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Kinesio tape was first used to treat humans for athletic injuries and therapeutic rehabilitation (holisitchorse.com). Its first “public debut” was during the 2012 summer Olympics (equi-tape.com), however over the course of the last few years, horse owners everywhere began applying it to their show, riding, and racing horses; this method of applying equine kinesiology tape is the new way to improve any horse’s abilities. The equine tape is a very simple concept; it can be applied by anyone, however it is best to have someone who knows where each muscle in the horse is located and has been certified by one of the tape brands— such as Equi-Tape— due to the tape being easily misplaced on the horse’s body. The tape simply adheres to their coat, and because a horse is naturally sensitive, once they feel “something” on them, they use the muscle around it more often; this allows the blood to flow, while activating and relaxing muscles. You may also use the kinesiology tape for decompressing scar tissue or supporting joints. Although equine kinesiology tape is not allowed in the show ring (due to its advantageous effect on horses), it may be used in pre-training sessions up until the show. (Brooks)

The use of equine kinesiology tape has many advantages, besides the relaxation of muscles, it has given equine massage therapist, Leslie Brooks’ clients positive results, stating “[The tape] has provided me with excellent results, because it is different from support tape which limits movement in certain areas”. First, equine kinesio tape is noninvasive and has no medications, (Equi-tape.com) therefore it is rare to have a horse have any type of adverse reactions along with being one hundred percent natural. It can be applied to any area on a horse (Brooks) that is experiencing an array of issues; this is an advantage because it is a quick fix to sore joints or inflammation, it also prevents the need to call a veterinarian to the field to check the animal out. When applied correctly, horses may keep the tape on for up to four days, but must be prepped prior to applying the tape. It is able to stay on throughout bathing, rolling and wearing blankets; (Brooks) which is a huge benefit because it does not need to be reapplied daily and everyday events, such as riding, are acceptable. The price of equine kinesiology tape varies depending on the brand and size of the roll needed. The price also depends on who will be applying the tape.

Equine kinesiology tape can be used in many different ways on a horse, and depending on the horse's issue, the tape may be applied differently. It is first applied by adhering to the horse’s hair in the affected areas (holistichorse.com), there are different “patterns” in which you can apply the tape to initiate the muscles to cure injuries or strained muscles. Data for equine kinesiology tape is limited, however for human use it is very common and the results are excellent. (NCBI.gov) In ten different studies performed by Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, results showed improvements of every injured area of people. (page. 156)

According to certified massage therapist, Leslie Brooks, there are very few disadvantages to using the tape as long as “proper assessment and application [is used] on the horse”, not using the tape in the show ring, and the small chance of the horse having an allergic reaction to the adhesive in the tape. There are no side effects to the use of the tape, or the areas where the tape was applied. The tape should also not be applied on wounds or acute injuries. (Brooks)

In conclusion, equine kinesiology taping is an excellent way to naturally lift the skin up to allow better blood flow and activate the muscles. (Equi-Tape.com) It is a useful way to provide any horse with some relaxation and muscle or joint support. Although not allowed in show rings, it is allowed to be used prior to performing by both the rider and horse, for a fair price and great way to support muscles, and according to Brooks there have been excellent improvements and results with the horses she has performed the taping on.

Edgar Degas 'Blue Dancers' pherap ballerinas were the preferred subjects. He was once fascinated by means of their artwork and the one-of-a-kind expression they carried out with the human form. Degas typically painted dancers backstage. His reason was once to seize their unique poses in a candid fashion, alongside with their environment and all the elements of the backstage scene. He in fact portrayed candid snapshots of dancers practicing or making prepared to perform. Here, he abandons exceptional things and anecdotal surroundings in desire of severe coloration and hugely nation figures. The crew lacks the dramatic poses of his other works, on the other hand, they convey an informal nonchalance that is in reality no longer different to a photo of a dancer warming up. Degas is capturing them in costume, as dancers, on the other hand, outdoor the realm of performance. In fact, the affiliation of the team is itself suggestive of performance. As the eye travels over the canvas, searching at the distinct dancers, it inevitably travels in a circle-down the arm of the leftmost dancer, during the shoulders of the lowest, and up the naked backs of the closing two. The cease result is the advice of motion, the very cyclic, swirling motions of the ballet.

Color is the most extremely good factor of the piece. Degas makes use of it as an expressive probability in and of itself. The group is held tightly collectively with the aid of way of colors: the dominant blue color forms the foundation, whilst other colors, such as the browns of their hair, similarly solidify the connection. The cold blues, turquoises, and aquamarines suggest a world of shadow and stability, one very long way eradicated from the exceptional lights and lively shades of the stage. This underscores the fact that we are witnessing the dancers in an environment we are now not accustomed to seeing them in; due to the truth of this, the scene is imbued with a diploma of auspiciousness no be counted it's in consequence mundane nature.

According to some critics, beautiful color harmony and composition reply painting ‘Blue Dancers’ can be viewed as the first-rate embodiment of this theme in Degas, who won in this picture avert wealth of texture and color combinations. World Ballet has grown to be one of the preferred topics of Degas, to which he kept returning to his work. However, now not unlike many of his contemporaries, the artist attracts no colorful festival of theater and prose secret life. ‘Blue Dancers’ can show sketches of the equal ballerina: she's tying point, then straightens dress, inspecting his swimsuit preserving on to the facet of the scenery.

United interior a single sheet, the everyday motion grew to become into a gorgeous dance; before our eyes is born the magic of the theater and the magic of painting. Through the use of pastels, in the work of Degas is feasible to collect a magnificent wealth of textures and color combinations. Small strokes-strokes fall in awesome directions, connecting to the sonorous streams spilling blue shadows or reflections of light on the dancer's hair. While Degas felt that his artwork work captured a second in time, it is believed that his lust toward ballet used to be as soon as based totally on the herbal motion of the human body, and even artwork may additionally desire to however trap its stunning form. The terrific piece of work illustrates four ballerinas in lavender-blue dancing amongst one another in a recital. Each parent curves their physique in their personal way turning their face from one different as their focal point on their dance. The pinnacle applicable parent curves her arms in the route of her as she appears to her left barely analyzing her partner. Her confederate stands out from the other ballerina as she is the only blonde in the crew of brunettes. Her left hand is extended nearer to the heavens while her right arm is folded as the palm of her hand rests upon her heart.

