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The main reason I chose this text is because I believe there are enough materials for me to talk about in this paper. As said by Brook (2012), Translation has always been the texts themselves as well as the issues from translating it to a target language. Therefore, in this essay I will discuss the problems I have encountered during the process of translating it from Malay to English in which Azmi et al, (2016) state that as the languages of the world evolve as time goes by, each language has their own unique structures which makes them distinctive from one another.
Get original essayThe article I chose is titled as, ‘Four members of PPPBD left for Singapore’ and was written on 30th August 2018 by author, Salawati Haji Yahya. The capability to make correct translation is a vital skill for translators, therefore, for this essay I have decided to translate this freely, depending on its context, as my intended audience is the public residing in Brunei Darussalam.
The data for both Malay and English text were analyzed on Microsoft Excel. There are three parts for Statistical Comparison. First of all is the analysis for word length, based on my calculations the average word length for Malay is 6.22 while English is 5.33. From these numbers alone, one could see that Malay words are slightly longer than those in English. To further explain the claim made, the chart in Figure (1) shows that Malay has more five letter words, 58 words in total, than in English most of the words under this category are prepositions such as ‘dalam’ and ‘untuk’ as well as nouns, some of them are ‘Pandu’ and the name acronym ‘PPPBD’. While for English, they have more three letter words, a total of 64 words, which are mostly determiners ‘the’ and connectors ‘and’.
The difference of word length between the two languages is found to be significantly different with values (p= 0.000064, df= 648, t= 4.02). With this, the findings prove that Malay does have more words in comparison to English.
Secondly comes the statistics for Sentence analysis. There are less paragraphs within the Malay text rather than the English one, however, the average sentence length for English is 26.2 while Malay is 28.4. A variance in values can be seen between the two because English texts tend to be broken up more as they need subordinating conjunctions in order to connect the sentences together. In spite of the dissimilarity, there is no significance difference for the sentence lengths based on my calculation (p = 0.43, df = 22, t= 0.81).
This might be due to the fact that English has only extra two sentences than Malay. Lastly, the analysis of three letter words. From my calculations, there are only 28 three letter words for Malay while English has more than Malay with 64 three letter words. For both languages the words with three characters are mostly connectors but even so English has more connectors in its text than Malay. According to its percentages, 9.0% of the Malay text are three letter words while 18.9% of three letter words cover the English text.
The title prefixed for a woman name in Malay, ‘Dayang’ is generally used as a label for women. It is usually applied during formal situations such as in newspaper articles, radio programs, ceremonies and so on. In this case, an English equivalent for ‘Dayang’ is Miss or Ms. This is because ‘Dayang’ is considered to be a superordinate since it can be used for both unmarried or married woman.
In the English translation I have retained the title as I think it suits the text the best as I would not like to assume the woman to have wedded or not. Similar to ‘Dayang’, the name ‘Hajah’ is given to people who have successfully performed their Hajj pilgrimage and are specifically given to females.
Also, this label does not have an English equivalent therefore there might be misunderstandings in translation as one who does not know the meaning behind the title ‘Hajah’ in which may cause the reader to assume it to be the first name of that person as it comes before their first name hence it is reasonable to leave it as it is. As for ‘binti’, it does not seem correct to translate it as the ‘daughter of’ so it is best to keep it as it is for the translation. In the Malay article there is also an acronym for an organization which is written as PPPBD, which is the Malay acronym for World Wide Organization for Girl Guides.
The problem here is that if I were to preserve the Malay acronym there is a chance that the public would not understand it. Even if I do change it as WWOGG, the reader would also not understand what the acronym stands for unless an explanation was to be given before it. In the end I have decided to keep it as it is as I believe the readers who are interested in the article would be those having interest in Girl Guides hence would know the lingo.
Another title that has raised an issue is ‘Dayangku’, as explained earlier in this paragraph ‘Dayang’ is a label generally used for women but for ‘Dayangku’ despite having the word ‘Dayang’ embedded in it, the affix –ku changes its meaning. The name ‘Dayangku’ is given to daughters of noble families who are considered to be distant relatives of the royal family and unlike Dayang, it does not have an English equivalent hence the title is retained as it is.
Another problem would be the word Pandu Puteri. If it were to be literally translated it would be Drive Princess or Guide Princess but there is an English term for it which are either Girl Guides or Girl Scouts. The Malay phrase for Girl Guides, Pandu Puteri, is contradicting to what they are doing since activities for Girl Guides are usually hands on conducts but Princesses, as we know them to be, do not, therefore, it is rather confusing as to why Malay calls them as Princesses.
Pronouns
For this article, there were not many pronouns that were used. Only three pronouns were seen. The first one is the suffix -nya in the word ‘Jelasnya’. Jelasnya in this context is translated as ‘She explained’. I have used ‘She’ as it points to the subject mentioned before which is a female. Another reason why I chose to use ‘She’ rather than ‘He’ is because the article is only talking about Girl Guides and the respective organizations so it is safe to assume that all parties involved are of the female population.
The second pronoun used is ‘Ia’. ‘Ia’ in this article refers to the competition that was being held in Singapore. This might be the effort made by the author to avoid lexical repetition hence the use of pronouns unlike the pronoun mentioned before this but in the English translation there is no use of pronouns as it is translated as ‘The competition’. Finally, ‘mereka’ is another pronoun found. ‘Mereka’ points to the members of the organization in spite of the article centered mostly on the associates the use of ‘mereka’ might be another attempt made by the author to not be perceived as repetitive or the use of pronouns is much less difficult than mentioning the name of the subject all the time.
Plurals
There are differences in plurality between English and Malay. As for the former, in order to change singular nouns to a plural form is by adding the ‘-s’ at the end example are cats while for the latter language, we do not add the ‘-s’ to change it into a plural form, rather, by using the term ‘banyak’ instead. In the first paragraph rather than using ‘banyak’ there is a number which signifies the noun to be in plural form. ‘Empat orang ahli’ translates to ‘four members’ but in Malay ‘Ahli’ only denotes a member while ‘Ahli-ahli’ means members so naturally the quantifier before it ‘empat’, which means four, gives further context that there are four members representing the country and thus indicates Ahli is a plural noun in English. Other than that, there are more issues of the article in which the author does not use reduplicative words.
In Malay, reduplicative words are used as plural words but there are instances when one does not use it for example, Fakta. Fakta in the third last paragraph when translated to English is a plural noun, Facts. It is appropriate to translate it as such due to the context where the girl scouts were to be tested on facts regarding Girl Guides and or Girl Scouts. Next, ‘Wakil negara’ means Representatives of the country, without the anaphoric reference ‘Empat orang ahli’ the reader might only think there is only one member representing Brunei as ‘Wakil’ means Representative.
