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Computer Engineering is a very precise and decently hard career to pursue. Computer Engineering deals with the design of products for electronic computation and communication. These people who pursue this career focus on the creation and processing of electronic information. I chose this job because of how much I enjoy playing on computers and looking into the hardware of computers and figuring out what does what is pretty interesting. In this paper, I am going to talk about the work conditions, the career history, skills and traits, education and training which includes colleges, and Employment.
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Computer Engineers have many responsibilities. They work in virtually all industries. They make and build computers for at home or for work places. They also make new computer hardware format which means that they make new stuff for computers that they can work on and so other people that use them can work with. Some computer engineers revise and improve software, like coding for the computer system. Their work environment can be at schools, office buildings, hospitals, or even at home. Computer engineers usually work with other computer engineers to combine thoughts and ideas. Computer engineers obviously should have a high-tech computer of some sort to work on to do work related things. They should have specialized computer software to work on and high-tech electrical testing and repairing tools. A typical day for a computer engineer is pretty self-explanatory, they test computer systems and work on computers that need to be fixed with hardware issues. Other things that they do are as follows, “Diagnose and troubleshoot failed rotational media and solid state storage devices”, “Analyze user needs and recommend appropriate hardware”, “Modify hardware to either enable forensic analysis of the media or to change the functionality of the hardware for other purposes”, “Participate in the design and development of electronic circuits and assemblies”, “Conduct technical exploitation and examination of high priority digital media”, and “Test and peer review for technical accuracy, standards and compliance to the design”. (McKay). Those are all examples of what computer engineers can do or will do in a day or in days to come. Also, there is things that employees will expect from you, they will expect strong customer focused attitude, strong sense of responsibility, commitment to quality and achieving deadlines, “Must be highly motivated, self-reliant and goal-driven to participate as a member of a cross-functional team”, “Demonstrate critical attention to detail and deadlines, and are self-motivated”, and the Willingness to embrace new development techniques and design aids (Mckay).
Computer Engineering has changed so much over the years. Computers really didn’t get popular until the late 1900’s because that’s really when they were invented. As the years went on computers started to advance so computer engineering started to advance as well seeing how new things were getting added to computers so the engineers had to learn the new things about computers. This job today is very complex seeing how advanced our computers are today.
Computer engineers have to have a decent amount of skills and traits to become one. They have to have critical thinking, if you compare many solutions to problems it will allow you to solve the best solution to the problem. Computer engineers have to be able to handle reading a lot, they have to be able to read to keep up with current technology and ways to solve problems with the computers. Communication skills is a huge skill of becoming one of these, since computer engineers work in teams most of the time, communication skills and listening skills are an essential to becoming one. And finally, you have creativity. You should have this to come up with ways to solve problems relating to the computers you are working with, and designs for new builds of computers.
Education and training for this job is quite simple. If you want to become one then you would need a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering. Some jobs will let you in with a degree in computer science since it’s basically the same degree. But most will require a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering (McKay). After college, you really don’t have to take any course or anything before being hired, college gives you basically everything you need to be ready. Most colleges offer this degree, or there are schools dedicated to just technical engineering so you can get a degree in that. Those schools work just like colleges. Then we have employment, employment is projected to rise 5% from 2016 to 2026 according to McKay (McKay). That is about average for most occupations. “A limited number of engineers will be needed to meet the demand for new computer hardware because more technological innovation takes place with software than with hardware” (McKay from the Bureau of Labor Statistics). Advancement in computer engineering employment will increase only if computers advance themselves because if computers are advancing you are going to need to employ more people to figure out and work on these new parts of computers. The yearly wage for most Computer Engineers are $115,000, and that’s about $55 an hour. That’s a good amount of money for only a 4-year degree. Jobs are basically around all of the U.S, In Colorado they can make up to $150,000 a year. It just depends on which state you live in, some states make more than others. Also, which city you live in can be a huge part of how much money you make a year. Some cities around New York make more money than others and it’s a big difference. The number of jobs as of 2016 is $73,600 (McKay from the Bureau of Labor Statistics).
Therefore, Computers Engineering can be a decently hard job to pursue because of all the things they have to design, work with, and fix new hardware that comes out on computers. They make a decent amount of money for only being a 4-year degree. And the employment is growing as the years go on. Computer engineering a good job to pursue because of the technology advancement that is moving up as the years go on and on. Computer Engineers will have a lot of a harder job in the future because as fast as hardware is moving up in computers, the harder the job is going to be.
“Today Science is Technology of tomorrow” Technology is the use of scientific knowledge of make easy of daily life. Technology is not an artificial word it is a natural word. We seem technology is nature, how nature is working. How Sun and Stars are performing their task, all of above is a Technology. “Every once in a while, a new technology, an old problem, and a big idea turn into an innovation. Dean Kamen”
Get original essayIn every day research new innovations are making task easy and easy. Research is moving toward make man idle. Each and every task done by a computer. That will be major flow of future, man had nothing to do. He will involve in immoral and time wasting activities, in this way depression make a man a forest animal. He will lose his emotions. He will fell enjoy in disturbing and hurting the others, this is only and major issue of emerging technology.
“The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency. Bill Gates” On the first look Technology seem the language of business. Royal business Men are enjoying its result. In this way it is building a wall of hate between develop and under develop nations.
“I sometimes hear from folks who lament that today’s technology isolates people, and – depending on the ferocity of their opinion – is leading towards society’s moral decay and eventual collapse (Google idea”).
Every one looking to discuss the benefits and viral face of Technology. Actually Technology is its-self nothing than a words. Its use and result decides whether is a beneficial or not. Statistics tells that immoral use of Technology is because of lack of job, talent , keen learning and many others thing. In developed countries wrong us of above mention criteria is much more less than under developing countries. Because people are bust in their routine task and they find no time of enjoy immoral activities.
Computer may or may not isolate people from the real world depending how they use computer. On the other hand, it is facilitating people to make their work easy and solve in less period of time. Computer help us to accomplish many task immediately .But depend on the user how can use. The relationship between internet and computer is very close. If we talk about to internet, it is facilitating people to make face to face relations stronger by remaining in touch with them without any gender, geographical or society’s barriers. It is not only helping people to bond in friendship but also emerged as source to bridge different lands of people from a little to a greater eve tent. People are developing their social contacts and are remaining more in touch with their friend’s family face to face by using internet. The excessive use of computer isolates the user from real world and find less time to spend with their friends and families. Excessive use of computer may lead to a person in depression.
The trend of advertising is also increasing day by day. A decade ago there was no concept of advertisement on internet and people prefer to visit different people and it was a great source of communication but now everything is being done on internet. People don’t feel comfortable even to talk to others for their business advertisements they prefer to do it on internet. In this way computer is everywhere. Computer has surrounded us. We can’t even spend a say without computer.
Excess use of computer has decreased our communication skills and isolated us from the world. Everything is being done on computer, If you want to buy something you can buy though internet, online lectures, online book reading, online sales store .Everything is available just by a single click. So computer is replacing human beings .Soon we will be the slaves of computers because we are nothing without them. It seems that computer is proving its value so rapidly that man is now trusting machines more than human beings.
“Does the web and social media bring us together as a society, or does it further isolate people?” Now era of social media. Its users are increasing rapidly. Everyone is busy with social media. Billions of people are connected with each other. From one sided view a man has many of friends, but in real he is effected by loneliness. This is major disaster of that time. People look bust but do nothing. They are wasting their time and learn nothing. They had no idea why they are using it, either it has some aim or aimless. Number of media users is belonging to developing countries,
Where people had nothing to do. If we see this side and analyze it with open eyes we realize that the communication on social network and such activities are so much panned that one does not realizes that he is going in wrong hands. They actually gain trust first and do not let them feel they are doing wrong or it is something that is needed to be told to elder members of family. Such a strong charm is been put that one does not know what he is doing till he has fallen in the pit.
If we see this side and analyze it with open eyes we realize that the communication on social network and such activities are so much panned that one does not realizes that he is going in wrong hands. They actually gain trust first and do not let them feel they are doing wrong or it is something that is needed to be told to elder members of family. Such a strong charm is been put that one does not know what he is doing till he has fallen in the pit.
Social isolation is characterized by a lack of contact with other people in normal daily living, such as, the workplace, with friends and in social activities. We isolate ourselves by walking around in our own little world, listening to our iPods or staring at the screen of the latest mobile device even when we are around other people. Studies have shown that people who are socially isolated will live shorter lives.
The use of online social media outlets causes us to meet face-to-face with much less frequency resulting in a lack of much needed social skills. We lose the ability to read body language and social cues in other people.
