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Power is the most unique part of rationality. The branch manages the 'main standards' of presence, looking to characterize fundamental ideas as being presence, causality, substance, time, and space. Inside mysticism, one of the fundamental sub-branches is cosmology, or the investigation of being.
Get original essayPowerful examination incorporates presence, objects and their properties, existence, circumstances and logical results, and probability. By and large Meta implies past and material science implies physical nearness. That implies the nearness of an idea or thing which have no physical verification of presence. Kant expects that the items contemplated by power exist inside the psyche of a spectator, so the subject turns into a type of thoughtfulness and theoretical examination.
The supposition of the unity of truth, basic among Arabic logicians, enables the mystical piece of reasoning to give a judicious and cognizant record of a similar celestial domain revealed by disclosure, consequently placing it in rivalry with Islamic religious philosophy. Transcendentalism likewise thinks about the ideas of being and knowing; quintessence and presence. Numerous popular rationalists, for example, Aristotle, Plato, Kindi, Farabi and Avicenna (ibn Sina) have characterized power and attempted to negate speculations of one another. Because of these distinctions in definitions, individuals have neglected to comprehend the genuine criticalness of mysticism. ,
As logicians constantly will in general negate each other in light of the fact that there are no particular arrangement of laws in theory contrasted with science, there will undoubtedly be a 'move' in hypotheses about transcendentalism when one thinks about, for instance, the thoughts of Aristotle and Avicenna. The battle for survival of these savants leaves a beguiling impact on non-logicians – including researchers – to comprehend the ideas of mysticism, bringing about an inability to decipher the covered up, delightful significance of the Qur'an as translated by Imam Ali.
Here, we will look at how these rationalists endeavored to characterize God by contrasting the ideas of two essential logicians, Aristotle and Avicenna, and different thinkers who concur with either. Following this, we will clarify the idea of God through the powerful parts of the Holy Qur'an and Nahj al-Balagha.
As indicated by Aristotle, God must be the main source or the primary standard of the considerable number of substances. Aristotle concurs that religious philosophy is a necessary piece of power since God is the rule of being. In his epistle, On the Aims of Aristotle's Metaphysics, Farabi clarifies mysticism as an all inclusive science involving general ideas as being, solidarity, species, mishaps and so forth.
In any case, Avicenna can't help contradicting Aristotle's thoughts and clarifies that the topic of power can't be constrained to one classification. Further, he says that the verification of God can be found by methods of presence and through the contention that unexpected presence requires a presence which is vital. Avicenna's hypothesis of causality suggests bringing into reality.
Additionally, Avicenna escapes from the interminable stepping stool of the guideline of standards by demanding that the entire of being has no rule, and the rule is the rule of the caused being as it were. Increasingly huge contentions on transcendentalism of Avicenna against Aristotle can be found in the useful articles.Before getting to be overpowered with the substantial theories of these incredible rationalists, let us not lose center and now look at how articulately Imam Ali approaches the idea of God in his popular book through mysticism.
Transcendentalism is the part of logic that thinks about the physical universe and the idea of extreme reality. It poses inquiries like, What is genuine? What is the birthplace of the world? What is past the stars? Your thought of reality as an outer creation or an interior develop can impact your magical convictions and viewpoints and your instructing. Notwithstanding your meaning of the real world, the investigation and order of the physical universe structure the establishment of a few school subjects.
Epistemology
Epistemology is the part of reasoning that thinks about how individuals come to realize what they know. Gotten from the Greek word episteme, which means learning or comprehension, epistemology alludes to the nature and starting point of information and truth. Epistemology recommends that there are four principle bases of learning: divine disclosure, experience, rationale and reason, and intuition.
When edges scrutinized the predominance of Adam, it was information which influenced the points to concede the reality and bow down to him as normal by Allah. 'He conferred information to man which he didn't provide for points'. As indicated by the Quran, the primary instructing class for Adam began not long after his creation and Adam was shown every one of the names. ALLAH made man and gave him the devices for gaining learning, to be specific hearing, sight and shrewdness.
Axiology
Axiology is the part of rationality that thinks about the investigation of standards and qualities. These qualities are partitioned into two fundamental sorts: morals and feel. Morals is the scrutinizing of ethics and individual qualities. Style is the examination of what is excellent, pleasant, or classy.
In axiology training is something other than about information yet additionally personal satisfaction.. There are two wellsprings of qualities Qur'an and Sun'nah of Holy Prophet Muhammad (SWAW) which can be taken as reference for the idea of qualities. Whichever is out of its references can never be embraced as qualities. Qualities can be characterized as 'those things that are essential to or esteemed by somebody.
They are more that words they are the ethical, moral, and expert traits of character. There are some essential qualities in Islam. Individual and states are encouraged to secure or possibly to regard these essential qualities. Creation the idea of Muslim Ummah and advance the Islamic qualities and Islamic culture on the grounds that Islamic qualities and Islamic culture is far prevalent then the others societies.
The principle distinction between the perspectives on the Western and the Islamic is the wellspring of learning. The Western view depends on their idea and research on the topic while the Islamic point of view put together its examination with respect to the Divine Revelation specifically the Quran and the Sunnah.
Islamic concept of Human Nature
Man has a double nature that is body and soul. Man is a being made out of mud, which has a place with the universe of creation and subject to movement, change and modification, bound by existence. Which has a place with the universe of direction, is free and not restricted by these two restricting variables. Man is made out of body and soul. Soul is Tran's substance and is the focal point of man's being.
The spirit is appended to the body in its down ward inclination and to the soul in its upward or otherworldly propensity. The Self or qalb as al-Ghazzali calls it, is the embodiment of man. It is the otherworldly substance which dwells in his physical body and controls his natural and psychical capacities. It is associated with the physical heart, in this way it is called qalb (heart) despite the fact that the association is just supernatural. At the end of the day, the physical heart is the structure while the otherworldly heart is the substance. As indicated by al-Ghazzali, the idea of the Self is communicated in Arabic by four terms, to be specific qalb (heart) ruh (soul), nafs (want nature) and aql (brains or reason).
The idea of fitrah is related with Islam. For Muslims, this idea is additionally seen as far as the shahada. As expressed in the Quran Set you face to the Deen in earnestness which is Allah's fitrah whereupon He made humankind. There is no changing the formation of Allah. That is the privilege Deen however a great many people know not. Imam al-Nawawi characterized fitrah as the oblivious state which exists until the individual deliberately recognizes his conviction.
Subsequently, if a kid were to kick the bucket before he achieves caution he would be one of the tenants of heaven. This applies to offspring of polytheistic guardians. These are all piece of the Divine Scheme of Creation; their capacities are significant and conclusive for man. Allah Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas, The Nature of Man and the Psychology of the Human Soul: A Brief Outline and a Framework for an Islamic Psychology and Epistemology.
Western concept of Human Nature
The West methodologies the study of human instinct without a lot of assumption and pride. The comprehension of human instinct is a gigantic issue, whose arrangement has been the objective of the human culture where its appropriate target must be the comprehension of human instinct by each individual. The Western view guarantees that few of us think a lot about human instinct inferable from the disconnected lives that we live. Thus, we approach each other as outsiders, in the public eye everywhere as well as inside the tight hover of the family.
Most guardians grumble at some time that they can't comprehend their youngsters while most kids guarantee that their folks misjudge them. Since people groups entire frame of mind towards someone else is affected by their comprehension of that person, where this comprehension is basic to any social relationship, people would get along more agreeably in the event that they had a superior learning of human instinct.
In this article, we will examine intently the perspectives on human instinct as per a few Western schools of contemplations. Behaviorism is the school of mental believed that rejects the investigation of the substance of cognizance and spotlights rather on depicting and estimating what is detectable, either legitimately or through appraisal instruments. The originator of behaviorism was John B. Watson (1878-1958). Watson saw fought that conduct, not the private substance of the brain, is the best possible topic of psychology.
Westerners will in general consider Islamic social orders as in reverse looking, abused by religion, and heartlessly represented, contrasting them with their own edified, common majority rule governments. Be that as it may, estimation of the social separation between the West and Islam is an unpredictable endeavor, and that remove is smaller than they accept. Islam isn't only a religion, and surely not only a fundamentalist political development.
It is a progress, and a lifestyle that differs starting with one Muslim nation then onto the next yet is enlivened by a typical soul unmistakably more altruistic than most Westerners figure it out. Nor do those in the West dependably perceive how their very own social orders have neglected to satisfy their liberal folklore. In addition, parts of Islamic culture that Westerners see as medieval may have won in their very own way of life until decently as of late; by and large, Islamic social orders might be just a couple of decades behind socially and innovatively propelled Western ones.