The ballerina holds her arms folded onto her shoulders as she extends her head and seems in the course of the ground. Alongside, the last ballerina bends with her face toward the flooring as her physique is reduced out of the frame. All ballerinas are sopping moist in deep blue lavender attire as they stand around one another. Yet, even whilst the portrayal does now not exhibit the precise movement of the women, the viewer is successful to inform their movements are in concord based totally on the quick glimpse of their frozen bodies. Similar gentle patterns to these paintings are evident in famous French artist Claude Monet.

Even at the same time as the figures are still, the artist held the present to nevertheless be able to showcase them in a herbal structure in sync with one another, growing a work of art thru their body. The ruffles of their costume fall off their shoulders exposing their naked skin, a characteristic Degas loves to include within his work as evident internal his different portrayals of groups of dancers.

Edgar uses a Baroque style of painting to exhibit the ruffles of the clothes and the heritage of the painting. The artist actually hundreds of the figures together as the coloration aggregate into each other. The daring colors fluctuate from one to some other but nonetheless manipulated to unify the portrayal as glimpses of blue are found for the duration of the piece. The historic previous of the artwork is based absolutely on colors of orange and green as if the portrayal used to be set outside. Small touches of blue are used to carry in the historical previous to the coloration scheme of the ballerina's costumes.

Color is the indispensable factor of the artwork as the bright colors keep close the viewer's attention. While the colorations proceed to be fairly bold, the artist makes use of a dark gray to contour the backs of the ballerinas to add depth to the portrayal however than daring figures. This shading permits for the viewer to witness the mild provide coming from the pinnacle of the painting as if acceptable solar is shining onto the skin of the younger women. Edgar Degas used to be once worthwhile in the use of a cooler-toned blue and lavender to portray his most favored muse, ballerinas.

His artwork work aspects were appreciated composition for the formation of his modeling ballerinas. He would proceed with this method of grouping dancers at some stage in the 1890s, constantly experimenting with color upon the equal theme. There used to be another painting titled Blue Dancers which is protected here. Artist Degas would commonly paint or format in the same direction as his ballerinas would stretch and twist. He found this method ensured a higher life-like depiction. He would consist of content fabric around the character dancer's backgrounds and also the angles from which they can additionally be considered in the crowd. By this stage, his dancers would lose their individuality and the backdrops used would be subtler and generic

By the flip of the century, Degas' eyesight was once notably deteriorating. His fashion as soon as more changed, to a greater brilliant palette related to Fauvists of that time. He additionally reduced detail, drawing close an abstract form that he would have located simpler to produce bearing in thinking his health issues. As a keen artwork collector, some from his personal collection can additionally have provided this concept for brilliant shade.

Early Sunday Morning is famous art of Edward Hopper and is well known for its visual symbols. This painting was made in 1930 using oil on canvas to depict a typical Sunday morning in a marketplace of New York City. The original painting is currently owned by the Whitney Museum of American Art located in New York. This painting is a perfect combination of elements of art which makes it an ideal representation of the principles of designs. These principles of design further describe the hidden symbols of painting like the silence of Sunday morning. In This essay I will make an art analysis of this painting.

The primary element of the artwork analysis that is being illustrated is the light and the value that is added by light. The sunlight is shown with the help of the shadows and it is quite clear from the shadows that the sun is on the right. Since it is morning time which is depicted by the title of the painting and reflected in the painting itself, the sun should be in an east direction which means that the shops are facing south direction and the viewer of the painting is facing north direction. The shadows can be seen for the fireplug, windows, street contours and many other things. This illustration of shadows with the use of light and dark colors adds value to the painting. The painting depicts that areas that are exposed to light during the morning are brighter and shining while the shadowed areas seem a little bit dull. So, the concept of lighted areas and shadowed areas adds variety to the image.

Variety as a principle of design is highly illustrated through many other varying elements of art like the colors and the shapes. The artist used the color scheme of complementary colors to create an appealing element. The use of reddish-orange color for the buildings and the blue color for the sky creates a vivid contrast because these colors are opposite in the color wheel. The dark green color underneath the rooftop and the light green colors for the street add variety and value to the painting in terms of color intensity. Moreover, the use of darker colors for the storefront surrounded by the light-colored borders and the different colors inside the windows makes it more diverse. Different geometrical shapes, for example the dark-colored square shape in the storefront, the rectangular shaped windows, circular shaped top of the colorful pole make the image less monotonous.

Edward Hopper focused a lot on the symmetry and repetition as the principles of design to create a balanced painting and this design is brought by him through the repeating shapes. The top part of the building has repeating shapes of windows and those shapes are the same and almost equidistant. Then the storefronts are also the same and equidistant from each other. So, these all contribute to the symmetry and rhythm in the composition of the picture. Though there are a few things that lead to asymmetry like the fireplug, colorful barber pole, different color in windows and different borders of storefronts, but the symmetrical objects dominate overall. If seen with a wider perspective, the colorful barber pole can be seen as balancing the fireplug asymmetrically. Besides symmetry, the repetition of shapes of windows and storefronts depicts the unity of the painting in terms of its formation. This unity factor brings forth the concept that the image is continuous in its formation.

This artwork is visually strong due to several factors and the lines play a major role in representing it this way. The picture is dominant longitudinally because the horizontal lines are used the most. The horizontal lines are used to make the rooftop, the bottom, and top of the windows, the contours of the street, the middle partition of the building, the bottom of the building and a lot more. The vertical lines also play a significant role in the painting because these contrasting lines complete each shape by attaching the horizontal lines. There are implied lines too which can be seen in the top and the bottom of the windows. The artist used the lines to create clear edges that help in accenting various minute details and in attracting the viewer visually.

The first view of the artwork reveals the focal point which seems to be made intentionally by Hopper. The focal point is the colorful barber pole which is the center of attraction due to its colors. It stands out from its background because it is painted with bright cool colors while its background is mostly painted using warm colors. So, these bright cool colors dominate over the warm colors and thus, they lay emphasis on the focal point. Other than the focal point, the other elements of art which are used by the artist is the proportion to organize the whole picture in a way that seems ideal. The relative size of windows, doors, fireplug seems proportional to the size of the building. The space around the barber pole and the fireplug reflect the emptiness of the streets which further symbolize the no rush time.