The more time people are spending engrossed in video games, talking to friends online and watching funny cat videos on YouTube, they are spending less time being active or exercising. Also the likelihood of mindlessly eating unhealthy food increases as people are hypnotized by the latest episode of Honey Boo Boo.
Technology creates the perfect recipe for depression with the lack of human contact, overeating and lack of exercise. There is a reason the use of antidepressants are on the rise and the blame can’t be completely dumped on the pharmaceutical companies. They aren’t carting people into the doctor’s office and force feeding them the pills. This isn’t to say that depression isn’t a real problem, but some people could cure their depression by living a healthier lifestyle.
Some of the negative effects of technology can be linked to the effect it has on sleep habits. We get sucked into online activities that keep us up too late and the constant stream of information can make it difficult to turn off our brains. Also, the ambient glow from screens can affect the release of melatonin, the sleep chemical. Keeping technology out of the bedroom would be a very healthy habit to acquire.
It is not just communication that has changed, it is whole men’s lifestyle , his living that has changed. His approach towards life, his liking disliking , his aims and ambitions , his goals and his living pattern. This isolation has basically targeted our children who are now isolated because when it was time for them to play in playgrounds , we handed over mobile phones, tablets , computers to them and let them connect to world nad global village than making them socialize with their family.
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Get custom essayOnly time will tell what the long term impacts of this radical shift in communication method will yield. Will employees be less able to communicate with their employers and , therefore, less able to succeed in the workforce. Or will the new skills developed through hours of computer use result in a force that is more nimble and more qualified to multi task? Will millennial be unable to communicate face to face with their children , or will the new tools be available to bring their families together? Will the new technology bring us more closer as community , or will result in fewer actual friends and a life that is more isolated and fulfilling? With technology advancing at the speed of light and human interactions changing just as quickly, it may be possible to predict the results. However, one should be aware that human interactions as was once known may have already changed forever.
I am not telling, but the whole world says “computer science grads are cool”.
Get original essay10 years ago did someone even envisage that smartphones will be in our hands? NO, but such an inspiring and marvelous evolution occurred.
Soon the artificial intelligence in computers is going to launch human like robots. Nowadays even human surgeries are done with trained and programmed equipment’s. Amazing right!
Computer science is all about programming. But programming is just a tool.
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Computer Science is the study of general studies of principles, applications and technology in computing and computers. Computer Science is practiced by mathematicians, scientists and engineers. Mathematics, the origins of Computer Science, provides reason and logic. Science provides the methodology for learning and refinement. Engineering provides the techniques for building hardware and software.
This field of study utilizes theories on how computers work to design, test, and analyse concepts. Computer science usually has a stronger mathematical foundation than a scientific one and on some occasions may not focus directly on computers and their systems.
In the history of computer science, the first record was abacus helping ancient people count their cows and amphorae by hand. After this numerous attempts were made, in the 20th century a mathematician along with Charles Baggage invented the first computer. Charles Baggage is also called the father of computer.
After the first computer was created, the meaning of computing changed in terms of five generations of computer. On the connectivity side, world - wide web and faster systems made computer science very much useful.
Computer science degree scholars create riches about important abilities. What's more learning same time they’re in school. They gain how will oversee databases, utilization object-oriented modifying Furthermore outline techniques, compose code sequences, Also look after separate registering frameworks.
Numerous understudies additionally turn into familiar done no less than one major modifying language, for example, such that java alternately C++. A significant number on the web projects also permit understudies with win level focuses done PC science subfields, like modifying Furthermore programming building.
Distance learners can also develop valuable industry experience by participating in an internship during their undergraduate studies. Students can access lectures and other course materials, submit assignments, take exams, and communicate with faculty members on their own schedule.
The advantages of online are:
Importance of computer science
Specializations in computer science
Where can one work in computer science?
Computer science is one of the fields where you excel in many different ways. There are plenty of sub divisions in it. I can say each topic in computer science is a specialization.
This is a stepping stone to your career, engineers get paid the highest. And computers science has analytical thinking and mathematical aspects inter-related. This field is the best I can say. All the best..!!!
Computer Science amazes me as it encompasses logical and systematic workings to carry out tasks at a speed and efficiency beyond an individual’s ability. With its foundation in Mathematics and logic, I thoroughly enjoy the process of programming as it provides a constant challenge to my problem solving and logical thinking abilities, whilst its application empowers me with the capacity to provide innovative solutions to real-world problems. I find joy in creation. Having mainly worked with physical mediums such as wood and 3D printing, I first experienced the beauty of programming when I observed the workings of an Arduino irrigation system. I was amazed by the practical application of programming and the creative interplay between hardware and software.
Get original essayThis inspired me to pick up programming and as I delved deeper, I fell in love with the versatility of programming,where I can create beyond the limitation of resources. I am passionate about learning. Having developed a flair for mathematics and physics from a young age, I have taken opportunities to challenge myself beyond the curriculum by participating actively in competitions such as Singapore Math Olympiad and Singapore Youth Physicist Tournament. Both of these subjects taught me how to approach a problem in different ways and find different solutions, something I now do in programming. In my high school years, I participated in the Science Mentorship Programme, where I worked with defence engineers to develop an orbital decay program to predict the lifetime of satellites using Python 3. 5 on Spyder. I also embarked on a year-long research project with the Bioinformatics Institute where I investigated and compared the abilities of exp3 algorithm and humans in solving the multi-armed bandit problem. Such opportunities challenged my problem solving and self-learning abilities and taught me how to communicate effectively with various personalities. Having to juggle both academic commitments with research work, I developed an organised and healthy work style that ensures that I can complete all my work while having spare time to pursue other hobbies. To hone my programming skills, I participated in 2 hackathons held by local universities, winning second in one of them. My team and I built a Telegram bot that allows players to play Dungeons and Dragons on the go and a website that rents bandwidth for money. I enjoy the process of hackathons – everything from the quick firing of ideas, the collaborative atmosphere to the immense satisfaction one experiences after a successful debug. I love the adrenaline of flipping through documentations, learning new knowledge and applying them to pull together a final product in just 24 hours. After taking part in a workshop by Deep Learning Institute, I have taken an interest in machine learning. I am on the early stages of developing a machine learning model for sign language interpretation on OpenCV. My passion in computer science has allowed me to work and foster friendships with a myriad of amazingly talented people. I realised the importance of collaboration and strongly believe that the best ideas come from the minds of many. With the aim of building a collaborative and inclusive environment rooted in the members’ love for computer science, I co-founded my school’s Computing and Robotics Club.
After being elected as the president, I worked with my team to build the club from scratch. The club now has 55 members aged 16 -18 that meet twice a week to share their skills and collaborate on different projects. To spread the joy of creation, I also worked with my school to convert an empty room into a fully equipped and self-sustaining MakerSpace which now reliably provides hardware services to the school population. I will bring my enthusiasm and dedication to all aspects of my university life and I look forward to being stretched beyond my comfort zone in the amazing realm of Computer Science.
Anna Kournikova (named by its author as "Vbs.OnTheFly Created By OnTheFly") was a computer worm written by a 20-year-old Dutch student named Jan de Wit who called himself 'OnTheFly' on February 11, 2001. It was designed to trick email users into opening a mail message purportedly containing a picture of the tennis player Anna Kournikova, while actually hiding a malicious program. The worm arrives in an email with the subject line "Here you have, ;0)" and an attached file called AnnaKournikova.jpg.vbs. When launched under Microsoft Windows the file does not display a picture of Anna Kournikova but launches a viral Visual Basic Script that forwards itself to everybody in the Microsoft Outlook address book of the victim.
Get original essayILOVEYOU, sometimes referred to as Love Bug or Love Letter, was a computer worm that attacked tens of millions of Windows personal computers on and after 5 May 2000 local time in the Philippines when it started spreading as an email message with the subject line "ILOVEYOU" and the attachment "LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.txt.vbs". The latter file extension ('vbs', a type of interpreted file) was most often hidden by default on Windows computers of the time (as it is an extensions for a file type that is known by Windows), leading unwitting users to think it was a normal text file. Opening the attachment activated the Visual Basic script. The worm did damage on the local machine, overwriting random types of files (including Office files, image files, and audio files; however after overwriting MP3 files the virus would hide the file), and sent a copy of itself to all addresses in the Windows Address Book used by Microsoft Outlook
Around March 26, 1999 Melissa was put in the wild by David L. Smith of Aberdeen Township, New Jersey.[2] (The virus itself was credited to Kwyjibo, who was shown to be macro virus writers VicodinES and ALT-F11 by comparing MS Word documents with the same globally unique identifier—this method was also used to trace the virus back to Smith.) On December 10, 1999, Smith pleaded guilty to releasing the virus and was sentenced to 10 years in prison, serving 20 months. He was also fined US $5,000. The arrest was the result of a collaborative effort involving (amongst others) the FBI, the New Jersey State Police, Monmouth Internet and a Swedish computer scientist. David L. Smith was accused of causing $80 million worth of damages by disrupting personal computers and computer networks in business and government.