At last, the inquiry is the thing that way prompts the most noteworthy personal satisfaction for the normal resident, while staying away from the most exceedingly terrible maltreatment. The way of the West does not give every one of the appropriate responses; Islamic qualities merit genuine thought. There are primarily two speculations of the relationship of man and society which have been proposed by a few essayists. One of them is the Social Contract Theory and the other is the Organic Theory. The implicit understanding hypothesis implies that man in the condition of nature was living in the public arena, outside of which he couldn't have obtained those thoughts and emotions which drove him to go into the implicit agreement.
The Organic Theory of Society: This hypothesis is as old as Plato and Aristotle. Plato contrasted society or state with an amplified person. He isolated society into three classes: the rulers, the warriors and the crafts man’s dependent on the three resources of the human spirit, for example intelligence, boldness and want. Aristotle drew a correlation between the symmetry of the state and symmetry of the body and solidly held that the individual is a characteristic piece of society.
Relationship between individual and society in Islamic concept
A significant Hadith (saying) of the Prophet is that religion isn't what one formally or ceremonially rehearses however how one arrangements with others. It is along these lines not adequate to be devout without performing deeds which show one's convictions. It is accounted for that the Prophet once entered a mosque and saw at supplication a revered elderly person with a long white whiskers. He was informed that the man was in the mosque throughout the day, venerating and apportioning the expressions of Allah to other people. The Prophet at that point asked how he earned his living and was informed that a dealer, not known for his devotion, upheld him. The Prophet commented that of the two, the dealer was for sure the more commendable.
Each Muslim is the beneficiary, gatekeeper, and agent of God's will on earth; his duties are sweeping. A Muslim's obligation to act with regards to what is correct is as much piece of his confidence similar to his obligation to restrict off-base. The Prophet once stated, 'In the event that somebody among you sees wrong he should right it by his hand in the event that he can (deed, lead, activity).
In the event that he can't, at that point by his tongue (talk up, verbally contradict); on the off chance that he can't, at that point by his look (quiet articulation of objection); and in the event that he can't, at that point in his heart. The latter is the base articulation of his conviction (confidence, courage).'Living the confidence is ibada, administration to God through administration to mankind. In no way, shape or form will ye accomplish exemplary nature except if ye give (unreservedly) of that which ye love; and whatever ye give, of a reality God knoweth it well.
The conservation of a social request relies upon every single individual from that society unreservedly sticking to a similar good standards and practices. Islam, established on individual and aggregate profound quality and duty, presented a social insurgency in the setting wherein it was first uncovered. Aggregate ethical quality is communicated in the Qur'an in such terms as balance, equity, decency, fellowship, leniency, empathy, solidarity, and opportunity of decision. Pioneers are in charge of the use of these standards and are responsible to God and man for their organization. It is accounted for that a man went to Umar, the second khalifa, to converse with him. It was evening, and a light consumed around Umar's work area. Umar inquired as to whether what he needed to examine was close to home.
The man said that it was, and Umar smothered the flame so as not consume open assets for a private reason. Pioneers in Islam, regardless of whether heads of state or heads of family or private endeavor, have a higher weight or obligation than others.There is a connection in Islam between individual duty and the rights and benefits got from enrollment in the network. Society does not exist autonomously without person.
Relationship between individual and society in western concept
The Western idea of independence as a social philosophical suspected framework has and keeps on affecting the person in the Ghanaian culture today. The work focuses on the effect of this idea of the person in his general public to the extent that social, political, monetary, religious life are concerned. The 'person,' as it is imagined here, is characterized by the meaning of the new Oxford lexicon, alluding to 'the single individual unmistakable from a gathering, a class, or a family.' This work brings into thought the welfare of the person, which is being ignored in Ghana today. The work begins with a rationalistic improvement of the idea of the person from late relic through to the period after the Enlightenment.
The motivation behind this part is to see the logic behind the person as the most significant object of nature. It proceeds with independence as a philosophical idea and how the person's social, political, monetary, religious life are influenced. Consideration is likewise given to Ghana to see the idea of the individual and its relationship to family life, society, financial flourishing, the supernatural, ethical quality, and post-existence. Ghana's experience with the West and the effect of this experience on the individual and his general public are likewise talked about. At last, there is a gander at the circumstance as it is today and what schools of thought or camps exist and the thoughts that are being proposed to offer an incentive to the person as a resident of Ghana.
The individual lives and acts inside society however society is nothing, notwithstanding the mix of people for helpful exertion. A similar idea as given by Plato and Aristotle.
Each tenet and each rationality of life is vitally founded on a kind of conviction, an assessment of life and a kind of translation and examination of the world. The perspective of a school in regard of life and the world is viewed as the premise of the whole reasoning of that school. This premise is known as the world origination of that school. All religions, social frameworks, schools of thought and social methods of insight depend on a specific world origination. Every one of the objectives which a school exhibits, the ways and techniques which it brings into reality are the results of the origination of the world that it engages.
The thinkers state that there are two sorts of shrewdness: handy and hypothetical. Hypothetical astuteness is to know the current things as they seem to be. Pragmatic shrewdness is to discover how one should lead his life. This 'should' is the intelligent consequence of 'how they are', particularly those 'how they are, with which mystical rationality bargains. In spite of the fact that philosophical origination of the world isn't as definite and explicit as logical origination, it depends on various standards which are plainly obvious and certain by the psyche.
These standards continue intelligently and are general and complete. In that capacity they have the benefit of being firm and consistent. Philosophical origination of the world is free from that irregularity and impediments which are found in logical origination. Philosophical origination of the world answers all inquiries on which the belief systems depend. It distinguishes the general shape and highlights of the world.
Both the logical and philosophical originations are a prelude to activity, yet in two unique ways. Logical origination is a prelude to activity since it empowers man to control nature and present changes in it. Man by methods for science can utilize nature furthering his potential benefit as he wishes.
Philosophical origination is a prelude to activity as in it decides man's selection of his lifestyle. It influences his response to his experience with the world. It fixes his frame of mind and gives him a specific point of view toward the world and the creation. It either gives a perfect to man or removes a perfect from him. It either offers significance to his life or attracts him to silliness and nothingness. That is the reason we state that science can't give man a world origination that may turn into the premise of a belief system, yet logic.
In the event that we respect each outflow of a general perspective on the world and the creation as a philosophical origination, not thinking about whether the wellspring of this origination is a supposition or thinking or a disclosure from the obscure world, religious and philosophical originations have a place with a similar area. However, in the event that we consider their source, philosophical and religious originations of the world are without a doubt two unique things.
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Get custom essayIn specific religions like Islam, religious origination of the world, has taken a philosophical or pugnacious shading and is a fundamental piece of the religion itself. The inquiries raised by religion depend on thinking and confirmation. Therefore Islamic origination of the world is reasonable and philosophical.
Living organisms cannot live isolated from their non-living environment because the latter provides materials and energy for the survival of the former i.e. there is interaction between a biotic community and its environment to produce a stable system; a natural self-sufficient unit which is known as an ecosystem.
Get original essayAn ecosystem is, therefore, defined as a natural functional ecological unit comprising of living organisms (biotic community) and their non-living (abiotic or physio chemical) environment that interact to form a stable self-supporting system. A pond, lake, desert, grassland, meadow, forest etc. are common examples of ecosystems. Structure and Function of an Ecosystem: Each ecosystem has two main components:(1) Abiotic (2) Biotic
The non living factors or the physical environment prevailing in an ecosystem form the abiotic components. They have a strong influence on the structure, distribution, behaviour and inter-relationship of organisms. Abiotic components are mainly of two types:
The functions of important factors in abiotic components are given below: Soils are much more complex than simple sediments. They contain a mixture of weathered rock fragments, highly altered soil mineral particles, organic matter, and living organisms. Soils provide nutrients, water, a home, and a structural growing medium for organisms. The vegetation found growing on top of a soil is closely linked to this component of an ecosystem through nutrient cycling. The atmosphere provides organisms found within ecosystems with carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration. The processes of evaporation, transpiration and precipitation cycle water between the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface.
Solar radiation is used in ecosystems to heat the atmosphere and to evaporate and transpire water into the atmosphere. Sunlight is also necessary for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis provides the energy for plant growth and metabolism, and the organic food for other forms of life. Most living tissue is composed of a very high percentage of water, up to and even exceeding 90%. The protoplasm of a very few cells can survive if their water content drops below 10%, and most are killed if it is less than 30-50%.Water is the medium by which mineral nutrients enter and are trans-located in plants. It is also necessary for the maintenance of leaf turgidity and is required for photosynthetic chemical reactions. Plants and animals receive their water from the Earth’s surface and soil. The original source of this water is precipitation from the atmosphere.
