the Philippines has progressively increased their score by 16.3%, but with the IHDI now considered, the Philippines has lost an overall score of 18.4%.
Education is also a major factor in a development of a country. It provides the country with a pool of graduates with specific lines of expertise to fill up roles in society. In the Philippines however, unemployment remains to be a perennial problem. According to Hagos and Dejarme (2008), the Philippine curriculum should be adjusted to meet the needs of the society, especially to support the surplus of human resources the country possesses. The researchers highlighted seven changes the Philippine curriculum should undergo. First, the curriculum should be computer-based to measure up to the advancement of technologies – to produce graduates capable of utilizing computer softwares in work environments. Second is the incorporating of environmental knowledge into selected programs. This is mainly to raise awareness about the risks of human activities to the environment and to help prepare students to contribute in an interdependent global village. Third is a research-oriented curriculum. Research establishes cause and effect relationships, creates predictions, and investigates outcomes of different variables. Fourth is that a technology-enriched curriculum will enable studenst to adapt in the 21st century as almost all institutions around the globe are leaning towards the use of technological equipment. Fifth is culminating a just and humane society through integrating a value-laden curriculum. For the sixth change, it is a community-involved curriculum. It creates a link between the lessons learned in school and the problems faced by a community. Lastly, is an industry-linked curriculum. This allows educational institutions to produce graduates who are well oriented in different working environments.
Based on the findings of the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (2017), an estimated 9% or 39.2 million Filipinos aged 6 to 24 are no longer attending school or have not yet finished a post-secondary degree. There was a higher rate of females out of school, with the percentage rate of 63.3, and the recurrent reason was due to marriage or family matters which comprised of 37% of the out of school youths and 57% of females total. Together with other reasons, 24.7% dropped out of school due to lack of personal interest for both sexes, where 43.8% of males agreed; other considerable factors include financial concerns and employment as their grounds. Approximately half of the families of out of school youths fall in the bottom 30% based on their per capita income. In fac,t by 2012, the number of migrating Filipino students have doubled since 2001. Between the years 2006 to 2012, 11,210 tertiary-level students have enrolled abroad. Furthermore, 27% of them decided to pursue their studies in the US, 21% of them in Australia, 12% of the students in the UK, and a considerable amount as well in Canada.
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Get custom essayBy 2010, the Philippines has exceeded 24 million enrollees in their primary and secondary programs. In spite of those numbers, only 23% of Filipino high school graduates decide to pursue tertiary-level or higher education. However, the British Council did estimate that the Philippines would have an increase of tertiary-level graduates by 2020. Now that the Philippine’s economic growth rate is at 6.6%, there is also a growing pressure for Filipinos to meet international standards in order to do professional work. The increasing economy rates were not beneficial for Filipino students inasmuch as it caused the high levels of youth unemployment. Not to mention that overall unemployment rates are increasing by 7.5% since 2014. With the current income rates due to sporadic economic growth and the competitiveness of job opportunities for Filipino undergraduates, many families of Filipino students can now afford to enroll their children overseas, hence, heightening the possibility for more outbound students in the following years. In more recent years, the Philippines has begun focusing on the implementation of the K-12 system to expand the advantages of Filipino students in the competitive global market. Thecurriculum hass not shown any significant impacts on the outbound mobility of Filipino student;, howeve,r therehaves been reports that most students in the Philippines emigrated there only on special study permits (SSP). Majority of the students are in the Philippines for short courses such as English language training or secondary level schooling, as opposed to higher or tertiary-level training (ICEF Monitor, 2014). In another survey by the Philippine Statistics Authority (2017), the estimated number of overseas Filipino workers (OFW) is at 2.3 million, during the period between April to September 2017. The largest proportion of OFWs, 21.7%, comprised of age groups between 30 to 34 years old, with women comparatively younger at ages 25 to 29. In addition, Saudi Arabia was reported to be the hotspot of job opportunities for Filipino OFWs, comprising of 25.4%of Filipinos, followed bythe United Arab Emirates with 15.3%. Additionally, the total cash remittance of OFWs during the same period was reported to be 205.2 billion pesos.
The Darwinian evolution focused on which species where going to get preserved through mutations from the pressures in the environment. Civilization then helped us alter the ecological environment in which we lived. Finally we are now entering a stage which many might call evolution by design. We are now able to design the very life forms which inhibit this planet. Questions about animal cruelty, ethics, and regulation all arise and present very interesting predictions on human engineering. This will be a long road of moral questions and it is only beginning.
