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Table of contentsIntroductionAim/Objective: To make shopping cheaper for the ave ...

Table of contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Aim/Objective: To make shopping cheaper for the average householdAim/ Objective: To build our team so that we create more valueAim/ Objective: act responsibly for our communities
  3. The effectiveness of Tesco’s relationship marketing
  4. Positive effectsNegative effects
  5. Conclusion

Introduction

In this essay I will be discussing the way in which Tesco use relationship marketing to achieve there strategic aims and objectives and how this can be applied to a company such as the Range who although have a quite a few stores around the UK were Tesco’s is a much larger company who has the money to invest into research and therefore has a much clearer vision for how they use there relationship marketing.

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Aim/Objective: To make shopping cheaper for the average household

To make shopping cheaper for a company such as Tesco’s they where one of the first to introduce a loyalty car system which was called the Club card which allow customers to get money of there shopping as well as receiving free days out for the family as a reward for shopping with them. Tesco’s have all made a add campaign demonstrating that they are better value then there competitors such as saying “At Tesco’s this pint of milk was 50p but at Asda its 65p,” these sort of adverts littered the TV channels for long periods of time so that now it has become synonymous that Tesco is one of the cheapest places to shop for groceries in the UK but still remaining that it has the same quality as everywhere else as it is the same product which they are selling.

Aim/ Objective: To build our team so that we create more value

The training of staff is incredibly important for any company to do as this means that the customer see’s what the company is all about as the staff reflect the company. This means in Tesco’s they want to make sure that there staff are polite and informed about the products and how the customer should be treated, however due to the size and the training infrastructure in place this is harder said then done for Tesco as they have built there brand about delivering decent service but the employees will must likely not no much about the products, compared to another supermarket such as Waitrose who have much higher prices for each product but the employees know everything about the product and deliver huge amounts of customer service, for a company such as The Range they need to find a happy medium between the two. They need to deliver a higher level of customer service then Tesco but don’t need to train the staff the quality of Waitrose as they will not have customers that require the knowledge required of Waitrose staff.

Aim/ Objective: act responsibly for our communities

Tesco have said they are all about sponsoring and helping local communities and this is why they give there store managers independence when it comes to handing out free food and sponsoring events and this means that they can build a image around helping local people so that they are more likely to shop there but also so that if they were to want to open another near by the less likely they are to get as many rejections and people contesting it as they usually do because most people don’t want a supermarket opening near them due to the large footprint they bring with them especially with the traffic, however if that supermarket has already contributed a lot to local events and funded local charities they are more likely to be accepted and allowed to open more stores locally.

The effectiveness of Tesco’s relationship marketing

Positive effects

The first positive effect of the relationship marketing for Tesco’s is that they are to offer something that no one else can really compete with and this is there Club card, this due to the fact that it is the first of its kind and therefore it was the one to have the most members it is the same with technology as Apple had the first real smartphone and therefore they have control of there whole market and with the card memberships there has been rip-offs such as nectar that actually offer more features but because Tesco were the first to release there’s it still has the most members as people are loyal to brands and also don’t want the hassle of signing up and changing to a new card. The club card was affectively was what brought Tesco to bringing It to a household name according to the telegraph because they could compete with other supermarkets as they were a small business and therefore couldn’t get the same prices from the suppliers they needed to offer the customers something so they would be more willing to shop at there stores, so they made deals with other business’s to offer Tesco’s customers discounts at offer stores which bring business to other companies meaning they are willing to offer larger discounts the more results they see from the promotion.

Another advantage to relationship marketing that Tesco deploys is the way in which they collect data on there customers such as using the club card to seeing what the customer usually buys and then offering the coupons on things they are likely to buy in the future or like and this means they may add it to there regular shopping list after using the coupon which means that they have gained a lot more sales of product that otherwise wouldn’t sell as well. It also means that the customers feel like the brand is interested in what they are interested in and also that Tesco’s know them well so that they can trust them with there money and that all of there purchases aren’t going unnoticed, although some customers wouldn’t like the feeling of being watched on there every purchase and feel uncomfortable the majority will realise that this is a huge positive for them and that it is worth the money they are saving.

Negative effects

One of the negative affect of the club card system is that it has become so successful that there has no started to be competition and because Tesco want to keep increasing there profit margins they are slowly bringing back the majority of club card points which are being given out and therefor people are being given less even though there prices haven’t change and therefore people are now looking for other alternatives to the club card scheme and this is why many people are moving over to the nectar card system because they know that they will spend the same amount in Sainsbury’s as they would in Tesco’s but will receive more money back then they would from the Tesco scheme and this was shown by chose.co.uk saying that the Tesco scheme is no longer what it was and therefore people should be looking for alternatives and that nectar was better money for value as it can be used on Ebay, as well as many other sites and stores, were the Tesco scheme cannot.

Another negative affect is that Tesco only allows people to gain money back on there shopping and also receive tailor made coupons were some people like to have privacy and although they would like to receive free days out because of the points they have collected on there shopping they don’t like the fact that Tesco can see everything the buy and also thought of someone going through everything they buy, Tesco could fix this by allowing more transparency with there customers so that people can have options at how much data is collected on them.

Conclusion

So in conclusion the relationship marketing that Tesco has put into place is the only reason why there brand is such as a house hold name and this is because they were the first to come out with the club card system but if they were in the same position as they are in now and were to release the club card system it wouldn’t make a big difference because they were only successful because the system was in head of its time but also because they are now trying to increase there profits they are offering the same deals they once were. Overall they have also had a very successful campaign on TV which has made them known for selling the same products as everywhere else but for the same price.


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As a result of their inability to give birth to children of their own, most pare ...

As a result of their inability to give birth to children of their own, most parents have embraced adoption as a form alternative parenthood. Adoption has over the years given parents who suffer from infertility and other reproductive defects a second chance at being parents. Adopted children tend to suffer from numerous psychological problems, a situation which may give the parent a hard time, or even lead to a failed adoption. In this essay, I discuss the psychological problems that most adopted children are likely to face.

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Over the years, the extent to which adoption increases the adopted child’s possibility to the development of adjustment problems have been argued on a large scale. Adoption tends to be hard on the child due to the feelings of abandonment and rejection. Most adopted children tend to have the feeling that their biological family did not like them. And as a result abandoned them. This feelings adversely affect their psychological health and wellbeing. Adopted children need to be reminded that they form an important part of the family (Brodzinsky, 1993).

Moreover, adopted children may suffer from identity queries. On discovering that they are adopted, children tend to suffer from self-identification problems. As such, they may ask questions about their parents, and whether they resembled them in order to try and identify themselves. In addition, adopted children tend to have lower self-esteem compared to other non-adopted kids. This can be ascribed to their sense of belonging, dignity or even value. Adopted kids tend to feel that they are lesser beings compared to their non-adopted counterparts (Brodzinsky, 1993).

Furthermore, adopted kids may suffer from grief and reactive attachment disorders. They more often than not feel disappointed for not having their biological parents to cater for them.

Conclusively, the behavior and development of an adopted child is highly affected by the situations they deal with. It is therefore of high value to the parent to learn the problems that their adopted child is likely to be facing in order to provide the ultimate parental care.


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Until well into the 1960s, the terms ‘theatre studies’ and ‘theatre histor ...

Until well into the 1960s, the terms ‘theatre studies’ and ‘theatre history’ were largely synonymous, because the first and major concern of the new subject was the theatrical past. However, today theatre history is certainly not the exclusive field of teaching and research, historical study remains an important area of work. My work so far has led me to focus on understanding the most important methods and research patterns employed by theatre historians. I have attempted to identify the main sources often employed by historians as well as the different types of information they provide. I have also been exploring the way we can divide up theatre history into periods. This focus on questions of theory and methodology meant that I was not looking at specific periods of theatre history (the Greeks, the Elizabethan period, etc.) but rather at the problems involved in the writing of it, which is technically called historiography.

