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Casual Layered Analysis is an effective mechanism of developing a wide range of strategic alternatives to achieve a specific goal. A Pakistani researcher called Sohail Inayatullah developed the mechanism. The Casual Layered Analysis tool breaks down the issue under scrutiny into four different divisions in an effort to shed sufficient light on the possible outcomes that the issue might yield. Through this undertaking, the tool is able to facilitate the consideration of a larger amount of scenarios that might result when applying a specific strategy. The four levels utilized by Casual Layered Analysis are Litany, Social Causes, Discourse or worldview and metaphor or myth.

The litany is the first layer in Casual Layered Analysis. As illustrated by Sohail Inayatullah, litany involves the description of a certain issue through the use of quantitative techniques. The projections of current societal problems through the use of figures are often unauthentic in the view of Sohail Inayatullah. Little problems are exaggerated to seem big to ordinary people so as to create an atmosphere of fear. This has been used to draw political influence and prompt members of society to conform to the current conditions. Problems can be anticipated more accurately working back and forth through the different levels of Casual Layered Analysis (Inayatullah, 2009).

The second level of Casual Layered Analysis is the social causes. In this level, the various factors that influence the issue under scrutiny are evaluated. The forces that affect the issues can be political, cultural, economic or historical. The environmental conservation issue can be used as an example to clearly describe this level of Casual Layered Analysis. Environmental conservation activists who try to come up with strategies to counter its effects believe that the main causes of environmental pollution are indecent behavior from people in terms of careless dumping and excessive toxic waste from industries. The main purpose of this level is to evaluate the sources of the issue under scrutiny (Inayatullah, 2009).

The third level of Casual Layered Analysis is the discourse or worldview. The main focus of this level is the universal perception about the issue at hand. By evaluating the universal perception about the issue, an individual can get a deeper understanding of the issue by looking at the various assumptions that people old about the issue. For instance, in the case of environmental pollution, there is a concurrence among most members of society that the root of the issue is increased industrial activity. The perceptions held by various people can differ based on a person’s culture, religion or amount of knowledge about the issue. For instance, a person with rich information about environmental conservation can say that global warming has caused the recent extreme weather cases. Oppositely, a person who is extremely religious will say that the recent cases of extreme weather are signs of the end of the world (Inayatullah, 2009).

The fourth level of Casual Layered Analysis is myth or metaphor. These are beliefs and perceptions about the issue under scrutiny that have been existence for a long time. The focus of this layer is to evaluate a person’s beliefs about the issue at hand. This layer uncovers the emotional attachments and various aspects of the unconscious mind that have an effect the way a person views the problem. The Casual Layered Analysis enables people to clearly understand the issue from numerous viewpoints. It breaks down the problem into multiple facets so that people can have numerous alternatives when trying to come with strategies geared towards the achievement of objectives regarding the issue. By going back and forth through, the layers provided by this tool, individuals can be able to come up with innovative strategies to achieve their future goals (Inayatullah, 2009).

The new layers in the Casual Layered analysis should be geared towards the achievement of a specific goal. The new metaphor will be an adjustment of the previous myths that contributed to the creation of the current situation. The new myth should be full of possibilities and hope in order to give the individual the energy to conceptualize the most effective strategy to achieve his or her future ambitions. The new worldview will then be derived from the new myth. The new worldview should be encompassed of new possible mechanisms that can be utilized to achieve the future goals. The new litany and social causes will have changed to coincide with the new myth (Inayatullah, 2009).

Average adolescence is a perpetual wave of emotions and expression; however, when one reads the story of soon-to-be adult Holden, it is an emotional wreck of a roller coaster. The Catcher in the Rye introduces readers with an opportunity to investigate deeper hidden meanings behind characters,symbols, and the stories structure. Analyzing this story will allow one to see Holden’s true personality, major growth, and dismal tone.

When studying complex components of the story, such as Holden, the structure of the essay provides a deeper investigation. One of the pieces of this structure, symbols, allow one to look into his most evident personality traits. The point of view and tone create a description of what is truly going on in Holden’s head. Once grasped, this can allow one with understanding the foreshadowing of constantly used phrases of him “being crazy” and everything being “depressing”. Altogether, these three key elements depict the true plot of the story. The first person narrative of Holden is a fluctuating experience of unreliable opinions, flashbacks, and personal stories. The way Holden describes his life and surroundings make them seem over exaggerated, possibly even not true. Considering Holden even stated in the text “I'm the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life”, it is very plausible for one to assume that everything said is completely fabricated. Although it can be believed that everything is made up, it is also possibly Holden misinterpreting his own experiences. For example, when Holden claims to drink a bottle of scotch and then proceeds to throw up only because he decided to. This shows readers that Holden makes himself believe something other than what is truly happening. These unreliable events allow one to see how the story being told from his perspective gives a larger insight on Holden. Additionally, the symbols in the story provide extra understanding for readers when analyzing Holden.

The red hunting hat can be analyzed as a defense mechanism for Holden. When in uncomfortable situations, he uses this hat to confide in his embarrassment. In the text it states, “I took my red hunting hat put it on—I didn't give a damn how I looked. ”. This can prove that the hat creates unique image Holden wants. In addition to the hat, the museum can also be analyzed as a symbol for Holden to halt his fast life, due to the fact that it takes him back to when he was an innocent child. When Holdens explains that he feels that “Certain things. . . you ought to be able to stick in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone". This would allow one to believe he is wishing that innocence, perhaps in children, could be boxed up and never tainted, similar to the Indians in the museum. These symbols can allow readers to understand Holden’s want to keep innocence and common anti-social tendencies. Likewise, the multiple ironic situations of Holden’s line of thinking and lifestyle shape him as a character and can allow the reader to understand him in a more in-depth way. One the most preeminent situations of the story is Holden’s common use of defining everyone around him as a phony can seem peculiar to readers, considering he falls into this category of “phoniness” as well. One example would be when he goes on a date with Sally and tell her he loves her, when in reality, he sees her as nothing but a nice friend. Another ironic situation would be Holden’s perception of life being simply either black or white. In the story, he sees all children as practically angels, but adults as major sinners. Holden even goes on to call his own brother a “prostitute” for continuing his career in Hollywood. This shows readers that he believes you can only be engulfed in innocence or a sadistic sinner; however, Holden himself endures innocence in his own mind but does “sinful” things, such as lying, drinking, and lust. These common ironic events can show the counterintuitive mind of Holden that allows a more broad understanding of him.

The tone of this story is solely based on Holden’s attitude. Which creates the dismal, judgemental, and unreasonable way of thinking. There are scarcely any occasions where he positively speaks of another person. Throughout the narrative, Holden claims everything around him as “depressing” or “phony”. Holden even goes on to say “The minute I went in, I was sort of sorry I'd come. It was pretty depressing. What made it even more depressing, old Spencer had on this very sad, ratty old bathrobe. ”. This repetitive use of negatively connotative words is used throughout, and shows readers his attitude in all aspects of life. Additionally, his use of everything being considered “phony” goes to show readers his mindset on the people around him. In the story when Holden explains Elkon Hills, it states “. I was surrounded by phonies. That's all. . . Mr. Haas, that was the phoniest bastard I ever met in my life. . . give them a phony smile. It drives me crazy. It makes me so depressed I go crazy”. This shows one that Holden has a judgemental view on everyone he comes across. This negative way of thinking was used by the author to show how Holden’s dark mindset shapes him as a character. Holden’s internal conflicts continuously contradict themselves. Throughout the story, he attempts to circumvent the realities of him soon having adult responsibilities by being an innocent child forever. Although he wants a pure lifestyle, he cusses and drinks on essentially every page. This concept leaves readers perplexed as to what style of living Holden truly wants.