Get original essayThe suppliers are very successful in genetically engineering animals. Dolly took 277 attempts to create a decade ago. (Morelle). Now many states allow the sale of glowing animals. The industry can make animals produce certain types of drugs or chemicals in the milk or the blood that they need. The military has created a chip that inserts into the brain of larva before it is born in order to manipulate the flight. A mouse could be used as a spy. Another incredible advance in genetic engineering is the ability to combine xenotransplantation and phsyciotechnology to make animals grow parts we desire. All of these facts should raise high concerns for how we treat our beloved, adorable, and defenseless companions.
In the not so distant future when human engineering will be a reality couples who are infertile will battle for the rights to engineer a child even if it is nationally illegal. (48). Problems would arise when a couple would want someone if the family to donate a gamete, but other family members would complicate this type of association. Underground black markets could spun because some billionaire wants spare parts. Solidarity will be rampant.
The population will divide into two groups which one would consist of clones and the other of imperfection. A major ethical issue here is the psychological well-being of the clone. A clone might even turn so evil that there would be no way of figuring out which one was really responsible for wrong doing. As long as people who believe in creationism exist, there will always be a halt like with the stem cell research, and they might be right to protest. Telomeres are an essential part in determining how our cells age. They are at the end of all DNA and they protect the chromosomes.
The telomeres sequence is used every time a cell divides. As the subjects get older the sequence gets shorter, this would explain aging and ultimately death. A clone of an animal that is diverted from an older cell has a shorter strand. The clone cell would have gone through many stages and therefore life is taken away. The clone might even be unhealthy throughout its life. A double is not good to have for humans and will especially turn to a life of crime.
With so many negative things and uncertainties we face the answers have to be decided sooner than we think. If human cloning was possible and commercials said 99.9% of the customers are satisfied then everyone would do it. Knowing that your child will be faster, stronger, and smarter is what every good parent would wants. Just imagine your child never being predisposed to medical conditions such as allergies, obesity, cancer, Alzheimer’s, or your child would have a stronger skull or spine, or even a child that is capable of learning three times as fast than anyone else in the classroom.
Biopolitics will always be involved in this and just like with liquor the cloning laws with roll in like an avalanche. We could be just jumping head by saying that someone has already cloned a human, but it would not be that surprising in this age and time. The system is slowing down in keeping up with technology. Just about anyone with three hundred dollars can purchase a spy drone and go snooping through the windows in the surrounding neighborhoods. The scary part is that this process is only accelerating and those citizens who uphold the law will have to accelerate with it.
Apart from animal and human engineering, another great topic is the genetic engineering of food. With this there are even more bizarre problems. Weeds, critters, and parasites are becoming more immune to fertilizer so more and more barrels have to be dumped on our food to keep the fields growing. This eventually circulates through the water channels like prescription drugs and one day, in the not so distance future, the wrong bug is going to meet the wrong chemical and the wrong person will get bit. What kind of a bio-engineered disease will challenge us tomorrow will feel like it might be the last problem before we get thrown into a fiefdom state.
There are so many problems with genetic engineering that it was hard to find the positives. Without the satisfactory results we are just torturing animals, creating problems within the society, and it will probably end up being illegal with humans anyways. The road is still far ahead and I just hope for the best. This is a new form of racism. No longer will a person be racist against different color, culture, or beliefs, but rather perfection of the mind and body. It is almost like we are once again going back to the Darwinian evolution. This time the engineered human who is stronger will also be smarter. The poor will once again be left behind like they have been in every part of history. Insurance companies I’m sure will be doing more than fine.
Timothy Caulfield states the whole fabric of society will collapse due to a loss in dignity. If everyone is perfect than no one is, during which point classes will have to be changed, after which we might start actually being like ants. This will be more like a utopia. Only morals will separate people in this state. Before we get lost in science fiction I would like to conclude with the statement that all genetic engineering should be made illegal on this planet.
It was the end of the 1970s, and the Chinese government was realizing that they had a problem. Their population was growing at an enormous rate, and they knew that if it kept growing as it was the government would have a difficult time taking care of its people. “By the time of the 1982 census there were already more than 1 billion people in China, and if current trends persisted, there could be 1.4 billion by the end of the century” (Kane & Choi, 1999, p. 992). In order to slow down this massive population growth, the one child policy was formed. This policy was first announced in 1979 and was created in order to curb the rapidly increasing population.