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As an academic discipline, theatre history has seldom had a high profile, possibly because the demand for theatre historians is on the decline. That being said, there are still scholars around the world who engage actively in the study of theatre history meaning that new approaches are still being introduced from time to time. Theatre historians like to date their discipline from the Theatriké historia or King Juba II. This was a large work that was devoted entirely to all matters associated with the stage. We don’t have access to this work, and like our knowledge of theatre history itself, its existence is based upon indirect evidence and speculation. Between this early time and the sixteenth century, theatre history was rarely the forefront of discussion, that’s not to say that scholarly work wasn’t being produced, however only a fraction of what could have existed has made its way through the history books.

We are very much aware of the extensive history behind ancient Greek and Roman theatre however my work will take us a few centuries ahead of these ancient periods. Thankfully there are now many different ideas about how students and scholars should approach theatre history, and it is these ideas that I hope to now summarise and ultimately employ through my own work.

The first book, Writing and Rewriting National Theatre Histories I found both intriguing and enlightening. Off the cusp, this book deals with approaches of writing theatre history based upon the changing factors within different countries. It was a good choice to start with as it introduced me to the basic principles behind theatre historiography from an early stage in the book, however it was clearly presented so that it didn’t avoid causing any confusion or contradiction given that I was only being introduced to the ideas for the first time. The first main question it poses is: What is the meaning of history, and what is the purpose of studying it? Essentially here it forced me to think on a rudimentary level to understand that it would be almost impossible to define the term ‘theatre history’ if was unable to understand the basic principles of history itself… “Is world history, then, a kind of theatre history, the philosophical study of which must inevitably lead to enlightenment about the infinite perfectibility of the human race?”

To write a theatre history, surely we must be able to then answer the question What is the meaning of theatre history, and what is the purpose of studying it? However this brings about a number of difficulties.

How we define the object of our study? In my case this would be the definition of amateur theatre.

What is theatre? This is a difficult question because theatre in a broad sense is a collaborative form of art using live performers, however in the context of my research we are referring to a specific type of theatre that incorporates three disciplines of singing, dancing and acting together where the plot is conveyed or assisted through song. In the twenty-first century, there are so many new forms of contemporary theatre being evolved that even the most unsuspecting forms of activity could be classed as theatre, so it is vital to make the definite distinction of what the term theatre means in the context of my own work.

The concept of theatre is being constantly broadened when we consider how it was during the avant-garde movements in the early decades of the twentieth century. In the broadest sense, could incorporate any definition of performance and the Rediscovery of ‘ritual theatre’ in 1960’s/70’s highlighted just how obscure the term theatre could evolve to. Helmer Schramm said, Wherever someone put him – or herself, someone else, or something on show, consciously presenting a person or object to the gaze of others, people spoke of theatre”.

This book also suggests that you cannot explore the history of theatre in a specific field, without first identifying and taking into account, the historical happenings that surround the events. For Example: Did the terrorism acts of the 1950’s/60’s effect how people in Northern Ireland chose to view, attend theatre due to fear? “Everyone must delimit the subject area of their theatre history in accordance with their specific epistemological interests and competence, select the events that are likely to be productive in terms of the questions they are asking, and construct their history from their examination of the documents related to these events”.

Perhaps the best way to present a specific field of theatre history, is to explore it in a refined environment, only taking into account, where necessary, other surrounding historical/political factors that may have influenced the refined topic at one given time.

These are just some of the opening remarks. Further into the book we are introduced to quite a systematic approach to refining our research. Wilmer suggest that when writing about the history of a particular nation, then you must break it down into four categories.

Wilmer suggest that where a countries borders have changed through time, a historian must determine whether to represent the nation with today’s borders or previous decades borders. He must also decide upon how much of the theatre activity should be based upon a nation’s capital, or regions.

Many historians focus on the theatre activity within a main capital and disregard outside regions, however in my own field of research it is the smaller regions that lie almost more important than the capital.

In Dublin for example, historians tend to bypass popular theatres such as the Gaiety or Olympia, and turn solely to the National Concert Hall (National Theatre). This is because the national theatre takes on the role of representing the national culture, even if the state was not independent. So regardless of the production standard, be it professional or amateur, the national theatre best represented the appreciation of theatre within a nation.

Can we also limit theatre personnel within borders? Christopher Fitzsimon’s ‘Irish Theatre’ refers to many well-known dramatists who more time outside of the present day borders of Ireland than within them.

Theatrical events that are performed in the native language are given greater predominance in terms of national history than those in a secondary language. I personally look a drama as monolingual especially if we account opera as an early form of musical theatre.

We could of course also include exploration of the idea involving immigrant theatre, however this is again slightly unrelated to my field. Where Ireland did face this issue was notably in the Abbey Theatre where upon actors where contracted to speak both Irish and English on the same stage, up until the 1980’s when this was phased out. As language does not play a huge factor in my research, I foresee myself focusing primarily on a single language when writing, that being English of course.

How do historians categorise which ethnic groups feature in a national theatre history? In the case of American history, these decisions can cause political implications when deciding whether or not to include the contributions of the African-American community and also the indigenous peoples. Whilst this decision may appear more apparent in recent years, there was a time before the civil rights movement when this distinction was not as easy to facilitate.

In Ireland, we face a rather unique perspective on ethnicity. The nationalist community firmly believe that they are a distinct homogeneous Celtic people. However we must take into consideration that Ireland was once part of Britain and in some provinces of the country, Notably in Northern Ulster, there are minorities who still consider themselves British whilst others would call themselves Irish.

Historians must decide how they intend to incorporate the British contributions to Irish theatre, and visa versa because of the rather important distinction made between the Irish and British. We must also account that theatre was not an indigenous artform in Ireland, but rather a British import and drama was reportedly not performed in the Irish Language before 1890. This leaves a difficulty when defining the difference in British and Irish Theatre.

Finally, what specifically is your research addressing? In my case, the focus is Musical Theatre as the genre or performance mode. My research will also focus slightly more upon amateur theatre and only reference the professional scene where necessary to show progression. Wilmer writes, “Generally, national theatre histories (e.g., in Ireland, Finland and Slovenia) have privileged professional rather than amateur performance”. I would disagree and there on average 2 amateur productions taking place for every one professional. This statement minimises the already marginal cultures in society who cannot afford to or do not wish to produce their productions professionally.

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In summary, Wilmer’s book is both engaging and concise. I feel that the methods outlined here whilst very relevant and certainly insightful, are a little rigid. The four categories for example will prove quite useful I’m sure, however I feel that if I was to use these methods as the sole framework of my research then perhaps I would find them slightly delimiting to say the least. I must also take into consideration that I am dealing with a collection of essays, some written 20 years ago so I think it would be fair to say that how we view and write about history can no doubt evolve over a twenty year period. This aside, I still found this an excellent stepping stone and a perfect book to start with.


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The enthalpy-entropy chart, also known as the Mollier diagram, has different tec ...

The enthalpy-entropy chart, also known as the Mollier diagram, has different technical applications. It is widely used to estimate the enthalpy of pure substances and the mixtures of substances that are most frequently found in Engineering. Mollier's chart serves to simplify calculations of enthalpy, entropy, pressure, temperature, specific volume and the quality of steam and water. The Mollier diagram is the representation of the properties of water and water vapor. A main H-S coordinate system (Enthalpy-Entropy) is used.

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The diagram was created in 1904 when Richard Mollier plotted total heat against entropy. At the 1923 Thermodynamics Conference held in Los Angeles, it was decided to name, in his honor, as a "Mollier diagram" any thermodynamic diagram that he used the enthalpy h as one of its axes.

Constant Pressure Lines and Enthalpy Lines. The horizontal lines are the lines of constant pressure, and the vertical lines are the lines of constant "enthalpy", that is the amount of heat present in a kilo of refrigerant. Note that the pressures are absolute pressures and that the scale is logarithmic. Enthalpy. Although enthalpy is sometimes defined as "total heat", it is more correctly and specifically defined as the sum of all the energy supplied by a given mass of matter in any thermodynamic condition. The formula for calculating the enthalpy is indicated below.h = u + p v / jWhere:H: enthalpy (kcal / kg)U: internal energy (kcal // kg)P: absolute pressure (kgf / cm2)V: specific volume (m3 / kg)J: equivalent mechanical energy. Saturated liquid line and saturated steam line.