These three structure-building elements, once together, practically create the whole story. Without these, Holden would be even harder to understand than he already is, and the true meaning of the story would be lost. In majority of the book, Holden has the belief that he can save everyone from impure lives and allow them to be innocent. In the story, he claims that he wants to be a “catcher in the rye” and save everyone. Later on, Holden soon comes to the realization that his perfect world truly just does not exist. He explain in the story, “The thing with kids is, if they want to grab for the gold ring, you just have to let them do it, and not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but its bad if you say anything to them,”. This shows readers that Holden’s point of view on saving everyone has changed, and he has grown to accept the fact that not everyone can be saved. The overall change in character of Holden can be seen as an overall relief to readers. His sudden realization of his unrealistic standards of needing to save everyone from the brink of breaking innocence is a sign of progression towards maturity. Him being able to understand that it is merely impossible to save everyone allows a broader understanding for him when it comes to reality. All things considered, when trying to understand the maturity change in Holden, one also needs to understand the reasoning behind the structure of the novel, thus tying both concepts together. The Catcher in the Rye is a complex story that, without the understanding of the hidden meaning behind concepts, would be impossible to decipher.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Case Study
All Americans are Extremely WealthySolutionIndians Only Eat Curry and Spicy Food
3. Solution

Introduction

Categorization and stereotyping have happened to most people and we are all guilty of doing it, whether it be on purpose or subconsciously. Categorization happens when we think of someone from a different culture or group versus another culture or group. When we categorize we tend not to think of people as individuals but lump them all together with their culture. That is how stereotyping happens and it can have a negative effect on being able to collaborate with other people from different backgrounds.

Case Study

I watched the movie Outsourced and part of the TV show Outsourced. The movie and TV show are about an American named Todd who moves to India to manage the call center for his company. The movie has a lot of stereotypes in it about Americans and Indians but shows how one can overcome the differences and come out a better more well-rounded person. The title “Outsourced” gives away to the struggles and adaptations that many faces when they expand their business’s globally.

All Americans are Extremely Wealthy

In the beginning of the TV show there is a part where Todd and Rajiv Gidwani, Todd's assistant manager, have just arrived at the call center office and Todd sees a cow hanging out by the window. He is taken a back and Rajiv says something along the lines of how Todd wouldn’t understand how sacred the cow is because Americans are so rich they eat hamburgers for “breakfast, lunch and dinner. ” Being from America, I can tell you with 100% certainty that this is not true. Many American’s are not in the top 1% of wealth. According to Bloomberg, “to be financially comfortable in America today requires an average of $1. 4 million…”. A very small percentage of people in America have that kind of wealth, therefore the categorization that “all Americans are rich” is false. This stereotype can lead to prejudices between Todd and his employees because they will automatically assume that Todd thinks he is better than them because he is “rich. ” This can lead to animosity between each other and a lack of trust between boss and employees.

Solution

The way to combat this categorization and its consequences is for Todd to bridge the gap between him and his employees. He needs to get them to see him as a person just like them and form trust between them. He can do this by using the process strategy of team building. By developing an opening for conversation, he can gain their trust. Todd should have lunch with his employees to have a more casual conversation. Todd can also focus more on a long-term relationship with his employees rather than short-term by individually getting to know them. By getting to know each of his employees he could establish trust and a better working relationship.

Indians Only Eat Curry and Spicy Food

This stereotype was prevalent in both the tv show and the movie. In the TV show, Todd is in the lunch cafeteria and looks disgusted at the food they’re offering. He eventually ends up going with the “green stuff. ” Another American in the cafeteria, who brought a peanut butter sandwich and a ham sandwich is talking to Todd and telling him he is going to regret eating that food because it will make him sick for 5 days. The other American tells Todd that he has his “normal food” shipped to him from America. In the movie, Outsourced, this stereotype is noticed when Todd’s boss calls Todd in to tell him that the company has outsourced to India. Todd goes into his boss’s office and says “Is this gonna take a while? I just ordered from ThaiGarden…” and Todd’s boss responds “So you like spicy food? That’s interesting…”. Todd’s boss is stereotyping India by assuming Todd will fit in there because he enjoys spicy food. The American who is getting peanut butter and jelly shipped to him from home is being close minded and close mindedness can lead to many missed opportunities and advances.

Solution

The solution to this stereotype is to embrace other culture and everything they have to offer. Don’t not try things because of stereotype you heard, you could end up really enjoying it. Being open minded means that you listen to others and actually care about what they have to say. That could really benefit Todd or someone who works with other cultures because everyone has a different way of doing things and to not be open to doing something differently is a disadvantage. You will never succeed if you aren’t open to new ideas and opportunities.

The theory of “othering” or alterity states that people attempt to define themselves not by who or what they are, but by who and what they are not. Defining oneself by means of othering, however, can be problematic as, by definition, doing so seems to limit organic individuality, only deriving meaning by establishing comparisons. In both Fight Club and Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, the main characters are searching for a kind of healing or catharsis, and both of them find such relief in investigating the “other” and how alterity plays a role in self-identification. However, both texts treat the “other” slightly differently: in Fight Club, alterity as a coping mechanism is rejected completely and the “other” is embraced as the self, turning the concept of the “other” into a necessary means to an end, whereas in Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, the “other” is something to be avoided entirely because it disallows individuality.

Edward Norton’s character in Fight Club, hereafter referred to as simply the narrator, is in search of relief from his numbed, consumer-driven life, finally finding such reprieve when he embraces the “other” he created for himself. In Tyler Durden, the narrator personifies everything he is not. As the narrator begins to discover that Tyler is not a real person but rather a manifestation of his desires, Tyler informs the narrator of his composition: “All the ways you wish you could be, that’s me. I look like you want to look. I fuck like you want to fuck. I am smart, I am capable. And, most importantly, I am free in all the ways that you are not” (01:48:45-57). The pronouns in this passage make its alterity all the more apparent—Tyler and the narrator are still considered to be separate personas as evidenced by the opposition of the “you’s” and “me’s.” The sentence structure here also implies some sort of balance between the narrator and Tyler, situating them as perfect opposites and prime candidates for alterity. Tyler claims to outdo the narrator in the arena of looks, love, and even freedom; for everything that Tyler does well, the narrator is tragically incompetent.