In the nutshell, as analyzed in the paper, this painting by Edward Hopper is a great artistic work containing all elements of art ranging from lines and shapes to the depiction of time. The elements further reflect the principle of designs in the painting which are balance, unity, variety with the contrasts, unity, rhythm, proportion and focal point with the concept of accenting. There is also stillness in the painting that is emphasized through the repetition and the rhythm of the windows and store doorways. This stillness is further highlighted by the emptiness of streets emphasize on the stillness of the picture. So, there is not any element pertaining to motion rather it is a static view of a street brightened by the sunlight. This piece is indeed symbolic. The use of light and shadows depict the morning time of the day. The emptiness of the street depicts that the people are not out of their homes at this time period of the day for some reason and this is the final mystery that it leaves for the viewer to explore.

The power of the main character, Beowulf, is constantly emphasized in the text. The passage I have selected depicts a scene in which he is praised like a demigod and shows his ability to triumph in adverse circumstances while a suspenseful build up intentionally leaves information and plot points to the reader’s imagination.

The science-fiction component of the text surfaces when “water-monsters” appear in a lake. Beowulf and men from Geat and Heorot armies arrive at Grendel’s mere. All of the warriors are in attendance following Grendel’s mother killing Hrothgar’s right hand man in retaliation after Beowulf killed Grendel. With the death of Aeschere in Heorot in the back of the minds of all the men, they find literally the back of Aeschere’s mind — his head at the foot of the cliff. The hot gore from Aeschere sets the scene the men are walking into, so hot it’s boiling from under the surface of the mere. These creatures are considered the worst of the worst, having claimed dozens of victims in a cycle of blood feuds. Beowulf is surveying the lake filled with demons presumed to be Grendel’s mother or other creatures similar to her. This scene is noteworthy as it draws a crowd, because the almighty and beloved Beowulf was about to prove his worth once again. The suspense felt by everyone gazing at the scene captures the significance of the next sequence of events in the text. The creatures are later more specifically described as “writhing sea-dragons and monsters” by the narrator, further emphasizing the challenging and daunting task Beowulf faces. With so many watching the conflict about to take place, the sheer number of onlookers is a compliment to Beowulf. He has the respect of these strangers and is known as not merely a man, but a nearly divine fighter who always makes good on his promises, particularly in battle.

The trend of complimenting how magnificent Beowulf actually is continues in the selected passage. “The seasoned shaft went in deep” flirts with alliteration while portraying how accurate Beowulf is with an arrow. Where the shaft penetrates is not explicitly said, a void left to be filled by the reader’s imagination, maybe more appropriately, common sense. My interpretation was the shaft landed in the creature, initiating the start of the fight with an audience. By noting the shaft went in deep, rather than simply saying the shaft went in, the reader comprehends there is intentional emphasis on Beowulf’s strength: he was able to drive his shaft deep inside the desired target. Perhaps a hint of sexual prowess is also intended.

It’s long been firmly established how remarkable Beowulf is, yet later in the passage, a contrast becomes prevalent between the protagonist and the creature in the lake water. The amphibious enemy is depicted as weak, foreshadowing the outcome between the two for the eventual conflict. The damage done by Beowulf’s accurate shaft receives details when the creature begins to suffer damage. “His freedom in the water” is reduced, signaling Beowulf’s blow may lead to a victory, at the very least an advantage for the rest of the fight. Additional suspense is now at the forefront; the reader might assume the creature may retreat within the waters of the lake, rather than lose the fight to its death. This freedom within the lake could be interpreted as the creature running out of time, potentially dying from the inability to move away from Beowulf after receiving the wound from his shaft.

The reader’s assumptions are correct; the creature is now on total defense. However, the creature is not dead. The crowd watching at this point is not yet satisfied, but is impressed by the events they have witnessed. A few lines beyond the selected passage, “men gazed in awe” as the creature comes up to the surface, now “cornered, beaten” “it was his last swim”.

A successful first sequence for Beowulf, but now the hero must fight the mother — underwater. Without addressing the fact this first battle was unexpected, or that there were more creatures aside from Grendel and his mother, the text continues as if this initial obstacle was to be expected prior to Beowulf facing the mother. This small fight is not clearly stated to be what Beowulf had to go through before the mother, it certainly could have been the case the protagonist could have gone straight to fighting Grendel’s mother, who initiated the fight. This is yet another void left up to the imagination. The lake is described as being filled with more hostile creatures, foreshadowing the actual fight between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother. The hero is still optimistic he will find and kill the targeted creature, though she has yet to reveal herself and it is not even clear that she is in the mere up until this point. Beowulf gives a speech before diving into the lake reminding the men of the promise he made to Hrothgar back in Heorot. Perhaps this is what makes Beowulf a true hero to the narrator and the characters described. His words and beliefs come together to make a perfect warrior that his fellow men and onlookers believe can conquer a superhuman creature — more importantly, the cause of the blood feud. The scene foreshadows exactly how Beowulf will kill Grendel’s mother, an example of boasting common throughout the text. This time the boasting plays the role of building up suspense. Rather than stating, “I’m going into the water now,” Beowulf announces that his promise has not yet been fulfilled. Holding off from diving into the lake even more, his speech details what should happen should he not defeat Grendel’s mother. If Beowulf is to die in battle, he simply won’t care. His concerns lie with the men who traveled with him, their loyalty rewarded should the fight conclude in a worst-case scenario.

Beowulf again shows he has little to no concern for himself going into the fight when he requests his sword — named Hrunting — be returned to another character named Unferth. This request gives the impression to the reader that Beowulf will not win the fight, leading to a plethora of questions and confusion in attempts to find out how the story of Beowulf could move forward with an abrupt and tragic end. Beowulf’s speech concludes after he reveals his desire for all his rewards and findings from battle and travels be returned home to Hrothgar. The purpose of the king receiving treasure from Beowulf may be to further a positive impression and depiction of himself toward the king, perhaps boasting even in death. Reading the lengthy speech before the conflict is complete, the reader no longer can tell if Beowulf will become victorious. Now it appears Beowulf may be so confident in his abilities, he may care more about his legacy and could be using the latest task to milk how incredible the obstacles he faces are.