As the following figure shows, the diagram is divided into three main parts separated by the saturated liquid line and the saturated steam line. The part to the left of the saturated liquid line is called the "sub-cooled zone". At any point in the sub-cooled zone, the refrigerant is in the liquid state and its temperature is below the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure.

The part to the right of the saturated steam line is called the "recharged zone". In this part, the refrigerant is in the form of superheated steam. The central part of the table, between the lines of saturated liquid and saturated steam, is called "phase change zone", which represents the phase change of the refrigerant between the liquid and vapor states. At any point between the two lines, the refrigerant has the form of a mixture of liquid and vapor. As seen in the previous figure, the point of union between the saturated liquid line and the saturated steam line is called "critical point". The temperature and pressure at this point are referred to respectively as "critical temperature" and "critical pressure". Critical Temperature. The critical temperature of a gas is the highest temperature at which said gas can be condensed by application of pressure. The critical temperature differs according to the types of gases.

Dry Steam Lines. The phase change from liquid to vapor occurs progressively from the left to the right while the phase change from vapor to liquid occurs from right to left. The mixture of liquid and vapor near the saturated liquid line is almost pure liquid. On the contrary, the mixture of liquid and vapor near the saturated vapor line is almost pure vapor.

The "dry steam" lines that extend from the critical point to the bottom through the central section of the table and approximately parallel to the saturated liquid and vapor lines indicate the percentage of vapor in the mixture. with increases of 10%.For example, at any point in the dry steam line closest to the saturated liquid line, the dry vapor of the liquid and vapor mixture (X) is 0.1, which means that 10% (by weight) of the mixture is vapor, and 90% is liquid.


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Killing an innocent child is one of the worst crimes that a woman could ever com ...

Killing an innocent child is one of the worst crimes that a woman could ever commit. That is why I take a stand in this essay for pro-life. This essay will cover four areas about abortion: history, medicine, law, and the Bible. The history gives insight to how people and other cultures have felt about the issue of abortion. Medicine deals with the biological evidence of the topic. Law shows how the Supreme Court deals with the topic. Finally, I will discuss the biblical viewpoint of abortion.

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The practice of abortion has happened throughout history. Abortions were not very prevalent in ancient times but infanticide was much more common. Infanticide is the killing of a baby outside the womb after delivery. This was more common because abortions were not safe for the mother of the unborn child. Heaven forbid, if anything happens to the person who is murdering another human being. Abortion and infanticide are both the murder of an infant. Typical methods that were usually avoided were either poisoning the mother so the child would die and the mother would live. Alternatively, often the husband would beat the womans stomach, killing the baby and causing her either to miscarry or to have a stillborn baby. All of these instances are the killing of a child and are all extremely grotesque.

The bible is clearly against abortion as it is demonstrated here in a passage from the Holy Bible:

For thou dist form my inward parts, thou didst knit me together in my mothers wombThine eyes have beheld my unformed substance; in thy book were written, every one of them, the days that were ordained for me when as yet there was not one of them (Theology of Abortion).

This passage makes it evident that the Catholic churches condemn the practice of abortion. They feel that the child has already come before God and that God knows the child, by killing the child you are killing one of Gods people. I am Catholic and I follow my church in its beliefs against abortion. Many other churches prohibit the practice after a specific developmental stage is reached. The stage is called quickening. Quickening was originally defined as being when the baby was formed in the womb. Its definition was later changed to the point at which movements are first felt. Under common law abortion after quickening was considered manslaughter. However, with new technology scientists now realize that quickening is a false science and that the baby can still feel pain. The infant experiences pain during an abortion and this can be shown through brain waves of the unborn and the quickening heartbeat showing the infant is stressed.

As time goes on, abortion technology has grown. When the abortion technology grew, so did the frequency because now it was safer for the mother. In 1857 the American Medical Association (AMA) did a report to investigate criminal abortion. The study pointed out there was a widespread popular ignorance of the true character of the crimea belief even among mothers themselves that the fetus is not alive till after the period of quickening. The AMA believed that the fetus was alive from the point of conception. I also strongly believe that this is true. When the two haploid cells come together (i.e., sperm and egg) there are chemical reactions and cell division instantaneously. This shows that there is a life being formed from the minute the two haploid cells come together. Nevertheless, in 1970 the AMA left their standpoint on abortion because they believed there was a social change toward abortion. So basically they changed for society to legalize murder. What if everyone believed smoking was good for you? Would the AMA change their mind and say there are no harmful side effects of smoking? I think not, then why did they do that for abortion? Then in 1973, the Supreme Court ruled the legalization of abortion through the trial of Roe vs. Wade.

This Roe vs. Wade decision was a terrible misstep for our country. Jane Roe argued that the laws prohibiting abortion at any time before birth were infringing on a womans constitutional right to abort should be between a woman and her doctor, but the court limited it to within the first tri-mester of pregnancy. The court decided that after the point of viability the fetus would have meaningful life.(Supreme Court Decision) The courts can now make decisions on when life is meaningful? Will the start to eliminate people who they dont think have meaningful life? Nowhere in the court decision did the court try to define meaningful life. So where is the line drawn? There have been many other cases that have come off of Roe vs. Wade, for example, Planned Parenthood vs. Danforth (1976). The Supreme Court ruled that the womans doctor is the sole judge of viability (Supreme Court Decision). The courts have taken back some of the original rulings form Roe vs. Wade. This is good because Roe vs. Wade was too easy on the issue of abortion.

"...Those of us born before Roe v Wade forget that every child born since 1973 knows that he or she could have been exterminated in his mother's womb with society's blessing. In other words, every American child knows that society considered him or her completely expendable. Anyone who believes that this does not cast life in a different light is, in my opinion, denying reality..." Watts, page 4.

No one can actually define when life begins because you have to first determine the word life. A majority of experts decided life began at the point of conception. They cannot produce one single person who would testify that life begins at any other point other than conception. This tells me that they all on some level believe that abortion is the taking of a life. And the taking of a life is defined as murder. They also had to decide if the fetus is a being in its own. It obviously is. It has a different genetic make up from the mother. The fetus can be transferred to another host and still develop into the exact person it would have been before. This proves a fetus is its own being and not the mothers. The brain waves of the unborn child are active and so is the heart, which is the makeup of a person and this defines life.

The frequency of abortion has had a tremendous leap in the past few decades alone. In 1973, there were about 700,000 abortions. I now compare this to the approximate number of 1,300,00 abortions that happened in 1995 (Abortion Surveillance). The only reason there is such a giant leap is that now it is safe for mothers, no one thinks about the other human life that is about to die.

There are many alternatives to abortion. One of these alternatives is adoption. A mother would like to at least have some happiness in her decision to give up her child. This would come from adoption. If she terminated the life of the child, she would always remember the day she became a murder. Abortions also can cause severe psychological problems for the mothers of the unborn children (Abortion: Ohio Right to Life). By choosing adoption, it is a win, win, win situation; winning for the mother, the child, and the new parents. I believe so strongly in adoption and against abortion, that I plan on adopting children in the future.

Abortion is wrong and should be considered murder. I do not believe that anyone has the right to take the life of someone else for any reason; especially simply because it isnt convenient for the mother to have the child. I think of abortion as the saddest, most disgusting thing that someone could do to another human being and it should not happen.


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Amores perros is a movie that involves 3 different people, with 3 different stor ...

Amores perros is a movie that involves 3 different people, with 3 different stories and lifestyles that come together in a car accident. Octavio involves his dog in dog fighting matches to get money to escape with his sister in law and nephew, Valeria is a beautiful model whose career comes crashing down when she is involved in a car accident that leads to her leg getting amputated. El Chivo is an old man who is trying to recover his daughter after so many years out of her life. Although nothing binds these 3 characters before the car accident, there is one thing they all have in common during the entire movie and that is their love for dogs.

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“Amores Perros opens with a frenetic, fraught car chase. A dog is dying on the back seat while its owner tries desperately to evade those pursuing him through the busy streets of Mexico. The chase ends in a cataclysmic crash that pulls together three different stories” (Stendall, 2014). This car crash appears multiple times throughout the film from different perspectives as to why or what caused each character to be involved in that accident. Valeria, the model, is the victim in the accident while Octavio is trying to get away from people that are trying to kill him and Chivo is a witness who happen to be a at the exact intersection where the crash occurred.