While Tyler might originally function as the narrator’s “other,” embodying everything that the narrator desires to be but is not, the film’s final scenes show the narrator embracing the “other” as himself. That is, the narrator commits the ultimate act of rebellion against the “other” by becoming the “other.” In the movie’s penultimate scene, the narrator sees Tyler holding a gun and says, “I can beat this. This isn’t even real. The gun isn’t even in your hand. It’s in my hand” (02:04:46-56). The narrator looks down and the gun that was once in Tyler’s hand appears in his own. As the narrator discovers how to synthesize himself with the character of Tyler, he defies all convention and, instead of contrasting himself with an “other,” he assumes the persona of Tyler. The scene continues as the narrator shoves a pistol into his mouth, to the protest of Tyler, who asks “Now why would you want to go and blow your head off?” The narrator answers as someone who has rejected alterity as a self-identification method and embraced the “other” as himself: “Not my head, Tyler. Our head” (02:07:12-19). By contrasting the pronouns “my” and “our,” the narrator is confirming that there is no longer a distinction between himself and Tyler, but rather that they are the same person. The narrator’s decision to pull the trigger can be read not as an attempt to eradicate the “other,” but as an attempt to synthesize himself with the persona of Tyler Durden. After all, Tyler drops to the floor with a bullet wound protruding from the back of his skull, while the narrator ends the movie with a definitive change in character, responding to the name “Mr. Durden” and adopting Tyler’s leadership role—a position he had vehemently resisted for the majority of the film. In identifying with and essentially becoming his self-made “other” by the film’s close Fight Club’s narrator completely rejects conventional notions of alterity and, instead, becomes that which he is not supposed to be.

In the context of Fight Club, the “other” then becomes something to overcome, an obstacle to true catharsis. While creating Tyler Durden as his “other” was a necessary action for the narrator, his objective by the end of the film is to combine his own persona with that of Tyler’s because each the narrator and Tyler in themselves only represent half of what the narrator needs to be. By reconciling himself with his “other,” the narrator becomes full-functioning and capable of showing emotion, as evidenced by him reaching out to Marla as the buildings of credit card companies collapse before them. The narrator was incapable of showing Marla true affection until he reconciled his persona with that of his alter ego, suggesting that overcoming the “other” makes one more whole.

Alterity plays a slightly different role in Jonathan Safran Foer’s novel Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close. Oskar, the nine-year old protagonist, is constantly battling with two “others” throughout the novel: his deceased father as well as his absent and mute grandfather. In an attempt to reclaim his own life and the possibility of a future after the untimely death of his father, Oskar resists the comparisons made to his father and grandfather because they are associated with abandonment and the past. Yet, time and time again, Oskar’s mother as well as his grandmother compare him to unavailable men:

“Mom?” “Yes?” “I doesn’t make me feel good when you say that something I do reminds you of Dad.” “Oh. I’m sorry. Do I do that a lot?” “You do it all the time.” “I can see why that wouldn’t feel good.” “And grandma always says that things I do remind her of Grandpa. It makes me feel weird, because they’re gone. And it also makes me feel unspecial.” (43)

The comparison to his father is painful for Oskar, making him feel “weird” and “unspecial,” though he does not actively seek to be unlike his father or his grandfather and, therefore, does not embrace the idea of the “other.” Instead, Oskar rejects alterity completely because he does not wish to define himself in relation to either his father or his grandfather. Rather Oskar tries to find catharsis by developing his identity unaffected by the influence of an outside comparison. Oskar, who is trying so fervently to push through the past into the future, finds the fact that he reminds others of the past not to be a source of solace, but rather of frustration and tension.

Oskar could rebel against this comparison, insisting he is not like his deceased father or his absent grandfather and, in doing so, invoking the identity of the “other.” However, he neither embraces nor rejects the comparison, but wants to define himself without the aid of alterity because with otherness comes expectations. Oskar’s main goal in the text is to overcome the tragedy that was his father’s death, and any type of comparison, whether it be one based in similarity or contrast, serves as a hindrance to his recovery. As Oskar roams the city searching for the “Black” that knew his father, he meets Ruth Black, who likens Oskar to her dead husband: “‘He loved the next thing that would change life. And he was always coming up with wonderful, crazy ideas. A bit like you,’ she said to me, which gave me heavy boots, because why couldn’t I remind people of me?” (252). Even though Ruth’s description of her husband is overwhelmingly positive, Oskar resists the comparison, feeling the proverbial “heavy boots” tugging at his feet. Being compared to other people establishes expectations—in comparing Oskar to her dead husband, Ruth Black inadvertently aligns Oskar to her husband in every way, disallowing his own individuality. The pressure of being like someone else is too much for Oskar; he simply wants his own identity, illustrated in his poignant question, “why couldn’t I remind people of me?” Oskar wants to rely on himself and himself alone for his identity; comparisons to other people simply hinder his own self-discovery because they establish precedents that he is uncomfortable or unwilling to satisfy.

The “other,” in Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, then, occupies a far more threatening position than it does in Fight Club. In order to achieve some sort of catharsis and secure a sense of individuality, Oskar must reject alterity completely and develop organically. Comparisons to his father and grandfather establish a precedent that Oskar resents, since both men abandoned their family in some way. Instead of defying the comparison to others and embracing alterity—instead of defining who he is by proving who he is not—Oskar resists the entire concept of alterity, preferring his identity to be a self-administered and self-contained development. Whereas in Fight Club the “other” and the self synthesized into one, Oskar views the “other” as a threat to his individuality and resists comparison in order to avoid any type of derived or contrived identity.

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Utilizing the “other” as a form of literary identification is both embraced and undermined in the texts Fight Club and Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close. Both texts explore concepts of identity and what, exactly, constitutes the individual and while they both arrive at different conclusions about the utility and purpose of the “other,” they recognize the complexity of identity and create within their respective frameworks the opportunity for alterity to affect catharsis in some way. Whether that effect is positive or negative seems to depend almost wholly on the character and how they view the development of their own identity.

"Sexuality with all its attendant yearnings and pains, jealousies and taboos, is the most disturbing impulse humans have" (Steinbeck 75). To Cathy Ames, a seductively charismatic sociopath, sexuality and the vulnerability that accompanies it is the biggest downfall of humans. She discovers the key to controlling anyone is through such impulses. At age ten she takes advantage of two boys through their sexuality, and then proceeds to frame them to get what she wants. This behavior continues for the rest of her life, as she spends most of it at various whorehouses manipulating the owners until it is clear that she is the one who truly runs the establishment. Cathy feels so comfortable at a whorehouse, a place where she controls people through their sexuality, because she herself possesses no weakness to such impulses, and therefore uses everyone else's vulnerability to gain control.