The living organisms including plants, animals and micro-organisms (Bacteria and Fungi) that are present in an ecosystem form the biotic components. On the basis of their role in the ecosystem the biotic components can be classified into three main groups:
Producers: The green plants have chlorophyll with the help of which they trap solar energy and change it into chemical energy of carbohydrates using simple inorganic compounds namely water and carbon dioxide. This process is known as photosynthesis. As the green plants manufacture their own food they are known as Autotrophs (i.e. auto = self, trophos = feeder) The chemical energy stored by the producers is utilised partly by the producers for their own growth and survival and the remaining is stored in the plant parts for their future use.
Consumers: The animals lack chlorophyll and are unable to synthesise their own food. Therefore, they depend on the producers for their food. They are known as heterotrophs (i.e. heteros = other, trophos = feeder) The consumers are of four types, namely:
Decomposers or Reducers: Bacteria and fungi belong to this category. They breakdown the dead organic materials of producers (plants) and consumers (animals) for their food and release to the environment the simple inorganic and organic substances produced as by-products of their metabolisms. These simple substances are reused by the producers resulting in a cyclic exchange of materials between the biotic community and the abiotic environment of the ecosystem. The decomposers are known as Saprotrophs (i.e., sapros = rotten, trophos = feeder)
Concepts of Assessments
Get original essayConcepts are the aspects involved through the assessment process and will include:
The assessor needs to be accountable to their learners and to the organisation they are working for to ensure they are carrying out the role of an assessor correctly. The learners should know why they are being assessed and what they have to do to meet the assessment criteria. The assessor will also be accountable to the awarding body if assessing an accredited qualification along with employers if assessing within the work place environment.
An Assessor maybe required analysing achievement data and comparing it to national or organisational targets.
Assessment strategy is to ensure the subject is assessed in accordance with relevant guidance and regulations, to give quality service to the learners, and maintain the reputation of an organisation and the qualification. If assessing within the work environment, the starting point should be the company standards to the job specifications.
Involves carrying comparing what is the acceptable standard for a particular subject against the current position of your own learner’s performance. By using benchmarking data can help target setting for the learners. If they do not achieve the benchmark, an evaluation will need to take place and improvements be implemented.
All aspects of the assessment cycle should be evaluated on an ongoing basis and feedback obtained from all involved.
Internally devised assessments can be assignments, projects or questions which would normally be marked by the assessor. Externally devised assessments such as exams would be marked by the awarding body.
Should be taken into account when assessing learners. Progression should always be discussed with leaners to ensure that they are on the right route and are capable of achieving.
The assessor needs to ensure that everyone who is involved with the assessment process clearly understands what is expected. This includes the assessment requirements.
Principles of Assessment
Principles are functions which are based on the concepts, for example how the assessment process is put into practice.
One of the important principles of assessment is known as VACSR. As an assessor I need to ensure that the assessment is:
Commitment is viewed as an attitude towards the organization that links the identity of the individual to the entity. According to Meyer and Allen (1991) commitment is a psychological state that characterizes the employee’s relationship with the organization and has implications for the decision to continue membership in the organization. Meyer and Allen (1997) extended the meaning of commitment as referring to the employee’s emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization, and the employee’s feeling of obligation to remain with the organization taking into consideration the costs that the employee associates with leaving it.
Get original essayAlthough there seems to be little consensus as to the precise meaning of commitment, Meyer and Allen (1997) contend that the various definitions reflect three broad propositions. These propositions indicate that commitment may be viewed as:
Reflecting an affective orientation toward the organization;Recognition of the costs associated with leaving the organization;Reflecting a moral obligation to remain with the organization.
The various definitions of commitment share a common proposition, in that commitment is considered to be a bond or linking of the individual to the organization. The definitions differ in terms of how this bond is considered to have developed. For example, some researchers refer to attitudinal commitment. This is defined as the relative strength of a person’s identification with and involvement in a particular organization. Conceptually, these researchers characterized commitment by at least three factors:
A second form of commitment is referred to as calculative commitment. Calculative commitment is defined as a structural event that occurs as a result of individual–organizational transactions and alternatives in side-bets over time. Through calculative commitment, individuals become bonded to an organization because they have invested in the organization (for example, a pension plan) and cannot afford to separate themselves from it. Other types of commitment have emerged, including normative commitment that describes a process whereby organizational actions, such as selection, socialization and procedures, as well as individual predispositions, such as loyalty attitudes, lead to the development of commitment.
According to O’Reilly and Chatman (1986) the psychological bond between an employee and an organization can take three distinct forms, termed as compliance, identification, and internalization. They contend that compliance occurs when attitudes and behaviours are adopted not because of shared beliefs but simply to gain specific rewards. Identification occurs when an individual accepts influence to establish or maintain a satisfying relationship. For instance, an individual may feel proud to be a part of a project team, respecting its values and accomplishments without adopting these values as his or her own. Internalization occurs when influence is accepted because the induced attitudes and behaviour are congruent with one’s own values, that is, the values of the individual, project team or organization are the same.
Meyer and Allen (1991) developed an integrated approach, utilizing the concepts put forward by various researchers and have defined commitment as consisting of three components:
Research findings indicate that employee commitment is very fluid in the early period of employment but quickly begins to stabilize with the passage of time. Moreover, management behaviour can influence an employee’s commitment type, in terms of whether an employee is more affectively committed. Employee work commitment is an important issue for all types of organizations, particularly for organizations that undertake projects or are undergoing organizational change programmes. Some of the contributing factors that make employee work commitment imperative include:
Even though organizations are becoming leaner, they must maintain a core of committed individuals who are the source of organizational activity. Those who remain, represent the “heart, brain, and muscle” of the organization (Meyer and Allen, 1997). It is therefore important to retain employees who will provide the greatest benefit to a specific project and the organization in general.
Workers who become less committed to an organization will route their commitment in other directions (Meyer and Allen, 1997). These employees may start to evaluate their skills and experience in terms of their marketability outside the organization, rather than by their implications for their current or future jobs in the organization. Management must invest in employees who want to remain members of the organization and participate in its projects. It should be noted that employee turnover rates in projects, particularly of specialist staff, affect the eventual success of the project in terms of delivering the defined scope on time, to cost and quality level.
Research suggests that employees who develop a high level of work commitment are more inclined to be highly satisfied and fulfilled by their jobs. Therefore, employee work commitment is essential in the development of proactive and innovative project teams and organizations.
In the current turbulent global economic scenario, organizational change is a continuous process that requires support of all employees in the hierarchical structure. Having employees with the appropriate levels of commitment facilitates the change management process and ensures its successful implementation.
Furthermore, human resources strategies related to employee recruitment, retention, reward and incentive policies need to be defined in a holistic manner having the primary aim of encouraging employees to posses the appropriate type and level of commitment. It is therefore essential for management to comprehend the dynamics that influence the development of commitment and take proactive initiatives to ensure that employees want to remain members of the project team or the organization, not because they have no other alternative but because they genuinely want to be part of the project team.
The development and consequence of employee work commitment within an organization, particularly a project team. Commitment depends on a number of factors, such as the employees’ personal characteristics, level of role conflict and ambiguity, job attributes, relationship between the employees and their supervisor, and the employees’ perception of how well an organization is being managed. Moreover, an outcome of commitment is work motivation. However, the level of work motivation will depend on the degree that individuals integrate with their organization and identify themselves with the organization’s objectives. Finally, the intensity of the employees’ integration with the organization and the magnitude of the work motivation will determine the level of the achieved performance gain.
Research suggests that affective, continuance and normative commitment are all related to employee retention, but in different ways. Given that an employee with strong affective and normative commitment feels an emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization, and has a feeling of obligation to remain with the organization, then this individual is likely to have a higher motivation level to contribute meaningfully to the project or organization than would an employee with weak affective and normative commitment.
Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that those employees with strong affective and normative commitment are more likely to be absent less often and motivated to give a higher performance. This is in contrast to individuals who have strong continuance commitment. These individuals appear to become bound to an organization because they have invested in the organization and cannot afford to separate themselves from it. Thus, employees with strong continuance commitment are likely to make a decision to remain with the organization based on the costs that they associate with leaving the organization. Hence, these individuals are likely to abandon the project team or organization if they find an opportunity elsewhere that pays them more.