The suspense declines for a moment when Beowulf at last takes a dive into the lake to fight Grendel’s mother. Preceding the battle, Beowulf submerges for longer than humanly possible, for the “best part of the day” until he could see the bottom of the lake. The incredible feat of taking nearly a day to reach the bottom of a lake — while remaining alive — feeds the character description that Beowulf is as close to being superhuman, a demigod perhaps, then ever before in the text. The suspense reaches its peak when Grendel’s mother realizes Beowulf is in her territory. She finally attacks, but the creature cannot tear through Beowulf’s armor. During the skirmish, she somehow pulls Beowulf further into the mere, subjecting him to an attack by additional creatures in the process.

The imagination runs wild when the foes strangely land in a hall, dry and removed from the mere with no explanation for the reader. The most logical thought at this point is to assume this is what the creature’s lair entails. The conflict does not end on the landing, Grendel’s mother goes to bite Beowulf, only to be countered by Hrunting, something more beloved by Beowulf then his own life. To the reader and Beowulf’s surprise, the sword fails for the first time, even after securing countless victories for the hero in the past. With no regard for his own life, Beowulf begins to fight with just his fists, until he finds another sword. The “work of giants” ends Grendel’s mother, and another win goes to Beowulf, continuing the seemingly endless streak of overcoming obstacles beyond the imagination.

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Beowulf being the typical heroic protagonist is captured perfectly from the context of the selected passage. His knack for doing what normal, human men cannot, such as breathing underwater or holding his breath for hours on end with heavy, medieval armor leads to a conclusion that can only be reached in stories of fiction: Beowulf is a demigod. The instinctive bravery and confidence to try and kill demons without weapons is one thing, but the perception of his character by the reader as something greater is another.

Works Cited

1. Alexander, M. J. (1987). Beowulf and the Grendel-kin: Politics and poetry in eleventh-century England. Speculum, 62(4), 771-782.
2. Baker, P. (1998). Beowulf: basic readings. Routledge.
3. Chickering, H. (2002). Beowulf: A dual-language edition. Anchor Books.
4. Donoghue, D. (2006). Beowulf. Norton.
5. Heaney, S. (2000). Beowulf: A new verse translation. W. W. Norton & Company.
6. Hill, T. D. (1996). The textual history of Beowulf. Cambridge University Press.
7. Kiernan, K. S. (2003). Beowulf and the Beowulf manuscript. University of Michigan Press.
8. Mitchell, B. (1998). Beowulf: An edition with relevant shorter texts. Blackwell Publishers.
9. North, R. (1996). Heathen gods in Old English Literature. Cambridge University Press.
10. Orchard, A. (1995). Pride and prodigies: studies in the monsters of the Beowulf-manuscript. University of Toronto Press.

“I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” was written by Maya Angelou and has the same title as her autobiography. As a result, it is clear that this title had great significance to Angelou. Angelou is a Black American who grew up in the South during the Civil Right Movement in the 20th century, and she is expressing her feeling at the discrimination she suffered during her life. This poem is known with its deep meaning of the desire of freedom, as well as its vivid language use and the structure of the stanzas. Angelou wrote this poem in 1969, which is almost the end of the Civil Right Movement (1954-1968). As we all know, the Civil Right Movement worked for the end of the discrimination against African Americans. Before the American Civil War, most of the blacks were slaves, especially in the South. After the Civil War, although Black American had freedom, only Whites had the right to vote, and some places even limited the citizenship to white only. The poem is illustrating the differences between African-Americans and White during the Civil Rights era, and it shows the depth of the feeling of living unfairly. While many African Americans were free during the time when Angelou published this poem, we can know from this poem that African-Americans were still not feeling free. Because of the color of her skin, she often felt that nobody would hear her voice, and she felt she was still experiencing slavery in some ways.

This poem has seven stanzas in total. In the first and second stanza, the author refers to nature and describing the birds fight against the orange sky, which shows the reader the appreciation to the bird in natural habitat. The third and fourth stanza is describing a caged bird beside the free bird that can barely see the sky. The author uses the word “but” to begin the third stanza, which changes the tone of the poem from satisfied and joyful to dark and frustrating. Angelou uses the metaphor of a bird struggling to escape its cage in these two stanzas, as a major symbol throughout her poem. The caged bird represents Angelou’s restriction resulting from discrimination. In the fifth stanza, the author goes back to the free bird and describing more differences between it and the caged bird. She writes that the free bird enjoying “the trade winds soft through the sighing trees”.

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The next stanza talked about the real life of the caged bird again. It reveals the author’s feeling about her own dream of ending the discrimination in the United States, and all African-Americans could have the legal recognition. The author uses metaphor again of her cage that made up by discrimination and racism. Although she sang, she felt her voice was not heard in the wide world, but only by those nearest her cage.

The last stanza keeps focusing on the caged bird. “The caged bird sings with a fearful trill; of things unknown but longed for still”. This is the only repeated stanza in this poem, which is the same as the fourth, which means it is very important and significant in this poem. It implies that even though the caged bird has never experienced the freedom, but she still “sing a fearful trill” because she is created for freedom. In the first three stanzas, there is only two line of rhyme, which is “cage” and “rage” at the beginning of the second stanza.

The fourth stanza repeated “-ill” sound in its first three lines, which is also an onomatopoeia that imitating the birdsong. There are two different rhymes in the next stanza. One rhyme is “breeze” and “trees” in the “The free bird thinks of another breeze; and the trade winds soft through the sighing trees and the next line “And the fat worms waiting on a dawn-bright lawn, and he names the sky his own”. The sixth stanza, which is also the only repeated stanza in this poem, include one rhyme-“dreams” and “scream” in the beginning two line. “But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams; his shadow shouts on a nightmare scream”.

The poem is one big metaphor, saying the Black Americans are the bird in the cage. For example, the author writes in the second stanza, “His wings are clipped and his feet are tied; so he opens his throat to sing”. This text personifies the ability of twittering of bird and gives a vivid description of the caged bird. Besides, this sentence uses metaphor to compare caged bird to African Americans fighting for equality during the Civil Right Movement. The author uses the caged bird to describe the blacks, who did not have their rights and ability to do what they want. They endure the unfair treatment just like the bird in the cage. The sentence describes the bird is singing in the cage, which represents the African-Americans as well as she herself. On the other hand, it shows us that even though white people exclude the black and even caged them, they cannot stop the blacks to understand they are meant to be free, to help others and help themselves. Maya Angelou tells everyone through her poem that there are still a lot of blacks suffering the unfair treatment today. She points out the life of black people to attract people’s attention, and she hopes the discrimination toward African American could stop soon.