Netsky is a prolific family of computer worms which affect Microsoft Windows operating systems. The first variant appeared on Monday, February 16, 2004. The "B" variant was the first family member to find its way into mass distribution. It appeared on Wednesday, February 18, 2004. 18-year-old Sven Jaschan of Germany confessed to having written these, and other worms, such as Sasser. Although individual functions vary widely from virus to virus, the Netsky family perhaps is most famous for comments contained within the code of its variants insulting the authors of the Bagle and Mydoom worm families and, in some cases, routines that removed versions of these viruses. The "war" as it was referred to in the media caused a steady increase in the number of variant viruses produced in these families.
As of June 2004, Bagle had approximately 28, Netsky approximately 29, and MyDoom approximately 10. Other symptoms of Netsky included beeping sounds on specified dates, usually in the morning hours. The worm was sent out as an e-mail, enticing recipients to open an attachment. Once opened, the attached program would scan the computer for e-mail addresses and e-mail itself to all addresses found. Until October 2006, the P variant of this virus remained the most prevalent virus being sent in e-mail throughout the world, despite being over two and a half years old. It was surpassed by a variant from the Stration malware family in November 2006.
Storm Worm (dubbed so by the Finnish company F-Secure) is a backdoor Trojan horse that affects computers using Microsoft operating systems, discovered on January 17, 2007. The Storm Worm began attacking thousands of (mostly private) computers in Europe and the United States on Friday, January 19, 2007, using an e-mail message with a subject line about a recent weather disaster, "230 dead as storm batters Europe". During the weekend there were six subsequent waves of the attack. As of January 22, 2007, the Storm Worm accounted for 8% of all malware infections globally. There is evidence, according to PCWorld, that the Storm Worm was of Russian origin, possibly traceable to the Russian Business Network worm
CIH, also known as Chernobyl or Space filler, is a Microsoft Windows 9x computer virus which first emerged in 1998. Its payload is highly destructive to vulnerable systems, overwriting critical information on infected system drives, and in some cases destroying the system BIOS. The virus was created by Chen Ing-hau, pinyin: Chén Yíngháo) who was a student at Tatung University in Taiwan. Now he is the chief executive officer, and founder of 8tory. 60 million computers were believed to be infected by the virus internationally, resulting in an estimated $1 billion US dollars in commercial damages. Chen claimed to have written the virus as a challenge against bold claims of antiviral efficiency by antivirus software developers. Chen stated that after the virus was spread across Tatung University by classmates, he apologized to the school and made an antivirus program available for public download; the antivirus program was co-authored with Weng Shi-hao, a student at Tamkang University. Prosecutors in Taiwan could not charge Chen at the time because no victims came forward with a lawsuit.
These events led to new computer crime legislation in Taiwan. The name "Chernobyl Virus" was coined sometime after the virus was already well known as CIH, and refers to the complete coincidence of the payload trigger date in some variants of the virus (actually the virus creation date in 1998, to trigger exactly a year later) and the Chernobyl disaster, which happened in the Soviet Union on April 26, 1986. The name "Space filler" was introduced because most viruses write their code to the end of the infected file - however, CIH looks for gaps in the existing program code, where it then writes its own code. This does not increase the file size and in that way helps the virus avoid detection.
Zeus is a Trojan horse made to infect Windows computers so that it will perform various criminal tasks. The most common of these tasks are usually man-in-the-browser keylogging and form grabbing. The majority of computers were infected either through drive-by downloads or phishing scams. First identified in 2009, it managed to compromise thousands of FTP accounts and computers from large multinational corporations and banks such as Amazon, Oracle, Bank of America, Cisco, etc. Controllers of the Zeus botnet used it to steal the login credentials of social network, email and banking accounts.
In the US alone, it was estimated that more than 1 million computers were infected, with 25% in the US. The entire operation was sophisticated, involving people from around the world to act as money mules to smuggle and transfer cash to the ringleaders in Eastern Europe. About $70 million were stolen and in possession of the ring. 100 people were arrested in connection of the operation. In late 2010, the creator of Zeus announced his retirement but many experts believe this to be false.
Surfacing in 2004, Mydoom was a worm for Windows that became one of the fastest spreading email worm since ILOVEYOU. The author is unknown and it is believed that the creator was paid to create it since it contains the text message, “Andy; I’m just doing my job, nothing personal, sorry,” It was named by McAfee employee Craig Schmugar, one of the people who had originally discovered it. ‘mydom’ was a line of text in the program’s code (my domain) and sensing this was going to be big, added ‘doom’ into it.
The worm spreads itself by appearing as an email transmission error and contains an attachment of it. Once executed, it will send itself to email addresses that are in a user’s address book and copies itself to any P2P program’s folder to propagate itself through that network. The payload itself is twofold: first it opens up a backdoor to allow remote access and second it launches a denial of service attack on the controversial SCO Group. It was believed that the worm was created to disrupt SCO due to conflict over ownership of some Linux code. It caused an estimate of $38.5 billion in damages and the worm is still active in some form today.
Code Red first surfaced on 2001 and was discovered by two eEye Digital Security employees. It was named Code Red because the pair were drinking Code Red Mountain Dew at the time of discovery. The worm targeted computers with Microsoft IIS web server installed, exploiting a buffer overflow problem in the system. It leaves very little trace on the hard disk as it is able to run entirely on memory, with a size of 3,569 bytes. Once infected, it will proceed to make a hundred copies of itself but due to a bug in the programming, it will duplicate even more and ends up eating a lot of the systems resources.
It will then launch a denial of service attack on several IP address, famous among them the website of the White House. It also allows backdoor access to the server, allowing for remote access to the machine. The most memorable symptom is the message it leaves behind on affected web pages, “Hacked By Chinese!”, which has become a meme itself. A patch was later released and it was estimate that it caused $2 billion in lost productivity. A total of 1-2 million servers were affected, which is amazing when you consider there were 6 million IIS servers at the time.
Crypto Locker is a form of Trojan horse ransom ware targeted at computers running Windows. It uses several methods to spread itself, such as email, and once a computer is infected, it will proceed to encrypt certain files on the hard drive and any mounted storage connected to it with RSA public key cryptography. While it is easy enough to remove the malware from the computer, the files will still remain encrypted. The only way to unlock the files is to pay a ransom by a deadline. If the deadline is not met, the ransom will increase significantly or the decryption keys deleted. The ransom usually amount to $400 in prepaid cash or bitcoin.
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Get custom essayThe ransom operation was eventually stopped when law enforcement agencies and security companies managed to take control part of the botnet operating crypto Locker and Zeus. Evgeniy Bogachev, the ring leader, was charged and the encryption keys were released to the affected computers. From data collected from the raid, the number of infections is estimated to be 500,000, with the number of those who paid the ransom to be at 1.3%, amounting to $3 million.
The concept of hope has been studied and researched by philosophers, theologists, clinicians and nurses. The concept has been found to have different meanings, conceptions and interpretations in various disciplines including nursing. The human-to-human interaction theory by Joyce Travelbee defines hope as an integral concept which is directly linked to good patient health outcomes. Since it is thought to be central to all healing, it triumphs over despair, hopelessness and suffering. Therefore, nurses have an integral role of reducing hopelessness during suffering among patients in clinical settings.
Get original essayThe human-to-human interaction theory also explains how nurses can help families, friends and patients to cope with suffering and illness by finding meaning through hope. This paper discusses the concept of hope from a nursing perspective. It defines hope according to the human-to-human interaction theory by Joyce Travelbee, explores literature, the defining attributes, antecedents, consequences and empirical referents of hope. A model case and alternative cases will also be provided.
Hope is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary both as a verb and a noun. As a noun, it is “expecting something desired”. The verb form is “entertaining something desired”. According to Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, hope is “having a prospect that something desired will happen”. Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions defines hope as a state of optimism which increases personal satisfaction and life-support. This description directly links hope to the science and art of nursing.