In practice, management wants more from committed employees than simply membership to the project team or the organization. Various research findings suggest that employees with strong affective and normative commitment are more valuable. When commitment reflects an emotional link to the project team, the project team may benefit through reduced turnover, increased productivity and higher job satisfaction among employees. However, when the commitment by the employee is based primarily upon financial aspects (costs associated with leaving) then the project team and organization may experience higher employee retention at the expense of reduced job satisfaction and self-esteem, and higher employee stress.
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Get custom essayIt is therefore suggested that organizations should implement Human Resource (HR) policies to develop the right type of commitment. For example, strategies such as rapid promotions and the development of departmental specific skills all tend to increase continuance commitment that may eventually work against the organization. Although continuance commitment measures may contribute to ensuring that an employee stays with the project team or organization, they may not encourage them to contribute to the project team’s or organization’s benefit. Instead, some employees may want to quit, but may not be able to afford to do so. Some employees may be motivated to do just enough to maintain their jobs.
This report will demonstrate the significance of Youth Participation as an instrument for effective advocacy and compare the principles of the facilitated frameworks – The Active Participation Model and the YingYang Model. In this paper, an outline of the two researched conceptual frameworks and further examination of their functionality will be explored, along with how they can both complement one another through discussion of their similarities and differences. Using the definition of youth as referring to those of 12 to 25 years of age, this report will illustrate a more reflective exploration of why the process of youth participation is desirable and the systemic barriers that oppress young people to participate in the decision-making of their lives.
Get original essayThe term ‘Youth Participation’ is union process of sharing decisions where young people, as citizens, take part in, express views on, and have decision-making power about issues that affect them.
In order to coherently understand the importance of youth participation, it is imperative to acknowledge the universal tendency for society to view young people as a deficit and the social injustice where equality of rights does not exist for young people. Forms of discrimination such as ageism is a representation of the social construction on young people and power struggle for equal citizenship. Various participation models have been proposed to assist those who want to involve young people in participation and features centrally for youth practitioners in the formation of policies – Youth Workers. Although there is a wide portion of literature researched, there is no universal theory of young people’s participations. Therefore, the Models of Participation is primarily a structure to liberate oppressed young people to accessing their utmost rights to The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCROC).
The YingYang Model of Youth Participation places emphasis on eight key concepts reflecting the importance of young people as an asset to society. The development of the model was derived from existing frameworks which are seen in the principles and is based on the integration of two complementary approaches: a human rights-based approach where the model identifies the violations of young people’s rights and the human development approach, which recognises the uniqueness of every individual and argues the concept of universal human rights is not applicable in a world where diversity prevails. This form of model may be described as an informal approach as it is not executed through formal policy, but rather, it addresses the broader determinants of youth participation and is inclusive of young people as part of decision making process in the adult-dominated system we live in. Levels of participation and empowerment, being among the eight values within the model, places emphasis on the ideology that young people “must feel for themselves to be able to effect change”. The model elaborates the concept of empowerment needs to acknowledge that only young people can empower themselves, even if adults decide to ‘share’ some of their power with young people, this is not real empowerment because power given in this way can just as easily be taken away. Therefore, there are clear levels of participation that must be considered to allow young people to successfully maintain their dependency, otherwise, participation has not sufficiently obtained its objective.
Although all people including young people have the same right to participate, there are still many forms of discrimination and forms of exclusion that prevent opportunities to participate.
The Active Participation Framework was developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and was designed as a practical guide for the use by government officials to inform, consult and engage citizens in policy making. The framework seeks to clarify the key words and the measure to ensure access to information, opportunities for consultation and public participation in policy making in their respective countries are available. Using information, consultation and active participation allows officials in leadership positions to strengthen their relations with citizens based on their principle of partnership.
However, the combination of both models creates a balance in their objectives as they both rely intensely on the structure of policy making and importance of reciprocating their role in order to achieve equity. The YingYang Model challenges the notion of participation and allows all perspectives to be valued; acting as a checklist instrument to those in the profession of youth advocacy – Youth Workers. This strength can complement The Active Participation Model’s weakness in inclusiveness. In contrast, The Active Participation Model provides definitions which creates structure for other frameworks, like the YingYang Model, to create a common understanding of what is acceptable and what really is ‘consultation’
Collectively, both structures are tools which aim to advance youth participation and engagement for the betterment of the individuals and on a community level.
In essence, youth participation is a union process which allows young people to be the protagonist in their own development. Although there a varied ideologies researched, there are no definitive steps to initiate youth participation and engagement. Among the many theories explored, The Active Participation Model and the YingYang Model have been formulated as a powerful agent for young people’s development. Although their similarities align in understanding the importance of citizenship, they also differ in ways that the YingYang Model works in coordination with the authorities, whereas The Active Participation Model sees into the lens of the government and offer solutions from their end. However, both models allow young people to be a part of the influential process in the decisions that affect their lives. Ultimately, the degree to which young people should have a voice in anything has been strongly divergent but participation is the fundamental right of citizenship, therefore, young people should have those rights.
The anthrax attacks in the year 2001 brought great fear to the people of the United States considering the sophisticated manner in which the attacks were being done. The anthrax attacks began few weeks after the September 11 attacks in a series of sustained attacks from al Qaeda the leading terror group that planned and executed these attacks to the people of United States. Letters that were packed with anthrax spores were mailed to seniors public officials killing atleast five people and infecting others in the process. The investigation of the origin of the anthrax linked envelops created a most complex investigation, which the federal bureau of investigation had not witnessed throughout its operational years. The 2001 anthrax communication campaign was aimed at creating awareness of the significant impact of anthrax and encouraged the public to remain conscious since theorigin of the letters was linked to terror although the origin had remained a mystery. This paper integrates available information regarding the anthrax in the United States in 2001 to develop communication tactics that were employed by the United States administration in creating public awareness about the possible anthrax attacks across the United States. This paper employs a number of key considerations in developing a better understanding on the 2001 anthrax communication campaign throughout the United States. The key objectives of the paper is to create a better environment in ensuring that the United States public effective understand the various the anthrax attacks and benefits of effective adhering to the preventive measures in preventing the severity of the attacks.
Get original essayUnited States has been always a major target for terror attacks mainly due to its string stance against terrorism and its ideology. Different types of attacks have been developed within the United States over the years even though the crucial counter terrorism measures have been put in place to ensure that these attacks are controlled. The overall impact on the development of the United States has been significantly hindered by significant focus on terror and related actions. In early 2000s, United States came under a very high period sustained with different forms of terror attacks that created intense fear among the United States, which was one of the objectives of the terror groups in limiting the freedom of the United States citizens, and ensure that they kill as many as possible(Sweeney, Hicks, Cui, Li, & Eichacker, 2011).
It is the duty of the federal government to develop a better plan to protect its citizens from any possible risks that they are likely to encounter. The best way this can be effectively undertaken would be to ensure that there is a well-developed risk communication plan that can be sued to reach out to the diverse population across different states. Communication during a disaster period is crucial in creating a better engagement within a social perspective where there a greater need to communicate clear on the existing issues within the society. The manner in which risk communication plan is developed plays a key role in ensuring that the information relayed is understood or not(Liu, Moayeri, & Leppla, 2014). Risk communication plan are usually developed differently depending on how fast the information is expected to reach out to a larger population. The mode of communication thus plays an influential role in the overall development of an effective risk communication plan.
There is always difference in the manner in which information is shared during the time of need and under normal situations. Risk communication therefore entails communication of key information in real time with a key objective of limiting the overall influence of the risk that is being communicated. Risks involve anything that might have undesirable impact when it is not controlled in real time. Risk communication seeks to develop a greater focus on the underlying issue that is likely to have negative influence on the wellbeing of individual who are the target in this case. Communicating effective is likely to reduce the impact and ensure that members of the society adopt preventive strategies as well as ensuring that those who are already infected have a better environment where they can be quarantined(Joshi, Cymet, Kerkvliet, & Cymet, 2004).
Risk communication encompasses different technique although the most important aspect to consider in this case is to ensure that any of the approach that is taken in developing communication is well understood by the target population. The most comprehensive method that can reach many people who are being targeted is used to ensure that the information reaches many people as possible within the shortest time possible. Therefore there is need to create a greater focus on the target population when developing a risk communication plan.
The 2001 anthrax communication campaign sought to create a public awareness of the anthrax attacks and the fact that the origin of the attacks remained unknown, it created a very difficult environment under which it was considered possible to have any control over the attacks. The attacks were random across the United States that made it very difficult to develop a clear prevention strategy. The letters that were emailed containing the anthrax spores were randomly distributed and thus the public was being advised against opening their letter as well as engaging the postal service employees in being highly focused when handling emails. Many of the postal service employees died in the process while a significant number of them were infected(Hwang, 2010).