Works Cited

1. Angelou, M. (1969). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House.
2. American Civil Rights Movement. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from [URL]
3. Fairclough, A. (2015). Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890-2000. Penguin Books.
4. Hine, D. C., Hine, W. C., & Harrold, S. (2014). The African-American Odyssey: Volume 2 (6th ed.). Pearson.
5. McWhorter, D. (2011). What the Negro Wants. Oxford University Press.
6. Morris, A. D. (1999). The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. Free Press.
7. Ransby, B. (2003). Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. The University of North Carolina Press.
8. Sale, K. (1997). The Fire Next Time: The Emergence of Social Conservatism from the Rights Revolution to the New Left. University of North Carolina Press.
9. Sitkoff, H. (2008). The Struggle for Black Equality (2nd ed.). Hill and Wang.
10. Wolters, R. (2013). Race, Riots, and Roller Coasters: The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Walt Whitman wrote “Oh Captain! My Captain!” to honour Abraham Lincoln after the President was assassinated in April 14, 1865. Lincoln’s death inspired Whitman to write one of his most memorable works — a simple, three-stanza poem of sorrow that bore little resemblance to his other, more experimental writings. ‘O Captain! My Captain!.” A poem by Walt Whitman about a captain who dies just as his ship has reached the end of a stormy and dangerous voyage. The captain represents Abraham Lincoln, who was assassinated just as the Civil War was ending.

What drew me to the poem was the poetic device rhyme, seeing how simple but meaningful the poem is. For me to realise that such a man as himself would right a one day to be remembered poem about Abraham Lincoln. It’s touching how they barely knew each other but how much Abraham Lincoln meant to what Walt Whitman to referee to him as a father figure.

I had only realised after studying and doing more research on the poem and its true meaning what it actually meant, I do now realise what the poem is about. My original thought was that this poem was created in the 18th century before Abraham Lincoln was born. The reasoning behind my idea was that it talked about a boat and people cheering them and giving them appraisal seems to me assuming they were out and discovered a lot of mysteries and had a successful voyage on there ship. How ever when in the poem and how the writer is talking first person takes me to assume this was also a message about someone he very much cared and loved for.

Poetic devices have a major roll in the poem. Repetition is a common poetic device used throughout the poem, an example I Oh Captain! My Captain! This shows that Walt Whitman thinks of Abraham Lincoln is a Captain and that he’s worth talking about in every stanza in his poem.

This three stanza poem story line is about Abraham Lincoln who is a farther like figure for Walt Whitman, this is shown in the second stanza when he says Here captain! Dear farther, Walt Whitman could see him as a father figure and a Captain who didn’t deserve his death and who deserved to be celebrated for. There are verses that show that he’s dead and also a poetic device that shows his death is repetition. An example of a verse that shows Abraham Lincoln death is “O bleeding drops of read” when this is said it could mean anything, Walt Whitman is directing the verse at the Captain who is Walt Whitman.

Works Cited

1. Whitman, W. (1865). O Captain! My Captain! In Leaves of Grass (pp. 206-207). Thayer & Eldridge.
2. Kaplan, J. (2003). Walt Whitman: A Life. Harper Perennial.
3. Miller, J. E. (2003). Walt Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!" as an Elegy for Abraham Lincoln. Journal of American Culture, 26(3), 387-394.
4. Reynolds, D. S. (1995). Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography. Vintage.
5. Loving, J. (1999). Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself. University of California Press.
6. Burroughs, J. (1900). Whitman: A Study. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
7. Kaplan, J. (2000). Lincoln in American Memory. University of Chicago Press.
8. Krimmel, W. (1971). The Old Public Functionary as Natural Aristocrat: The Captain in Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!" American Literature, 43(2), 225-238.
9. Callow, P. (1992). Walt Whitman: The Poet and His Critics. Paragon House.
10. Loving, J. (1996). Walt Whitman: Song of Himself. University of California Press.

“Those Winter Sundays” written by Robert Hayden illustrates the struggles parents have made for their children, which sometimes goes unnoticed. Writing from a parenting point of view, the poet has the speaker thinking about the father’s leadership style. Many sacrifices were made by the father without even contemplating something in return. The poem, therefore, portrays parental treatment as selfless and sometimes ungrateful work. A recurring theme is a family and the struggles of parenting. The narrator admits how, after all his hard work and devotion as a boy, he was uncaring and hostile towards his father. In addition to warming the house practically, the father was a servant who had carried out such tedious duties as polishing the boots of his son. The key themes of the poem are passion, grief, and parenthood. The poet offers an insight into the struggle of his dad.

One of his many sacrifices is when he wakes up early, although he is exhausted from working outside during the week he still goes outside to light the fire to bring warmth into the household. He does this also on Sundays, this suggests that he does this for the remainder of the week. This compassionate routine indicates that emotional warmth is present throughout this poem. When we get older, wisdom and sophistication change our vision of the future. In ‘Those Winter Sundays,’ Robert Hayden refers to a person who reflects on his history and apathy to his father as a boy. As a grownup, the speaker realizes what had escaped him regrettably as a child. He now came to understand the way the affection of his dad took place. The speaker now realizes how hard and solitary parenting roles can be and how they are assisted with selflessness and without mutual anticipation. The different elements of the poem support this subject and add to the emotional appeal of the poem.

The author gives the child a feeling of uncertainty and concern for the child’s father and house when he states, “Fearing the chronic waves of the anger of that house”. He was also scolded by the father for improved fitness. The use of language suggested his ungrateful son was unable to understand the hardship of his parents. The speaker then regrets his father’s insensitive conduct. Now as an adult, he reminisces and recounts some important moments to display his appreciation for his father’s life. In the final lines of the poem, he talks about how he didn’t understand that his father’s behavior of shining shoes and lighting the fire was an expression of love that his father had for him and his family. But with his maturity, he finally understands that his father was making sacrifices for him and his family. 