At a young age, Cathy Ames realizes the power she has over other people through their sexuality, and how she can use such a vulnerability to take advantage of them. The first example of this behavior is when she tricks two young boys at the age of ten. While looking for her daughter, Cathy's mother hears giggling coming from the carriage house. Upon walking in, she saw that "Cathy lay on the floor, her skirts pulled up. She was naked to the waist, and beside her two boys about fourteen were kneeling" and "Cathy's wrists were tied with a heavy rope" (Steinbeck 76). Cathy's mother is horrified; but the reader knows this incident is clearly Cathy's doing. When the families have a meeting regarding what happened, the boys have a defense that seems ridiculous: "Cathy, they said, had started the whole thing, and they had each given her five cents. They had not tied her hands. They said they remembered that she was playing with a rope" (Steinbeck 77). To this defense Cathy's father responds, "Do they really mean to say she tied her own hands? A ten-year-old child?" (Steinbeck 77). Mr. Ames' inquiry serves as a rhetorical question to the reader, underscoring the irony of the situation. He asks this question, of course, to make such a notion sound completely foolish. The reader has better insight into Cathy's personality than her father does, however, and knows that Cathy likely manipulated and framed the boys by using her newly discovered sexuality. Cathy's reasoning for doing such a thing becomes apparent in the tone Steinbeck takes towards her character: he believes she is pure evil and everything she does is solely to benefit herself. To Cathy, this event served as an experiment. The reader is unaware of exactly what Cathy says to the boys, but it is obvious that she wanted her way with them and knew how to get it. From a young age she knows that she is able to control people, but uses this event, and people's reactions to it, to judge exactly how far she can take things. When the boys get "whipped to raw cuts" and Cathy gets attention and sympathy, it becomes clear to her—as well as the reader—precisely how much power she has, and how dangerous it will become in the future (Steinbeck 77).

As an adult, Cathy first takes advantage of Mr. Edwards, a married man whose livelihood comes from owning a brothel. From the day she meets him, Cathy plans to get whatever she wants from him then proceeds to achieve this goal by using her mock innocence and feminine lure to make him fall in love with her: "He rented a sweet little brick house for her and then gave it to her. He bought her every imaginable luxury, overdecorated the house, kept it overwarm. The carpeting was too deep and the walls were crowded with heavy framed pictures" (Steinbeck 93). Cathy has once again used her seductive mystique to gain control of the situation. She maintains that control in the bedroom: “She convinced him that the result was not quite satisfactory to her, that if he were a better man he could release a flood of unbelievable reaction in her. Her method was to keep him continually off balance . . . And when she sensed the near approach of insane, punishing rage, she sat in his lap and soothed him and made him believe for a moment in her innocence. She could convince him” (Steinbeck 94). Steinbeck makes it clear that Cathy knows exactly what she is doing and how far she will go to control a man so "hopelessly, miserably in love" with her (Steinbeck 93).

The more "off balance" Mr. Edwards becomes, the more stable Cathy becomes and this stability leads to control. As long as she remains unobtainable, she holds this control. According to Sherry Argov, author of Why Men Love Bitches: “A woman is perceived as offering a mental challenge to the degree that a man doesn't feel he has a 100 percent hold on her . . . She's available sometimes; other times she's not. But she's nice. Nice enough, that is, to consider his preferences for when he'd like to see her so that she can sometimes accommodate them. Translation? No 100 percent hold” (5). Cathy Ames does just this to Mr. Edwards to secure her place being in control of their relationship: "She gave him an impression of restlessness, as though she might take flight at any moment. When she knew he was going to visit her, she made it a point to be out and to come in glowing as from some incredible experience" (Steinbeck 94). Cathy realizes that each time she does something like this, it never completely satisfies Mr. Edwards and he falls more in love with her because she is so elusive. As he becomes more smitten, he becomes equally as submissive, losing all his dignity. Cathy knows exactly what to say to put Mr. Edwards in this state. For example, "When she would return in the late afternoon and find him waiting for her she would explain, 'Why, I was shopping. I have to go shopping, you know.' And she made it sound like a lie" (Steinbeck 94). Cathy's sexuality and seductive lure put her in control of any situation, and give her power over anyone.

The second brothel owner Cathy takes advantage of is Faye, a woman in her sixties who also falls under the spell of Kate, the new name Cathy assumes when she starts working at Faye's. Like Mr. Edwards, Faye finds herself seduced by Kate's sweet and unassuming nature: "Faye, the essence of motherness, began to think of Kate as her daughter. She felt this in her breast and in her emotions, and her natural morality took hold. She did not want her daughter to be a whore. It was a perfectly reasonable sequence" (Steinbeck 223). Kate essentially seduces Faye into treating her much better than she treats the other girls at the house. Faye is happy to take Kate under her wing because Kate knows, like she did with Mr. Edwards and the two boys in the carriage house, exactly what to say to come off as innocent and loveable and therefore get what she wants. When Faye asks about Kate's choice to dye her hair from blonde to black, Kate is "very clever. She [tells] the best lie of all–the truth" (Steinbeck 226). By mixing truth in amongst all her lies, Kate makes everything sound believable, and therefore no one doubts anything she says. When she has everyone's trust in a way this powerful, she can get whatever she wants. What Kate wants out of Faye is her fortune, as Faye has accumulated much wealth from being the owner of a successful brothel for many years. As soon as Faye declares Kate as her daughter and writes her into her will, Kate begins scheming and planning Faye's death. She poisons her slowly over time and simply blames it on an illness. She never raises suspicion because she is so careful in her planning: "At first they had to tie Kate down to keep her from hurting herself. From violence she went into a gloomy stupor. It was a long time before she regained her health. And she forgot completely about the will. It was Trixie who finally remembered" (Steinbeck 251). Kate's false front makes the girls think that she is sincerely devastated by Faye's death, when in actuality, she was the one who killed her in order to inherit Faye's money and title. Kate's ruthless seduction and then careful planning help her take over the whorehouse and inherit the owner's six-digit fortune.

Cathy Ames, or Kate, as she becomes known later, is by far the most manipulative, conniving, and cunning character in East of Eden. She uses her sexuality to control anyone she chooses and to get what she wants from that person. As a child, she frames two young boys when first discovering the power of her sexuality. Later, as an adult, she seduces two brothel owners and achieves overwhelming control over both of them, resulting in the inheritance of a large fortune from one of them. Because she is a sociopath with no real conscience, Cathy is able to live the greater part of her adult life in control of any situation through her scheming manipulation of sexuality. As the two boys and Mr. Edwards learn, that manipulation is dangerous. In Faye's case, it is deadly.

Works Cited

Argov, Sherry. Why Men Love Bitches. Avon: Adams Media, 2004.

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Steinbeck, John. East of Eden. New York: Penguin Books, 1992.

“A dog is man’s best friend.” That common saying may contain some truth, but dogs are not the only animal friend whose companionship people enjoy. For many people, a cat is their best friend. Despite what dog lovers may believe, cats make excellent house pets as they are good companions, they are civilized members of the household, and they are easy to care for.

In the first place, people enjoy the companionship of cats. Many cats are affectionate. They will snuggle up and ask to be petted, or scratched under the skin. Who can resist a purring cat? If they’re not feeling affectionate, cats are generally quite playful. They love to chase balls and feathers, or just about anything dangling from a string. They especially enjoy playing when their owners are participating in the game. Contrary to popular opinion, cats can be trained. Using rewards and punishments, just like with a dog, a cat can be trained to avoid unwanted behavior or perform tricks. Cats will even fetch!

In the second place, cats are civilized members of the household. Unlike dogs, cats do not bark or make other loud noises. Most cats don’t even meow very often. They generally lead a quiet existence. Cats also don’t often have “accidents.” Mother cats train their kittens to use the litter box, and most cats will use it without fail from that time on. Even stray cats usually understand the concept when shown the box and will use it regularly. Cats do have claws, and owners must make provision for this. A tall scratching post in a favorite cat area of the house will often keep the cat content to leave the furniture alone. As a last resort, of course, cats can be declawed.