In the course of the campaign, the federal administration realized the severity of anthrax where United States citizens in other parts of the world were detected. One case was reported in Nairobi Kenya when one letter sent from Atlanta in United Statesto private citizens was found to have the anthrax spores. The complexity of the anthrax attacks made it very difficult to have a specific target population who were being targeted although there was also a case reported in the white house targeting President Bush. The fact that it was difficult to understand the origin of the attacks made the campaign more open and focused on limiting the number of attacks across the country(Duarte-Cubides & Cala-Rosas, 2012).
During this time, the United States was under heavy terror attack and thus the assumption that the anthrax attacks were terror linked was made despite no clear connection between the anthrax attacks and the terror attacks. During this time, there was a significant propaganda which was spread across the world which aimed at exaggerating the level of anthrax reports in the united states with some reports indicated that white house was under attack. Key measures were put in place in creating a critical environment under which it was much easy and possible to develop a greater understanding on the attacks and their extent as well as developing key measures. These measures would be put into consideration in creating a better environment under which it would be possible to develop a clear engagement and focus regarding the anthrax attacks(Sweeney et al., 2011).
United States has always maintained a strong stance regarding terror and its ideology. It is not part of the larger network of terror sympathizers and the key strategy that is aimed at controlling terror attacks as well as funding anti terror campaigns. The anthrax attack communication campaign was developed in response to the increasing new form of attacks across the United States. The anthrax attacks was a form of bioterrorism, which was effectively, developed targeting citizens of the United States. The federal administration developed this campaign in focus to reduce the increasing attacks to the United States citizens using a unique form of terror attack that had not been witnessed. It was very difficult to control the overall impact of the attacks since the origin of the disease could not be traced by United States intelligence and counter terrorism agencies(Duarte-Cubides & Cala-Rosas, 2012). It focused on the entire United States population as well global perspective considering the fact that this was a new and a unique type of attack, which attracted a greater global attention, and thus different stakeholders were engaged in trying find a solution to this complex form of attack that was being implemented by unknown sources.
The investigations linked the anthrax attacks to three major sites, which included America Media Incorporation, the NBC news in New York and Senator Daschle’s office in Washington. DNA analysis that was conducted was able to show that the same strain of anthrax was sent to New York and Florida sites. This analysis confirmed that the anthrax strains that were being spread had been developed from the same source even though the source remained largely unknown. The letters that were sent to NBCnews anchor and senator Daschle were similar indicating that there were specific targets although there was no limit to the number of people that would have been affected by the spread of the anthrax strain. The development of this campaign aimed at creating a crucial focus on the underlying key issues within societal environment under which it would be possible to develop a crucial understanding on the overall environment under which it would be effectively applied(Ellis, 2014).
The letters that contained the anthrax strain were included together with a letter that sought to send some form of warning to the United States indicating the death of United States as well as its ally Israel. The attacks caused high emotional scare within the United States since it was very difficult to pinpoint an individual as the course under where the mails were coming from at the time. It created a heightened tension within the united and across the world in the manner; the attacks were being carried out with high level of anonymity. The United States security and intelligence forces remained puzzled by a new tactic that was effectively developed to create a very difficult operational environment. The social, economic and political tension that was cultivated at the time was very huge leading to significant losses to the United States economy(Goel, 2015).
The attacks were developed using an anthrax strain known as Ames. Ames strain was a common anthrax strain that had been initially been isolated for a cow in Texas in 1981. Anthrax is a highlyinfectious and a deadly infection, which is more likely to cause death. There exists no specific scientific evidence that asserts that anthrax can be transmitted from one person to another although it highly contagious through direct contact. The anthrax bacteria usually enters the body through bacterial infection in a wound on the skin. Anthrax can also be spread through the inhalation of the spores like the ones that were being spread during the anthrax attack in 2001. The inhalation anthrax also referred to as pulmonary anthrax develops when an individual breathe in the anthrax spores and it is the easiest and the deadly way to contract anthrax(Ellis, 2014). Considering the effectiveness of inhalation anthrax the developers of the letters used this type of anthrax in order to ensure that many people would be killed in the process. It is considered fatal even when an individual is treated which explains how strong it is. The initial symptoms include flu like symptoms, mild chest patients, and shortness of breath coughing blood. As the disease progress, a patient develops stronger symptoms such as meningitis that is a life threatening condition since it causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Despite the fact that it is deadly in animals, the anthrax strain is also very dangerous to individuals especially when it is inhaled through anthrax spores.
Trouble in breathing is another serious complication of anthrax. An individual who is infected tends to have a very limited breathing space that can lead to heart attack. It is a more complicated symptom and can lead to sudden death. The reason why anthrax attacks was considered very dangerous was the fact that it was inhaled directly at close range. The perpetrators knew that putting the anthrax strain in sealed envelopes would be opened closer to the nose that would lead to high level of inhalation that increased the chances of death than any other approach that would have been incorporated(Joshi et al., 2004). The chances of detection at early stages is not common since most people would dismiss it as a common flu without knowing exactly the extent to which they are being destroyed internally. Few people are able to survive after developing anthrax complications such as meningitis since they create a reduced breathing space and functionality of the rain where key processes are limited. Even though there are treatment measures in place, any individual who is infected with anthrax needs to seek medical attention much earlier before the symptoms lead to crucial complications that are likely to be fatal.
The anthrax attacks signaled significant focus on bioterrorism and thus it is important to put into focus that the chances of bioterrorismare real and are likely to happen.Before a solution to the problem can be found, there is need to ensure that there is a greater focus on key elements which need to be considered through effective risk communication. The anthrax attack communication campaign is valid. Creating awareness of a possible attack is likely to create a better environment under which it would be possible to ensure that citizens understand key measures they need to take during a crisis period in order to ensure that there are less individuals who are influenced by a disaster that is likely to happen(Goel, 2015).
Public awareness about safe methods to handles issues during the time of emergence is crucial and creates a key environment where society members can have the desired knowledge on how to respond to any other emergency situation that are likely to take place. This should be effective considered especially during the current times when there is an increased sophistication in the war methods where enemies can unleash terror on the country. This means that there is a key need to ensures that the awareness campaigns is take to a higher level where there is a positive interaction between all stakeholders involved. Fighting terrorism requires critical focus on key underlying development among the terror groups(Pace, Steigelman, Norton, & Krivda, 2013). This means that it is a war that can only be won where there significant interaction and association between major stakeholders which include the administration and the citizens. The need to have a greater engagement and focus within the social environment should be developed based on key and crucial measures.
The development of anthrax campaign is strategically developed not only focusing on anthrax attacks but a general method which can be effectively employed by citizens to ensure that there is limited impact of such risks. Risks within the society must be controlled in creating a suitable environment where a better prevention strategy can be incorporated. It is important to primarily focus on reducing the severity of a given risk before a prevention strategy can be implemented. Citizens need to be cautious and take into serious consideration all the key processes that are needed in creating an effective focus on the key underlying risks within social environment(Duarte-Cubides & Cala-Rosas, 2012).
The government has the sole responsibility of ensuring that its citizens are safe and feel comfortable within their respective social environment. This means that it is the government duty to ensure that they inform the entire public about an impending danger that is likely to be detrimental to their lives and thus should take precautionary measures to prevent the spread of a specific risk. Therefore, the development of the 2001 anthrax attack communication campaign was a strategic move by the government is playing one of its role in informing the public about the anthrax attack and the fact that they are highly targeted hence should take caution regarding how they interact and socialize with and risks involved in opening envelopes(Sweeney et al., 2011). An issue of public interest must be addressed promptly so that the number of victims can be significantly reduced. The purpose of any campaign is to raise awareness where people can control themselves based on the information that is passed through the campaign process. Improving the lives of citizens is not necessarily providing food and shelter but as a government, it is key to also protect the citizens who entrust their lives with the public security agencies that have the mandate of investigating such issues and advices the public on the best course of action.
The 2001 anthrax attacks public campaign was a very strategic move implemented by the federal government through state department at a very tough time when the country was still mourning those who perished in September 11 attacks. The anthrax attacks began just weeks after September 11 and it was viewed as a well-coordinated move that sought to bring United States on its knees. Therefore, the campaign was strategically developed to encourage United States to stay together and have a greater focus on what was going on and how these issues would be solved effectively. It sought to create awareness of the attacks and possible attacks of similar nature targeting United States citizens. This awareness plan sought to create a well-engaged system and improve public understanding about the reality of the anthrax attacks and how they could protect themselves(Liu et al., 2014).