Get original essayUnfortunately, this policy had unintended consequences, many of which were a result of the cultural emphasis that boys were more desirable than girls. Thirty years later, in 2010, the SRB, or the number of males born for every 100 females, was 118. When compared to the global average of 105, this number is significantly higher (Shi & Kennedy, 2016, p. 1019). This disparity is due to a number of different factors, including an increase in abortions, an underreporting of live births, and infants being put up for adoption or abandoned at orphanages.
According to John M. Darley, organizations “can lurch towards evil in ways not intended by any of the participants in the organization” (Darley, 1996, p. 14). In this case, the government decided to enforce a policy that limited the number of children its citizens could have in order to ensure the growing population did not negatively impact the country, but did not consider how this may affect the lives of its citizens and how they would respond.
This resulted in orphanages taking advantage of the increase of unwanted babies and making large amounts of money from international adoptions. When the amount of abandoned babies started to decrease, the orphanages began partaking in deviant behavior. Human trafficking is deviant behavior that can be caused by abstract harm versus tangible gain, sunk costs, and diffusion of responsibility and information. Examination of the implementation of the one child policy in China shows how individuals can be encouraged to commit deviant acts, specifically in relation to human trafficking in orphanages and international adoptions.
Before it is possible to discuss deviant behavior and how it is caused, it must first be defined. Deviance can be defined as intentionally or unintentionally creating a system that leads to unethical behavior. Ermann and Lundman explain in their book Corporate and Governmental Deviance that “organizational elites can indirectly cause deviant actions by establishing norms, rewards, and punishments that encourage deviance” (Ermann & Lundman, 2002, p. 9).
In this case, the punishments came in the form of fines and penalties to prevent families from having more than one child, which resulted in an increase in abandoned children. Later, when they began to allow international adoptions, they included a mandatory donation of $3000 to the orphanage from foreign parents. This rewarded the orphanages for international adoptions, and was most likely one of the stimuli for the trafficking that later took place.
To better understand the situation in China, it is important to know the history behind their orphanages and adoption policies. By the early 1990s, orphanages in China were full of girls who had been abandoned as a result of the one child policy. “Yet legal requirements that adopters be over 35 and childless severely limited the number of families who could legally adopt children in the 1990s. While this did not prevent unofficial adoption in violation of the restrictions, it did keep adopters away from government orphanages, thus increasing the burden on those institutions”.
Many of these institutions could barely take care of the children they had due to poor funding, lack of resources, and understaffing (Chinese Orphanages: A Follow Up, 1996, p. 5). Conditions in many locations were terrible and, according to a report by Human Rights Watch/Asia, resulted in astronomically high death rates recorded during the period from 1988-1992 (Chinese Orphanages: A Follow Up, 1996, p. 2).
In 1992, “the Chinese government enacted the 1992 Adoption Law of China” to allow international adoptions. Since this decision was made, many of the children who were adopted by foreigners ended up going to the United States. The amount of adoptions of Chinese children by US citizens increased from just over 206 in 1992 to almost 8,000 in 2005 (U.S. Department of State). Adopting from China was desirable for multiple reasons.
This is because “Chinese babies are generally healthier than infants from other developing countries, since fewer Chinese mothers are alcoholics, drug addicts, or infected with HIV”, there were less “administrative difficulties often experienced in other foreign countries', and “China's intercountry adoption procedures allow single individuals and persons in their forties or older – who may face eligibility hurdles elsewhere – to adopt Chinese children” (Gates, 1999, p. 384). In addition to this, many of the families adopting knew about the one child policy and thought they were helping by saving these girls from growing up in a Chinese orphanage.
As China eased restrictions on domestic adoptions and the standard of living rose, less babies were abandoned which led to less healthy children in the orphanages available for international adoption. There was still a demand for international adoptions, however, and the “orphanages had gotten used to getting money for international adoption” (Leland, 2011). Because of this increased demand and lack of supply, some orphanages started to turn to other means of getting children, such as trafficking.
According to Darley (1996), abstract harm and tangible gain can be a reason why people fall into deviant behavior. Abstract harm is defined by Darley as an action that “is taken that will ultimately result in harm to others” but “there is initially no overt target of the actions committed, no salient other human who is seen to be a victim of the action” (Darley, 1996, p. 22).
Tangible gain, on the other hand, is easy to see and usually comes in the form of things like money, goals, or efficiency. When looking at the situation in the Chinese orphanages and the adoption program, we can see a few instances where this applies. For example, in order to make it easier to put children up for adoption, many orphanages would falsify the documents of the children that they bought from traffickers. By doing this, they were causing potential harm to the birth parents, the parents adopting, and the children themselves, in favor of the tangible gain of the mandatory donation the adoptive parents had to pay to the orphanages.