Lastly, one of the most attractive features of cats as house pets is their ease of care. Cats do not have to be walked. They get plenty of exercise in their house as they play, and they do their business in the litter box. Cleaning a litter box is a quick, painless procedure. Cats also take care of their own grooming. Bathing a cat is almost never necessary because under ordinary circumstances cats clean themselves. Cats are more particular about personal cleanliness than people are. In addition, cats can be left home alone for a few hours without fear. Unlike some pets, most cats will not destroy the furnishings when left alone. They are content to go about their usual activities until their owners return.

Cats are low maintenance, civilized companions. People who have small living quarters or less time for pet care should appreciate these characteristics of cats. However, many people who have plenty of space and time still opt to have a cat because they love the cat personality. In many ways, cats are ideal housepets.

Table of contents

1. Violent games
2. Bullying
3. Resources:

We all can agree that gun violence is one of the most talked about topics nowadays. We also discuss the many methods to stop gun violence, but yet we have not found the solution, and every year the number of death within gun violence keeps increasing. We decide the future of the kids and teenagers, we either start a solution now or keep gun violence growing day by day. There are many methods that we could use, but we also have the resolution by showing and teaching our kids a better way of living. Here are a couple of ways that we could

Violent games

Not everybody will agree that violent video games are one of the reasons we have so much violence and deaths. I can assure you that anything that children see they will take that into action one great example of that is Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment where 72 children are separated into 3 different groups. The groups are divided into 12 boys, and 12 girls, and in one group they are shown being aggressive to the Bobo Doll even beating the doll with a hammer the other group is shown where the Bobo Doll is being ignored, and kids are playing with other toys. After the kids have seen the female or male done the action they are then put into the same room, and they act as to what they have seen, that's when they realized that kids will imitate what the person showed them. Here's a video showing the Albert Experiment. Unfortunately, violent games are the same way, kids will later put what they saw into action, but that not always the case. Not every child will become violent or act violently with a gun, but there many cases that teenagers reach a depression stage, and eventually the end up doing violent acts. Video games with violence should NOT be shown to kids. Especially if they are suffering at home or if they are suffering from any kind of mental problem.

Bullying

Often kids who are being bullied begin to grow hate against, their classmates causing them to do things such as shootings in schools. As of today kids and, teenagers can load a gun easily and even be able to have a gun. Jenny Park said that students who are cyberbullied through social media or email who three times more likely to access a loaded gun without adult permission, also fifteen percent of those who experienced both types of bullying reported access to a gun.

Overall violence is not something somebody is born with, its either build-up or something that is learned. With our actions, we bring out the good or bad out of somebody. We need to be checking on how our teens are feeling, what are their thoughts because we can never know what is their next step. Even if is for a new change or the death of somebody else or even themselves we should always be able to communicate with them.

Resources:

1. McLeod, Saul. 'Bobo Doll Experiment' SimplyPsychology 2014 https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html
2. Park, Jenny. 'Increased gun violence risk among bullied students' The Nation's Health September 2017 http://thenationshealth.aphapublications.org/content/47/7/E32  

Table of contents

1. Racism: cause and effect essay
2. Racism in Born A Crime
3. Conclusion
4. Works Cited

Racism: cause and effect essay

What is racism? Racism can be defined as where one ethnic race views another as inferior, for they are seen as outcasts due to a different skin color (adl. org). Racism can date all the way back when society were being formed. The international markets oust to participate in slave trade in the developmental era which has been the root of racism in the world. There are many stories of individuals going through the struggles of racism in their lives, but no of those individuals capture the moment quite like Trevor Noah in his book Born A Crime. His story talks about his struggles of being born mixed, which means having both parents being form two different ethnicities, in a South American society that did not condone that type of child. To discuss causes and effects of racism, this essay analyzes Trevor Noah’s book, Born A Crime, and the depiction of racism in it.

Racism in Born A Crime

Racism does not just magickly come into existence, for every action has a reaction. One of the main causes of racism is stereotyping. What is racial stereotyping? It is where an individual judge another individual character, moral, and actions based on what they look like without actually meeting the person. For example, in Born A Crime, Trevor Noah talks about a moment where he stole a car from a junkyard to go to look for discounted cell phones (Noah, 229). He did not break the law, but he describes the police by stating, “Cops in South Africa don’t give you a reason when they pull you over. They pull you over because they’re cops and they have the power to pull you over; it’s as simple as that” (Noah,229).

The officer then asks, “Do you know why I pulled you over? ” (Noah, 229).

Trevor Noah replies, “Because you’re a policeman and I’m a black person? ” (Noah,229)

The officer then says, “That’s correct. License and registration, please” (Noah 229). Trevor Noah even wanted to call out the officer for racial stereotyping, but he knew it would not get him out of trouble which is where the humor of this book shines the most (Noah,229). Stereotyping is dangerous mentality to have, for it leads to taking away an individual’s identity just by first glance instead on judging them by their personality. One of the consequences of stereotyping is mostly seen in the criminal justice system, for certain ethnic groups are reduced to a single reputation which in no case represents each unique individual. German Lopez did a study on the consequences of this behavior in the criminal justice system of America. He had many great examples of how dangerous serotyping can be. For example, he writes, “In Baltimore, a September 2014 report by the Baltimore Sun’s Mark Puente found that the city had paid about $5. 7 million since 2011 to more than 100 people — most of whom were black — who claimed that officers had beaten them. Vox’s Ezra Klein explained some of the deplorable allegations after Freddie Gray died of a fatal spinal cord injury that he suffered while in police custody” (Lopez). This is a clear indicator that those who work in the criminal justice department have a stereotype for certain ethic groups which, as one can conclude, determines how an individual is treated. However, this is not the cause and consequence event that can be found in Trevor Noah’s book Born A Crime.

The worst emotion an individual can feel is fear. Individuals do all they can do to live their life without fear, buy fear is an aspect of the mind that no one can escape. How does this factor into racism? Individuals fear what is different of their own character. For example, university phycologist Elizabeth Phelps did a study on how fear interacts with race (Balter). They tested individuals on the way the brain reacts to pictures of different ethnic groups (Balter). Michael Balter concluded Phelps’s findings by stating, “Phelps’s team concluded that racial bias was linked to a deep-seated fear of people perceived as members of a different social group, a connection that some researchers had suspected but for which solid data was lacking” (Balter). This fear of being different can be seen from the birth of Trevor Noah in Born A Crime. For example, Trevor Noah talks how about it was one of the worst crimes to have intimate relations with a mixed race in South Africa (Noah, 21). This is a perfect example of what can happen when fear drives one race into forcing all other races to stay in their segregated position. Trevor Noah then describes how serious the crimes are. He talks about how the government of South Africa made all races register their ethnicity in order to keep them separate (Noah, 22). Trevor Noah elaborates on the weight of the consequences on how certain races could not mix or leave their designated living zones by stating, “The government went to insane lengths to try to enforce these new laws. The penalty for breaking them was five years in prison” (Noah,21). He could not even call his own dad “Dad”, for it would cause the police to ask questions about his illegal birth (Noah, 104). This fear of the what is foreign has many consequences, but one of the consequences that can be found in Born A Crime is economic equality. Trevor Noah describes a time in his life where him and his family were so poor that they had caterpillars for dinner (Noah, 260). Race is not the only cause for economic equality, but it certainly plays a major role. Other researchers also find that in America some ethnic groups start out having a slim to no chance of escaping poverty. For example, Raj Chetty talks about the statistics behind economic equality. Chetty states, “American Indian and black children have much higher rates of downward mobility than other groups …