Tenses
In general, there were difficulties faced, specifically in terms of tense, when translating Malay to the target language since in Malay, there are no changes towards the root verb as we use another term to show what has happened in the past, present or future. For translations from English to Malay time reference are considered to be an issue where it may cause vague definitions after translation. For this translation, I decided to use past tense as well as present tense despite the date of the writing was released since the competition mentioned has not occurred when this article was made. All in all, the concept of tenses is different for each language.
In English there are two tenses, the past and the present and which the words are usually morphologically marked with -ed and -s respectively in which is also explained in Azmi et al., (2016) research where they state that tense is different in English as usually, to show a past tense the suffix ‘-ed’ is added. As for Malay, tenses are determined by the use of suffixes or prefixes.
Azmi et al., (2016) shows the usage of prefixes and suffixes are different in Malay and English due to the meaning of a basic verb with prefix in Malay means the opposite when it is with prefix in English. For instance, ‘Menjelaskan’, ‘jelas’ is the basic word for explain while the suffixes Men- and kan- changes the tense of the word to: Explained while if to literally translate ‘jelas’ it means ‘clear’ but when suffix ‘ing- is added it turns to ‘clearing’ which can denote a large, empty field or the verb to clear matters away. To add, the verb ‘left’ was translated from ‘Berlepas’ in which the prefix Ber- provides indication that the action has happened before. Not only there are presence of time indicators that indicate the future but there are some that helps to indicate an action happened in the past.
According to Young (2001), ‘sudah’, ‘pernah’, and ‘telah’ function as aspect verbs of an action completed during the time of utterance in Malay. An example can be seen in the text, ‘Telah melakukan’ means ‘Have made’. ‘Telah’ here indicates the preceding verb happened in the past. Besides indicators of the past there are also time indicators for the future which is ‘akan’.
Similar cases can be found throughout the article such as, ‘Menjadikan’, where ‘jadi’ is the basic form meaning: Become, but in this example the word that comes before ‘Menjadikan’ is ‘akan’ which acts as aspect verbs to convey the meaning that it will happen in the future hence ‘Menjadikan’ is translated as: ‘Will make’
Articles
In English grammar, there are two types of determiners that must always come before a count noun which is the definite and indefinite articles ‘a, an and also the’. While for the Malay language, articles are non-existent hence in the English translation there were some instances where I need to add articles. For example, ‘Di Lapangan Terbang’ was translated to ‘At the airport’, the article was added here as to indicate the specific referent, Brunei International Airport, as the reader might know there is only one International Airport in Brunei.
Passives
Passive words work differently in Malay, where Razak, Jin, Woan and Aziz (2016) state that the mostly found passive is the di- prefix, which are commonly found in standard Malay, but of course not all case are as such. In the English language, a passive voice is used when the user wants to know what happened and who caused or did it text there were a number of passive words which can be seen that are rather straightforward when translating but a few has raised some issues and hence I had to make a decision yet again to decide which is the best to be used in my English translation.
An example of those that are easy to translate are, ‘Diketuai’, according to the context of the article the event is still ongoing hence ‘Diketuai’ is translated as ‘Is led’. Another one would be, ‘Dianjurkan’. The situation is the same as ‘diketuai’ hence it is translated as ‘Is held’. One of the problems I faced was the word, ‘Ditetapkan’. ‘Ditetapkan’ made me go through my options as, if it were to be translated literally would mean ‘chosen’. The sentence which contains this word is as follows, ‘tema yang ditetapkan’. My problem here is whether the theme was chosen beforehand and contestants were told about it or the themes were to be chosen during the competition. Therefore, to avoid confusion I chose to translate it as, ‘a chosen theme’.
Word order
Word order differs for each language. For instance, in English there is a Subject Verb Object word order where the subject precedes the verb, which foregoes the object. According to Deterding (2018), English is not an end-weight language, therefore ‘Today’ was put at the beginning of the sentence which is different from the Malay text as the author decided to put it in the middle of the sentence in which Deterding (2018) further explains that Malay adverbials for time commonly occurs at the end. Not only for adverbials, difference in word order also happen in noun phrases such as ‘Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Brunei’ was rearranged and translated to ‘Brunei International Airport’ and ‘Khemah Christine’ to ‘Christine Camp’. In addition, adjectives in English always forego a noun as the function of adjectives are to describe the noun that precedes it but for Malay it is quite different.
In a research made by Chiew (1999) he explains that Malay language makes use of other words such as suffixes to indicate a certain word to be an adjective or to just preserve the root word and let the other words in the sentence to explain its function as an adjective. An example of such is, ‘Pertandingan berpasukan’, when translated to English is, ‘Group competition’, Group here is describing the nature of the competition is to be done by teams of more than one person. Another example is the noun phrase, ‘Responsible residents of the Brunei and the world’, Responsible here, yet again, acts as an adjective that describes the personality of the residents as responsible. The initial text is as follows, ‘warganegara Brunei dan dunia yang bertanggungjawab’ where the word ‘yang’ here acts as indicator that ‘bertanggungjawab’ is an adjective.
Lexical repetition
Reduplication of nouns, verbs or even adjectives can often be found in Malay texts as they seem to not bother if there is any repetition of words in their writings but it is completely different for English. Texts written in English do have words that are quite similar used throughout but in order to avoid lexical repetition writers tend to find the synonym of the words. For this translation, some synonyms for nouns are used such as Contest and Competition for ‘Pertandingan’ while synonyms of ‘Ahli’ can be Member or Associates. Furthermore, similar words that can replace not only nouns but verbs as well, for instance, ‘Meningkatkan’ can be translated to either Increase or Improve but Nadiah et al (2016) states that the translated definition of a text might not be accurate as the original one hence the same meaning could not be conveyed.
Reduplicatives
In the Malay text, I have found a number of reduplicated nouns but during translation I have found English words which does not need reduplication. Mattiello (2013) state that the reduplicates used in Malay denotes a plural form of a word or a semantic change. She then further explained the reduplicatives in present-time English are usually associated with language spoken by children, in other words, babbling. Therefore, this supports my claim, where is there is no reduplicatives present in English. So, in order to indicate plurality of a word they must be morphologically attached with -s at the end of the word.
Paragraph length
Nurkhalisah (2013) clarifies that it is not certain Malay texts have more words than English but they have the tendency to possess more morphemes. The English paragraphs are now shorter than the ones in Malay hence paragraphs 3 and 4 could be combined together as paragraph 4 only contains a statement. While for paragraphs 6 and 7 can also be merged as the translated version of paragraph 6 is too short to be a paragraph on its own but even so, I have decided to keep the same number of paragraphs as in the initial text as it might be easier for the reader to fully comprehend the story of the article.
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Get custom essayAs both the Malay and English language are different in terms of grammar, syntax and even discourse, there are bound to be grammatical and cultural differences which can cause linguistic confusion to translators who translate texts from one language to a target language. I believe that this translation is a quite successful attempt of mine yet I do know there are other weaknesses within the text that have yet to be discussed about. A number of the issues is the ability to provide an in depth explanation of each category mentioned above, the need for more references and readings as well.