Communication is crucial during crisis periods and thus there is need to ensure better measures are put in place in creating a proper environment where better decisions can be made regarding emergency intervention. The message, target audience and mode of delivery are crucial aspects that need to be put into consideration in creating an effective environment where key decisions can be made within emergencies. The sensitivity of the message that is delivered is crucial in ensuring that it is well received. The management of information and communication system need to consider key elements in ensuring that the whole process is successful.
Leadership style that is applied within any given environment is crucial in ensuring that the message that is being communicated is successfully delivered. The leadership in this case outlines the target audience and the overall underlying strategy that will be integrated in ensuring that the communication plan is successful. Campaign need to be managed by a very able leader who will ensure that the purpose of the campaign is achieved. There is need to ensure that the selected team to run the campaign understand the basics and what needs to be developed in ensuring that there is successful engagement. The communication of the 2001 anthrax attack was made by sole command center that integrated both the center for disease control and prevention and the federal administration(Adalja, 2012). This was aimed at creating a better environment where it was key in ensuring that they provide joint statements regarding the anthrax strain that was being used by the perpetrators as well as the major strategies that need to be considered in creating an improved engagement within the entire target population.
The 2001 anthrax communication campaign was based on crucial focus on the key elements at the time although there are issues, which were not effective managed by all the stakeholders that were involved in handling the campaign and how it spurned out. The strengths of the campaign included strategic focus and direct engagement with the target population and ensuring that they are aware of the existing risks and ensure that they put in place protective strategies that aimed at improving the overall focus under which it was possible to have a greater engagement(Hwang, 2010).
The weakness that existed in the campaign was the fact that there were no clear statements regarding the spread or the specific region under which the risks were high. The lack of timeline on the campaign regarding the spread and the origin of the attacks created significant fear and tension since it did not create a greater focus where it would be possible to have a specific focus(Clarke & Chess, 2006).
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Get custom essayRisk communication is specifically engaged in creating a greater focus within the society since it aims at limiting the overall environment under which risks can be averted. The 2001 anthrax communication campaign was very specific and focused on creating a greater focus within the society regarding the extent at which bioterrorism can be used to destroy the peaceful coexistence among people within the country. The campaign did not only focus on the United States but created a global awareness regarding anthrax attacks and their impact to humanity. The success of any risk communication plan depends on how it is implemented. The 2001 anthrax attacks campaign was effective in providing a greater focus on the underlying social interactions among citizens.
In his novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses acute detail and comprehensive explanation to convey theme and symbolism. His use of explicit interpretation provides readers with a forthright account of emotion, thought, and opinion of not just characters, but of the meaning of the novel as a whole. Huxley’s writing style and tone are representative of the exact and specific world in which the story takes place, the “World State”, where every aspect of citizens’ lives are controlled, down to even the color they wear. Though this style is effective in describing aspects of the state, Huxley pairs it with a certain ambiguity to cast shadow over the denouement of his novel, leaving readers in uncertainty that may be confused with inadequacy. “Just under the crown of the arch dangled a pair of feet . . . Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried compass needles, the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east…” In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley appropriately concludes his novel with the vague description of John’s suicide, as it provides closure through irony, shows finality using poetic language, and denotes emotion through symbolism.
Get original essayAs Huxley’s novel is composed of distinct detail, his contrasting, ambiguous conclusion incorporates irony to opportunely end the novel by illustrating the view of death in Brave New World. The lack of explicit mention of John’s death contributes to the tone earlier set in the novel that dying is not a big deal, but rather a cause for treats. The use of the phrase “dangled a pair of feet” does not directly state John’s death, but provides enough detail for readers to assume his suicide. This signifies that death is not acknowledged in the new world, that it is, generally speaking, ignored. John’s death is not viewed as significant in the novel because the characters have been conditioned not to associate it with negative emotion, though as readers, we do. This contrast provides an appropriate conclusion because it reestablishes the theme of suffering, or lack thereof in the society. Along with the incomplete reaction to his death is the acknowledgement of the theme of freedom and confinement, as John chooses to leave the new world he is introduced to and found to despise through hanging himself. Suicide is never mentioned throughout the novel, and is very well an idea the citizens of the World State are not even aware of. The irony of the use of suicide and its uncertain and rash nature show John’s hasty escape from the world and its confinement through a rather explicit, yet ambiguous fashion. Huxley’s ironic use of shadowed detail provides contrast as well as closure to the novel, and appropriately concludes Brave New World, because it powerfully incorporates the theme of suffering, as well as freedom and confinement.
Another major theme of the novel, technology and acuteness, is shown in Huxley’s simile of John’s feet as a compass. “Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried compass needles, the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east…” This comparison may lead readers to the idea of technology, a compass, and acuteness, the ongoing description of his feet using the cardinal directions. Not only does this quotation provide a final innuendo to the World State and all its values and truths, but to John’s conformity, even in death, to a world he despised but could not escape any other way than through suicide. The simile Huxley uses depicts a finality to his novel, not only through John’s demise, but through the final allegiance to technology and the World State. This certitude lends a sense of desperateness and unease to John’s suffering not recognized in the new world, for their conditioned ignorance does not allow them to identify with loneliness. This isolation, reiterated by his death, shows that in the new world, all that is different dies. The ambiguous simile used to describe John’s death provides significant conclusion to Brave New World not only through mention to conformity to the state, but through John’s isolation and his identification with readers rather than citizens of the state, in his finality, his escape from the “brave new world”.
Throughout the novel, Huxley uses rhythm as a symbol for violence; John repeatedly yells “impudent strumpet” at Lenina when she takes her clothes off and he beats her for being a whore. Lenina comments on the rhythmic drums when her and Bernard first arrive at the savage reservation, along with the rhythmic whipping of the savage for salvational religious purposes. Most explicit in the novel is the description of the “orgy-porgy”, during which they “[beat] one another in six-eight time.” Similarly, the use of rhythm to denote violence is also present in the ending, as the repetitiveness of his feet represent the violent, however ambiguous, ending John faced. “. . . the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east…” Although the new world is conditioned not to recognize death as significant nor particularly harsh, the symbolism used in his patterned wording allows readers to capture the emotion of his demise, as it is not passive as suggested by the text, but violent, providing a rightful response not capable by the new world. Huxley appropriately concludes his novel using rhythm as a symbol for violence as it induces emotion not capable to the society and its citizens, but to a careful reader.
Aldous Huxley’s contrasting writing style is precise, well thought out, and symbolic in its structure. His effective writing employs every aspect of his work to emphasize the meaning and theme of Brave New World. Though Huxley’s words may seem vague compared to the rest of the novel, careful reading shows that the novel did not merely end; it concluded. Though ambiguous, the last page of the novel appropriately finished the story and left readers with a reiteration of theme and symbolism from throughout the text. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley accordingly completes his novel with John’s suicide by engaging irony to show contrast, using poetic language to demonstrate entirety, and employing symbolism to create emotion.
Since IEEE wireless protocol was released about ten years ago, Wi-Fi technical standards have been well developed and widely used due to the high speed, wireless connectivity and large coverage of the Wi-Fi technology. Nowadays the demand for real-time location information of mobile users is unprecedented. For outdoor environments, using GPS can achieve high accuracy positioning results.
Get original essayHowever, in indoor environments, due to the attenuation or obstruction of GPS signals, GPS technology cannot be used effectively. Therefore, Wi-Fi based positioning technology has been researched and developed for indoor environments.In this thesis, the huge market potential and rapid development of smartphones technologies were briefly assessed. It is concluded that the integration of the smartphones and Wi-Fi for indoor positioning is a mainstream direction in research and industry commercialization. The main challenges for indoor environment are discussed with the conclusion that the fingerprint technique based on RSS is the optimal solution and the smartphones is the most suitable mobile device due to its wide usage. Commonly used estimation methods and algorithms of fingerprint technique are reviewed.We successfully implemented a Wi-Fi based indoor positioning system using a smartphone and the fingerprint-based positioning method.
A number of case studies were designed and field experiments were conducted using various mobile platforms (i.e. smartphone, iPad and laptop) and the development and requirements of hardware and software systems were described.The statistical result of the positioning errors(the maximum and minimum errors were 4.79 m and 0.58 m respectively) in the specific indoor environment. This is compared against our testing system results of 2 m, which is, more precisely, the spatial resolution of the best matching algorithm. The performances of both systems were affected by the quality of the RSS observations collected from a smartphone. The current smartphones have limitations on the quality of Wi-Fi adapters. It is expected that better quality and proper sized Wi-Fi adapters will be available in smartphones in future. The spatial resolution of the proposed indoor positioning system can be further improved by setting up more complex indoor environment, and increasing the number of APs or combining other types of sensors into the smartphone.