The film’s first story involes Octavio and Susana who is married and has a child and a child on the way from Octavio’s own brother. Octavio owns a dog name Cofi which he involves in dog fights. “Needless to say this is not a film for sensitive dog lovers. There are frequent images of dead animals, their fur matted with dark red blood. When two dogs are pitted against each other, teeth bared, reared on their hind legs, thrashing at their collars, Iñárittu unleashes the full force of carnal violence” (Stendall, 2014). Octavio and Susana start an intimate relationship behind Octavio’s brothers back. At this point Octavio is making thousands of dollars from Cofi winning all of the dog fight matches and killing his opponents. While Octavio is making a lot of money he gives it all to Susana with the hope that she will run away with him.

The second story deals with Daniel, who leaves his wife and two daughters for a beautiful model named Valeria, whose picture for the perfume advert for ‘Enchant’ is all over Mexico City. Valeria is a dog lover who own a dog named Richie who dives down through a hole in the floorboards and won’t come out. The crash leaves her in a wheelchair with a broken leg that eventually gets amputated because she kept walking on it trying to get Richie out of the hole. This causes her modeling career to end. “Daniel, after flirting with the idea to abandon Valeria and return to his wife, in the end chooses to remain with his new love. He may have revealed his moral weakness by leaving his family in the first place, but he shows some ability to act ethically when he decides to commit himself to his decision to join his life to Valeria’s, instead of leaving her in her time of greatest need” (Hickks, Milen, Ortega, 2012).

“The third, and final, story explores the life of a member of the upper class, and transigent named El Chivo who works as a hitman for the corrupt police force. Living in squalor with only his dogs as companions, El Chivo represents, by his physical appearance, the decrepit state of members of this class of society in Mexico City. As his story unfolds, though, we learn that his tale is not one of perennial poverty—he is a fallen man. Giving him an origin of normality and respectability conveys the tragic nature of members of this underclass—their current state of abject poverty is a result of flaws in their character” (Hickks, Milen, Ortega, 2012). At the time of accident El Chivo who was present at the scene to rescue Cofi, who had been left to die on the side of the road by the paramedics. El Chivo also has multiple dogs which are family to Chivo. After rescuing Cofi from the the crash and nursing him back to health from a gunshot he received during a dog fight, Cofi kills every last one Chivo’s dogs. Chivo wanted to kill Cofi, but rethinks and decided not to kill him at the end.

“Iñárritu and his cinematographer, Rodrigo Prieto, used different styles for the three plots. The Octavio plot relies heavily on extreme close-ups in which a single face or even a part of a face fills the screen. Valeria is mostly photographed in the middle distance where most tv shows are photographed. And the filmmakers used, inevitably, a lot of long shots for the El Chivo plot as he prowls the city and looks for his daughter and his victims from a distance. Iñárritu and Prieto also chose different film stocks for the different plots, a bluer film for the Octavio and El Chivo plots and a warmer tone for Valeria. As for the crucial car crash, Iñárritu staged it only once, but he used nine cameras” (Holland). This film was one of the best films I have seen. This movie catches your attention for all the two and a half hours that it’s long. It captures the three sad stories in such a melancholic and aesthetic way. All the dog blood and violence within the dog fight is part of that aesthetics. The movie presents Mexico’s City atmosphere with people in upper class and lower. I personally do not watch many movies, but his film has defiantly been one of the best movies I’ve seen so far.

Works Cited

  1. Stendall, S. (2014). Amores Perros. BFI Film Classics. British Film Institute.
  2. Hicks, J., Milen, E., & Ortega, M. (2012). A Cinema of Contradiction: Spanish Film in the 1990s. Tamesis Books.
  3. Holland, J. (n.d.). Amores Perros. Reelviews. Retrieved from https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/amores-perros
  4. Agüero, S. (2003). El nuevo cine mexicano de principios del siglo XXI: el caso de Alejandro González Iñárritu. Revista de cine latinoamericano, (48), 89-98.
  5. De Paz, J. (2002). The Films of Alejandro González Iñárritu: The Power of Narrative Complexity. The University of Texas at Austin.
  6. Smith, P. (2010). Amores Perros (2000). In Cult Film: An Introduction (pp. 42-47). Palgrave Macmillan.
  7. Gallagher, S. (2005). Film Directors on Directing. Praeger Publishers.
  8. Davies, R. (2005). Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society 1896-2004. McFarland & Company.
  9. Mora, C. (2005). Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society 1896-2004. McFarland & Company.
  10. Lerner, J. (2004). The Oxford Book of Latin American Short Stories. Oxford University Press.

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In his great article 'What Is Academic Writing?' L. Lennie Irvin explains reader ...

In his great article 'What Is Academic Writing?' L. Lennie Irvin explains readers how to write an essay. He starts out with an introduction to explain for us the academic writing task, and here in the 2nd body paragraph, he gives us the secret. And he tells us it’s the secret. He says, 'So here’s the secret. Your success with academic writing depends upon how well you understand what you are doing as you write and then how you approach the writing task.' And this idea of understanding what we are doing as we write is going to inform a lot of the information in the article. We have to understand what we're doing in order to do it well. So when we move to the next page, page 4, Irvin is going to go into myths about writing, and myths are really interesting. A lot of us believe these myths about how to write an essay as if they are true, so let’s look at each one of these myths one by one.

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Myth number 1 is the paint by numbers myth. Some of you might not be that familiar with the paint by numbers. Paint by numbers is something that we do when basically we're told specifically where every single color goes. Most of us would paint the sky blue and the grass green and a tree brown. And that’s basically what paint by numbers picture is where someone tells us exactly what to do and for something like the sky and the grass and a tree, it’s pretty easy to understand. So Irvin goes on to say that paint by numbers for essay is in fact a myth, and he says here that 'some writers believe that they must perform certain steps in a particular order.' He’s talking about paint by numbers as order that there is in fact a specific way how to write essay in terms. Then we have to do to hook. Then we have to do the thesis. And this is, in fact, not true.

Writing is, in fact, recursive and that’s what he’s trying to say. We have to get over the idea that there is one way, one path, one the linear way to do this because it’s just not true.

The next myth that he goes into is myth number 2, and that is writers only start writing the essay when they have everything figured out, and that is a huge myth because writing, in fact, leads to figuring everything out. Most of us get ideas when we write, and the more. Irvin says here, 'Writers figure out much of what they want to write as they write it.' He goes on to say, 'you can come back to patch up the rough spots.' This is why writing is, in fact, recursive.

So myth number 1 and number 2 ties in together. Rarely do we sit down and have everything just boom from start to finish. That is, in fact, a myth.

Then we go on to myth number 3, which is perfect from myth number 2 and that's perfect first drafts. There’s no such thing. Non-writers have this idea that people sit down at the keyboard and words just flow from writers’ fingertips, and it’s all perfect, and the grammar is perfect, and everything is wonderful. That is just simply not true. Now of course, sometimes grammar is better.

Irvin goes on to say that we focus too much on the 'impossible task' of making first drafts’ perfect, or when we turn the page, we spend too little time and make them not good enough before we have people read them. It's a very tricky balance. Your work has to be understandable enough so that someone can read it to help you to give you feedback. For a first draft day, for peer review day it has to be understandable, but it’s not going to be perfect.

Myth number 4 is a great myth is the genius fallacy. And we think students apply this myth not only to writing but language use as well. Anyone can improve as a writer. Anyone can improve as a language user. Irwin says, 'With effort and study you can improve as a writer.'

Myth number 5 is 'good grammar is good writing'. He says, 'When people say I can’t write what they often mean is that they have problems with grammatical correctness. Writing, however, is about more than just grammatical correctness. .Now that’s true. However, what it doesn’t mean is that writing is not about grammatical correctness. It’s very important that we read this. It says, 'Writing, however, is about more than just grammatical correctness, and the keywords in the sentence are more than just grammatical correctness - more than just grammatical correctness - so you need to have grammatical correctness. Grammatical correctness is a baseline. It’s the basic foundation of writing, so we start with good grammar and once you have good grammar we build from there.