The character name is Trevor McKinney for this assignment from the movie Pay it Forward. The character is in Erik Erikson’s late school-age stage which is the fourth stage industry vs inferiority. The theory that will be using John Bowlby’s Attachment theory.
Get original essayTravis was in adolescence development stage according to Erikson when he was facing the socio-cultural issue and it is the fourth stage of development and has aged from six to eleven. According to Newman, their central process is under peer-pressure as it is direct influence by peers and individuals follow them by changing their attitudes and Travis's physio-social crisis is industry vs inferiority.
As Travis was eleven years old so Erikson's development stage is applied to Travis as late school stage and is suffering from peer pressure and passing through the industry vs inferiority psychosocial crisis. Travis was alone and had nobody to talk about, he had no friend in the movie and spent most of the time roaming around Las Vegas on his bike as his mother had to do two jobs for a living. Though he was intelligent and was active in class discussions. He started to like his social studies teacher Eugene Simonet after he gave them an assignment on how they can make the world better with an idea. The peer pressure became more prominent when he met Eugene Simonet who was unmarried and much older than Travis. The idea Travis gave to change the world was new that Simonet never heard of so he encouraged his idea of paying it forward which demonstrates the central pressure of peer pressure.
To understand properly the character of Travis and his problems it is necessary to know his current situation. Trevor McKinney is an 11 year old living with his mother who is alcoholic and lives in Las Vegas. His mother had to do two occupations to help her child however feels that she will lose this fight. Trevor is a lock key child who regularly needs to deal with himself. His spirits are lifted as a result when on the main day of school his new school teacher Eugene Simonet assigned the task to think about a plan to change our reality and put it energetically. Whereas the remainder of the class experiences difficulty while Trevor understands that he presently has been given an ethical experience.
The vigorous and hopeful child chooses he will do something beneficial for three individuals, something they can't accomplish for themselves, and afterward will solicit everyone from them to show proactive kindness by doing likewise troublesome enormous favors for three others. Trevor starts by assisting drug addict Jerry. He gives him place for a night, an opportunity to wash up, and some cash so the individual can take care of business and search for a vocation. When his mother found about she became angry and curious how his son was caught up with this man, but Jerry told her that they have discussions and shared the idea of paying it forward which he then explained to her mother. This showed that Travis had no one to talk with and he ended up talking with someone living on streets which his mother realized and let Jerry have their discussions continue
Trevor's subsequent crucial to uniting the desolate Eugene with his mom. Just issue is that the two of them must arrangement with old tapes of dread, self-uncertainty, and absence of confidence. Trevor's physically injurious and alcoholic dad came all the way back one day pretending that he became sober. Travis had nightmares being as a child because his father used to beat his mom when he drunk and was not very affectionate to him, so he feared that when his father came back he will end up in that situation again. The kid's third task is to assist a feeble colleague at school who is continually being assaulted by bullies. Trevor's idea was act of moral beauty which was based on idea of kindness and helping other. It proclaimed a person can make a small difference in the world by doing well with the others. And it reveals that we might never feel the effects of that kindness but all of the world's religions agrees that the reward is in the act itself. All these great deeds showed that Travis had a good heart and wanted to change the world.
According to Lamont and Lareau, the socio-cultural level has certain sets of preferences and behavior that defines our way of life and are dependent on the social and cultural norms of family. Travis's parent's separation from an alcoholic father that have left him and his mother also being alcoholic who had two jobs to support her living. Moreover, he had no one to talk about or discuss his issues are socio-cultural issues that he is facing. Parents that have drinking problems have an adverse effect on their children both socially and psychologically there is a higher danger of creating externalizing issues like hostility, misconduct and a lack of ability to concentrate consistently are major issues among children of alcoholics indicators of. A few examinations have moreover noticed the development of anxiety and depression among children. According to Conner, there is a greater risk of developing the depressive disorder in children having alcoholic parents. Travis had a similar case as her mother was an alcoholic working late at night and had no time for Travis as he was alone and had no one to share his feelings, that's why he had a discussion with Jerry who was living on streets. This showed how much he was neglected by his mother and had no friend so he was alone and need somebody to talk to about him.
One day he had an argument with his mother when he tried to patch up between his mother and social studies teacher Simonet. He talked about all the issues he is facing that being neglected, having a drunk mother. At that time Arlene lost his control and slapped Travis, after that she went to drink alcohol again and soon realized that his son was not in the home, she called Simonet to help her find her son. Simonet had been through similar trauma in his childhood so he knew that Trevor will try to leave this place so they went to the station where they found Travis. Her mother explained that she is been trying to change herself and her habit of drinking for which she needs Travis's help. As Travis always feels neglected this was the first time when he had really hugged her mother in the entire movie which makes sense as he always wants that attention from somebody. Everything was running smoothly his mother and Simonet came close to each other and Travis was happy. But one day his father came back home claiming that he is sober now, his mother falls again in his trap and told Simonet that she wanted to give him more chance. This made Simonet furious, but sooner Arlene realized that he was the same person when he drunk again and tried to beat Travis when she came to rescue him. All these were the socio-cultural issues that Travis was suffering from.
Attachment theory was formulated by John Bowlby and he explained that connection is a profound and suffering enthusiastic bond that associates one individual to another over time. Attachment doesn't need to be complementary and one can have a connection to a person that is not shared. The connection is described by explicit practices in kids, for example, looking for vicinity to the connection figure when vexed or compromised. Attachment theory explains how the parent-children relationship develops and has impacts on their relationship. John Bowlby proposed connection theory to clarify the association between the conduct of child and parental figure and how it can affect a youngster's conduct. The most applicable elements of a connection figure for a child from transformative, social, and individual viewpoints are secure places for a child. The key to emotional security is its communication with an attachment figure when he became distressed. Attachment style depends on the child and its attachment with his parents and that relationship will carry out through life. Attachment is a key fundamental in child early stages of development and had been studied by Bowlby.
Lately, inquire about has extended to look at the impact of connection on the psychological wellness and socio-enthusiastic advancement of small kids and their on-going alteration into youth. The experiment had proved that attachment has an effect on children's mental, social and emotional development. In the event that an individual doesn't have a protected connection to their essential parental figure during outset, there is a solid possibility that they will battle with cozy connections during immaturity and adulthood since they are not ready to rely upon somebody other than themselves because of absence of consideration, care, or trust during earliest stages.
This attachment theory is applied to Travis as he was suffering from attachment issues as he was unable to develop an attachment with either of his parents as both were alcoholic and was a victim of parental abuse. That stage was crucial for emotional attachment with his parent which couldn't happen so he felt alone all the time and had nobody to discuss his issues, problems, and feelings. Therefore in the movie when Simonet gave the task to think an idea that could change the world, he became friendly with some stranger called Jerry who was living on streets. He took him to his house and offered him a place to live. They both had discussions and discuss the idea to pay it forward instead of paying it back.