Works Cited

1. Hayden, R. (1962). Those Winter Sundays. In: Collected Poems of Robert Hayden. Liveright Publishing Corporation.
2. Burt, S. (2019). The Poem That Will Make You Cry: "Those Winter Sundays" by Robert Hayden. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/69981/the-poem-that-will-make-you-cry-those-winter-sundays-by-robert-hayden
3. Beavers, H. (2015). Poem Analysis: Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden. Owlcation. Retrieved from: https://owlcation.com/humanities/Poem-Analysis-Those-Winter-Sundays-by-Robert-Hayden
4. Fagan, D. (2018). An analysis of Robert Hayden’s "Those Winter Sundays". LetterPile. Retrieved from: https://letterpile.com/poetry/An-Analysis-of-Robert-Haydens-Those-Winter-Sundays
5. Hirsch, E. D. (2013). A Poet of Grandeur and Inequity. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/books/review/a-poet-of-grandeur-and-inequity.html
6. Anderson, D. (2012). Domestic violence in "Those Winter Sundays" by Robert Hayden. Grin Verlag.
7. Lee, L. (2015). The Prosody of Robert Hayden's "Those Winter Sundays". Prosody Matters. Retrieved from: http://prosodymatters.blogspot.com/2015/05/the-prosody-of-robert-haydens-those.html
8. Miller, R. (2019). Exploring 'Those Winter Sundays' by Robert Hayden. Humanities 360. Retrieved from: https://www.humanities360.com/index.php/exploring-those-winter-sundays-by-robert-hayden-4222/
9. Morrison, T. (2015). Recitatif and Those Winter Sundays. University of Louisville Writing Center. Retrieved from: https://louisville.edu/writingcenter/writing-assignments/research-paper-assignment/recitatif-and-those-winter-sundays
10. Roberts, J. (2017). Exploring Poetry: Those Winter Sundays. Artful Scribe. Retrieved from: https://www.artfulscribe.co.uk/exploring-poetry-those-winter-sundays-robert-hayden

There are several mysteries shrouded within the confines of this poem. For instance, Brooks illustrates that there are seven individuals in the group when she writes “Seven at the Golden Shovel”. This line helps to identify how many individuals could potentially be in the poem. Brooks never mentions any race of individuals within the group. A quote from, “Critical Essay on “We Real Cool’ states, “These pool players, while almost always thought to be black males – perhaps because the poet is black and it is boys who usually hang out in pool parlors – could be white males or even females”. This quote shows the potential races that could be in this group. The behavior of the individuals also plays a part in identifying them. This is the only clue Brooks provides to identify the group, these lines taken from the poem “We Left School / We Lurk Late” shows the rebellious nature of these individuals. The lack of detail of the group illustrates the idea “Brooks” was trying to create, where the group is up to the reader’s understanding. Similarly, culture plays a role in Brooks’ poem as well. Brooks’ father was a janitor and her mother was a pianist. It was in Chicago that Brooks got her bearings for rhythm and blues this influence eventually spilled into her writing and is present in a lot of her works. Being African American Brooks saw her fair share of discrimination, for example, a quote from “Gwendolyn Brooks Biography”, states “Brooks attended three high schools: the prestigious, integrated Hyde Park High School; the all-black Wendell Phillips Academy High School; and the integrated Englewood High School. The racial prejudice that she encountered at some of these institutions would shape her understanding of social dynamics in the United States and influence her writing.” Because of Brooks’ upbringing, African American culture plays a significant role in her poem. Brooks shows her experiences and culture through her imaginative and unique poem structure, her amazing use of alliteration, and her excellent use of rhythm in the poem.

“We Real Cool” has a very unique poem structure. Where the poem lacks in words, it makes up for it in meaning. Carpe diem translated means to seize the day, this statement sums up the message brooks wanted to communicate to readers through the young individuals in the poem. Throughout the poem, Brooks shows the young individual’s unwillingness to follow the dominant culture in society. Brooks brilliantly reveals us this time and time again in the poem; for example, when she writes “We Jazz June” this could be construed as Brooks showing that the young adults are celebrating June living happily. Joe Sarnowski writes “When reading from this point of view, the meaning of ‘Jazz June’ is not likely to refer to something as stark as rape; rather, as D. H. Melhem contends in Gwendolyn Brooks: Poetry and the Heroic Voice, the ‘usage pertains to ‘having fun.’ And when we consider together all of these phrases made by the seven, it is this idea of ‘having fun’ that comes to mind.” Brooks displays a lot of the group’s choices, showcasing their freedom from society’s rule. Equally Important as Carpe diem is a person’s world views.

World views play a significant role in this poem, It is because of world views that people can interpret this poem in many different ways. Brooks writing this poem in the late 1950s showed her world views through various means in the poem. Someone reading this poem from an opposite viewpoint of Brooks might not understand her point of view; instead they might create their point of view deriving from their world views, changing the meaning of the poem entirely. The characters in the poem display their non-interest for a normal life. The group is constantly getting into trouble showing their lack of care for authority. Although freedom is important to have too much if it might end up being detrimental.

One could argue that too much freedom can be detrimental to society. The world is ruled by order, too much freedom could cause chaos. Order is necessary for humans to function, the poem does a good job of displaying what could happen if there is no order. This is shown through the character’s actions when they decide to stay up late to thin gin. Brooks wrote “We Real Cool” around the same time the American civil rights movement was taking place, because of this many speculate that Brooks could have written this poem for the younger black generation, to serve as a warning of what could happen to you if you deviate from the path society wants you to follow.

Spectacularly, Brooks shows many examples of symbolism throughout this poem, but none are more promenade than the symbol of death she uses ironically at the end of her poem. Brooks ends the poem in the last stanza by saying “We Die Soon”. This stanza has powerful meaning throughout the poem, it shows that not only has the poem come to a halt, but perhaps the group may have also perished. Joe Sarnowski says “With this notion of ‘having fun’ as the prime concern of the counterculture, it is difficult to read the final sentence, ‘We / Die soon,’ as being a tragic declaration (as the dominant culture does). Instead, the seven seem to say that life is too short: that we all die too soon, so why not enjoy life while one has it.” This quote explains that the group’s death served as a metaphor to understand that life is short and that one must make the most out of life before it is too late. Ultimately, Brooks portrays the group in a rebellious manner to communicate a message to the reader that life is intended to be traveled freely, and that you will inevitably die.