The next myth is about the 5 paragraph essay and this is something that people are arguing about right now - and doesn’t affect you quite as much, and he goes on to say that 'some people say to avoid it at all cost'.

Another myth that is no.6 involves what we learn to do is we learn to how to write an essay upon building blocks. And so we're building our essay as something that can scale up, and so a small essay like a 3 paragraph essay has a particular format that we want to be able to scale up that can build into a 6 paragraph

The next myth, myth number 7 is a really important myth. And you will encounter that in the different writing classes that you take, and that’s never use I. Now it’s really tricky because here he talks about the formal stance of objectivity and he says it implies a 'distrust of informality'. So look at what he says next. 'Although some writing situations will call on you to avoid using I, much college writing can be done in a middle semi-formal style where it is alright to use 'I'.' So the key is that we use I when it’s appropriate to use I and we don’t use a I when we don’t use I. So the kind of essay is what dictates the point of view that we use. 

So all these rules are absolute and we think that’s the point of all of these myths. We can’t just say this is a rule. This is an absolute, but we have to think and apply critical thinking to the ideas. And that is how we can decide whether or not this general rule is a good rule or it is in fact a myth. And so that’s Irvin's 7 writing myths. So all these myths that many people have accepted over the years. 


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Table of contentsIntroductionIntroduction to IndustrializationChanges in Lifesty ...

Table of contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Introduction to IndustrializationChanges in LifestyleIncreased rate of unemployment
  3. Effects on Environment
  4. Air PollutionWater Pollution
  5. Conclusion

Introduction

Industrialization, which has begun in Britain during the 18th century, caused rapid change in the manufacturing of goods. The revolution of industry has invented many ways to produce goods in much faster and efficient ways, making our lives easier. It emphasizes the usage of machines and labor power. The basic needs of human such as food, water, housing and transportation become more easily available. The rapid improvement of industrialization also gives way to the development of technology. This caused a breakthrough in the daily lifestyles of human. However, every success comes at a cost. Therefore, Industrialization has negative effects both on the environment and the human relations. The major downsides of industrialization are increased rate of unemployment, social diversity and factories’ residues that are harmful to the environment.

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Introduction to Industrialization

Industrialization first started during the 18th century, producing goods in factories with rapid speed using laborers and machines. These factories created many job opportunities. These job opportunities attract many immigrants to come from all over the world come to industrialized countries. But the working conditions in the factories were terrible. The workers had to work for long hours without rest. They would work in long assembly lines where they would repeat the same work again and again. The pay wages were also terrible especially for women and workers from different ethnicity because of gender inequality and racism. Moreover, many workers died from stroke, malnutrition, stress and other kinds of diseases due to factories’ unsafe working environment. The results are industrialization are growth of economy, efficient laborers and the use of technological innovations (Kenton, 2019).

Changes in Lifestyle

Industrial revolution not only gave rise to economic situation of a country but also invented many machines that help the daily lifestyles of human. Therefore, industrialization has also affected the lifestyles of human. The lifestyles of people nowadays are greatly different from those of before industrial revolutions. For example, before industrialization people had to do the house-work personally or hire a maid to do the chores. Industrialization invented many machines such as refrigerators, dish washers, washing machines, ovens and stoves reduced the time required and the amount of energy needed for the process. They are very useful that they become essential tools in everyday life. Nowadays, people spend less time on the house work they focus more on education and entertainments. However, there are also some downsides of industrialization that affects the lifestyles of people. Today, many people eat a lot of fast- foods. These foods took less time to prepare and you can eat them anywhere which made them very convenient. But fast foods are usually made from cheap ingredients and contain sodium to preserve the food. Fast foods contain many sodium, fats and cholesterol which can cause many health deficiencies such as high blood pressure, heart disease and obesity.

Increased rate of unemployment

The world population has increased greatly after industrialization erupted in the 18th century. The growth of population means that more people will be working hard to support their families. Thus, goods need to be produced faster. Therefore, many large factories started using a lot of workers. Many factories use a method called Mc Donaldization. Mc Donaldization is a process where the work is based on four primary concepts, efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. In Mc Donaldization, the process of production is divided into many simple tasks where workers would repeat the same work again and again. Due to its simple works procedure, there is no need to hire talented workers. Therefore, workers have less value and they could be easily replaced.

Nowadays, industrialization is booming and economy is the main support of a country. The growth of industry also gave rise to technological development, which led to the invention of robots. Robots are the best tool to produce goods in the most efficient way since they do not get tired or injured. Robots may have technological errors but they are useful in areas where the work environments might be harmful or dangerous for human workers such as chemicals, high temperature and radioactive waves. Moreover, robots do not complain about long working hours, low pay wages and factories can throw them away or repair them if there is an error in their functions unlike workers where companies should pay compensation if someone got injured. Many factories begin to use robots in large scale production. Nowadays, robots are also capable of replacing workers in service centers and white-collar works. Therefore, increased rate of world population and development of machines cause less job opportunities for workers.

Effects on Environment

In addition, technology has grown drastically by industrial revolution. The development of technology give rise to many innovations such as robots and machines to produce goods faster, develop new vaccines to cure diseases and vehicles to transport both goods and humans. These new innovations required resources to operate. Due to the increasing of the world population, resources are depleting much faster. Factories’ residues can cause environmental problems and serious diseases.

Air Pollution

Industries get the energy required to operate from burning natural resources such as coal, oil and gas. But burning large amounts of fossil fuels release lots of gases and chemicals into the air which reduce the air quality. Air pollution can cause serious diseases such as lung cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Environmental problems such as global warming, climate changes, acid rains and depletion of ozone are also caused by air pollution.

Water Pollution

Some residues produced from industries contain chemicals. These toxins can end up in local water supplies in the form of gas, liquid or solid; decreasing the amount of fresh water available. Moreover, some wastes are often dumped into the nearby lakes and streams which flow into river and into the sea. This action not only destroys the sea but also cause harm to the creatures living in it.

Conclusion

Although the evolution of industry has contributed a lot in developing lifestyles of people, replacing a lot of man power with machines and robots has caused the poor labor workers to lose their jobs. Thus, making their lives more miserable because these laborers have limited education and money. They could only depend on their physical abilities to survive. If they were to be replaced there would be no place for them to work to survive. Industrialization not only produces many waste products but also deplete many natural resources. These may cause the risk of destroying the source of natural resources. The society cannot afford such possibilities.


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Chaucer’s literature was spread across many different spheres of interest thro ...

Chaucer’s literature was spread across many different spheres of interest throughout his life, often focussing on society and religion. An observer of his own social group, he wrote satirical interpretations of those surrounding him, subverting the traditional writing styles of Beowulf (900AD-1100AD), Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (14th century) and even Petrarch (1304-1374), into something that was almost similar to social commentary. Chaucer’s relationship with the courtly love tradition is interesting to examine because of its fluctuating nature; his attitude to courtly love in his earlier writing is very different to the presentation of courtly love in The Canterbury Tales . The woman presented in A Complaint to his Lady is very different for instance to the woman of The Miller’s Tale (who arguably is not so much a heroine of courtly love) in that she is very distant, and rebuts his advances, whilst Alison in The Miller’s Tale is open to the men’s proposals to gain her affections. Therefore one can assume Chaucer’s intentions in writing the poem are ambiguous at best; it is challenging to decide whether Chaucer uses a satirical presentation of courtly love, or whether he is genuinely adhering to the concept of both courtly love and the chivalric tradition.

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The tradition of courtly love is based around five elements, which define the relationship between the two participants. The love was primarily a relationship between aristocratic men and women, and was often adulterous. The relationship would be conducted in secret and would often involve the ritualistic exchange of gifts. The final defining element of the affair was the flouting of rigid courtly marriage, which was often only formed for political and financial reasons. Glorification of this kind of extramarital affair was found in songs of gallant knights and their fair ladies, and led to the spread of this kind of relationship in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The poem itself represents the prescribed courtly love heroine; however its adherence to the protocol of the tradition is variable.