Several aspects can be further explored to enhance the performance of the proposed Wi-Fi based positioning system for future work. Three main aspects are listed as follows:
Confidentiality, integrity and availability, also known as the CIA triad, is a model designed to guide policies for information security within an organization. The model is also sometimes referred to as the AIC triad (availability, integrity and confidentiality) to avoid confusion with the Central Intelligence Agency. The elements of the triad are considered the three most crucial components of security.
Get original essayIn this context, confidentiality is a set of rules that limits access to information, integrity is the assurance that the information is trustworthy and accurate, and availability is a guarantee of reliable access to the information by authorized people.
Confidentiality is roughly equivalent to privacy. Measures undertaken to ensure confidentiality are designed to prevent sensitive information from reaching the wrong people, while making sure that the right people can in fact get it: Access must be restricted to those authorized to view the data in question. It is common, as well, for data to be categorized according to the amount and type of damage that could be done should it fall into unintended hands. More or less stringent measures can then be implemented according to those categories.
Sometimes safeguarding data confidentiality may involve special training for those privy to such documents. Such training would typically include security risks that could threaten this information. Training can help familiarize authorized people with risk factors and how to guard against them. Further aspects of training can include strong passwords and password-related best practices and information about social engineering methods, to prevent them from bending data-handling rules with good intentions and potentially disastrous results.
A good example of methods used to ensure confidentiality is an account number or routing number when banking online. Data encryption is a common method of ensuring confidentiality. User IDs and passwords constitute a standard procedure; two-factor authentication is becoming the norm. Other options include biometric verification and security tokens, key fobs or soft tokens. In addition, users can take precautions to minimize the number of places where the information appears and the number of times it is actually transmitted to complete a required transaction. Extra measures might be taken in the case of extremely sensitive documents, precautions such as storing only on air gapped computers, disconnected storage devices or, for highly sensitive information, in hard copy form only.
Integrity involves maintaining the consistency, accuracy, and trustworthiness of data over its entire life cycle. Data must not be changed in transit, and steps must be taken to ensure that data cannot be altered by unauthorized people (for example, in a breach of confidentiality). These measures include file permissions and user access controls. Version control maybe used to prevent erroneous changes or accidental deletion by authorized users becoming a problem. In addition, some means must be in place to detect any changes in data that might occur as a result of non-human-caused events such as an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) or server crash. Some data might include checksums, even cryptographic checksums, for verification of integrity. Backups or redundancies must be available to restore the affected data to its correct state.
Availability is best ensured by rigorously maintaining all hardware, performing hardware repairs immediately when needed and maintaining a correctly functioning operating system environment that is free of software conflicts. It’s also important to keep current with all necessary system upgrades. Providing adequate communication bandwidth and preventing the occurrence of bottlenecks are equally important. Redundancy, failover, RAID even high-availability clusters can mitigate serious consequences when hardware issues do occur. Fast and adaptive disaster recovery is essential for the worst case scenarios; that capacity is reliant on the existence of a comprehensive disaster recovery plan (DRP). Safeguards against data loss or interruptions in connections must include unpredictable events such as natural disasters and fire. To prevent data loss from such occurrences, a backup copy may be stored in a geographically-isolated location, perhaps even in a fireproof, waterproof safe. Extra security equipment or software such as firewalls and proxy servers can guard against downtime and unreachable data due to malicious actions such as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks and network intrusions.
Big data posses extra challenges to the CIA paradigm because of the sheer volume of information that needs to be safe guarded, the multiplicity of sources it comes from and the variety of formats in which it exists. Duplicate data sets and disaster recovery plans can multiply the already high costs. Furthermore, because the main concern of big data is collecting and making some kind of useful interpretation of all this information, responsible data oversight is often lacking. Whistleblower Edward Snowden brought that problem to the public forum when he reported on the NSA’s collection of massive volumes of American citizens’ personal data.
Internet of Things privacy is the special considerations required to protect the information of individuals from exposure in the IoT environment, in which almost any physical or logical entity or object can be given a unique identifier and the ability to communicate autonomously over the Internet or a similar network. The data transmitted by a given endpoint might not cause any privacy issues on its own. However, when even fragmented data from multiple endpoints is gathered, collated and analyzed, it can yield sensitive information.
Internet of Things security is also a special challenge because the IoT consists of so many Internet-enabled devices other than computers, which often go unpatched and are often configured with default or weak passwords. Unless adequately protected, IoT things could be used as separate attack vectors or part of a thing bot. In a recent proof-of-concept exploit, for example, researchers demonstrated that a network could be compromised through a Wi-Fi-enabled light bulb. In December 2013, a researcher at Proofpoint, an enterprise security firm, discovered that hundreds of thousands of spam emails were being logged through a security gateway. Proofpoint traced the attacks to a botnet made up of 100,000 hacked appliances. As more and more products are developed with the capacity to be networked, it’s important to routinely consider security in product development.
The word Conflict connotes unpleasantness yet it is as old as Mankind. Man as a social animal has need of interaction and In the process of interacting or working, conflict ensures because of divergent interests which surface in his/her views, believes system, desires, expectations and share values; that disposes him/her to act in a peculiar way.
Get original essayIf properly handled, Organizational conflict can Increase productivity and innovation thereby positively affecting organizational Performance.
Through Conflict, teamwork and cooperation, amongst the employees can be built and this will lead to, the attainment of organizational goals and objectives, since tough conflict can be managed through bonding, dialogue and negotiation.
The survey design was used for the study and the findings showed collective bargaining to be the most effective strategy in the management of conflicts.
This study also pointed out, that there are so many causes of conflicts amongst employees such as interests, individual and Organizational goal.
This research found out that the presence of conflict cannot be wished away in an organization as it contributes to either an increase or decrease in organizational performance, depending on the conflict management methods adopted in the workplace.
This study investigated conflict management effect on employees performance in organization in the Nigerian Public Service, as its broad objective.
The specific objectives of this study, which will be investigated also are to:
As an attempt by this research to unravel the effect of managing conflict on performance in organizations in the Nigerian Public Service, an empirical model was developed using data collected through questionnaires.
Participants were 30 workers who were picked through the process of the technique of random sampling. The Data gotten through primary source were used. The statistical tools that were applied in the data analysis to determine the relationship between Organizational performance and managing conflict, were: Regression analysis and spearman correlation analysis. Regression analysis was used for the measurement of conflict management effect on organizational performance and it showed collective bargaining as most effective in the management of conflict. Spearman correlation analysis, also showed a positive relationship with the application of integrative strategies such as collective bargaining, compromise, and accommodation, and a negative relationship in the usage of a non-integrative strategies like competition, domination and avoidance.
Conflict could be defined as group, community or individual negative or destructive relationship resulting from a clash of interests or value (Sani Abubakar Lugga Waziri, 2007). In our contemporary Public Service with its structurally differentiated character, inevitably generates conflicts of interest. An organization where there are no conflict, will in turn, breed unmotivated workers which will drastically affect productivity, negatively. Research has shown that some level of workplace conflict can bring about increase in initiative, creativity and motivation among employees which will enhance their performance. Although the reverse will be the case for an Organization that experiences frequent or much conflict, as it will also observe hostile working environment, non workers cooperation and decrease in production. It is the duty of managers to learn and implement conflict management strategies that foster performance.
Due to scarce resources and differences of interest, people find out that their expectations are not often met as expected. As a result of that, misunderstandings and frictions do ensue.
Conflict involves communication which makes it present itself in human relations.
Adomie and Anie (2005) posited that as long as human beings will aspire for positions, safety, authority and leadership comfort, conflict will remain in our society. Managers are therefore obliged to effectively handle conflict in order to positively affect organizational performance.
Indeed, conflict is an inevitable vice in organizations no matter their sizes, what makes the difference is the way and manner different Managers handle it in their various workplace.
Conflict generally represents, negative things. It involves the disagreement between people and will show up where people with individual differences converges to do business. Conflict, cannot be completely be disregarded in Organization because it can be the biggest driver of change that will increase profit if properly handled.
Organizations are made up of groups of people with interpersonal relationships designed to transform inputs into the desired output by putting together technologies and procedures to attain organizational goals.
Conflict, on the other hand is not strange to any organization or workplace, as it could be seen as a clash of interest amongst the workforce.
Conflict as is like a two edged sword which can be manipulated by both the employers and the employees to drive home their points, in order to garner attention for their request. Agitation is seen in Organization when people feel not been accommodated in their workplace goals.
Studies have shown that limited resources, needs, unaccomplished desires, diversity of goals and limited information can gear up conflict in Organization.