By contrast, white children born in the top quintile are nearly five times as likely to stay there as they are to fall to the bottom” (Chetty). Economic Equality collides heavily with race because it is buried in the fear of being different that certain ethnic groups want to keep other groups under their thumb so to speak. However, economic equality is not the only consequence that comes from racism. Social environment teachings have such a deep impact on how other individuals treat others. Paulette Parker writes an article addressing why this is true. She quotes David Kirk, who did a study on Americans mindsets in different locations, stating, “Where you live profoundly shapes who you are. “They fear that when poor people move next door crime, drugs, blight, bad public schools and higher taxes inevitably follow. They worry that the value of their homes will fall and the image of their town will suffer. It does not help that the poor are disproportionately black and Latino…I would go as far as to argue that what is truly American is not so much the individual but neighborhood inequality” (Parker). This study means that if an individual grows up in community that only likes mayonnaise on their sandwiches then that individual will know nothing of what a sandwich tastes like without mayonnaise. As a result, this individual will dichromate those who do not like mayonnaise.

One can see this in Born A Crime where Trevor Noah, being a mixed kid, talks about how he did not fit in with any white or black community (Noah, 120). He talks where he lived being confusing because the community was made of colored people because other ethnic groups did not claim them, so they were seen as outcasts of the outcasts (Noah, 119). This made Trevor Noah deeply confused cause he could not figure out where he belonged on the social latter. His environment teachings were to stay with his own kind. One can see this in where Trevor Noah states, “For centuries colored people were told: Blacks are monkeys. Don’t swing from the trees like them. Learn to walk upright like the white man” (Noah, 120). These teachings can be dangerous because, in Trevor Noah’s case, can lead to further segregation of other ethnicities. The consequence of social environment teachings goes hand and hand with the housing of those ethnic groups. Housing issues happen solely when social teachings teach individuals where they should belong. An editorial board at The New York Times did a piece on this issue that outline the disadvantages of keeping groups separate. They state, “African-Americans were essentially shut out of early federal programs that promoted homeownership and financial well-being…

This missed opportunity to amass wealth that white Americans took for granted is evident to this day in a yawning black-white wealth gap and in worse health, living conditions and educational opportunities for African-Americans” (Editorial Board). Ilyce Glink also did a study on how race factors into the housing market. She states, “In nearly all cases, whether renting or buying, minorities were told about and shown fewer properties than white people. Blacks were told about and shown about 17 percent fewer homes than whites, while Asians were told about 15. 5 percent fewer homes and shown nearly 19 percent fewer properties… rental agents don’t allow minorities to hear about or see all properties available to them, they may wind up assigning their kids to worse schools, reducing their overall safety and limiting their job opportunities (Glink). She outlines the fact that numbers do not lie when it comes to housing is connecting directly to housing. The impact that housing can have on racial issues is so vital to the push of segregation.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, Trevor Noah’s book contains many stories showcasing the causes and consequences of racism. First, this book shows how serotyping leads to misjustice in the criminal justice system. The situation could have been different if Trevor Noah was white, for the officer might have not even pulled him over. Second, Trevor Noah highlights to his audience how the fear of different people leads to more racism which in turn can lead to economic inequality. Third, Trevor Noah talks about where he grew up, and his social environmental teachings of “black people” which shaped his outlook on “black people” at an early age. These teachings led to thinking that it was normal to be housed separately because he thought “he did not belong” with other races. All in all, in Born A Crime, one can see many causes and consequences of racism; however, the main causes are stereotyping, fear of difference, and social environment teachings, but all causes have consequences such as criminal justice, economic equality, and housing which are all contained in this book.

Works Cited

1. Adl.org. (n.d.). Racism. Retrieved from https://www.adl.org/racism
2. Balter, M. (n.d.). Fear of Different Social Groups Linked to Racial Bias. Scientific American.
3. Chetty, R. (n.d.). Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective. Stanford University.
4. Editorial Board. (n.d.). How Racism Affects Housing. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/opinion/editorials/racism-housing-segregation.html
5. Glink, I. (n.d.). Racial Discrimination and Housing: What You Need to Know. ThinkGlink.
6. Lopez, G. (n.d.). Racism in America: Small Study, Big Results. Vox.
7. Noah, T. (2016). Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood. Spiegel & Grau.
8. Parker, P. (n.d.). Neighborhood Inequality: Where You Live Affects Who You Are. Perspectives on Psychological Science. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259264116_Neighborhood_Inequality_Where_You_Live_Affects_Who_You_Are
9. Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W. A., Funayama, E. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(5), 729-738.
10. Trebilcock, A., & Gould, J. (2019). Racism, Education, and the State: The Racial Achievement Gap in America. Routledge.

Table of contents

1. Defination:
2. How It Happens:
3. Cause:
4. Efeect:
Ways to Overcome:Example:

Defination:

Precipitation or rain with a high concentration of acids produced by, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other such gases which result from the combustion of fossil fuels. This has a destructive effect on buildings, aquatic life, and plant.

Certain pollutants in the air made the rain acidic and now the rain is called acid rain. Acid rain is a type of acid deposition. It can appear in many forms. Rain, fog, snow, or sleet which is wet deposition that has become more acidic than normal. Another form of acid deposition, is dry deposition. This is when dust particle and gaseous become acidic. Sometimes for very long distances, both dry and wet deposition can be carried by the wind. Acid deposition in dry and wet forms falls on tress, cars, and buildings can make lakes acidic. People can inhale acid deposition in dry form and this can cause health problems in some people.

How It Happens:

Due to the dissolution of carbon dioxide forming weak carbonic acid, rain is naturally acidic. Rain that has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than about 10-5 M is referred as acid rain. Due to the dissolution of acidic oxides in the atmosphere, acid rain occurs. Geothermal hot springs, industrial processes and volcanoes produce sulphur dioxide by metal extraction from sulphide ores and burning fossil fuels such as brown coal.

Nitrogen dioxide is the other major acidic oxide that contributes to the formation of acid rain. In high localised temperatures, nitric oxide is formed. To produce nitrogen dioxide, lightning strikes and naturally reacts in the atmosphere. In the high temperatures of combustion chambers of power stations and motor vehicles, nitrogen dioxide is also produced.

Formation of Nitrogen Dioxide: N2(g) + 2O2(g) -> 2NO2(g)

Both nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide are acidic oxides and react with water to form acids.

Sulphurous acid is formed by sulphur dioxide reacting with water.