Joyce Travelbee discovered hope as a core component on nurse’s roles. Nurses have a professional responsibility to assist patients to find meaning in their lives, find and maintain hope. She defined hope as a form of strong belief/faith that something good and safer can still happen, bringing something better that was strongly desired with it. She linked hope to six major characteristics as follows: is associated with being dependent on other people, is future-oriented, and is connected to numerous escape routes, a strong desire to experience or take part in a task, a lot of confidence on the availability of other people when needed and being courageous to acknowledge personal fears and shortcomings and work towards he attainment of goals. According to Travelbee, both the patient and the nurse must go through a series of steps for this relation to progress. These steps are: observation phase, emerging identities, empathy, sympathy and mutual understanding.
Within the scope of nursing, hope has several definitions. Generally, it is considered to be a future-oriented feeling which involves a psychological process where an individual overcomes an event. Some of the most common themes within the concept of hope include: its definition, control, communication, relational and spiritual aspects. Based on most interviews with patients, hope is described either as a noun or a verb. As a noun, hope involves external forces in fighting an illness. As a verb, hope is a form of inner inspiration, responsibility and solidarity. According to Nweze et al., (2015), hope is multidimensional and healthcare providers are essential to a patient’s experience.
The concept of hope lacks clarity according to Eustache, Jibb & Grossman (2014), and this has influenced qualitative studies on hope and how it is directed to healing. In life and during illness, hope has different levels and meanings. Hope has themes such as the desire to return to prior self being action based with patients have individual reasons to become future oriented and hopeful. The majority start reframing their future within the context of their illness, with the hope of a prolonged life, actively maintaining treatment, self-protection from expectations that are unrealistic and integration of routine activities. Most patients directly relate hope will well-being and compare themselves with survivors and spirituality.
Since hope helps most patients to cope with suffering and illness, it is central to nursing. It also encourages some form of well-being and promotes a positive outlook and a meaning to live. By finding meaning in life, a patient keeps anticipating for the future. Majority of those patients who report of side effects that are poorly controlled or experience pain have low levels of hope and an overall sense of well-being which leads to hopelessness. When hopeless, most patients are eager and wish for a faster death and lead a poor quality of life. Lichwala (2014) insists that, in order to have high levels of hope, positive relations with healthcare providers, friends and family, a strong and well-established support system and positively interacting with others is necessary.
This literature review improved the author’s understanding on how essential the human-to-human interaction theory by Joyce Travelbee is integral in fostering hope among families and patients. If good, interpersonal relationships help to establish a rapport and long-term therapeutic relationship that promotes the ability to foster hope. The existence of a poor relationship influences despair and hopelessness.
Defining attributes are basically characteristics which are directly related to a concept and their use is in reference to a concept. From the literature review, several common themes of hope exist. According to Nweze et al., (2015), a patient has an experience to take part in the future and thus focuses on the future. The patient has to set goals and strive to achieve them and he/she should be actively involved in personal care and the healthcare team does not take the entire control. Lastly, a patient looks forward to enjoying and living a life in the future based on their new reality. Therefore, the key defining attributes include: action-directed, active-involvement, future-directed and future redefinition.
These are mandatory attributes which precede a concept before its actualization. Based on the literature review, common antecedents that were identified include: hopelessness, despair and suffering. So that a patient envisions the future and gets something to strive for, it is important that he/she selects goals. To maintain hope, constant communication with friends, family and healthcare providers is integral. Most patients strive to manage uncertainties through various mechanisms such as: comparing themselves with survivors, spirituality and control, which generally shows that they want control.
Consequences are basically the series of events that follow a concept. As commonly observed among patients with cancer, the consequences of hope are: overall well-being, self-esteem, good quality of life, comfort, happiness and comfort. Similar to the findings by Smith (2014), the literature review also demonstrated that a high level of hope is directly linked to patient knowledge on his/her diagnosis and high levels of satisfaction with the shared information.
In theory development, empirical referents simply refer to the categories which demonstrate a concept and how it can be measured. Hope is considered to be a force that only exists internally and thus, it is differently experienced by people. This explains why currently, there are no valid tools or scales that can be used to measure hope among patients. However, the Herth Hope Index has proven to be the most effective and used scale in hospices and palliative care among patients who are terminally ill. The development of the Herth Hope Index used the same subscales found in the HH scale namely: temporality and future, positive readiness and expectancy, and interconnectedness. It the most preferred since it bases on a universal concept of hope and was designed to be used in clinical settings. This scale is made up of twelve items which use a 4-point Likert scale where high scores are indicative of greater hope.
A model case is that which is real, actual and has all the defining attributes within a concept’s context. A perfect example of a model case which illustrates the concept of hope is as follows:
Mrs. Johnson, a 60 year old female who was lately diagnosed with throat Ca came to the clinic for her scheduled routine follow-up. She had complains of shortness of breath, a persistent cough and difficulty walking. According to her past history, she had 40-pack years of tobacco smoking, uncontrolled type 2 DM and hypertension. She however explained that she was feeling great since she was alive and at home rather than being admitted in hospital. Besides, she also explained how she was able to perform some of her activities of daily life with very minimal or no assistance and was thus looking forward to attending her daughters graduation.
In this model case, the most outstanding defining attributes are as follows. Future directed; Mrs. Johnson looked forward to attending an upcoming activity. She is action directed and actively involved since she could perform activities of daily life such as attending scheduled visits. Mrs. Johnson also had some feelings of uncertainty since she clearly stated that despite her condition, she was not admitted. Besides, the interpersonal relationship that was created by the nurse and directed her to find out how the patient was feeling illustrates the nurse’s active participation in the patient’s care.
A borderline case has some of a concept’s defining attributes but when closely analyzed, it lacks these defining attributes.
Jack is a 36 year old Caucasian male who was diagnosed with bacterial endocarditis which resulted to replacement of the aortic valve and heart failure. Jack observed his routine visits and close follow-up for INR. When asked why he was down in spirit, Jack replied how he was generally tired and overwhelmed with life and didn’t want to live any longer. Jack confessed how every night, when he heard the constant ticking of his valve reminded him how a single visit to the dentist destroyed his life. His condition directly interfered with how he lived and interacted with friends and family. His career with the Army ended and could only perform lighter duties. When asked about his previous relationship with his wife and children, Jack had a wide smile and his face gleamed, an indication that he still loved his family. However, based on the follow-up notes, it was evident that a week prior Jack stopped taking his medications and tried to kill himself despite showing up for follow-up days later.
This case is a perfect illustration of how Jack’s relationship was used to not only overcome but also envisage a future. Although Jack was full of despair, he had some hope but urgently needed assistance to remind himself of some of the outcomes that instill hope and a future life.
A contrary case is that which illustrates how the concept has totally been defied.
John is a 30 year old African American male who has recently diagnosed with decompensated heart failure, atrial fibrillation and abnormal levels of oxygen saturation. He is obese and a well-known smoker. He was convinced that it is not necessary for him to reduce his weight, quit smoking or take drugs. He clearly explained that his father died at 45 years of age from heart failure, was initially obese, a heavy smoker and an alcoholic before modifying his lifestyle. Besides, he insisted that since he resembled his father as everyone told him, he was ready to die the same way his father died. This explained why John refused to get married, had vasectomy at 26 years and was declined to modify his lifestyle. This is clearly a case of what hope is not. John strongly believed that there was no hope in modifying his lifestyle or taking drugs to live longer past the age that his father died. He was hopeless and not future oriented.
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Get custom essayAs discussed, the concept of hope provides a clear understanding of its dynamics and how it can be applied by nurses in nursing practice. The fact that it is a phenomenon which exists in all humans makes it universal. Clients who are hopeful are actively involved, action-directed and future oriented. The human-to-human interaction theory by Joyce Travelbee explains the stages that a nurse-patient relationship can be established with an aim of helping patients find meaning in life especially during times of suffering and illness by maintaining hope. In advance nursing practice, the major implications are directly associated with the development of interpersonal relationships and how they can be maintained in the long term.
Place is one of the most complicated issues in geographical studies. Place refers to both sides of human and physical geography. There is not clear understand about the place and sometimes refer to local, area, point, region, and landscape. Tourism geography is about different human and physical characteristics that conducts groups of people to move to specific place “tourism destination”. Therefore, tourist moves have tied to so many different geographical concepts, aspects, and meanings of place. Different places has different identity and geography searches for these uneven distributions of place. Rapid move from one place in the earth to another place is possible by advanced transportation systems. The “distance” and the “time” of trips are not as long as decades ago. The first question is, are we at the end of the real meaning of the place and does place losing the meaning. The second question is how the ability to move from one place to another place has changed the concept and meaning of the place. This study aim to show how tourism geography in terms of formation, activity, and significance is shaping and reshaping the new meaning of the place. Also, evolution of the meaning and function of place in context of space.