Works Cited

1. Brooks, G. (1960). We Real Cool. In The Bean Eaters (pp. 10-11). Harper & Row.
2. Davis, A. (2010). Critical Essay on "We Real Cool." Poetry for Students, 32(1), 4-6.
3. Sarnowski, J. (2002). Brooks' "We Real Cool". Explicator, 61(3), 148-150.
4. Melhem, D. H. (1985). Gwendolyn Brooks: Poetry and the Heroic Voice. University Press of Kentucky.
5. Gwendolyn Brooks: Poetry Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/gwendolyn-brooks
6. Bone, R. (2017). Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000). The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/gwendolyn-brooks
7. Tuttle, L. D. (1991). "We Real Cool" and the School Dropout Problem. The English Journal, 80(4), 44-49.
8. Ward, J. (2007). Brooks's We Real Cool. Explicator, 65(3), 157-159.
9. Gwendolyn Brooks Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.biography.com/writer/gwendolyn-brooks
10. Kutzinski, V. (1999). Gwendolyn Brooks and the Politics of the Heroic. University of Illinois Press.

With just 280 characters, a Twitter user can start a trend, tell a story, and ignite a movement. As we wrap up a year filled with economic and leadership crises during the span of a pandemic, we take a look at how social media augmented an assortment of issues, with some arguably more worth your penny than others. So, what are the debates and discussions that sent the Philippine social media community humming?

With the ongoing pandemic constantly changing our lifestyles, it becomes draining to watch the news or check for updates on social media regarding COVID-19. This pandemic not only has brought more attention to underlying issues deeply rooted in our society, but it also exposed several leaders, businesses, and even celebrities for grave misconduct. The degree of misconduct these people have committed could lead to their lives being canceled by the online mob.

Before probing into it further, it is substantial to understand what it means for one to get canceled. According to Dictionary.com, cancel culture “refers to the popular practice of withdrawing support for public figures and companies after they have done or said something considered objectionable or offensive.” In the most extreme cases, the people getting canceled saw an end to their careers, as a result. This phenomenon emerged in 2019 when many incidents of celebrities committed crimes or problematic behaviors on social media.

Though cancel culture is a phenomenon that is quite widespread, especially in our online communities, we must remember not to mistake it for call-out culture. Call-out culture is the process wherein people point out (or “call out”) when someone has done something that you consider inexcusable. This differs from cancel culture because cancel culture takes an extra step after calling someone out, which is to figuratively remove a person from society, hence the use of the term “cancel”.

While call-out culture does prove that an individual should face the consequences of their wrongdoings and be held accountable for their actions; cancel culture may prove damaging to the accused in the long run. The downside of promoting cancel culture is that it does not provide the wrongdoer an opportunity to correct themselves. It does not allow wrongdoers to grow outside of their mistakes. Those who fall victim to this type of culture have no means of coming back from their mistake and redeeming themselves, as the masses figuratively “remove” them from society.

An example of call-out culture in the Philippine context is the story of popular Filipino singer-songwriter Yeng Constantino – who came under fire online because of a particular vlog she posted recalling an event she experienced with her husband in a hospital in Siargao. Constantino pointed out the lack of preparedness and professionalism of the hospital’s staff in her vlog, bringing netizens to call her out for “doctor-shaming” licensed medical professionals, and being ignorant about the fact that they were in a provincial hospital, which may lack certain services and staff that she may be used to.

On the other hand, we are also able to see numerous instances of cancel culture in our country. Aside from the more recent incident with the CEO of Cookies by the Bucket, with Philippine politics being one of the main topics of discussion on any Filipino’s online news feed, it becomes a topic that netizens consider highly important to speak out about. Though it is important to discuss local politics, this puts those who choose not to speak openly about it in a tight spot. When Filipinos are known to have active social media accounts but have not spoken up about important matters happening in the country, some netizens are quick to ‘cancel’ these people and rant on their online platforms about it.

It appears our vision of compromise gets blurred in the context of cancel culture. While it is important to promote transparency and accountability for individuals who have done something wrong through “calling them out”, it is also important to help them grow from their mistakes and learn to change for the better through properly communicating with them and educating them on the matter at hand.

There is indeed a fragility of being a human, we can and will make mistakes, the catch though is there is a difference between an honest mistake and a repetitive one.

The concept of cancel culture has enormously grown into a button to push in millisecond when someone does something wrong. The constant urge to cancel others by sending personal attacks, threats, and boycotting their affiliations shows less concern in addressing the issue, tracing where it is coming from, and bringing awareness, and more on public and group shaming. Humans can and will make mistakes, but there is a difference between an honest mistake and a repetitive one. An honest mistake is an unintentional error with no malicious intent behind it, while a repetitive mistake is already having done the mistake several times. The prior speaks about not knowing better, while the latter shows someone who has made the same mistake several times, struggling to grow out of old habits.                  

Table of contents

1. Women of the Middle East
FeminismDeconstruction
2. Conclusion

When considering initial thoughts of people towards women it varies from person to person, gender to gender and one nation to another. The perception of women is heavily dependent on external influences such as religion, relationships and the political standing of the nation where the individual resides. In Marjane Satrapi’s book Persepolis, the portrayal of women can be divided into two very distinct views. One view is that of a strong, opinionated, and resource woman. The second view shows the reader a woman who is hidden, not important, and that has certain roles. The book follows the life of Satrapi from her childhood and the transition between childhood and adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to prove the fact that the novel Persepolis deconstructs the typical western perception of Islamic women and specifically the women of Iran this will be proven by understanding the spectrum of women who defy the expectations.

By analysing and understanding the normal perception of women it can clearly be stated that the role of women in society and in general has dramatically changed over the ages. By analysing studies conducted on the portrayal of women in advertisements during the 1970s, the findings provided four general views for women of that time period. The first view stated that the role of a woman resides in the household. Secondly women are not permitted to do anything of significant importance and are restricted from making any important decisions, the only decisions which are excusable are about the purchasing of inexpensive items. This is practically the only time where women showed signs of minor independence since simple decisions were permitted by the man in the house. The third general view in the study states that women are dependent on men and need men to provide protection and the final view of women in advertisements was that men regard women as sexual objects and that men and particularly do not show show care for women in society.

The study shows how advertisments in the 1970s viewed women during westernisation and claims that women were seen as unimportant and had very little importance to the growing culture other than sex and housework. In comparison to Iran during the revolution, women were being treated in the same way by saying it was for “Islam” however by enforcing sanctions and regulations women in Iran were being robbed of thier rights to wear and say anything they want, along with this as the rest of the world saw reforms in society regarding women Iran pushed further to remove these modern ideas. Compared to Iran women outside started to be more independent and began playing a bigger role in society , though women are now seen as more independent and have gained a lot of respect, society still divides women into two very distinct categories. The first being the housewife and the second is known as the career women. In relation to this category during 1970 women accounted for 29 percent of the global workforce and as of 2009 they accounted for 46.8 percent of the workforce.