The portrait of the traditional courtly love heroine can be found in Prologue of The Canterbury Tales In the description of the prioress, we are told her ‘nose was elegant, her eyes glass-grey; Her mouth was very small, but soft and red, Her forehead, certainly, was fair of spread…’. This represents her noble features, and her eyes are a metaphor for her treatment of her lover; the courtly love heroine rarely acknowledged the advances of her lover and instead, gives only the merest hint that she shares his feelings. The ‘glassy’ nature of the heroine’s eyes shows a degree of superficiality in the relationship between the man and woman; perhaps even an emptiness of character, even a lack of personality where the heroine becomes a mechanism for the man to project his idealistic feelings upon.

A Complaint to his Lady is a poem written from a man directly to a woman whom he clearly adores, detailing his struggle for her affections, and how she is causing him a considerable amount of torment. For example the line ‘so desepaired I am from alle bliss,’ shows an almost self-pitying lamentation that continues until the beginning of part III. The third part of the poem sees the narrator confessing that ‘I can but love hir best, my swete fo;’ which symbolises a sweetness previously absent, a sweetness connected to his love for her, which changes the tone of the poem. The poem takes the form of a monologue; whilst he appears to be talking to his lady, it becomes obvious that she is not there, or is at least unresponsive, and therefore one can presume he is alone. The main element of the poem is distance and suffering, created by this woman, regardless of his devotion to her. Chaucer here represents love as a kind of poison, shown by his statement ‘Thus am I slayn with Loves fyry dart!’, and subsequently leaving the protagonist unable to understand her treatment of him; ‘love hath taught me no more of his art’.

The perspective of the protagonist changes as the poem progresses, beginning with establishing the circumstances in which he is in love with her, and then moving on to describe the manner in which she treats him. The quotation ‘The more I love, the more she doth me smerte’ represents the paradoxical effect of the courtly love; the woman will appear to grow more distant. At the beginning of part III, the protagonist describes his woman as ‘Faire Rewtheless’; this is revealing about her mannerisms and ‘Rewtheless’ represents a cold attitude, is very similar to the eyes of the prioress which are described as ‘eyes glass-grey’. The fourth section of the poem is the longest, and represents the efforts of the protagonist to glean some kind of response from his woman. He compares his own shortcomings with her ‘gentileness and debonairtee’, and almost sarcastically states that he is not worthy of her service. Chaucer states that ‘Thogh that I be unconnyng and unmete, to serve, as I coude best, ay your hynesse,’ says that even though he is uncouth and unkempt, he would serve the woman as best as he could. This over exaggerated display of emotion implies that the poem could be satirical; however because there is no comparative character, or change of theme, one cannot be sure of Chaucer’s intention regarding the poem. It is interesting that he refers to the lady as a queen, therefore of higher status than himself reinforcing the idea that she has become almost demigod-like, given it is likely that they would have belonged to the same social strata. Part of the attraction of courtly love was the extravagance and exaggeration of action; for women of this period, they would have been repressed for most of their lives, constantly adhering to rules enforced by the crown, or perhaps their own family, and this affair was a rebellion against normality for them, almost a liberating experience. The final stanza of the poem, the protagonist proposes an ultimatum of sorts; to grant him some kind of pity, (i.e. respond in some way to his advances), otherwise nothing, no bliss, nor hope will dwell in his troubled heart. From a modern day point of view, the poem becomes repetitive, and the concept appears false; however at the time of writing, this level of extravagance was not uncommon and therefore from a historical perspective, the poem is likely to be a good example of typical courtly love poetry, such as that of Petrarch and Boccaccio.

The presentation of the heroine in this poem is comparable with other courtly love heroines in Chaucer’s tales, in particular Alison, from the Miller’s Tale, Pertelote, The Nun’s Priests Tale, The Prioress, The Prologue and Criseyde, Troilus and Criseyde. Criseyde is very similar to the Prioress in many ways; however is assertive in her role as a courtly love heroine, playing an active part in the poem, demonstrated by book III, verse 115. She states ‘Alas, I would have though, whoever told, such tales of me, my sweetheart would not hold, Me false so easily’, showing perhaps a more effective, realistic heroine than the woman in A Complaint to his Lady.

In contrast, courtly heroes often use hyperbole to attempt to convey the depth of the affection they feel towards their women, for example when Chaucer’s protagonist says ‘But I, my lyf and deeth, to yow obeye’ (My life and death, to you obey). This essentially states that she has total control over his heart; a fairly typical declaration within courtly love poetry; Boccaccio used many similar assertions in his novel Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta . The courtly love hero is often of a noble disposition, as demonstrated by book I, verse 27 of Troilus and Criseyde. The knightly element of courtly love can be exemplified by earlier literature, such as the description of King Arthur in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written in the fourteenth century, around the same time as A Complaint to his Lady. The nobleness of the courtly gentleman is described in Lines 85-88 of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, when the author describes Arthur himself, as ‘Bot Arthure wolde not ete til al were served, He was so joly of his joyfness and sumquat childgered, His lif liked hym light, he lovied the lass’ (Line 85-88). Paraphrased, the above means “But Arthur would not eat until all were served. He was so youthfully gay and somewhat boyish, he liked an active life .” The general sense of courtly love therefore is a noble relationship outside convention, between a lady and gentleman; the woman is typically more distant while the man ritualistically tries to ‘woo’ her, using any means necessary, and in the case of A Complaint to his Lady, suffers immensely due to the depth of his love for her.

Throughout A Complaint to his Lady, the protagonist changes his opinion concerning who is to be blamed for his affliction; in the first two stanzas, he blames himself for becoming so attached, but then unsatisfied with this, blames the emotion of love itself for his sadness. Eventually however he reaches the conclusion that it is her ruthlessness, described as ‘thogh ye never wil upon me rewe, I moste yow love and been ever as trewe’, that causes him so much pain. Chaucer here portrays a hero who will eagerly fall in ‘love’ with a woman, however will be unable to control his own emotions. This degree of instability coupled with obvious exaggeration of his feelings causes us to question whether he is a satirical figure, but also if the nature of this love is genuine as opposed to merely a whim. His status as a courtly love hero is also questionable, because he is portrayed as an ineffectual character as opposed to a gallant, noble member of the court.

Assuming there are five main elements of courtly love, many of those should be found in the poem. The most prominent element of courtly love in the poem is the aspect of aristocracy, presented by the protagonist’s placement of himself in servitude to the woman. On numerous occasions he places himself below her, begging her not to ‘from your service dryve’. There is very little in the way of ritualism in the poem to suggest that the couple share gifts or even any kind of relationship at all; Chaucer uses language in such a way that it infers she barely is aware of his existence. This presents the reader with a quandary especially regarding the purpose of the poem. Secrecy of their affair is not alluded to at any point in the poem; this perhaps represents the ambiguity of what has thus far occurred between them, and perhaps therefore it does not follow the tradition in that the relationship (if it can be defined as such) is not adulterous, as far as we can tell. In order to establish this, it may be useful to examine Chaucer’s own life, and his personal situation at this point .

In 1368, Chaucer was married to Philippa Roet, a lady in waiting to the Queen, and was an esquire to the house of Edward III. He had also had a son, named Thomas, born in 1367. This information is useful in terms of a biographical perspective on the poem. Chaucer was still a young man at the point of writing A Complaint to his Lady (aged 24) and it is conceivable that the poem was written on a personal basis, detailing some kind of affair he himself was having at the time. This knowledge is useful, because therefore if the poem is autobiographical, the lady he is speaking of is obviously not his wife, thus fulfilling the extramarital nature of a courtly love relationship as presented in the poem. Without any biographical knowledge however there is no mention of any other relationship, which causes the reader to question the very essence of ‘fine love’ in that we can find very little evidence for it from the poem alone. There are however some isolated elements of the tradition found in the poem, however whether they culminate in a traditional courtly love ritual poem is dubious.