Conflict can manifest also where there are goal differences, skill rivalry, and divergent of views. This is why conflict is been described by Kohlrieser (2007) as a disagreement between people that is manifested lack of cooperation, hostility and suspicion among workers.
Traditionally, conflict is seen as a conflicting interest among opposing party, that breeds mistrust and discomfort. Also Conflict is found where there is competition and divergent interest. Although conflict could manifest where there are things to compete for while bargaining come to play, where there are cooperate elements that are beneficial to the parties concerned (Plunkett et al, 2005).
In every Organization conflict is seen as inevitable and a natural process of the setting, that would be handled whenever it comes up, so that it will not affect workers performance. In organization, people with different races, color, thoughts ,objectives come together to occupy different positions, and roles, these automatically causes conflict. Also conflict that is not properly managed can lead to poor and unsafe working environment, that encourages insubordination, poor communication and decrease in productivity. Every organization is facing both internal and external challenges and would want to identify and manage all the negative and positive conflict in other to remain in business. Conflict in organization can be grouped into two; the informal conflict and the formal conflicts. The informal conflict is stirred up with non-related work problem, but it has impacts on the organization. The formal conflict is work related and it is not hidden as it seeks to place demand on the organization.
Managing conflict is not the total removal of it but it is about employing diverse strategies that will lessen its negative impact on workers and enhance goal attainment in organizations.
To arrive at concrete decision in an organization, Integrative approaches to conflict management is preferred to non-integrative approach. The integrative approaches are : inquiry, evaluating, negatiating, designing and implementing, which produce positive results.
For the settlement of conflict between employers and employees, the collective bargaining approach is the most preferred, even in Nigeria. This is according to Nigerian Trade Union Amendment Act of 2000. Managing conflict, practically entails negotiations between the hurting parties, which will lead to proffering solution to their requests.
These strategies for conflict management which was researched on in this study are as follows: Avoidance, Accommodation, Competition, Compromise and Collaboration. In simple terms these strategies can briefly be explained as: Avoidance, the meaning is when parties that are involved in conflict avoid themselves. The strategy of Accommodation, is when a disagreeing party decide to to be considerate for the sake of harmony.
Applying the Competition strategy, is when the parties involved in a conflict are not ready to bulge, they don’t care whose horse is gorge. With the strategy of compromise, those involved in the conflict are ready to let go of something just to reach an agreement. In collaboration strategy, the conflicting parties are ready to make sacrifice in order to met their desires.
Research model is composed of Conflict Management as an independent variable, Organizational Performance as a dependent variables. A descriptive and Survey research design, making use of 128 total staff population from some selected Public Service Establishment, was used for this study. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 32 participants, which made the sample size to be 25% of the total workforce in the organizations. The basic criteria for sample inclusion were: each Organizations attendance register and the ranks of Staff categorized (Manager and Non-manager) into two working cadres.
Out of the 32 structured self-administered questionnaires used for data collection, the respondents returned only 30 copies, making it a total 94% collected and used for the analysis. The researcher developed an instrument titled “The Conflict, Management and Organizational Performance Questionnaire” (CMOPQ). The instrument consisted of two sections, A and B. Section A sought for demographic information of the respondents, and section B sought information on Conflict Management as well as Organizational Performance (dependent and independent variables). Section A contained 3 questionnaire items while section B contained 7 questionnaire items to be answered by staff of the various Organizations, selected. The likert scale were provided with responses ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree, to answer section B.
In order to ascertain the appropriateness of the instrument for the study, 25 workers of other organizations were given questionnaire and were tested with the TEST and re Test technique. At first the questionnaire was given to three experts for face validation. Two of them came from Department of Management in the Faculty of Social Sciences while one was a lecturer on research in the Faculty of Arts, Nile University of Nigeria. The inputs from the research experts led to the adjustment of the instruments especially in terms of ambiguous questions, difficult vocabulary and excessive wording. The instrument was finally ratified by the researcher’s supervisor as being capable of measuring what they were supposing to measure.
A pre-test of instrument of Conflict, Management and Organizational Performance Questionnaires (CMOPQ) was carried out on 25 persons who were not used for the main study. The data obtained were analyzed by cronback’s coefficient Alpha technique at the level of 0.05, it. The questionnaire reliability coefficient index obtained, ranges from 0.796 to 0.895 coefficient. This is an evidence of the reliability of the questionnaire for this study.
As this study attempts to determine the effect of conflict management and organizational performance in the Nigerian Public Service, an empirical model was developed using data collected through questionnaires. The statistical tools that were used for the analyses of the collected data were: spearman correlation coefficient, means and standard deviation, Shapiro-wilk, frequency and percentage counts (descriptive statistics).
The demographic findings showed that the respondents job rank revealed, non-managerial staff to be 65.2% while the respondents managerial cadre, were 34.8% of the total number. The mean of 9.6 years and a standard deviation of 3.4 years were the organizational tenure of the respondents. This helped to reveal the duration, maturity, rank, and the educational status of the organizations employees, majority of them are non – managerial Officers.
The table below shows 6 conflict management strategies in order of their effectiveness and importance in the management of conflict. Top on the chart is Collective bargaining which has a mean score of 4.0 and a (sd=1.01). Next is Compromise with a mean score of 3.35 and a (sd=1.07). Accommodation was third in order of importance, with a mean score of 3.25 and a (sd=1.08). These 3 strategies are called the integrative management conflict strategies. The other 3 conflict management strategies which are not too effective in managing conflict are: Confrontation, on the table it has a mean score of 1.24 and a (sd=0.76). Competition follows with a mean score of 1.22 and a (sd=0.52). Avoidance, is the least in the scale of preference for managing conflict, it has a mean score of 1.10 and a (sd=0.62).
Hypothesis 1: The spearman correlation technique was used to test hypothesis 1, which states that, There is no significant relationship between conflict management and organizational performance. This study shows that there is a significant relationship between conflict management and organizational performance, thus the null hypothesis as postulated was rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted.
For Hypotheses 2 to 7, Spearman correlation method was applied and Collective bargaining, Compromise and Accommodation strategies, all have a positive correlation with performance in organization, when used for conflict management. But the relationship between conflict management and organizational performance, for hypotheses 5 to 7 (confrontation, competition and avoidance strategies) were rejected. As their application did not have a positive correlation with organizational performance.
In determining the management conflict strategy that is best for performance in organization, the regression analysis technique was used. It was observed that 3 of the conflict management strategies that have positive relationship with performance are; Collective bargaining which has the highest beta -coefficient of 0.460, Compromise is next and has beta coefficient of 0.430, and the third is Accommodation, having a beta coefficient of 0.401.
While the other 3 conflict management strategies that have negative significant relationship with organizational performance are: Confrontation with a beta coefficient of 0.212, next is Competition with beta of 0.210 and lastly, Avoidance with a beta coefficient of 0.206.
The findings in this study of Conflict management and organizational performance in the Nigerian Public Service, showed that managing conflict depending on the particular strategy applied, could have positive or negative effect on performance in organization. Through this research, it was observed that the 3 most effective conflict management strategies are; collective bargaining, compromise and accommodation, this agrees with previous studies on conflict management. The 6 conflict management strategies used for this research , showed in order of their effectiveness and importance in the management of conflict, that Collective bargaining is the most effective strategy. Next is Compromise, followed by Accommodation. These 3 strategies are called the integrative management conflict strategies. The other 3 conflict management strategies which are not too effective in managing conflict are: Confrontation, Competition and Avoidance.
This research work sought to find the effect of managing conflict on employees performance in organizations in the Nigeria Public Service. The literature review showed strong evidence of integrative strategies of managing conflict and their relationship with performance of employees. This empirical study is in support of the results of previous studies, regarding the existence of relationship of conflict management and Organizational performance in the Nigeria Public Service. The integrative conflict management strategy was portrayed as a technique for proper constructive managemnt of conflicts as an enhancer of organizational performance in the workplace.
However, the limitation of this study is that the research is centered only on some organizations in the Nigeria Public Service. The findings cannot be generalized due to the restrictive nature of the small size of the sample. Nevertheless, this research has contributed to a better understanding of the management of conflict and organizational performance in the Nigerian Public Service.
Based on this research of these recommendations are made; Collaborative strategies be adopted in organizations as the most effective in conflict management, representatives of employee to be involved in vital decisions making, there should be deliberate agreement between management and employees to work in harmony and lastly, open communication must be encouraged with conscious effort.
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Get custom essayFuture research will be recommended to include other Organizations (private and public), when researching into the management of conflict with respect to performance in Organization in Nigeria.