Travis's self-identity changed when his mother and Simonet were close together, which previously was more like spending more time lonely and had to bear the alcoholic mother. But they became close together Travis was happier and seems to enjoy by watching television together and going out with them, as he doesn't feel neglected and have someone whom he can attach and share his problems.
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Get custom essayTrevor McKinney was in Erikson's late school stage and experience the socio-cultural issue of being an alone and alcoholic mother and the theory that was applied was John Bowlby's Attachment theory.
In Breaking Bad Walter White, a brilliant chemist caught in a dull and detached life as a high school educator. Mr. White lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with his pregnant wife and their teenage son who has cerebral parsley. Mr.White worked part time at a local car wash but he yells at his boss and walks off the job due to humiliation. Walter is diagnosed with lung cancer and is living his last days. Mr. White uses his chemistry intelligence to manufacture methamphetamine and become a well-known drug lord. Mr. White is determined to ensure that his family has a secured future. The audience justifies the idea of an ordinary family man becoming an immoral drug lord for the sake of his family.
Get original essayWalter White went from being miserable and suffering to an extreme villain. Walter started cooking meth to receive extra income. Once diagnosed with cancer, he realized that he needed another source of income to pay for his treatment and support his family. His son Walter JR is suffering from cerebral parsley. Mrs. White is pregnant adding more financial issues and Walter is in fear of their future. While his ethics in line he demonstrated he would do anything to protect and lookout of his family.
Walter was hired as a cashier but his boss regularly was understaffed, Walt consistently fines himself washing cars. This led to an awkward moment where he found himself shining one of his student’s rims. The audience can view Walter being very humiliated in this situation. Taken after the diagnose of his cancer Walt’s anger car wash bubbles over he curses his boss and after that stops his work, destroying some property and leaves the premises.
Walter benefits an enormous amount of income. He is more than qualified be a high school teacher and work at a car wash he chosen to manufacture illegal drugs. This made him start doing immoral acts. He constantly had his family endangered due to him not wanting to be bossed around. Walter’s eagerly may have been gallant, but he is still a reprobate since of his narrow minded pride.
Hank is the brother-in-law of Mr. White and is a DEA agent. He craves action and excitement. Hank is not sympathetic He takes Walter along to a drug raid to ‘get some excitement in his life. Walt takes up Hank’s offer to go on a ride along to where Walt sees an opportunity to receive income. His brother in law DEA Agent Schroeder is determined to bring down the top drug dealers in New Mexico. With his brother in law under his nose Mr. White views are sharper and can see things at a bigger glance.
Walt steals a box full of chemistry equipment from his own classroom at the high school, while his partner purchases an RV for them to use as a lab. Walt will likewise set up a crisis eye-wash station, and needs them each to wear defensive coats. He thinks nothing about the criminal world, and supposes they simply can lease one of those self-stockpiling sheds. So Walter is a hapless criminal, which charms him to a to a great extent non-criminal group. He didn’t exactly know where to start once going on the black market. Walter uses the lethal phosphine gas to escape from the RV then he blocks the door to make sure Krazy-8 and Emilio can’t get out, inflicting both of them to become unconscious. This scene shows that Walter is evil and will do anything to ensure his safety and provide for his family.
In this world, every one of us has a terrible side to them. The real mystery is that we will not know how true we are or how bad we are. The biggest problem is the reason many lives suffer which is money. It does no longer matter whether you are wealthy or poor, Money will always be a problem. Money makes a human due immoral things. When Walter White is aware of he has lung cancer, he turns into a completely different person. And that individual is not a human, however a devil. Walter will not let anyone in his way even if he has to kill them. However, his awful behavior is only supposed to guard his household and make sure that his family will have enough money to stay on after he is gone. In reality, Walter is an extremely hardworking, smart, and brave human being with a huge heart.
Without a doubt, we can justify Walter has turn out to be extra evil and violent ever because he knows he has lung cancer. Mr. White without cancer is a caring father loving husband and ruthless professor. The diagnosis Walter received gave him courage to overcome natural fears of death that we as humans all retain. Walter had seen himself as a dead man and knew for certain that he was on his way down the road.
Development means improvement in the social and economic conditions of a country. It also refers to improvements in the way an area’s natural and human resources are managed. It embraces the application of certain economic and technical measures to utilize available resources to instigate economic growth and improve the quality of people’s quality of lives.
Get original essayOne of the key aspects of development is the effective management of resources. This involves not only utilizing resources in a sustainable manner but also ensuring that they are used to generate maximum benefit for society. In this sense, development is not just about economic growth but also about promoting social equity and justice. This requires a balance between economic and social goals, which can only be achieved through a well-planned and coordinated development strategy.
Another important aspect of development is the role of technology. Technological innovation has played a critical role in driving economic growth and improving the quality of life in many countries. It has helped to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve access to essential goods and services. However, technology also has its downsides, particularly in terms of its impact on the environment and the potential for widening social and economic inequalities. Therefore, it is important to ensure that technology is developed and applied in a responsible and sustainable manner.
In addition, development also involves creating the necessary conditions for economic growth to occur. This requires a stable political environment, good governance, the rule of law, and a supportive institutional framework. It also requires investment in education and training, infrastructure, and research and development. These investments create the necessary foundations for economic growth to occur and provide opportunities for people to improve their standard of living.
Moreover, the concept of development has evolved over time, reflecting changing social and economic conditions. Early conceptions of development were focused on increasing economic output and achieving higher levels of industrialization. Today, development is viewed more holistically, encompassing economic, social, and environmental dimensions. It is seen as a process of sustainable and inclusive growth that benefits all members of society, particularly the most vulnerable and marginalized.
An appropriate mixture of domestic savings, international investment and international aid would provide the fuel to drive the process through stages of growth which would eventually develop the entire population.
When discussing development, it is important to consider the various perspectives that exist, as well as the different factors that contribute to the process. One key factor that has been identified is the need for an appropriate mixture of domestic savings, international investment, and international aid. By combining these three elements, it is believed that the fuel necessary to drive the process of development can be obtained, leading to growth and progress for the entire population.
However, it is important to note that different academics have interpreted the concept of development in different ways. While some view it as a finite process with limits, others see it as a potentially infinite concept of progress. For example, scholars such as Condorcet, Hegel, Kant, and Max have all conceived and interpreted development differently.
From an economic perspective, Schumpeter has used the term development to refer to unfolding, evolution, innovation, and revelation. This suggests that development is a dynamic process that involves continuous change and adaptation, rather than a static or finite state.
Similarly, Robert Chambers has defined rural development as a strategy to enable underprivileged rural men and women to fend for themselves and their children. In this context, development refers to all efforts designed to offer welfare programs, aids, and resources to ease poverty, transform rural areas, and provide basic needs to the poor to ensure their continuous survival and that of future generations.
Dudley Seers, on the other hand, argues that the level of unemployment, levels of inequality, and poverty levels are the three most important factors that can be used to define development. For Seers, all three of these must be at very low levels before a society can be considered developed. Any rise in one of these central challenges would thus prevent a society from being called developed.