The structure of the poem is revealing in terms of the intention behind its writing; the changing forms, and inconsistency present the reader with an almost unfinished poem, sufficiently unrefined to justify this assertion. There are three main changes of form; parts I and II are written in rhyme royal. Part II however does not strictly adhere to the concept of rhyme royal and contains elements of terza rima. Part III sees the complete transition from rhyme royal to terza rima; iambic tercets make the poem sound more rhythmic than it had been previously. After part III however the form of the poem turns into decasyllabic lines, with stanzas being largely ten lines long, with the exception of stanzas eight and nine, which are nine and eight lines long respectively. The final part of the poem is the least rigidly formatted, and has an irregular rhyme scheme. One of the main rhyme patterns of the final section is AABAABCDDC, however not all stanzas follows this pattern. This inconsistency therefore is important in ascertaining the writer’s literary capability, almost the level of sophistication his work had reached at the time he’d written the poem. If one were only to examine the structural cohesion of the poem, then one could conclude he was still very much a developing poet.

The rhyme scheme of parts I-III is fairly regular because it adheres to two poetic forms, rhyme royal and terza rima . The use of rhyme royal was a fairly common pattern to use during this period, and often was used in less sophisticated rhyming poetry of the time. Chaucer’s use of terza rima however allows the reader insight into the influence of the courtly love tradition on the poem in that in order to use the form, Chaucer would have had to be exposed to it, in its original format by its patrons, at some point during his missions to Europe. In Italy at this point, Petrarch and Boccaccio especially were writing poetry that was very heavily focussed on the tradition of courtly love, experimenting with terza rima; exposure to this may have prompted Chaucer to write A Complaint to his Lady, and to view the poem as an experiment would add credibility to the idea that Chaucer was still developing as a poet, and therefore his ideas were still unrefined, thus explaining the poem’s content. Why Chaucer did not choose to finish the poem in this manner is unknown.

There was usually no prescribed rhyme scheme used in the courtly love tradition, except the obvious assumption that it should rhyme. From the composition of the poem one can assume that Chaucer’s influences were mixed; his travels to Italy influenced his work, as demonstrated by the use of terza rima and the protocols he follows when addressing his lady. Another influence of folklore becomes apparent through the emotions he claims to feel regarding her, and the influence of the knightly tales as demonstrated by the noble tone of ‘For neither pitee, mercy, neither grace’. The structure of this poem in comparison with later works shows more of an experimental motivation; for instance, in The Miller’s Tale the structure is simple; rhyming couplets and one long, extended stanza. This structure therefore adds far more focus to the plot as opposed to the intricacies of rhyme. The Canterbury Tales were also intended for an audience, to be performed verbally; whether A Complaint to his Lady was intended for public consumption may affect whether the tradition of courtly love actually forms the basis of the poem, because usually, poems written for personal courtship would not be shared with the wider public. The lack of aural consideration in the poem creates the impression that the poem was not supposed to be performed for the general public, even though the concept of ‘fine love’ was very popular in folklore of the time. The Canterbury Tales were however written to be performed verbally; several paintings of Chaucer performing his poetry exist, including “Chaucer at the Court of Edward III” .

Graphological interpretation of the poem is difficult because by modern standards, it is fragmented and inconsistent; however, there are some features of the poem that define certain elements. For example, Chaucer frequently uses commas, which adds to the internal monologue effect he uses, causing the reader to feel as though we are entering conversation with him. This presents a paradox in terms of stylistic quality because the reader almost feels intrusive, whilst being ‘spoken’ to at the same time. ‘This hevy lif I lede, lo, For your sake’ for example is paradoxical because Chaucer is apparently addressing his lady, and yet appears to be addressing the reader in a simplistic sense because of the use of the second person, personal pronoun of ‘you’. There are also several questions used in the poem, which again engages the reader, making it more accessible to an audience. An example of this is ‘Allas, whan shal that harde wit amende?’ which is a kind of ponderous question. It includes no specific address however invites the reader to respond in some way.

In terms of language and lexical choices, the poem is far easier to comprehend than when considering grammar. Broadly, the poem uses three semantic fields; that evolving around the tradition of courtly love, beauty and other such finery, one of religion based ideas, and one of servitude and self deprecation. These are of course very broad spectrums. The field of courtly love is the central theme of the poem, as demonstrated the assertion of ‘gentilnesse and your debonairtee?’ The language used is obviously connected to the overriding theme of the poem. The use of religious imagery is perhaps more interesting; it represents a deep rooted relationship with the social values of the period and perhaps the element of Christianity that was undoubtedly present in the courtly love tradition. The demigod-like presentation of the woman only serves to enhance the enchanting aura that appears to surround the woman in Chaucer’s poem, and because of the depth of religious focus at the time, this was a very powerful feeling to manipulate within poetry itself. The comparison however with the godlike features of the woman, such as his idealisation of her, as in “Myn hertes lady and hool my lyves queen”, with the position of servitude he finds himself in is bizarre because from a historical point of view, a man is wholly authoritative over a woman. In modern literature, the woman is often seen rejecting the idealisation of the opposite sex due to love, and instead is becoming more internally directed by her own thoughts and emotions. The semantic field of servitude is one common across much of the courtly love poetry experienced; Petrarch, for example regularly wrote so that the role of the man and the woman were reversed; servitude moved from the role of the woman to that of the man, thus subverting tradition and therefore making the concept almost strange to read, if one is in the contextual mindset as the poem demands.

The significance of connotation is surprisingly small in this poem because Chaucer was not a great user of metaphor, especially in his earlier poetry; the emergence of figurative language emerged during the age of prescriptivism, from around 1450, some years after his death. Chaucer does use figurative language in some of The Canterbury Tales, however in terms of The Nun’s Priests Tale, the idea of anthropomorphism is more prevalent than metaphor per se. Chaucer’s meaning is very much found at face value; there are wider implications of what he says, however there is little linguistic subtext, in comparison for example with William Shakespeare. There is however much more contextual connotation, in his exploration of the woman and her role in his life, and the religious connections this has.

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Overall, the poem follows many aspects of the tradition of courtly love, however investigations into form and Chaucer’s personal life may be more revealing about the motivations of the poem; whether the poem was intended for public consumption is unclear, however since the poem appears to be intensely personal, it seems unlikely. Contextually however, rambling tombs of poems dedicated to one’s ‘true love’ were not uncommon; exaggerated gestures of undying love were commonplace particularly in the aristocratic circles in which Chaucer placed himself, and therefore he may have been persuaded to write in this manner by a variety of ‘peer pressure’. The differences between the tradition of courtly love and the poem will be further explored in Part Two, as well as Chaucer’s personal life which may have influenced the degree to which the poem adheres to tradition, and how far it diverges in comparison with The Canterbury Tales.


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IntroductionThe Orange Revolution was featured as a series that made-up protests ...

Introduction

The Orange Revolution was featured as a series that made-up protests as well as political events which happened in Ukraine from the end of November 2004 up to January 2005. This happened after the run off of the vote in 2004 of the presidential election. The Ukrainian presidential election was claimed to have been affected by corruption, electoral fraud as well as voter intimidation for those people who voted for the opposition (Arel, 168). The capital city of Ukraine, Kiev was the main focus point under which the movement had its roots for the civil resistance. Thousands of protestors and activists were roaming around and held their demos daily. There was a nationwide revolution of the Democrats, which was characterized by a series actions that were made of the civil disobedience, general strikes, as well as sit-ins. All these activities were organized by the opposition movement as their bid to push for their voices and opinions.

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The protests were dared by the reports which were made by the various news which arose from the domestic as well as the foreign election indicators and monitors that were spread across the public believe that the results for the run-off vote were rigged. The runoff vote was to be conducted on 21st November 2004 and the candidates who were contesting were Viktor Yushchenko and Victor Yanukovych and Viktor Yanukovych was declared to have won the highly-contested seat. The new protests were geared up when the results for the initial run-off were announced and the Ukraine’s Supreme Court ordered a revote in 26th December 2004 (Kuzio, Taras 253). This underwent a serious scrutiny, which was conducted by international observers as well as the domestic expertise on election matters. The second run-off was announced to be true and fair (Kissinger, Henry 88). The final results demonstrated a clear picture of how Yushchenko winning by 52 % over his rival Yanukyoch whose standings were at 44%. It marked the end of the Orange Revolution, since after the declaration of the winner, the inauguration ceremony took place in 23rd January 2005 in the nation’s capital. In the years that followed, the Orange Revolution had a negative perspective among the federal circles of Belarus and also Russia.