SO2(g) + H2O(l) -> H2SO3(aq)

The reaction between sulphurous acid and oxygen to form sulfuric acid is catalyse by the substances in the upper atmosphere.

2H2SO3(aq) + O2(g) -> 2H2SO4(aq)

To form a mixture of nitric acid and nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water.

2NO2(g) + H2O(l) -> HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)

The reaction between nitrous acid and oxygen is catalyst by the substances in the atmosphere causing the formation of more nitric acid.

2HNO2(aq) + O2(g) -> 2HNO3(aq)

Both nitric acid and sulfuric acid are soluble in water. They are the major acids present in acid rain. These strong acids are also brought to the surface as this forms and falls onto the Earth’s surface, causing harmful effects on the built and the natural environment.

Cause:

1. 1. Human activities

Chemical gas emissions such as nitrogen and sulphur which are leaded by human activities are the primary contributors to acid rain. The activities include air pollution sources emitting nitrogen and sulphur gases like automobiles, power generation facilities, and factories. The biggest contributor to gaseous emissions leading to acid rain is in particular, use of coal for electrical power generation. High scores of gaseous emissions on daily basis into the air also release by factories and automobiles especially in highly industrialized areas and urban regions with large amount of car traffic. To form various acidic compounds such as nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, and sulfuric acid, these gases react in the atmosphere with oxygen, water, and other chemicals. These areas experience exceedingly high amounts of acid rain, as a result. These acidic compounds are blow by existing wind over large areas across borders. Then they will fall back to the ground in other form of precipitation or of acid rain. it flows across the surface, absorbs into the soil and enters into rivers and lakes and finally gets mixed up with sea water, upon reaching the surface of earth. Primarily gases occurring from electric power generation such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) are responsible for acid rain.

1. 1. Natural sources:

Volcanic emissions is the major natural causal agent for acid rain. To create higher than normal amounts of acid rain or any other form of precipitation such as snow and fog to an extent of affecting health of residents and vegetation cover within the surrounding is caused by acid producing gases is emitted by volcanoes. The acid rain forming gases is also generated by biological processes within the environment, wildfires and decaying vegetation. A typical example of a major biological contributor to sulphur containing elements into the atmosphere is dimethyl sulphide. Lighting strikes also naturally produces nitric oxides. It reacts with water molecules by electrical activity to produce nitric acid. This will form acid rain.

Efeect:

1. 1. Damages building and objects:

Acid rain can also have a damaging effect on many objects, including cars, monuments statues and buildings. Paint begins to peel of and stone statues to begin to appear old and worn down, which reduces their beauty and value because of the chemicals found in acid rain.

1. 1. Effect on Soil:

Soil biology and chemistry is highly impacts by acid rain. Due to the effects of acid rain, biological activity and soil microbes as well as soil chemical compositions such as soil pH are damaged or reversed. For the continuity of biological activity, the soil needs to maintain an optimum pH level. Higher soil pH, which damages or reverses soil chemical and biological activities when acid rains seep into the soil. Hence, soil microorganisms that are sensitive that cannot adapt to changes in pH will be killed. enzymes for the soil microbes are denatured by high soil acidity. Nutrients and vital minerals such as magnesium and calcium are leach away by hydrogen ions of acid rain.

1. 1. Harms forests:

Forests can be extremely harmed by acid rain. Acid rain that enters the ground can dissolve nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium that is need by tress to be healthy. Aluminium is being released into the soil which is caused by acid rain. This make it very difficult for the trees to take up water. Trees such as fir trees or spruce that are located in mountainous regions at higher elevations are at greater risk because they are exposed to acidic fog and clouds, which contain greater amounts of acid than rain or snow. important nutrients from their leaves and needles are strip by the acidic fog and clouds. This loss of nutrients makes it easier for infections, insects, and cold weather to damage trees and forests.

1. 1. Public Health:

Nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide gases when in atmosphere, their particulate matter derivatives like nitrates and sulphates, degrades visibility. This can cause accidents, leading to injuries and deaths. Acid rain does not directly affect human health. This is because acid rain water is very dilute to cause serious health problems. However, also known as gaseous particulates in the air, the dry depositions which in this case are nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide can cause serious health problems when inhaled. lung and heart problems such as bronchitis and asthma can be caused by intensified level of acid deposition in dry form in the air.

Ways to Overcome:

1. 1. Cleaning up exhaust pipes and smokestacks:

Major sources of the pollutants that cause acid rain are trucks and cars. Only one car doesn’t produce much pollution but all cars on the road added together create lots of pollution. Therefore, car manufacturers are required to reduce the amount of other pollutants and nitrogen oxides released by new cars. Catalytic converter is a type of technology used in cars. To reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides released by cars this piece of equipment has been used for over 20 years. Cleaner fuels, such as natural gas can also be used by new cars.

1. 1. Use alternative energy sources:

There is a wide range of alternative energy sources, besides fossil fuels that can generate electrical power. These include nuclear power, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy, and wind energy. Instead of using fossil fuels, harnessing these energy sources can offer effective electrical power alternatives. Batteries, natural gas, and fuel cells also substitute use of fossil fuel as cleaner energy sources. All energy sources have economic costs and environmental as well as benefits, as of today. Using sustainable energy that can protect the future is the only solution.

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1. 1. Individuals:

By conserving energy, individuals can also help prevent acid rain. fewer chemicals power plants will emit if less electricity people use in their homes. Vehicles are also major fossil fuel users. By using public transportation, simply walking wherever possible, biking, or carpooling, drivers can reduce emissions.

Example:

1. The growth rate of spruce trees in the Green Mountains of Vermont declined by 50% between 1963 and 1973 due to acid rain.
2. Photos taken approximately 60 years apart show evidence of rapid deterioration due to acid rain. (refer appendix 20)

Essay about drug abuse: causes and effects

The cause of drug abuse is generally the psychoactive drug used for a variety of different reasons, why is such as big effect from drug abuse? The reason include the pressure from job, the curiosity from younger age, in particular the use of prescription drugs in children and young people in schools, with the original aim of reducing pain, but turned out became a recreational use to make fun and become an addictive chemical, I heard that the drugs are used as part of a religious custom or an entertainment purpose as a means of obtaining creative inspiration in some country such as “Falun gong” in China, these religious members are hard to find out and hard to wipe off, just like the warms stick to our bones in the society. Show-off is also one of the top reason to kids, in our rap songs, we can easily and simply find out the lyric talk about drugs, such as “Smoke weed get drunk”, “young ni*** move that dope”, “where’s Ali with the mother***** dope, I be balling”, and else. When the innocent kids not getting educated, they will have a different perspective that he looks cool and rich by the using of drugs.

The effect of drug abuse on health, diseases will be friendly appear in both short-and long-term use of drugs effect to out body health. The general health of the person is depending on how often and how much the use the drugs. The impact from drug abuse. They can affect almost every organ in the human body. Smoke cigarette cause lung cancer is known universally.