Get original essayKeywords: Place, Tourism geography, Concept, Spatiality, Meaning
According to the 1984 publication of the Joint Committee on Geographic Education's Guidelines for Geographic Education, there are five main themes in geography, which are consist of location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. Geographers organize the space and they must understand the pattern and reason of moves and distributions of different human and physical geography. These five important themes are what formed our world, we live with them, and geography without them has no meaning (Carney, 2008). Therefore, tourism is a geographical subject before coming under any other realm of science. The tourist mind and tourism industry bacome more spatialized in compared to the decades ago. While the place still is the most important part of tourism geography without any doubt. However, the place as a tourism destination is not the same as what we knew/identified as the place. In fact, the place has changed the meaning and functional work/use that it use to has and it has changed from an interconnected to an interdepended (Castree, 2003).
Place is developed and become more globalized and less interaction with surrounding/neighbouring areas. The place does not produce the meaning for a location and the meaning comes from outside (Castree, 2003).
The world is changing the meaning, definition, and concept of the place is changing but the place with never ends. Tourism is the modern human behaviour as far as a mathematical science, map, and navigation tools developed human shortened the distance between two points on the earth. The human had never had imagination from the other places when there was not a camera or easy Google Earth online navigation. The cyber world has changed the tourism imagination from the place and ability to reach go to another place. The trip was expensive, dangerous, and not available everywhere and for everyone. Columbus as the greatest explorer, navigator, and colonist made four voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502. Vidal de La Blache (1926) in his book” principle of human geography” the geography is based on “observation” the other Paul (Claval, 1981) in his book “La Nouvelle ge?ographie” does not say that your place of observation is very important. Therefore, If we compare the journeys in Columbus by ship and with vertical observation then we know how a tourist imagination from the place can be different from Columbus. Checking on different types of destinations, comparing the price, booking a hotel and activities, navigating the place with your smartphone or on your laptop, gives you very good and different imagination about the place. In fact, part of you “mind” before you is in the destination. In past moving from one place to another place was based on simple maps and others experiences. Tourist has never had a single and simple idea about where he is going. The place was so abstracted his trip was very adventurous full of mysteries and unknowns. The place becomes more connected (tangible, visible, and observable) from thousands of kilometres. In the tourist mind, he is moving to a specific place. From the internet he knows what are the best foods, traditions, culture, best places to see, which restaurant serves what kind of dishes, which bar serve the best beer, checking on weather forecast and can find the season that he wants to be there, the best time for sky, beach, and seasonal view of that place. It does not matter if someone has ever been there or not, it is just enough to use Google map and make it possible for someone to observe and zoom in and find a place for his tourism destination. Linking a location to another location and linking a place to another place makes with new rapid transportation technologies make the distances shorter. Also, place identification on cyber world and in different navigation apps on smartphones or on the internet made the space sense of place stronger. A tourist is able to pay “transfer” upfront through the digital banking system. In short, place in general and in a particular place in tourism destination become much spatialized. What Hartshon (1939) mentioned the place as “absolute” / “singular” concept in geography today does not work and does not exist. In contrast, today we know different place unique place but we do not know the abstracted place is depended rather than connected. Place in geography is where a locationphysical and human aspects of that specific location meet each other (Castree, 2003). This theme of geography “place” is associated with the toponym (the name of a place), site (the description of the features of the place), and situation (the environmental conditions of the place) (Nag, 2017). Understanding of place without an understanding of space is impossible because a place is made and remade by/in space. Space has been always in geography and with geographers. Space has a broader meaning in geography, which can be consist of places, features, and even other spaces that a geographer put them together in combinations that are beginning to produce unexpected insights.
Once the geographers draw a line or a boundary they are responsible to introduce a character for that specific area. This is what Hartshorne (1939) in his book The Nature of Geography mentioned that place the main concept in geographical studies and his areal differentiation place is very singular and abstracted. However, Castells believes that we live in a world that place has lost the meaning that it used to has and there are not the formal barriers. The place has changed by the space of flows, flows of goods, flows of information, flows of people, flows of finance, and the place is under the globalization influences that more than it has ever been. Castells (1996) believed we are in placeless planet and place is not isolated. Castree (2003) idea about the geographical sameness and the end of the place does not have geographical proof. First, the world is not changing as well as he mentioned in his paper. Second place has not the same meaning in the world and the meaning of place in the United States is different from Myanmar. Third, the flows do not have the same impact on the meaning and concept of place in the world. Forth, in some low level of human and environmental development countries (Poor African, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and countries at the end of Human Development Index) place is the most important concept/theme in geography. Fifth, if today the distances between two different and very far points on the earth are shorter in terms of the times and distance it does not mean that the place is dead.
Therefore, the place is not dead and still is the most meaningful theme in geography. Where we start and where we end is a place and in between, we pass through other places. What makes a person as tourist moves from one part the world to the other part of the world is “sense of place” and his imagination about “place”. No matter what happened to the meaning and function of “place” since decades, years, and centuries before “the place still is there”. However, place and space are intertwined but still; the place is the heart of space meaning comes from the landmark, building, mountain, river, cave, and any other man-made or natural phenomena. Sometimes the meaning and concept of the place draw/define from international interaction. What place as the resource has in that place make meaning of that place, but it has to be recognized by outside the place. Therefore, successful “tourism destination” should introduce a place in the world. A place consists of physical and human geographical aspects of a specific location. The main key ideas and theories in geography, refer to a place. We do not take a single step when we do not know where to go, Where to eat, where to live, where to enjoy, where is cold, where is hot, where is China Town, where to buy. Where refers to specific place character which in comparison to the other locations and places are different in terms of climatology, hydrology, pedology, topography, geology, geomorphology, and human characteristics.
Tourism geography introduces attractive local, landscape, goods, and experiences to bring more tourism to a specific place. Each place has its own specifies and it is a strong tool to attract more tourists. The sense of place for local people is linked to their everyday life, but for tourists is like being closer to local people and culture. The things that people in local level participating in their daily activities are sense place. While they can introduce these activities to other people and they participate in the same activity, they will shape the same sense of place (Chammy and Li., 2019). When the tourist destination provides a cultural or religious source such as festivals or celebrations. On the other hand, the natural resources of tourism destination do not have the same use of the sense of place and tourist can be there and consume with or without the local people.
The place is an experimental point in space and tourism move from one place to another place to feel, touch, smell, see, and taste of that specific place. There are some important places in this world and tourist food destinations (e.g. Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok's Chinatown is one of the best city districts for street food, Tokyo, Japan, Honolulu, Hawaii, Durban, South Africa, New Orleans, Louisiana, Istanbul, Turkey, Hong Kong, Paris, France.) The most beautiful tourist destinations for beautiful sceneries. Maroon Bells, USA, Grand Canyon, USA, Blue Ridge Mountains, USA, Beautiful Places: Oia, Santorini, Greece, Most beautiful places on Earth: Plitvice Lakes, Croatia, Interesting Places to Visit: Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, Sossusvlei, Namibia, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.
Therefore place is where tourist goes for a new experience or to find new things even business tourist, sports tourist, medical tourist, religious tourist, and sex tourist are included. The place is the heart of space where space gets meaning there is one or more than one place in space, which is like the spirit of the space. What we know as space (e.g. meaning, shape, and function, the degree of dependence or influence, and importance) is because of the role of place. What a place makes in the space and the place link to other places in other spaces makes the interaction between different spaces. The inner space interaction between different places will form the real a system of interactions. Some place form and shape in relation to the specific place and they have coexistence with other places. There are one or more than one hundred place inside a space. The place does not stand alone and they have and is not an abstracted phenomenon in geography and place lives in relation, competition, and with other places. If the competition between two or hundreds or thousands of places is seriously the place with limited resources will lose their position or they move to lower levels of completion. As a prime example, Iran before the revolution and in 1979 was one of the most interesting tourist destinations. After that, the Islamic government banned alcohol, destroyed the bars, and clubs in Tehran, Ramsar, Kish, Isfahan, and other places. After that, Istanbul in Turkey, Dubai in the Persian Gulf become the new tourist destination places. These are very important to know what kind of characteristics lets a place as tourism destination die or last longer. Also, what would be would be the results of place coexistence with other places?. So, having perfect land full of tourism resources like Iran is not enough and Ideology can downgrade than the level and the meaning of the place and place lose the ability to coexist with other places. In past Iran designed cities to compete with Paris, New York, and London and now Islamic ideology put more on religious places Mashhad and Qom, and they invest on coexistence place Karbala and Najaf in Iraq.