As previously mentioned, abstract harm occurs when an action results in unintentional harm to a victim. In the case of the birth parents, there is always a chance that the traffickers did not simply find the children on the side of the road. Sometimes children were kidnapped by traffickers or taken by government workers for violating the one child policy. “It used to be that family planning would come in if you had an over-quota child, and they’d bash down your house, or take a pig, or do something.
Once the orphanage joined the international adoption program, that changed, and so now they saw kind of a win-win situation going where the family planning would go in and take the child that wasn’t registered, turn it in to the orphanage, the orphanage would reward the family planning officials, and then adopt that child internationally” (Amazon Studios, 2019).
By falsifying details about the children and where they found them, they increased the chance that birth parents that had their child taken from them would not be able to find them. In the case of the adopting parents, who spent a lot of time and money to add a child to their family, the chance that their new child was actually stolen from its birth parents is devastating.
In addition to the guilt they may feel about potentially being the reason their new child was separated from parents who actually wanted them, if the child truly was stolen there is the fear that the birth parents may try to take their child back. Finally, there is much harm caused to the children caught in the center of all of this. Instead of growing up with their biological parents, they would most likely grow up in a different country thinking that their birth parents did not want them. If by some chance they did find out that they were taken as a child, it may be too much for them to take in.
According to Research-China, an organization who helps parents research China’s orphanages and adopted children, it is not uncommon for adopted children to not want to meet or even learn about their birth parents. They already have their own life, and learning about their birth parents would complicate that, especially after years of believing they did not want them in the first place.
Most likely the orphanages did not purposely try to cause harm to the birth parents, adopting parents, and adopted children, but it is obvious that they did. In the face of a tangible gain like the money they would receive from the mandatory donation, the potential harm was far from their minds. They did not have a connection to the children and parents they were harming. Abandoned babies were very common at the time, and it was much easier to falsify records than to search for birth parents who may or may not want their child.
Another source of deviant behavior are sunk costs. Darley (1996) defines a sunk cost as “commitments to a course of action that are generated by some initial decision, often a decision to invest financial or other resources in a course of action” (Darley, 1996, p. 21). This definition of a sunk cost can be seen in both the orphanages and the foreign parents adopting the children.
Orphanages spent money to take care of the children in their care, in addition to buying children from traffickers. They invested this money in hopes that a foreign family would come to adopt the children and pay the mandatory donation to the orphanage. Because of their investment in the children, they were committed to putting them up for international adoption instead of searching for their birth parents or allowing a domestic couple who did not have to make the donation to adopt.
The parents adopting the Chinese children also had sunk costs that influenced their behavior. The adoption process takes a lot of time and money, so by the time they bring their new child home they have already invested a lot into them. Maybe of even more consequence is the amount of love and attention they give the child once they bring them home.
For all intents and purposes, they believe this is now their child. When it was discovered that there was a possibility that some of the children being adopted had been stolen from their birth parents, many parents did not know how to react. They were angry that the orphanages had possibly lied about how they found the children, but also fearful that they may have to give up their adopted child. As a result, many parents went on the defensive and would not speak out about their suspicions about what had happened or allow organizations who had collected the DNA of parents who had their children stolen to contact them.
This is what Brian Stuy, the founder of Research-China, has experienced. “When he has managed to contact birth parents, he said, most were content to learn that their children were alive, that they were healthy and in good homes. ‘Unfortunately, the reaction of most adoptive parents is to go into hiding,’ Mr. Stuy said. ‘When they have suspicions, they don’t want to come forward.’” (Leland, 2011).
His wife, Long Lan, expands on what the parents are feeling. “When I shared the situation with some adoptive U.S. parents, they were completely shocked. They just couldn’t take it all in at once and were in total denial. They felt as though the adoption of their daughter might have caused her to be abducted from her birth family. They were also worried that their daughter might be forcibly returned to China. They were afraid they’d lose her and immediately cut off contact with us” (Amazon Studios, 2019).
This behavior from both the orphanages and parents can be traced back to sunk costs. In both cases, time and money were invested into the children that could not be given back. The orphanages reacted unethically by paying for the babies in order to get money from international parents, and the parents reacted unethically by not speaking out about the corruption they witnessed in the orphanages.