Overall, the concept of development is a complex one that requires consideration of multiple factors and perspectives. While some may view it as a finite process with limits, others see it as an ongoing, dynamic process that involves continuous change and adaptation. Similarly, different scholars have emphasized the importance of different factors in defining development, such as poverty levels, inequality, and unemployment. By considering these different perspectives, it is possible to gain a more nuanced understanding of what development entails and how it can be achieved.
Development studies are an area of study that looks at inequality in the world and strives to find solutions to improve the lives of citizens in developing countries such as Zambia. Getting to grips with development studies requires delving in other disciplines such as economics, political science, psychology, sociology, history, geography, communication, anthropology, health sciences, resource and environmental science. It attempts to address pressing issues by studying cultural and political development. Through examining the past, present and the future, development studies finds cultural links between political and economic bodies and the lives of ordinary people. More significantly, to enact practical solutions designed to build reasonable societies.
Similarly, the questions that development studies attempts to address is regarding equal pay, while the strategy is to advance diversity and inclusiveness so that there is an opportunity to thrive regardless of age, gender or any other status.
This is a long term standpoint plan which aims at achieving a thriving middle-income nation status by the year 2030. This will be realized by creating an enabling environment for sustainable socio-economic development. It is Zambia’s first ever written plan and it expresses the aspirations and plans of the Zambian people that ought to be accomplished. The vision 2030 plan is grounded on policy oriented research on key national strategic issues and on a process of discussion and dialogue.
Similarly, the vision sketches the necessary long term paths of the socio-economic pointers to satisfy the aspirations of the people in the country and it articulates possible alternative development scenarios at different points through the target year.
Since 1964, the government has equipped and implemented medium-term plans to encourage sustainable socio-economic development. Nevertheless, these plans were never anchored on a national vision. The lack of a vision contributed to the fragmented character of development efforts in the past.
The document starts with a statement of the vision and outlines of the challenges, goals and strategies.
By the year 2023, Zambians aspire to live in a strong dynamic middle-income industrial nation that delivers opportunities for refining the well being of all, embodying values of socio-economic justice, underpinned by the principles of gender, democracy, respect for human rights, good tradition and family values, positive attitude towards work, peaceful coexistence and private-public partnerships.
The nation ought to have an economy which is competitive, self-sustaining, dynamic and resilient to any shocks, supports stability and the safety of systems and is free from donor dependence. Furthermore, it should have stable social and cultural systems that support human capital development.
Vision 2030 enunciates long term plans for growth to achieve desirable socio-economic outcomes by 2030. The vision is operationalized over five-year national development plans, most recently the revised 6th national development plan (2013-2016), which was revised in 2013. The execution of vision 2030 mandates the involvement of the government, individuals, the private sector civil society, cooperating partners and other stakeholders.
The macroeconomic framework for Zambia was established to focus on stimulating economic recovery and building resilience to protect livelihoods and protect the vulnerable groups and individuals. In the medium term, it would focus more on containing the spread of the corona virus, mitigating the effects of the pandemic and re-establishing macroeconomic stability as well as growth. Additionally, the biggest priority would be to move towards achieving fiscal fitness and restoring debt sustainability, dismantling domestic arrears and safeguarding social protection spending
In the medium term, the overall macroeconomic objective will be to accelerate implementation of reforms as outlined in the economic stabilization and growth programme and austerity measures announced by the president of the republic of Zambia.
The objectives for the 2019-2021medium term are as follows:
The seventh national development plan is the blue print for the country’s development in the next five years. The government envisions a prosperous middle-income economy that offers decent employment opportunities for all Zambians of diverse skills and will be accomplished by harnessing opportunities for economic variation and development.
The 7NDP will aim to enable both rural and urban businesses to enhance productivity and increase formalisation for their business with a view to enhance the creation of job opportunities in the economy. To ensure an enabling policy for the creation of jobs, the government will implement the national employment and labour market program. Other policies aimed at supporting the production links and improving partnerships and connectivity between rural and urban areas will be undertaken. This will be achieved by:
The development of a global competitive business environment and a strong private sector through development is an area of focus. The private sector development includes designing and implementing policies to encourage inclusive growth or economic transformation through investment, productivity growth, employment and business development. The government will implement key alterations such as those dealing with business authorising and regulation, trade logistics and ease of doing business. Furthermore, the government is keen on prioritising the involvement of the private sector in implementation of the strategy through the enhancement of public-private dialogue and creation of collaborations aimed at the creation of jobs.
Initiatives will include promotion and extension of social security cover, occupational safety and health protection to the informal sector. This will also include the support of equality and empowerment initiatives for women, the disabled and the youth.
The 7NDP will give emphasis to the use of cooperatives as a model to contribute to job creation. The government will promote governance of cooperatives and analyse the legal framework which supports cooperative development.
The government will promote infrastructure in rural areas and this will increase employment opportunities
A well-functioning transport system has the potential to diminish the overall cost of doing business in the country, thereby contributing to the accomplishment of a diversified and resilient economy for sustained development and socio-economic transformation. An improved transport system and infrastructure will enable efficiency in the movement of goods and people in the country. Further, as a land-linked country, with eight neighbouring countries, Zambia requires its transport infrastructure to be in a good state in order to link principal ports and serve as a core for goods in transit. The transport sector in Zambia consists mainly of four modes, namely, aviation, railways, maritime and roads. The government remains dedicated in delivering improved transport infrastructure within the four modes of transport in order to grow the economy and improve the socio-economic opportunities across the country. Investment in better transport systems and infrastructure will drive wider economic benefits including supporting growth and job creation, raising the productive capacity of the economy, driving efficiency and enhancing international competitiveness.
Agriculture is the fourth largest contributor to gross domestic product (8.7%) and the largest contributor to employment. This can be achieved by;
Production and productivity enhancement will be undertaken along the entire product value chain from farm to agro-processing and manufacturing at the sector and enterprise levels. The upsurge in production will be achieved through increased agricultural mechanisation, increasing the area under cultivation and number of farmers participating in production, driven by enhanced extension service delivery and increased private sector participation
This strategy will focus on increasing access to affordable finance for farmers and exports of high value agricultural products. Other interventions will include access to finance for supplementary services to production and exports. First priority will be placed on vulnerable groups such as women and the youth. Additionally, the strategy will focus on increasing capacities of established farmer groups to participate in export markets, while creating a favourable environment for large exporters of crops, fish, livestock and forestry products to increase export volumes.
Development in the sector value chains will include investment in production, agro-processing and marketing, inclusive of export market and distribution mechanisms. Value chain improvement will promote the participation of small and medium enterprises along different value chains. Priority will be placed on promotion of citizen participation in agri-business and connecting local to regional and international value chains. Furthermore, efforts will be made to strengthen market connections between primary production areas and processing centres for reduced costs to the final product, hence being competitive in the domestic and regional markets.