A place will last longer not only because of what a place has because of what the coexistence places in lower or upper level have. Kuala Lumpur is one of the most tourist destinations in the world. On the other hand, in fact, Kuala Lumpur is located between Thailand in the north and Singapore in the south and sometimes tourist use Kuala Lumpur as a bridge to go to the other side. These countries are not very big and they climate and geographical features are the same. Some human characteristics made different places in these countries (e.g. Singapore is too urban, luxurious, and business centre; Malaysia cheap to live, big food industry; Thailand with the cheaper alcohol, food, and cost of living). Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and Phuket in Thailand are coexisting places. In our memories we have we have a place and place is where we makes our memories.
Space is consist of interaction between one place with another place(s) and interaction between place(s) with other place(s). Space formation, shape and tendency relate to the interactions between places inside the space. Before 1990, space has never been a serious issue in social science studies in English, however, in geographical space has a long story. Germans have the biggest share with (918 items), French (454 items) and English (379 items). The postmodernist media theory in France increased the number of French books about space and exceeded English and German books (Gruning and Tuma, 2017). In geography’s space is human geography production and place is physical geography’s production.
In fact, space is made out of geographical boundaries and just consumed in geography and more by human geographers. The concept of space in geography has been very exotic and far from real geographical facts and is very one-sided. What in space has produced in geography was narrow, uncritical, and nongeographic. Differentiating between the meaning of space in Geography and other realms of science are difficult. What most of the geographers define as space is what accepted and agreed in other realms of science. If compare David Harvey’s idea and definitions regarding space with sociology and psychology are too similar. In fact, they made in linguistics, philosophy, and sociology and then become a geographical subject. Since geography is divided into, human geography and physical geography concepts and definitions have produced in human geography.
Today differentiating between place (as is) and space (as is) is very difficult. People do not have the same feeling and sense of place from a place and it is something personal (Cresswell, 2009). People do not have a real understanding about space, they do not know how to measure it and they do not know well where it starts and where it ends. In most of the geographical departments, they really do not know what space is and sometimes they know space on the opposite side of the place. Tourists do not take a trip from one side to the other side to see a space of “what”!?. Tourist rather takes a trip from one side “place” to the other side “place” of the world to see “a place”. The place is the first thing that human experienced more tangible, visible, measurable, and where people have memories. Space exists as long as place and it has been there but nobody wanted to talk or mention it. In fact, they are as close as ever they have been and they are going to be much closer. Today, place and space are so twisted, intertwined, interwoven, mixed, combined, and closed. As far as they are getting closer the place become more visible and space is dilutes in the meaning of the place(s). Therefore, what makes the place different from the other place is not the exact place is the new meaning of the place and space in “person” mind.
Globalization diluted place in space and it made the new form of place-space, which is placed in the centre of that. How developed and advanced this world places is a very important concept in geography for existence as place the human stand on it and to be in somewhere. Existence in place needs to rely on specific material in particular places for interaction with other places. In the end, the most important aspect of the place is the particular meaning that place gives to meaning (Cresswell, 2011).
While, most of scholar and thinker in geography and out of geography think that globalization means placeless world and the place will lose the meaning, function, and concept. On the other hand, if globalization is the sameness more similar facts and places in the world and place refers to uniqueness they are moving in opposite directions. In fact, place moves to be unique or as Hartshorne thought more singular and globalization try to push places to the same point or direction. The place is formed in different social, political, cultural, economic, human, and financial. With and without globalization place is not something made in out of place, and the place is the production of place what place has as resources. In addition, it does not matter how far the interaction of a place to another place in the context of the space. A place does not have a pure and merely one aspect (e.g. political, social, economic, and human and non-human). As far as the resource that exists in one place is important, the interaction between that specific places with another place become stronger. Therefore, the place is an engine of the power in space in comparison to other places and spaces. That is what will change the meaning, form, value, understanding, and influence of space and place. Place in the globalized world creates the group Identity (Monnet, 2011) or as mentioned by poststructuralist theorists (Murdoch 2006) conceptualized place and space as a dynamic, hybrid, and relational concepts (Cresswell, 2011). The place defines kind of human activities in the context of the space.
Persepolis as one of the most important places in the world and in Iran has been a very important tourist destination. People with different background want to see Persepolis. Cyberworld and social media have changed the semanticization of place in geography. It does not mean that place is what just are in a specific place. The concept and meaning of the place could have come from thousands of miles away. In tourism geography, it can go somewhere beyond the earth where the sun is. The attractive beaches where the sunlight’s give a specific meaning to a place as a tourist destination like Bali Island in Indonesia. Pleasant environment is not necessarily important where some of the tourist destinations are located in unpleasant environment (e.g. Dead Sea and Cairo in Egypt).
Place is the most important concept in geography and what makes “places” and different between places is much more important than place itself. The main geographical categorization of place is about the place categorization by culture, place categorization by climate, place categorization by human activities, place categorization by ethnics, place categorization by language, and place categorization by geographical location. Each place categorization attracts different people. This is where people provide a big network (Cresswell and Merriman, 2011) between different places in fact the categories that they are interested in.
Where tourism geography starts but never finishes. The main idea of movements in tourists mind forms by “place categorization” and specified by “place aspect”. Not all the everywhere in Egypt are important for tourist rather than the Pyramids. The Pyramids are the most important symbol “cultural aspect of place” in that inside the “cultural categorization of place”. The massive tourist movements France has a bigger image of place from France as “cultural categorization of place” in Western countries “The Eiffel Tower” or “wine villages”. So this is divergence, movement, scale, mobilization, transportation technology is changing the form and size the place. This world will never be placeless or with the less influence of place.
It seems the place is more important than ever been in the different realm of science and in different disciplines. Yet, there is less attention to the place and it has taken as absolute in terms of meaning and singular in term of functions. However, each step we take into geography is all about reaction to a place or from a place. Tourism geography is the best place it shows/identifies how the place in geography is important. When still people from a place take a trip to another place. Maybe years ago geography had a meaning crisis as mentioned in this paper and place as the main concept in geography has been affected by this crisis (the 1940s and the 1950s). Accurate identification of space, scale, and time does not change the real meaning and function of place in geography.
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Get custom essayTourism in this paper was an example to show how place involves in different divisions and disciplines in geography. The place is important in urban planning, rural planning, and for environmental and climate change risk assessment. Place in geography is too complicated than what it is in other disciplines because the facts and the elements are very different. Understanding of place in geography requires deep knowledge in geographical science. The place does not merely belong to human geography or physical geography and the geographical place is combined with both.
It is safe to say that tourism brings in benefits but also has it downside at the same time. In the twenty-first century, consumers of tourism are demanding greater quality, variety and more flexibility in their travels. With increasing rapid advancements globally, sustainability becomes a growing concern for all. With sustainable tourism, the importance of environmental, social and economic impacts have entered the decision-making process and will change the way tourism grow throughout the world and in general, protect resources for future generations.
Get original essayThis essay will introduce and explain about the components related to Sustainable Tourism (ST): Ecotourism, Geotourism, Responsible Tourism and Cultural Tourism (Edgell, 2016), as well as assessing existing literatures. Literature Review on Sustainable TourismSustainable development requires meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunities to fulfil their aspirations for a better life, yet it is not a fixed state of harmony but rather a process of change that are made consistent with future as well as present needs (Brundtland, 1987). Built upon the principles of sustainable development, the consideration of three impacts were taken in. Economic, Social and Environmental impacts. These are also known as, The Triple Bottom Line (TBL). The TBL is a concept that expands the notion of organisational performance evaluation to include not only the traditional financial bottom line to one which also includes environmental quality and social justice (Elkington, 1999). The elements of the TBL can be combined in pairs resulting in some of the popular terms used to describe sustainable projects (Marshall and Toffel, 2005).
Ecotourism focuses on socially responsible travel, appreciation of natural habitats, environmental sustainability, cultural appreciation, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities (Edgell, 2016). According to Picard (2015), he mentioned how ecotourism dealt with the TBL and how it helped sustainable development but at the same time it does not mean it is a sustainable tourism. As he argued that sustainable development is conditioned by strategic planning, if strategic planning is ineffective, ecotourism products have little chance to contribute to sustainable development. He gave some example on how some ecotourism products were marketed in a way that it did not benefit or involve the local communities socially and even preserving the environment, their resource were provided by pursuing in a short term and profitable way regardless of the environment. Alternatively, many hotels have implemented ecotourism and contributed to having sustainable development. Furthermore, they hire the locals and engaged with community programmes and went through trainings to learn more about how they can change and shape up their hospitality and accommodations. An example was whale or dolphin watching. Although it benefits the tourists and the local economy, it brings harm to the environment and the marine life which causes the dolphins or whales to migrate and even caused their deaths.