Women of the Middle East

When considering the typical Iraninan women it can be said the majority of people consider her as covered up and silent. These stereotypes are derived from the Islam as the religion enforces certain rules to women regarding their outwardly apearance. The book begins by bringing the reader to the center of the situation when these laws were being enforced, Satrapi from the very first page of the book throws away misconceptions and pre-existing thoughts of Iranian women. As the novel takes place right after the revolution of 1977 the country’s power and authorities were scrambled, a journal study conducted by Patricia Higgins explains the situation the best without any external bias “In March 1979, less than two months after revolutionary forces had successfully removed the Shah from power, thousands of women turned the victory celebration scheduled for International Women’s Day into a demonstration against announced plans to make veiling compulsory. Although the veiling issue was the catalyst, demonstrators were also concerned about women’s exclusion from the judiciary and the military and about government plans to review the marriage and family law of the Pahlavi government. After participating actively in street demonstrations supporting the revolution- most often in the veils or scarf’s and sex- segregated groups deemed proper in Islam- women, it seemed, were not prepared to accept the more conservative Islamic definition of their place”. This extract form the journal provides readers with an insight into the changes which came following the revolution, this is an important source as Satrapi and her mother are going through this revolution and are facing the changes it is bringing. In the introduction period of the novel Starapi’s mother was depicted as a demonstrator for women and it was during this significant period of time where Satrapi’s mother's life was endangered.

On page 5 of the novel, there is an illustration of Satrapi’s mother shaking her fist and the text says “At one of the demonstrations, a German journalist took a photo of my mother”. Following this illustration it was uncovered that she ended up dying her hair blonde and started wearing large dark glasses to ensure that she was not recognised by any of the authorities. Soon after the public demonstrations ended and according to Higgins “the controversy over women’s proper role in Iran has continued but in less dramatic forms”. The first pages of Persepolis were crucial since many readers are completely unaware about the history of the veil in Iran, people just seemed to believe that women of Iran had been wearing the veil forever. Persepolis shows the reader that women were not always oppressed in Iran and this is done by showing the reader an image which depicts young girls playing in the courtyard school . The children are running around the school yard with their veils, and showing no respect as one veil is on the ground, one girl is using the veil as a jumping rope and the other using her veil like it is the reins on a horse. Another depiction in the same picture shows the school girls saying different reasons why they don’t want to wear the veil, one girl simply says because it’s too hot outside.

One major purpose of this paper is to provide people with information pertaining to women in western culture and women from the Middle East, a fact which is accepted by many people is that both groups of women have been through immense struggle, and from that struggle change has been achieved. After doing further research an observation made was that women from the west have the ability to voice their concerns and issues when compared to the middle eastern women. As stated earlier, Satrapi’s mother successfully demonstrated against the rules however she had to fear for her life since being targeted by the authorities was a high possibility, and from researching for this paper one claim which can be made is that one culture has been changing and improving for decades now whereas the Middle Eastern culture, has shown very little improvement.

Feminism

The novel Persepolis has certain focus around the women of Iran as it looks into the roles women play in society. Whenever any literary text focuses on the role of women it engages the reader in feminist criticism. In the setting of the novel, Iran, women were expected to present and carry themselves in a particular way. For example society didn’t expect women to stand out or speak up about their issues unlike western nations where it is common for women to stand up for their opinions. However this is not the case for Satrapi and her mother .Satrapi’s parents demonstrated against the king and Satrapi begged them to take her with them to the demonstration against the shah. One key aspect which the book highlights is that even at such a young age, Satrapi had grounded morals and something to fight for, she believed that in order for change to occur it must be supported by as much of the population as possible. Another key trait which women were supposed to have in Iran during this period was that they were essentially not allowed to be their own person, meaning they had to be as plain and dull as possible and in terms of the book Satrapi didn’t pay much attention to this rule a prominent example of this can be seen during a conversation on page 119. Satrapi is sitting on the floor with her arms on the coffee table as she paints her nails and soon after this her mother tells her “You’d be better off without nail polish, you could get arrested”. This scene shows the seriousness of the whole issue since wearing something as harmless as nail polish can serve as ground for arresting a young woman. Soon after this image Satrapi replies to her mom by saying “I’ll put my hands in my pockets”. This just shows the reader that even as a young girl she doesn’t mind the consequences of her actions, it also shows she refuses to be obedient like the other women in the nation and wont let s man decide what she can of cant wear.

Deconstruction

Like many people outside Iran or even the Middle East, people seem to have opinions about women from the area such as they don’t want to fight or that they don’t want their freedom. However to speak with the text, Persepolis gets rid of these presumptions about women and the transition into womanhood through Satrapi her mother and grandmother. With Satrapi’s mother change is shown through her ability to fight as she is depicted as a woman of unbound energy which makes her a fighter, she fights for what’s just and does all she can to bring about change. For Satrapi’s grandmother, it's what she stands for in the lives of Satrapi and her Mother. In the novel she is shown as an elderly woman who possesses knowledge which she gives to Satrapi to help fight her battles. One important thing to note is that Satrapi’s grandmother doesn’t try to hide who she is or try to influence Satrapi to change her attitude toward the national issue, as she is the only one who lets Satrapi’s believe that she is the last disciple of God. For Satrapi there are tons of examples where she displays toughness. When assessing the book further one detail which stands out is when Mehri comes to babysit Satrapi while her parents were away. Satrapi went to demonstrate the next with Mehri and managed to force Mehri to go with her even though she is older than Satrapi. They went and protested from morning till the end of night and in the last frame of page, Mehri can be seen shouting “long live the republic” and beside her Satrapi shouts“down with the Shah”. This is how Satrapi uses deconstruction, she disrupts our presumptions about women in Iran and shows the reader how women can share the same rights even though they are separated by thousands of miles.

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Conclusion

Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi is an example of a literary works which have the potential to motivate women to bring about change. Women in this novel are depicted as oppressed and the novel has a dark tone which seemingly leaves no place for hope. Satrapi in this novel can be seen as hope as her charisma brings about a change to the people she interacts with. Overall this was a book of hope which highlights the hopeful transition of Satrapi into adulthood.