“Diffusion of responsibility is another source of organizational harmdoing” (Darley, 1996, p. 18). The adoption process in China 'was touted as the most stable program, the most above-board program' by adoption agencies. The possibility of trafficking was rarely mentioned even in the late 2000s, despite previous articles written about traffickers arrested in China for selling babies to orphanages.
The information was there, but no one seemed to want to put the pieces together showing that it was a bigger problem than was originally thought. Darley (1996) has this to say about the mindset that leads to diffusion of responsibility: “Responsibility requires knowledge. If I do not know that harm is risked, then I am not responsible for preventing that harm” (Darley, 1996, p. 17). This concept applies to both the parents adopting and the actual adoption agencies the parents go through to connect them to the orphanages.
Many parents that wanted to adopt assumed that the adoption agencies they were going through had done their research, and that the orphanages they received their children from could be trusted. In reality, many of the orphanages forged the documents of the children, like in the case of one woman who said “My Guangxi daughter was adopted with a group of 11 other infants, all roughly the same age, and came home with an extremely detailed description of her first 11 months of life in her orphanage. Yet ‘her’ information was word-for-word the same as the info given the families of the other 11 children adopted at the same time — making it all too specific to be believable” (Leland, 2011).
This was a common practice of the orphanages that bought trafficked children, but even if parents thought it seemed suspicious, few actively questioned it. Out of 342 adoptive parents of Chinese children that were surveyed, “Two-thirds said they “never” suspected that their children might have been abducted, and one in nine said they thought about it “sometimes.” Several said the paperwork from the orphanages was inconsistent or suspicious” (Leland, 2011).
“To halt ongoing processes because of potential future harms requires an action, a decision, while allowing the continuation of normal processes requires no action. Thus, the decision to intervene is often framed as requiring clear and overwhelming evidence before it is taken…” (Darley, 1996, p. 21). It is easier to allow things to continue as they are rather than doing something to stop it, so unless there is conclusive evidence that there is widespread corruption in the orphanages, it is easier for parents and adoption agencies to not upset the status quo.
Even though there has been multiple reports of orphanages participating in buying children, many in the adoption community consider them to be isolated cases. Instead of taking action and asking questions which could result in frayed relations and a loss of business, many agencies and adopting parents stand by and continue to allow this to occur without consequence. They have decided that it is not their responsibility, and therefore not their problem.
According to both the United Nations and China, the selling of babies to orphanages by traffickers is human trafficking. “The United Nations defines human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion) for an improper purpose including forced labor or sexual exploitation” (U.S. Department of Justice, 2019). China’s law also criminalizes the “abducting and trafficking of women or children” which it defines as “a series of acts (e.g., abduction, kidnapping, purchasing, selling, sending, receiving) for the purpose of selling women and children” (U.S. Department of State).
However, the US Government defines human trafficking as “sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age” and “the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery” (U.S. Department of Justice, 2019).
Based on this definition, it could be argued that what is taking place in China is not human trafficking, at least from the view of the United States government, since the children are not being sold for labor or sexual exploitation. This is the argument that adoption agencies and government officials have made when they were confronted by parents with adopted Chinese children and other individuals about children being sold to orphanages in China.
Based on this definition, no laws are being broken and no deviant behavior is taking place. After all, the babies are finding homes in the United States instead of growing up in an orphanage. But just because the law says that it is legal does not mean that it is ethical. As previously discussed in the sections above, harm is being caused by orphanages buying children from traffickers. Based on Paul and Elder’s definition of ethics, doing good while doing no harm, the orphanages are behaving unethically. As a result, the United States law regarding the legality of selling babies to orphanages is also unethical.
The implementation of China’s one child policy resulted in widespread deviant behavior caused by abstract harm and tangible gain, sunk costs, and diffusion of responsibility and information. A large factor in the deviant behavior that occurred was the policy of punishing parents who had more than two children, resulting in the abandonment of babies, and rewarding orphanages for international adoptions through the mandatory donation by the foreign adopting parents.
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Get custom essayThis resulted in harm to the birth parents who had their children stolen from them, adoptive parents who feared their adopted child may be taken away, and the adopted children themselves who had to come to terms with the fact that they were trafficked. Even though the United States does not consider the selling of babies to orphanages to be human trafficking, it is still unethical behavior as shown by the harm it caused to the people involved.