Focus will be on the agricultural diversification in crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries based on comparative and competitive advantage
Small scale agriculture has shown its capacity for driving economic and social change. Even if large scale managerial and corporate agriculture can ease the connection to downstream activities and agro industry and contribute to the response to the growing food demand, it is more likely to be capital intensive and therefore offer less prospects for job creation, and less sustainable in the long run due to the reliance on fossil fuels. Small scale agriculture has the potential to create jobs and improve the living conditions of rural communities with the provision that some key actions are implemented to improve the income, family status and right.
Investments in agricultural infrastructure will be prioritised to create a suitable environment for a vibrant agriculture sector. The aim is to enable the sector procedure, produce and market its various products in the domestic and foreign markets.
Zambia has a mining history that spans over 100 years and continues to play an active important role in the economic development of the country. The main mining activity is copper at large scale while the production, processing and export of other minerals are still underdeveloped. Under the Seventh National Development Plan, emphasis will be on expanding the range of minerals to cover non-traditional mining of gold, gemstones and industrial minerals as well as promotion of value addition to mining products and include energy and other strategies to increase productivity and reduce environmental pollution. The plan also focuses on formalising and empowering small scale miners to make them more productive so as to boost export revenue. This will be achieved by;
The focus will be on the increase of mining, exploration, processing and promoting the use of industrial minerals and gemstone products in order to increase the contribution of the expansion of other sectors. Additionally, emphasis will also be placed on boosting the capacities of small scale miners in order to increase production. The government is keen on ensuring that policy implementation and regulatory enforcement does not suppress exploration of new mineral deposits.
This strategy is aimed at improving capacities to participate in mining value chains that have the uppermost potential to impact economic growth and reduction in poverty levels. Efforts will be made to facilitate mining based value addition and industrialisation by supporting the development of manufacturing industries to yield inputs for the sectors and to contribute to the growth of other sectors.
This strategy will enable the establishment and capacity expansion of relevant institutions to monitor and regulate petroleum exploration.
Part of the diversification agenda within the mining sector will focus on building the productive capacity of small scale miners that are involved in the exploration of gemstones and industrial minerals.
Tourism is a vital service sector in Zambia. The country is blessed with rich natural heritage and other tourism attractions such as the gorges, waterfalls, rivers, lakes and wildlife. The sector faces challenges which include; lack of comprehensive national tourism plan and limited product offering to tourists. Under this plan the priority will be increasing the tourism industry beyond the traditional tourism sites and products plus promoting the integration of points that will make Zambia more competitive in the region. This will be achieved by;
The improvement of arts and culture infrastructure will also be supported in order to improve the contribution of the country’s unique natural and cultural heritage to diversify the tourism product.
The country will focus on enhancing the traditional source markets by increasing market entry and exploiting markets to expand the tourist base.
The strategy will focus on tapping into the untapped potential of domestic tourism as a way of contributing to the general diversification of the tourism sector and the economy
Energy plays a big role in all sectors of the economy. In order to increase supply, there is a strong need to promote investment in nuclear, hydro, geothermal, wind and solar energy. Therefore, the following strategies will be undertaken;
To heighten the supply of electricity for economic development, infrastructure development will be upheld. The strategy is to expand and enhance electricity generation as well as encourage the improvement of mini hydro power stations.
Efforts will be made to develop a comprehensive national energy strategy inclusive of a master plan for suitable options to charcoal and other household energy needs.
Under this plan, efforts will be made to promote rural electrification programmes and to increase accessibility to electricity at an affordable cost
This will be done by encouraging the setting up of petroleum businesses in under developed areas through public-private partnerships
During the period of the 7NDP , the country will focus on the following strategies in the quest to improve trade and market entry at domestic and international levels;
Efforts will be directed towards ensuring that all trade activities take place in a well-organized, predictable and transparent manner. Additionally, legal and regulatory modifications to support trade facilitation will be implemented.
The government will take part in negotiations at bilateral and multilateral levels to secure markets as well as address obstacles in market entry level.
In order to enhance competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets, efforts will be directed towards supporting producers and exporters as well as safeguarding the local industry from imports and biased trade practices.
Zambia will position herself to develop regional and international affairsto promote national interests such as the access to markets. This will be achieved by enhancing international cooperation.
A good functioning transport system has the potential to lessen the general cost of doing business in the country. An improved transport system will promote efficiency in the movement of goods and people within the country. This can be achieved by;
The government will commence construction of the chipata to serenje railway line which will complete the link from the port of Nacala to the existing railway line. Additionally, government will promote private investments in order to construct other rail spurs.
The construction and maintenance of the rod infrastructure will ensure safety in connectivity across the country. The government will continue to develop tolls and will continue to collect road user charges in order to finance its programs in the road sector
The expansion of the inland port of Mpulungu will aid in increasing access to the great lakes region markets. Furthermore, studies will be taken to determine the viability of developing the kafue river into a navigable channel for the transportation of bulk goods and touris
This agenda is a proposal of action for people, planet and prosperity. It seeks to strengthen peace in larger freedom. All stakeholders and countries that act in collaboration will implement this plan. They strive to build on the millennium development goals and complete tasks which were never completed. They seek to attain the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. They are combined and balance all three dimensions of sustainable development, that is; the social, economic and environmental. The goals and targets will fuel action over the next fifteen years in areas of critical importance.
The UN agenda is a path towards sustainable development and commitment to collectively pursue global development to all countries. It reaffirms that every state has and shall freely exercise complete and permanent sovereignty over all its wealth, economic activities and natural resources.
It restates the importance of universal declaration of human rights as well as other instruments that relate to human rights and international law. Responsibilities of all the states is emphasized, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations, to respect, promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without any sort of di
In “The Yellow Wallpaper”, the author Charlotte Gilman uses indirect characterization to describe the narrator and through several main quotes from 'The Yellow Wallpaper' we can image the protagonist. The main character is a woman who is overcome with an illness deemed nervous condition by her husband. At the same time, her husband is also her physician enabling him to closely monitor her. As a result, he forbids her from doing anything that could prevent her from potentially getting better, like writing and entertaining her own imagination. In an act of rebellion, she begins writing to relieve herself and it is the form that allows her to share this story. The narrator is a highly imaginative woman who is oppressed by her surroundings and is trying to break free from what is holding her down.
Get original essayThe narrator's expressive imagination is one of her most distinctive characteristics. She generalizes that the house she and John, her husband, are staying in is haunted because its so cheap. The narrator then follows this with the statement “John laughs at me… John is practical in the extreme,” thus implying that her husband finds her ideas to be silly and compared to his practicality, she is imaginative. Furthermore, the narrator seems to personify inanimate objects around her, like the yellow wallpaper in her bedroom. Giving it human like characteristics that she continuously dwells on and reacts to, almost as if they are real people she is engaging with. For example, when describing the path she found that leads to the bay from the estate, she says “the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes stare at you upside down”. She is transforming a simple foot path into a creature that stares from two bulbous eyes. Throughout the story, she creates this woman who is trapped behind the yellow wallpaper of the room she remains isolated in. She has imagined that the woman in the wallpaper is trapped behind bars and manages to get out in the daytime.