Yanukovych was declared the winner of the presidential elections which took place in 2010. This happened after the Central Election Commission as well as a panel of international observers gave a report and declared that the presidential elections were conducted fairly (Arel, 168). It is important to note that Yanukovych was thrown out of power after four years when the Euro maiden clashes took place in February 2014 in the nation’s capital, Kiev Independence Square. This results resulted in many deaths of the protestors and activists, claiming more than 100 lives which occurred between February 20th and 20th.

Among the research questions that were used to determine the study include, what were the impacts of the Orange movement and what did they achieve in their daily fight? Have there been changes in political bodies, parties, political institutions, leaders and regional political orientations that took place in Ukraine after the Orange Revolution. If there were, were the changes evolutionary or revolutionary? What were the impacts of the changes that were necessary for the fight of democracy in Ukraine? The political reform came into implementation after the 2006 elections and have been enforced by the parliament (Kuzio, Taras 238). This was as a result of the compromise of the between the orange leaders and the Orange party of the national congress. It impacted the country since they moved from a presidential parliamentary to a parliamentary-presidential republic. The Socialist Party of Regions and the communists party switched sides and joined a coalition that was made up of the party of regions as well as the communist’s party. The opposition leader, Viktor Yanukovych was nominated to become the Prime Minister of Ukraine and had more power assigned to him this time, compared to the time of the Orange Revolution. The implications for the foreign policy was crucial for Ukraine as well as the neighboring countries which were post-communists like Russia and Poland.

The revolutionary changes would just reveal a deviation from the ruling parties, the leadership and the population away from the pro-Russian orientation which would be a move towards a pro- Western life orientation of their foreign policy (Arel, 168). This would particular affect the North Atlantic Treaty Association, NATO. The ideology of the NATO membership would only divide the country for both USA and Russia. It is notable that the Orange Revolution produced evolutionary changes in the political institutions, parties, leadership as well as the values that held back Ukraine. In the contrary, the revolution was composed of rapid change that varied the wide range and the fundamental changes which are referred to as evolution. This was thought to be slow and a complex system of political change. The evolutionary change was lying between revolutionary transformation and political stagnation.

The main hypothesis for this work is that the Orange Revolution produced the evolutionary changes. These changes took place in political institutions, parties, leadership and the values that apply in Ukraine. The evolutionary changes that is associated with the Orange Revolution lied between the revolutionary transformation as well as the political stagnation. The evolution was revealed by the political reforms in the nation.

The causes of the Orange Revolution can be said to be the outburst of the public due to the 2004 presidential election. The countrymen were impatient during this time and were waiting for transformation in their political and economic areas of their country. However, the election was thought to have fraud and motivated the death of the events that happened there before (Kissinger, Henry 105). The Ukrainian regime that ruled before the Orange revolution paved a way so as to create a way which would facilitate the emergence of the democratic society. This was based on the competitive authoritarian regime, which was viewed as a hybrid regime, since it allowed the democracy and economic health of the economy. The fraud that was noted in the election put more focus on the citizens to have a government which was more pluralistic. This would obviously raise the desire for of the public to create a social reform movement. This was only meant to undermine the respect of the people for Kuchma to be president, which included the elite as well as the ruling class.

The Orange movement focuses on the change of power more so, changes in political institutions; parties, leadership as well as the attitudes in Ukraine. This study uses data from the election polls, opinion poll data, the daily review of the major Ukrainian as well as the Western news sources on politics for Ukraine. The study also involves news from BBC and the field research before, during and after the presidential elections for November 2004 (Arel, 199). It also uses data from political crisis which happened in 2007, especially during the snap parliamentary elections that were used to determine the changes in Ukraine were revolutionary or evolutionary. The article focuses on major areas like political institution which experienced the impact, before and after the Orange Revolution, the orientation as well as the behavior and background of the main leaders of the Orange Revolution together with the opposition. The third issue is the changes in national support for the major political parties since the parliamentary elections of 2002. The fourth issue addressed by the issue is the change in the national support that was experienced by the main presidential candidates since the presidential elections which took place in 2004.

In late 2002, Viktor Yushchenko, Petro Symonenko, Oleksandr Moroz and Yulia Tymoshenko gave a joint statement that was concerned with Ukraine the state of evolution. The communists pulled out of the alliance that had been formed and Syomonenko was against one aspirant who was part of the team that was vying during the presidential elections in Ukraine in 2004 (Kuzio, Taras 243). The other three aspirants however, remained as close friends. During the autumn of 2001, Yushchenko and Tymoshenko made a deal whereby, they were to create an alliance.

Yulia Tymoshenko and our Ukraine formed a coalition named the Force of the people, whose main aim was stop the process that seemed destructive due to the incumbent authorities and became a component of the Ukraine (Kissinger, Henry 123). In 2004, the presidential election featured the two candidates, the Prime Minister who was Viktor Yanukovych, who was largely supported by the outgoing president, Kuchma and the opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko. He was the leader of the Ukraine faction at the Ukrainian parliament and once acted as a former prime minister.

The elections were held in a in an atmosphere that was highly charged and intense. The team for Yanukovych and also the outgoing president’s administration was using their government control and the facilities of the state so as to intimidate the supporters of Yushchenko. More to that, in 2004, Yushchenko was poisoned in unclear circumstances (Kuzio, Taras 253). However, he survived and was back on his campaigns but the poisoning undermined his health and appeared on public drastically. His face however remained disfigured up to the present day due to the poisoning.

The behavior of Kuchma was tainted with scandals and hence he lost many supporters and also the positions in the government that were highly ranked. The many government officials who were on his side went to fully support the election of Yushchenko as well as his ideas in his campaign trial. Due to the lack of faith by the people of Ukraine, Yuschenko’s role was never important to the revolution even though he was a charismatic aspirant who exhibited no sign of being corrupt (Arel, 206). He presented his ideas for the nation in a non-Soviet way and was on the same level as his constituents. The younger generation who voted at that time were very important in determining the outcome of the 2004 presidential election. However, they had a different perspective of the main figures of the Ukrainian government that they wanted. They experienced a lot of negativity from Kuchma and hence had very skewed visions about the ability of Kuchma to lead the country for a longer period. The large population of the young people who participated in voting exhibited a huge sense of nationalism and hence brought out very varying ideas on how to develop their country. The Orange Revolution had enough influence so as to make people of all ages impactful.

Orange was initially adopted by the campaigners of Yushchenko and was seen as the signifying color that was going to be used for his election campaigns. Later on, the colour gave the name to the entire documents that were to be used in political aspects to his political supporters and also camp (Kissinger, Henry 105). By the time when the mass protests grew, they brought about political change in their country and hence came up with the word Orange revolution which was used in the entire series of events.

Even though there was a negotiation between Yushchenko and the outgoing president, Kuchma to resolve the situation in the country peacefully, the negotiations broke down and Yanukovych was declared the winner of the election (Åslund & Michael 230). This was seen as falsification of the election results and hence withheld the results by withholding the information that was being received from the local districts and was put up by the computer servers so as to manipulate the results (Arel, 228). Yushchenko spoke with the supporters in the country’s capital city band and urged them to start mass protests as well as general strikes as well as the sit-ins. This was meant to paralyze the government and forcing it to accept defeat. Since this was seen as a threat where an illegitimate government was coming to power, Yushchenko’s camp came up with the Committee of National Salvation, which then announced a national political strike.

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However, in December 2004, a resolution was brought up which strongly opposed the pro-Separatists and the Federalists activities which was passed by a vote of no confidence by the cabinet ministers in Ukraine. Yanukovych who by then was the minister refused to recognize the decision and disregarded it. Since the vote of no confidence was meant to issue a resignation of the government, the parliament had no ways in which to enforce a resignation without cooperation from the outgoing president, Kuchma as well as the Prime Minister Yanukovych. The supreme court had to break the political tie and since it was impossible to establish the election results due to fraud, the court had decided to scale the electoral fraud (Arel, 245). Therefore, it invalidated the results and as a resolution to the marred election, they ordered a revote of the runoff that was to be held later the following month. The parliament approved the amendments that were to be put in the constitution and implemented a reform that was supported by the president who was outgoing, Kuchma. This was part of the political compromises that existed between the federal and the opposition.


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