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the pancreas’ ability to produce or respond to insulin is diminished. A long-lasting multisystem disease related to irregular insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both resulting in an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and raised levels of glucose in the blood and urine. There are two categories of diabetes mellitus, Type 1 and Type 2. Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes which has no age limit onset, which can occur to do certain lifestyle choices. Such as, bad eating habits, lack of exercise and obesity. While Type 1 is also called juvenile-onset or insulin dependent diabetes, which is the inability of the pancreas to make insulin; typically beginning at an early age. This chronic illness affects more than 29.1 million people in the world. Diabetes is considered one of the top leading causes of death, it is also one of the contributing causes of adult blindness, neuropathy, end-stage kidney disease, peripheral vascular disease and non-traumatic lower limb amputations (Lewis, Bucher, Heitkemper & Harding, 2017, p.1120). Diabetes mellitus is significantly more prevalent in African American, American Indian and Hispanic populations, and is more common in men (Holman, Williams, Johnson, Ball, Wheless, Leehy, & Lemon, 2018, p. 527). Diabetes is a chronic illness which can be maintained with a balanced proper diet, exercise and the daily use of medication. With an appropriate diet, a person’s blood glucose level can be controlled and well managed.
Get original essayThe patient is a 52-year-old African American male, with a history of hypertension, and migraines. He came into the emergency department with a blood glucose reading of 439, a temp of 98.6, respiration 19, pulse oximetry 97 and a B/P of 159/86. His daughter noticed that he was drinking more water than usual and needed to stop and use the restroom four times while shopping at Target. She grew concerned when he was driving home, and he screamed that he couldn’t see the lines on the road clearly. He is a widower of two years and lives alone with his dog. He works as a Septa bus driver and can work upwards to 16 hours a day. His wife used to cook, so he usually eats frozen meals from the market now. His two daughters and one son are all in college or living on their own. They visit him quite often, usually bringing home cooked meals with them. One daughter is a newly licensed nurse and noticed the signs of diabetes mellitus and brought him into the hospital. The patient was admitted and placed on an insulin drip. The diabetes team has informed him that he is a type 2 diabetic.
The patient completed high school, as well as finished trade school. He stated that he learns best by reading and being hands on with the materials. Utilization of the brochure handout for healthy eating as well as step by step instructions for the blood glucose testing would be appropriate. He has been sticking his finger, checking his blood glucose levels for the past two days without missing a step and recording the values in his notebook. The patient states he can cook meals, he just doesn’t know what to cook; subsequently, it is easier to heat up a frozen meal in the microwave and eat. As studied by Sumlin and Brown (2017), traditional diabetes education which includes information on the recommended dietary changes, has been attempted in African American communities however there is little success (p.566). The patient will need a thorough break down on the types of dietary changes he will have to make. After reviewing the documented assessments in his chart, the patient is willing and ready to learn how and what to eat for a balanced meal and appropriate snacks to maintain acceptable blood glucose levels. A dietician has been contacted regarding the explanation of meal preparation and healthy eating.
By the end of the teaching, the patient will be able to teach back the proper diabetic food choices and appropriate portion of meals. As well as the patient will be able to explain how to read the nutritional values of food and beverage packages and to be cautious on the amount of sugar and carbohydrate in each intake. Lastly, the patient will be able to find simple and healthy food selections to prepare prior to discharge.
Knowledge deficit as related to lack of awareness about the diabetes disease process and ineffective health teaching as evidence by unhealthy food choices and sedentary lifestyle.
Short term – To reduce his sugar intake by planning his meals for the day and keeping a journal to track the amount of carbohydrates and sugar consumed.
Long term – To be able to maintain a normal blood sugar level by eating healthier food choices.
To utilize the diabetes brochure to demonstrate the proper food choices and adequate food portioning. To give examples of food groups that will control blood sugar level. The brochure will guide him to be able to select the appropriate food choices. To explain to the patient the importance of daily food journal in order to effectively monitor sugar consumption. However, counting the grams of sugar in a food item is good, the best way to take control of the blood glucose level is to count the carbohydrates. “Although, the amounts of other nutrients in the diet can affect blood sugar levels to some degree, the amount of carbohydrates consumed has the most significant effect”, (Bussel, 2016, p.26). By documenting the meals and snacks eaten throughout the day; the journal will be a good tool for him to keep track of his food choices and intake.