Unlike most patients, the narrator cannot disregard her physicians concerns because her husband doubles as her physician. Ultimately leaving her with no escape from his oppressive demands. John is constantly reminding her to not let her fancies escape her and to keep her imagination in check. The husband even takes it as far as to threaten to send her to Weir Mitchell, whom the narrator says, “is just like John and my brother, only more so!”. So in turn, the narrator takes whatever medicine John gives her and prevents herself from entertaining her own imagination to appease him even though at times it frustrates her. Her behavior shows that she is pliant to what John asks of her, painting her as submissive or obedient because she fears opposition from anyone. She’s also not allowed to write, but does it anyways in secret to spite him. Outwardly, the narrator seems like a submissive person but her internal emotions conflict with external behavior.
In studying the yellow wallpaper, she’s found a woman seemingly trapped behind it. The narrator then discovers that the woman in the wallpaper escapes during the daytime. Much like herself, her initial thought is to tie her up and suppress her so that she does not escape. The connection between the narrator and the woman trapped behind the wallpaper is that both are seemingly held captive. It is a symbolic moment when the narrator finally removes the wallpaper because she finally recognizes that the woman behind the wallpaper is herself. This revelation is especially evident towards the end of the story when she claims that she herself is finally free from her husband, “I’ve got out at last… And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!”.
The speech Sell a Country! Why Not Sell the Air? by Tecumseh (Shawnee leader) utilizes repetition, rhetorical questions, and allusions to persuade those who were selling or buying land to stop, and to tell the Indians that they must band together against those who try to force them out of their homes. Tecumseh’s use of repetition of “you” -- “You wish to prevent the Indians… You take the tribes aside…You are continually driving the red people” -- indicates that his speech was directed towards the white colonists.
Get original essayThe repetition encourages the audience to reflect on what has occurred and what should be done. However, it is also used to communicate to the Indians, urging them to unite or else they will be driven “into the great lake, where they can neither stand nor work”. He also uses rhetorical questions; for example, he asks, “Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth?” to emphasize the absurdity of Native Americans selling land, especially since he believes the Great Spirit made “them all for the use of his children”.
Moreover, Tecumseh deems that if whites continue to buy land, “it will make war among different tribes” and no one will know “the consequences … among the white people.” Tecumseh also furthers his argument by employing an allusion; he references the Bible -- “When Jesus Christ came upon the earth you killed him” -- to hint to his audience that fighting against Indians will not be easy, and even if they lose, they will come back -- just as whites thought Jesus “was dead” but were sorely “mistaken”. In short, Tecumseh uses repetition, rhetorical questions, and allusions to support his purpose of convincing whites not to purchase more native land and sway the Native American tribes to work
How do fear and foresight interplay when individuals make life-altering decisions? It is no secret that emotions play a large role in our decision-making process. Although people try to be as unbiased and objective as possible, emotions will always play a role to varying degrees based on the situation. It could be argued that one of the largest ways that emotions can affect our decision-making process is by skewing our perception and outlook of the future. While happiness may give us an optimistic view of the future and cause us to make decisions based on positive outcomes, sadness or fear may cause us to have a more pessimistic outlook and cause us to be more cautious in our evaluations of risks when making decisions.
Get original essayIn “The Story of An Hour” by Kate Chopin, the author pits gender stereotypes against the desire of freedom and explores the conflict through the internal struggle of the main character in the story. While the main character, Ms. Mallard, is in what appears to be an unhappy marriage which affects her foresight and outlook on her life, the sudden death of her husband causes the new emotion of freedom to seep in causing an internal conflict as control and influence over her foresight begins to transitions from fear to the new emotion of freedom that comes from her husband’s death. Gender stereotypes in the context of the story
In the story, gender norms and expectations in the main character’s marriage act as the “emotion” or fear that initially affects the main character's outlook on life. “And yet she loved him – sometimes. Often not.” Story possibly hints that the relationship was not the best and that there were possible problems with it. Although she may have loved him, the inclusion of the last word, “sometimes” and the following phrase, “Often not” makes the reader wonder what was wrong with their marriage and what caused Ms. Mallard to not love her husband. In addition to this, the idea that her life was being repressed or in a struggle is further supported by a quote later in the story where she says, “It was only yesterday that she thought with a shudder that life might be long.' “She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed gray and dead.”
Although at this point in the story the main character is beginning the transition from looking at the death of her husband to a new foresight on the future, it is important to note how she still cares about her husband as evidenced by the phrase, “she knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind tender hands folded in death;...” the quote also mentions how Mr. Mallard was generally a kind character as evidenced by the phrase, “... the face that had never looked save with love upon her,...”. This removes the notion that she had a problem with Mr. Mallard himself. Possibly more so with the marriage, how it was structured and enforced by gender stereotypes at the time. These stereotypes that the story references are that marriage should be a male dominated relationship and the idea that wives should be submissive to their husbands. “There would be no powerful will bending hers in a blind persistence with which men and women believe that they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.” Comment about gender stereotypes that were held at the time. The idea of imposing a will upon another reflects the gender stereotype at the time that the man was dominant over the woman and that wives should be submissive to their husband’s will. As shown by the evidence above, Ms. Mallard appeared to have a problem with the relationship and how it restricted her, “bending her will” in ways that she did not want it to. The societal gender norms and restrictiveness of the relationship could act as the influence of fear and emotion that affects her foresight on life and subsequently affected her decision-making process.
From the beginning of the story, the author begins to sneak in the idea of freedom. Throughout the short story, the author subtly grows and increase it’s influence until it becomes a full internal conflict in the main character. “There she stood facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair.” Use of archetypes to represent freedom present in the quote. The idea of an open window is commonly used to represent freedom and the outside world. The window is later alluded to as a source of freedom in the quote, “No; she was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window.” The “roomy” armchair, as opposed to a “small” or “constricting” armchair, could also serve as another representation of freedom or room to breathe now that her husband is gone. “She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air.” In literature, the season of spring commonly represents new beginnings. In the context of the story, as the main character notices these details, this could foreshadow to the reader a new beginning that arises with the death of the main character’s husband, Mr. Mallard. “She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength.”
This line is important at exploring the conflict and struggle between the two emotions prior to the death of Mr. Mallard. The “certain strength” mentioned in the last part of the quote in context to the story could be interpreted to mean her sense or want for freedom. In conjunction with this, the “repression” mentioned earlier in the quote could allude to the restrictions and confines that the main character experiences from her marriage. As a result of this, the “certain strength” becomes repressed by this. It could be possible that the death and absence of fear did not create this emotion of freedom so much as freeing and unleashing what was already inside of her. From the evidence above, we can see that the author is beginning to hint at something that may challenge the restrictiveness and fear posed by gender norms. In relation to the prompt, it could be said that with the absence of fear and a new emotion to replace it, her foresight has now shifted and will possibly cause her to reevaluate her decision-making process and how she makes life-altering decisions going into the future.