There are a few ways a person can take the drugs, injections, inhalation and ingestion. Injection is when drug addicts who use needles to shoot the drugs in to blood stream, this way of consuming drug is on a high risk to contract HIV and hepatitis B and C infections, such as the use of ice and methamphetamine, the needle is expensive to be one time use, so HIV virus is easily spread out when people sharing needles, sharing is not carrying at the point. Inhalation is when the drug goes in through you nose to your lung such as when you do snort cocaine and smoke weed get drunk, this will cause lot of respiratory passage problems and lung diseases. Ingestion is when the dopes got digest in your stomach, such as ecstasy and other drugs in pill form.

The side effects of drug addiction include:

1. A reduced and weakened immune system, the chance of illness and infection got increased.
2. Heart attacks from abnormal heart rates, collapsed veins and blood vessel infections from injected drugs.
3. Nausea and abdominal pain can also cause changes in appetite and weight loss.
4. Increased strain on the liver, this will expose this person to the risk of serious liver injury or liver failure.
5. Seizures, stroke, mental confusion and brain damage.
6. Lung disease.
7. Problems with memory, attention and decision making, which make daily life more difficult.
8. Global effects of drugs on the body, such as breast development in men and increases in body temperature, which can lead to other health problems.

The drug abuse and addiction have so many ways to affect the family, harmful substances have destructive effects on users, and many people may not consider how other people’s addiction directly involved affect the family. Spouses, children and parents who witness the struggle against addiction by family members can suffer emotional injury, as well as economic, legal, medical and other consequences.

The effects of drug and alcohol addiction to a family can be both short-term and long-term. Peaceful, loving homes can be divided by the strain caused by drug and alcohol abuse. Conflict becomes normal as family members fight to engage in a son or daughter who abuses heroin, for example. Trust begins to erode. Relatives may become more guarded if a relative abusing illicit substances acts with aggression or hides their disorder in secrecy. Marriages can end due to changes caused by addiction. Communication becomes more difficult, highlighting frustration. Family members see their relative endure side effects of drugs or fly into rages when under the influence of alcohol. Others may see their family member lose weight rapidly, becoming unrecognizable. Some may not hear from a loved one for an extended period of time, only to discover they are living on the street or have overdosed. Such shock can cause a relative to endure severe trauma or develop unhealthy coping mechanisms like codependent behaviors in response.

The worst thing is the mirroring ability that the kids have, in younger age, the kids have strong ability to copy your vocals and movements, if children born and raised in a drug abuse family, the use of drug will have a normal and maybe positive image in kid’s brain: dad is always so happy after he do this and use needles, I want to try it someday. Instead of learning the dangerous of the drug can do to your nerves to your body, the kid grow up in a wrong environment will lead the kid interact with more illegal tasks when he grows up.

In a common family the most drag abuse that people addict to are cigarettes and alcohol. In our island American Samoa, the price of cigarettes is $9.5 for one box, and the price of alcohol is $2 or $2.5 for each bottle, one case of alcohol are usually $20, my family own a store and I noticed that there are lots of people rather eat fast bowl noodle to have enough money for cigarette and alcohol drinks. In my village there are two bad father that drink everyday after work instead of take care of their children.

There is a case of a teenager been a drug addict, thief, since 10 years old and he’s being caught by police at 12. His name is protected by the government under the youth policy, when he was 4, his parents under arrest by selling and consuming drugs, he is the only one left in the family, so the parents send him to a temple and wish him to be good. It didn’t goes well, at the age of 10, he start to inject diamorphine like his parents with the most dangerous way: inject to the main artery. At the age of 12, the kids supposed to be studying in school but he went in the isolate room under the treatment to quit drug. Without the care and good lessons from parents, he has no ability to know what is right or wrong, his friend with drug addicted adults that have no stable job, play boys and sells drug. In the treatment room, he told the reporter his two dreams are to go to school and be like a kid. Recording to the data collected from China in 2018, there are around 10000 drug user under the age of 18 in China, this kid is just one of them.

There are five causes that lead kids into a wrong path:

1. Family influence.
2. Curious.
3. Show off they are rich.
4. Wrong friend making.
5. Innocent of the dangerous of drug.

Family influence plays a big part, most of the young drug users in the family are in an environment where the family is not harmonious, and is in the way of drug use. There is no warm, loving family, not a parent’s divorce, that is, the long-term no-side education, the child has not enjoyed the family’s love at all. The adverse effect of family is an important cause of drug use in adolescents. Young people in family members who are addicted to drugs are more likely to be exposed to drugs than those in the family who do not use drugs. Some of the family’s parents are divorced or go out for a long time, and the children do not have normal education; some families with good economic conditions, parents overindulge their children, and unconditionally meet the material requirements of the children, so that the children have sufficient material conditions to find the stimulation of drugs and so on, It may be the cause of drug addiction among young people this is what I’m talking about ‘showoff’.

The influence to the society, as we know the weed which is the marijuana already legal in United States. By the influence of this drug, it created more jobs and raise the income of the government. People whom smoke weed said it is just smoke tree leafs, nothing bad at all, that is not the truth. The use of weed will not only harm the single user, it can become a risk to society. In a study done by 129 college students (drugfreeworld) , the people who smoked the drug at least 27 of the 30 days before be surveyed, some critical skills such as attention, memory, learning were seriously diminished. Imagining a student whom move the dope, do you think he can still do his work in class? Also he has to have money to buy them, if he don’t have money but he still wants to smoke weed, what do you think he will do, steal or maybe make more troubles.

I found news from Mexico, in local time October 30th the government shows the video of capturing Ovidio Guzman, he is the son of a Fentanyl drug gangster master Joaquin

Guzman Loera. Later on, the gangster members start a riot which drag the whole downtown into a gun fight, during the chaos, 8 people died and 21 injuries, the government released Ovidio Guzman under the pressure. The president of Mexico, Andres Manuel Lopez had a explaining speech, he said the arrest of one criminal does not deserve and worth other people’s death, they do not want to fire guns with the gang. I was so confused how weak the Mexico government is. Nowadays a governor release news that the America is behind this chaos, the purpose is the business of Fentanyl.

Fentanyl is one of the the opioids that can play an analegesic role. The analgesic effect of opioids is 50 times stronger than that of heroin and 100 times stronger than that of morphine. It has strong analgesic effect and little side effects. It is still a good medicine in anesthesia and pain treatment. However, it has the same or more exciting and illusory effects, and abuse of Fentanyl can lead to addiction.

Fentanyl Drug abuse has always been a ‘heart disease’ in American society. A report by the National Institute of Drug abuse tells that earlier this year pointed out that 130 Americans die every day from drug abuse, including prescription painkillers, synthetic drugs such as morphine and fentanyl. The Center for Disease Control reported that in 2017, the U.S. has reached 27299 cases of the fatal abuse of fentanyl, an increase of 8964 in 2016.

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Drug abuse is dangerous and it is a serious matter that harm the individuals, families and society. The marijuana is legally run free in United States of America which is already unchangeable, the government put benefits over the health of the people, but hopefully the other countries do not let any drug to be legal. Stop drug abuse either legal drug abuse and illegal drug abuse, the drug medicines supposed to be tool and helper to humans, not becoming poison and let people addict to it. If we cannot fight drug on our own, it is the time that go get treatment in hospital and get help from the professionals.

Works Cited

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