Cultural Tourism is a form of travelling to a destination and have an authentic experience of the history, heritage, and culture (Edgell, 2016). Culture and heritage are often linked together as it forms a sense of national identity in places, and it serves and contributes to the economy and social identification. Cultural tourism development currently presents some very definite unbalances. On one side, it depends on localised and hardly reproducible resources. On the other, it is governed by an industry that is increasingly both global in nature and disconnected from the sources of cultural capital (Valcic & Domsic, 2012). An example will be by Sangchumnong & Kozak (2018), they talked about how sustainable cultural heritage tourism is the key element in the development of Ban Wangka Village in Thailand, and how TBL is a key strategy that was implemented in order to develop the destination and to prevent unsustainable practices. They also mentioned they found that the social and ethical dimension of the destination has been overshadowed by the economic dimension, which may lead to a lack of sustainability. The arrival of large numbers of incoming tourists, in combination with the local people’s lack of tourism management skills, has caused the community to experience several challenging situations. The degradation of the Mon cultural heritage and changes in Mon cultural heritage resources can be seen in many areas of life, such as their clothing, beliefs and faith, customs and manners, food preparation wisdom, and language and naming. Unequal income distribution is another factor that was found, as some of the local people do not appreciate the tourism industry because they do not receive any income from it, while their shares of resources have been overused and are in decline.
Responsible tourism is a tourism that promotes responsibility to the environment through its sustainable use, responsibility to involve local communities in the tourism industry, responsibility for the safety and security of visitors and responsible government, employees, employers, unions and local communities (Edgell, 2016). Mindful minimizing, conscious advocating, educational empathy, and instrumental opportunism, are four constructions of responsible tourism involved in positioning of relative involvement in responsible tourism as a type of tourism activity and tourist’s expressed goals (Caruana, Glozer, Crane & McCabe, 2014). An example would be by Frey & George (2010), they mentioned about the current attitudes and perceptions of tourism business owners in Cape Town, South Africa towards responsible tourism management (RTM) practices. Despite having positive attitudes towards RTM, businesses are not investing time and money into changing management practices, and resource constraints negatively impact the relationship between what businesses would like to do and what actually gets done. While responsible tourism is not yet universally accepted, it continues to gain adherents as more information becomes available.
According to Edgell (2016), geotourism is a tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place, its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being of its residents. The National Geographic Society has developed a “National Geographic Geotourism Charter,” based on 13 principles that can be utilized by destinations and countries: Integrity of place, International codes, Market selectivity, Market diversity, Tourist satisfaction, Community involvement, Community benefit, Protection and Enhancement of destination appeal, Land use, Conservation of resources, Planning, Interactive interpretation, and Evaluation. One very good example will be Batur, Bali, Indonesia. According to Emwati, Sitawati & Muliati (2018). Batur has geotourism as a main tourist attraction theme and it contributes positively to the locals economically and socially, and to the preservation of the natural environment. It also fosters economic development in the area and creates job opportunity. It also promotes appreciations of the locals toward cultural and natural heritage which lead to the conservation of the resources. It promotes social interactions, tourists who climb Mount Batur mainly come from Europe, America, India, Australia, thus it provides opportunities for locals to meet and interact with people from all over the world which in turn broadens their horizon and perspective. However, tourism in Batur also potentially creates problems. An example will be the over-limit of the environment and the community carrying capacity which in turn will affect the tourist experiences and social issues. Therefore, it is vital to maintain and develop social cohesiveness.
Sustainable tourism development is a broad concept that has been widely accepted. When applying this concept to research with the aim to develop an area, its adaptation must be achieved prior to implementation, but sustainable tourism is not a concise theory, the development of any tourist attraction requires a profound understanding of the proposed area. While qualitative methodology is the best method to apply, it is found that this methodology still had some limitations to it too. All and all, there is no right or wrong answer to it. It all leads or voice down to what the local communities sees, wants and hope for, and how the local government work towards to compromise and settle with the communities and people, to work together and benefit the country by having a sustainable tourism development.
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Get custom essayAlthough bringing in and boosting tourism might or will largely benefit, there are still many factors to think and look into that will affect and cause them afterwards. Whether it is Mass Tourism or Small-scale Tourism, there are still no right or wrong or correct ones as everything have pros and cons in it. Therefore, currently the best solution to sustainable tourism development will be by bringing in the four components to deal with the TBL. After all, balancing and sustaining the tourism itself will not be an easy task as it seem, it requires lots of planning and efforts to be achievable, and by achieving it might be one thing, but sustaining it will be another. Furthermore, it is still critical that sustaining tourism continues to develop for greater benefits and for the future generations.
Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the individual's freedom and choice in determining their own meaning and purpose in life. It is a way of thinking that emphasizes the importance of personal experience, rather than relying on external factors like religion or society to determine one's purpose. It emphasizes that individuals are responsible for creating their own meaning in life, and that the world is inherently meaningless.
Get original essayErnest Hemingway's short story, "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place," explores the concept of existentialism and the search for meaning in a seemingly meaningless world. Through the characters and setting of the story, Hemingway portray the idea of existentialism and the search for meaning in a world that seems empty and meaningless.
The story centers around three characters: an old man who is a regular customer at the café, the younger waiter who is eager to close the café and go home, and the older waiter who empathizes with the old man and wants to keep the café open for him. The old man is a symbol of the existential search for meaning, as he spends his nights alone in the café, trying to find solace in the light and the cleanliness of the place. He is a symbol of the human condition, as he is searching for something that will make him feel alive and connected to the world.
The younger waiter represents the opposite of the old man, as he is eager to close the café and go home. He is impatient and dismissive of the old man, and he doesn't understand why the older waiter wants to keep the café open for him. He represents the idea of conformity, as he is content to follow the rules and expectations of society without questioning the meaning of his actions.
The older waiter is the character who most embodies the concept of existentialism in the story. He empathizes with the old man and understands his need for a clean, well-lighted place. He also understands the importance of individual freedom and choice, as he wants to keep the café open for the old man, even though it means staying longer at work. He represents the idea of authenticity, as he is true to himself and his values, even if it goes against the expectations of society.
The setting of the café also plays a significant role in the story, as it represents a place of refuge and solace for the old man. It is a place where he can escape the loneliness and isolation of his life, and find a sense of connection and meaning. The cleanliness and light of the café serve as symbols of the old man's search for meaning and purpose in his life. The café is a place where he can find a sense of belonging and purpose, even if it is only temporary.
The older waiter's empathy and understanding towards the old man represents the idea of authenticity and the rejection of societal expectations. He chooses to stay longer at work to keep the café open for the old man, even though it goes against the expectations of society. This act of empathy and understanding towards the old man's search for meaning in his life, illustrates the importance of being true to oneself, and the rejection of societal conformity.
The younger waiter, on the other hand, represents the opposite of the older waiter, as he is eager to close the café and go home. He is impatient and dismissive of the old man's need for a clean, well-lighted place, and he represents the idea of conformity, as he is content to follow the rules and expectations of society without questioning the meaning of his actions. The contrast between the older and younger waiter illustrates the importance of authenticity and the rejection of societal conformity, in the search for meaning in life.
The idea of existentialism in the story is further emphasized through the use of symbolism and imagery. The light in the café represents the hope and possibility of finding meaning in life, while the darkness outside represents the loneliness and emptiness of the world. The cleanliness of the café represents the idea of order and structure, which is important for the old man in finding meaning in his life. The repetition of the phrase "a clean, well-lighted place" serves to emphasize the importance of this concept in the story.
In conclusion, "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" by Ernest Hemingway explores the concept of existentialism and the search for meaning in a seemingly meaningless world. Through the characters of the old man, the younger waiter, and the older waiter, Hemingway portray the idea of individual freedom and choice, and the importance of authenticity and empathy in the search for meaning. The setting of the café serves as a symbol of the old man's search for refuge and solace, and the use of symbolism and imagery further emphasizes the theme of existentialism in the story. The old man's search for a clean, well-lighted place serves as a metaphor for the human desire to find meaning and purpose in life, and the café represents a temporary refuge from the emptiness and loneliness of the world.