By the end of the conversation the patient was able to do a complete teach back. Explaining the benefits of a healthy diet change incorporating portion sizes and carbohydrate counting. Discussed, were topics such as how to continue eating the meals he loved within moderation, rather than a complete overhaul dietary restriction. Capehorn (2017) stated that it’s best to modify a person’s diet slightly to get the best overall results, rather than attempting to change the foods they consume completely; this gives the best adherence to monitoring a person’s blood glucose (p. 94). He was able to make a list of all the snacks and meals he loves and discovered there were plenty of items he would be able to continue eating, within moderation.
Overall the teaching was beneficial, and the patient seemed to understand that this new diagnosis will be based upon self-discipline when it comes to dietary modifications. Vanstone, Rewegan, Brundisini, Giacomini, Kandasamy, & DeJean, (2017), states that having self-discipline can be facilitated by portion control, allowing favorite or socially significant foods to be consumed in small quantities (p. 223). The patient seemed open to the new dietary changes, only time will tell whether he will adhere to the new diet plan.
Diabetes is a general term that refers to any of various disorders that are characterized by excessive urination, also known as polyuria. When used alone it refers to Diabetes Mellitus (DM). There are several types of Diabetes, known as Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM 1), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM 2) and Gestational Diabetes. In this essay, we analyze the types of diabetes, diagnosing strategies and different treatments for DM 1 and DM2. The paper will describe Gestational Diabetes.
Get original essayDiabetes Mellitus is a broadly applied diagnosis that is used to represent a complex group of conditions that have a common interruption in the use of glucose, which could be a secondary condition to the malfunction of the beta cells of the pancreas. The function of the pancreas is produce and release of insulin. Insulin is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, fats. DM is one of the most common endocrine disorders. “The term diabetes derives from the Greek word for siphon, which is a reference to the copious urine excretion that characterizes this affliction. Globally, diabetes is one of the most prevalent noncommunicable diseases. It is the fourth or fifth leading cause of death in most industrialized countries and a fast-rising cause of mortality and morbidity in other locations. The causes of diabetes is due to a combination of genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors. The disease has no cure.” (Basu, 2019).
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 is a hereditary disease and there is no way to prevent it. Although it generally appears in children and adolescents first, adults have it as well. The body’s immune system attacks the beta cells in the pancreas causing the pancreas to cease production of sufficient insulin, and the ability to adjust the blood glucose level. Once diagnosed, the patient will rely on supplemental insulin for the rest of their lives.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is caused by the body’s cells resistance to the effects of insulin. Eventually, this will cause the body to stop producing enough insulin and no longer use glucose effectively. Unable to enter the cells, the glucose builds up in blood. The patient continually experience high blood glucose causing insulin resistance. The patient may not need supplemental insulin at first, but as the disease advances, they need the supplements to manage the blood glucose levels.
Gestational DM is any degree of glucose intolerance onset during pregnancy. GDM has adverse fetal and maternal outcomes as it can cause an increase in morbidity and mortality in both mother and fetus. “Major morbidities in fetus include respiratory distress, growth restriction, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia” (Bathula, U., & Yelamanchili, A. 2019).
DM 1 has a sudden onset of symptoms, while DM 2 begins with prediabetes and generally has no symptoms. For both types of DM, the physician should order one of the following tests: A1C test, fasting plasma glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, or random plasma glucose test. Depending on the test results , the physician can diagnose diabetes or pre-diabetes.
The most ambitious DM 1 prevention trial conducted was DPT-1. The test was designed to determine if it is possible to delay or prevent the onset of DM 1. The strategy was based on the argument that when a subject receives low dose of insulin over some time, the immune system will learn to be more tolerant and therefore it will not attack insulin-producing beta cells.
Also, using an insulin pump or daily insulin injections can treat DM 1. The two method can provide insulin as needed at all time. Patients with DM 1 should follow the treatment plans and instructions given to them by their physician beside having an active, healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other health issues that could arise. Also monitoring glucose levels should be done at all times. People who have family history of diabetes should be more vigilant as they are prone to the autoimmune disease.
Medication such as Metformin and insulin can treat DM 2. DM 2 patients should also follow the treatment plan and instructions given by their physician, just like DM 1 patients. The patients should also maintain a healthy lifestyle in order to avoid any complications that could arise.
To prevent Diabetes Mellitus, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial. Rush and Coppinger (2018) stated that: “Nutritious food and regular physical activity (PA) are two of the most fundamental requirements that support normal growth and development, with adverse early life experiences found to have lasting negative effects on health and wellbeing across the life course”. Healthy food choices can be achieved by consuming foods with low in saturated fats, sodium, and sugar, and increasing fruits, vegetables, and water intake. Regular exercise helps in lowering glycemic levels, blood pressure and weight.