Indore Institute of Law (affiliated to davv & bar council of india) b.b.a.ll.b(hons.) Vth sem Mrs.Bharti Mishra Concept of Human Resource Planning Content 1.introduction 2.objectives of research 3.research methodology 4.aim of the project 5.definition 6.human resource management 7.hr planning process-steps 8.need for human resource planning 9.importance of human resource planning 10.strategic hr planning 11.conclusion
Get original essayFirstly we will have a look what is the human resource planning in general and what it means in a theoretical way then we will have a look on the practical aspect by taking the example of the the company oyorooms.In this company in the HR department there are different levels first is the chief human resource head and then there comes many subhead under chief which looks after the different works that is the salary distribution,hiring of the employee and the welfare of the employee.
The objective of the good sources of HR planing of any organization ,makes it clear that there is basic idea behind selecting the topic of ‘Employee Hiring, salary distribution and welfare of the employee’ is to study how employees are hired. Today organizations are coming up with the new techniques of hiring people. Hence to study how the actual process is carried in the organization. However, Human Resources forgets to set the objectives for Human Resources Department. Just as the inspiration, you can find Goals and Objectives.
The method of approach adopted for the same, would be as follows: To work out the various steps and procedures involved. To contacts various companies and collect information. To collect the information secondary like magazines, newspaper, internets.
This project aims the finding out and analyzing the HR planning and process in the organization. They are not the real targets to be used as they are provided. They just inspire. They help building the modern Human Resources Management Function in the company. Do not follow them blindly
Human Resource Planning (HRP) is the process of forecasting the future human resource requirements of the organization and determining as to how the existing human resource capacity of the organization can be utilized to fulfill these requirements. It, thus, focuses on the basic economic concept of demand and supply in context to the human resource capacity of the organization. It is the HRP process which helps the management of the organization in meeting the future demand of human resource in the organization with the supply of the appropriate people in appropriate numbers at the appropriate time and place.
Further, it is only after proper analysis of the HR requirements can the process of recruitment and selection be initiated by the management. Also, HRP is essential in successfully achieving the strategies and objectives of organization. In fact, with the element of strategies and long term objectives of the organization being widely associated with human resource planning these days, HR Planning has now became Strategic HR Planning. Though, HR Planning may sound quite simple a process of managing the numbers in terms of human resource requirement of the organization, yet, the actual activity may involve the HR manager to face many roadblocks owing to the effect of the current workforce in the organization, pressure to meet the business objectives and prevailing workforce market condition. HR Planning, thus, help the organization in many ways as follows: HR managers are in a stage of anticipating the workforce requirements rather than getting surprised by the change of events Prevent the business from falling into the trap of shifting workforce market, a common concern among all industries and sectors Work proactively as the expansion in the workforce market is not always in conjunction with the workforce requirement of the organization in terms of professional experience, talent needs, skills, etc.
Organizations in growth phase may face the challenge of meeting the need for critical set of skills, competencies and talent to meet their strategic objectives so they can stand well-prepared to meet the HR needs Considering the organizational goals, HR Planning allows the identification, selection and development of required talent or competency within the organization. It is, therefore, suitable on the part of the organization to opt for HR Planning to prevent any unnecessary hurdles in its workforce needs. An HR Consulting Firm can provide the organization with a comprehensive HR assessment and planning to meet its future requirements in the most cost-effective and timely manner.
Current HR Supply: Assessment of the current human resource availability in the organization is the foremost step in HR Planning. It includes a comprehensive study of the human resource strength of the organization in terms of numbers, skills, talents, competencies, qualifications, experience, age, tenures, performance ratings, designations, grades, compensations, benefits, etc. At this stage, the consultants may conduct extensive interviews with the managers to understand the critical HR issues they face and workforce capabilities they consider basic or crucial for various business processes.
Future HR Demand: Analysis of the future workforce requirements of the business is the second step in HR Planning. All the known HR variables like attrition, lay-offs, foreseeable vacancies, retirements, promotions, pre-set transfers, etc. are taken into consideration while determining future HR demand. Further, certain unknown workforce variables like competitive factors, resignations, abrupt transfers or dismissals are also included in the scope of analysis.
Demand Forecast: Next step is to match the current supply with the future demand of HR, and create a demand forecast. Here, it is also essential to understand the business strategy and objectives in the long run so that the workforce demand forecast is such that it is aligned to the organizational goals.HR Sourcing Strategy and Implementation: After reviewing the gaps in the HR supply and demand, the HR Consulting Firm develops plans to meet these gaps as per the demand forecast created by them. This may include conducting communication programs with employees, relocation, talent acquisition, recruitment and outsourcing, talent management, training and coaching, and revision of policies. The plans are, then, implemented taking into confidence the mangers so as to make the process of execution smooth and efficient. Here, it is important to note that all the regulatory and legal compliances are being followed by the consultants to prevent any untoward situation coming from the employees. Hence, a properly conducted process of HR Planning by an HR Consulting Firm helps the organization in meeting its goals and objectives in timely manner with the right HR strength in action.
The need of HRP may arise because of the following reasons: In India, unemployment is a grave concern. Scarcity of manpower and that too with the required skill sets and competence, has given rise for need of Human Resource Planning. It comes handy for smooth and continuous supply of workers when a huge number of employees is retiring, or leaving the company or maybe they are incapable of working due to psychological or physical ailments. There is a need for Human Resource Planning when there is an increase in employee turnover, which is obvious. Some examples of this turnover are promotions, marriages, end of contract, etc.
Technological changes lead to a chain of changes in the organization, right from skill sets product methods and administration techniques. These changes lead to an overall change in the number of employees required and with entirely different skill set. It is here that the Human Resource Planning helps the organization deal with the necessary changes. Human Resource Planning is required to meet the requirements of diversification and growth of a company. There is a need for Human Resource Planning in downsizing the resources when there is a shortage of manpower. Similarly, in case of excess resources, it helps in redeploying them in other projects of the company.
After the need for Human Resource Programme,It gives the company the right kind of workforce at the right time frame and in right figures. In striking a balance between demand-for and supply-of resources, HRP helps in the optimum usage of resources and also in reducing the labor cost. Cautiously forecasting the future helps to supervise manpower in a better way, thus pitfalls can be avoided. It helps the organization to develop a succession plan for all its employees. In this way, it creates a way for internal promotions. It compels the organization to evaluate the weaknesses and strengths of personnel thereby making the management to take remedial measures. The organization as a whole is benefited when it comes to increase in productivity, profit, skills, etc., thus giving an edge over its competitors. is apt to discuss the importance of it.
In any Human Resource Planning model there are 3 main elements which should be adhere by management: Forecasting recruitment needs: There are a number of ways in forecasting your business needs, to know the exact number of employees required to run the business. Factors to be considered are the economical situation of any given country, internal and external factors of an organization and the demand for the products. Evaluate Supply: In estimating this, there are two aspects, one is the evaluation of the internal resources and the other is the prospective or external resources. Among the two, external factors require extra care, these include education, unemployment rate and law that is in existence.
Evaluating these factors very closely will help the organization in filling the right resources at the right time with the right skill set. Supply and demand balance: This element of Human Resource Planning is very important, as striking a balance between these two forces will help the organization in understanding if there is shortage or excess of employees available in a particular group. It also helps in understanding as to the need of full time or part time needs of the organization
Strategic HR planning is a key component of strategic Human Resource management skills. It links HR management directly to the strategic plan of your organization. Most mid- to large sized organizations have a strategic plan that guides them in successfully meeting their missions. Organizations routinely complete financial plans to ensure they achieve organizational goals and while workforce plans are not as common, they are just as important. Even a small organization with as few as 10 staff can develop a strategic plan to guide decisions about the future. Based on the strategic plan, your organization can develop a strategic HR plan that will allow you to make HR management decisions now to support the future direction of the organization. Strategic HR planning is also important from a budgetary point of view so that you can factor the costs of recruitment, training, etc. into your organization's operating budget. Strategic HR management is defined as: “Integrating human resource management strategies and systems to achieve the overall mission, strategies, and success of the firm while meeting the needs of employees and other stakeholders.”
Human Resources planninghas a highlevel of human resource management activities. Knowledge and proper application of planning is essential for the effective functioning of the organization, depending on the outcome of HR process the best department in the organization. The essence of HR planning can be summed up as „the philosophy of attracting as many applicants as possible for sharing there problems?. The face value of this definition is what guided HR process activities in the past. These days, however, the emphasis is on aligning the organization?s objectives with that of the individual?s. By making this a priority, an organization safeguards its interests and standing.
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Get custom essayAfter all, a satisfied workforce is a stable workforce which also ensures that an organization has credible and reliable performance. Ina bid to underscore this subtle point, the project examines the various processes and nuances one of the most critical activities of an organization. The HR process has a wide coverage as it collects the applications of interested candidates, whereas the process constricts down the possibility and becomes specific when it selects the suitable candidates.