Educating family about healthy lifestyle is important because it can prevent a love one to develop diabetes mellitus. Assessing family lifestyle is important because nurses will have a baseline of the family weight, nutrition habits and activity level. If a family member shows signs of hyperglycemia than the nurse will develop a plan. She will educate the family that it is important to maintain a healthy weight because it can decrease blood glucose level and prevent longer term illness. She will also encourage them to make healthier food chooses. For example, family should avoid processed foods and increase vegetables, protein and whole grains intake. It is important to teach the family that alcohol and tobacco can affect the body while begin diabetic.
DM 1, DM 2 and GDM are all easily diagnosed by the physician via lab testing. Patients are thereby treated with insulin and urged to manage their diabetes by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and healthy eating habits. It is also crucial for patients to keep track of their glucose levels and avoid any complications and infections.
The first step in diagnosing a disease is observe signs and special symptoms of this disease symptoms of HL include:
Get original essayThere are two main types of Hodgkin’s lymphoma1
We can say that it is important to diagnose the disease is to get information about patient’s personal and family medical history, then the patient undergoes certain tests and procedures which are necessary in diagnosis Hodgkin’s lymphoma, including :
And there are another tests but using them depending on patient’s situation.Staging Hodgkin’s lymphoma :Determining the stage of the disease is very important as it helps to determine treatment options and patient’s prognosis . There are four stages of Hodgkin’s lymphoma depending on how widespread the cancer is in the body .
Stage I : the Cancer is so limited that it does not exceed one lymph node or a single organ
Stage II : At this stage, the spread of cancer is broader than stage I but remains limited to one section either above or below the diaphragm.
Stage III : At this stage the cancer spread in both above and below the diaphragm.
Stage IV : This stage is the most advanced of HL and the cancer cells at this stage are in more than one portion of one or more organs and tissues .
The smile can assess and reflect one’s personality, a great smile can help some people to build confident during talking, smiling or even laughing in public. In order to have successful result you should have a good communication with the laboratory and the patient. One way to communicate with the patient and the laboratory is by providing the patient with solid material that he/she can feel, try and see the expected outcome of the treatment and the dentist to evaluate and assess the position, mid line, phonetics and esthetic etc. ALL of that can be done by doing a wax up and mock up.
Get original essayNowadays digital tools facilitate planning of the procedure which allows you to virtually assess, draw the smile and communicate with your lab technician and it has many advantages over direct contact with the technician without the medium which is the digital tool like evaluation of the patient teeth, and it supported gingiva, smile and face analysis through drawing lines.
Listening carefully to the patient expectation and his concerns can help you planning the smile designed and to transfer the information to the ceramist in order to facilitate waxing the teeth up. What is wax up? It is” the action of applying wax to the model in order to do procedural simulation and assessment of the final result”. Why to do diagnostic wax up? Basically, to visualize and assess the result before doing any Permanente preparation to the natural tooth.
If the clinical crown is small, we can add wax either cervically or in the incisal edge in order to correct the crown length depend on the case if the clinician decided to do it cervically that mean we should do surgical crown lengthening or gingivectomy depend on the case.
It is basically a trial smile allowing the clinician and the patient to visualize the final result in the patient mouth without preparing the tooth and it serves as a guide in restorative treatment and it has another name BFEP “bonded functional esthetic prototype”. Materials and techniques to fabricate mock ups:
In order to do flowable composite as mockup we need to duplicate the wax up in order to do vacuumed tray which we going to use later on during curing the composite.
Nowadays Potemp comes with different shades it’s advantage over the flowable composite its ability to set without light cure so, we can do mock up without duplicating and pouring another cast we can use simply a silicon putty index.
Powder and liquid acrylic resin the only advantage it has over both the flowable composite and the Protemp TM it is not expensive it has the disadvantage of having only one shade and difficult to control and needs experience.
CAD CAM mock up it’s the latest technology in the world of esthetic dentistry it has the ability to print the trays designing the smile it has many advantages very fast no need to pour the cast no need of manual technician waxes up everything precisely done in the program, expensiveness and cost the main disadvantage.
To conclude good communication with both the patient and the laboratory technician leads to successful treatment giving the patient the chance to give his opinion without any pressure, helping the technician by dong digital smile designed and using mock up to view the final outcome without even doing preparation to the tooth surface giving both clinician and patient to like modified or dislike the outcome all of this makes our service and treatment successful and leads to a beautiful outcome.