As the transition between fear and freedom occurs in the main character, we can see how this has a profound effect on the main character as she comes to realize the ramifications of this discovery and foresight. “When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath: ‘free, free, free!’ ” This is an important turning point in the story. During this time, as fear and the hold of marriage leaves her, the new emotion of freedom comes in. This appears to take her over mentally as she begins to say the words, “free, free, free!” This begins the build up to the climax of the conflict that causes her character and foresight to shift dramatically. “What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being!” With fear gone, we can see how her foresight changes. She transitions from a grieving person to a suddenly joyful and self-determined person as the confines and fears brought by gender norms and her marriage are now gone. This quickly becomes the new defining characteristic of Ms. Mallardher character undergoes a transformation as a result of this internal conflict. This is proven in the last section of the quote where she links self-assertion as the strongest impulse in her being.
“Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her. Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long.” At this point in the story, the main character has fully embraced this new foresight brought on by the emotion of freedom. We can see how her character changes dramatically as she goes from being a grieving and almost “weak-willed” wife to a strong and determined character who embraces the future. This is evidenced in the sentence, “Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own.” This is phrase is important because calling those days her own emphasize the point already made of her newfound self-determination and assertion mentioned before.
The repetition serves to make this idea very clear in both her mind as well as the readers. As a result of this transition between fear and freedom, it could be said that her foresight has changed dramatically. With the absence of fear in her foresight and outlook on her life, she sees the future in a completely different manner. She begins to happily rejoyce where moments ago she looked at her life in a bleak manner. To that extent, it could be said that fear plays a large role in affecting our foresight in the future. In regards to decision making, the new way that she sees her life and cherishes these newfound aspects of freedom and self-determination could be said to have largely influenced her decision-making process for both small and large, life-changing decisions. While before she seemed unhappy and hoped that her sad life would not last any longer than it did, this new perspective causes her to pray for a longer life.
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Get custom essayOverall, these shift in values could be said to have profoundly affected the main character’s decision-making process in regards to how she values her life and what she chooses to do with to going forward.
The word “media” is derived from the word “medium”. The word medium means channel of communication. There are various types of modern media. Types of media include print media (books, magazines, newspapers and novels etc) and also broadcast media (television and radio). Anything whether it is written, broadcast or spoken which is easily reachable to large number of people is known as mass media or mass communication. . Any source of information which is used by large number of people is known as mass media. Mass media is technology which helps in reaching maximum number of people. Most of the people throughout the world use different channels of mass media to know about what’s going all over the world, to know about social and political issues and also use it for entertainment purpose and so on and so forth. Television, radio, internet, newspaper and magazine are some of the most common examples of mass media or mass communication.
Get original essayAs we know that mass media targets large amount of audience, so many people can reach to mass media with no trouble. Everything has its influence over the people. Firstly, Mass media has significant effect on culture. The mass media influences mood and attitude of people by delivering messages by the help of mass media is known as mediated culture. We can say that media tries to create the culture. Individuals as well as community all over the world are continuously hit with messages through television, magazine and billboards etc. It not only helps in promoting products but it also promotes changed attitudes and moods. On the other hand, it also develops such sense in the minds of people that what is important and what is unimportant. Secondly, the concept of celebrity is only possible due to mass media. Imagine if there is no mass media, do you think that celebrity could be famous without the help of mass media? If there is no mass media for example there is no concept of movies or any other sort of mass media no one could have become so famous. If we talk about past, people like legendary political person, renowned business leaders or other people like them were prominent in the past. It’s all because of mass media that the actors, singers and other social elite have become famous celebrities and stars.
Going back to the time when television was new thing for people. It was there with counted people only and there was limited time for programs and only one or two channels were there. Even television was not with many middle class people. Coming back to current period, now there is television even in the poorest home on the other hand there are more than one television in middle class families. This change is not because that television is easily available now but because of the thing that now television shows have so much diversification that entertains or fulfills requirement of people of different ages, people belonging from different income group, people belonging from different backgrounds and so on. This is an era of technology, people have everything on a click away but still television is the one of the most primary means of mass media. Internet is also a popular channel of mass media nowadays.
What is the role of media? This is a controversial question and so many people debated on this question. And answer of this question varies with the difference in the use of mass media, it depends upon for which purpose an individual uses mass media. It varies from person to person that how an individual is using mass media. Due to this, influence of mass media also varies from one person to another. It is agreed that mass media is part of modern culture. Different theories of mass media are as follows:
First comes the limited effect theory. This theory came in between 1940s to 1950s. The limited effect theory is based on the idea that media has negligible influence on people. This theory states that people choose to watch or read such things on which they believe.
This theory says that there is not so strong influence of mass media upon individual. It says that it depends upon individual that how they perceive from mass media’s message.
Secondly, there is the class dominant theory. The class dominant theory states that media reflects the view of minority elite only and they can control it. For example when there is restriction in ownership media organizations, these people have control over it that what people can watch and listen through mass media.
Thirdly, there is culturist theory. The culturist theory states that the people see images and hear messages from media but take out meanings according to their perceptions. For example if we show same video to different people they will explain that video differently according to their age, mindset, religion, and such other factors.
Hypodermic needle theory is also known as magic bullet theory. Hypodermic needle theory/ hypodermic needle theory states that the messages of mass media are like bullets, they act on the mind of viewers in same way bullet speedily acts on the human body. According to magic bullet theory/hypodermic needle theory message of mass media are effective on minds of viewers to a great extend.
In cultivation theory it is stated that mass media cultivates the mind of viewers. Those people who have intense exposure to television begin to notice this world is alike to television world. For example if someone watches more violent programs will begin to see this world to be a violent place. This is cultivation theory.
Agenda setting theory is a theory in which powerful media effects are there. There are three agendas: media agenda, public agenda and policy agenda. It is also recommended that media agenda becomes public agenda with the passage of time because of the fact that they are interlinked with one and another.
Framing theory and agenda setting theory are interlinked with one and another. Framing theory states that whenever there is any issue arise, media focuses attention on that issue and after that position it at definite field of significance. In this way, mass media portrays pictures of the world in our minds. Framing theory is also known as second level agenda setting.
Authoritarian theory states that it is compulsory to control the media to guard and prevent people from the national threats by any channel of mass media. The press is a tool which enhances power of the ruler of the country. Licenses are provided for the media by the authorities. These authorities have all the rights.
Libertarian theory states that people try to find good and positive things from bad. People are rational that’s why they find out what is good for them and what is bad. In this theory it also states that nothing should be restricted. Libertarian theory is opposite of authoritarian theory.
Soviet media theory is based on the Carl Marx and Engel’s ideology. Total media is under the control of government. It is also stated that the state has complete authority over the media for the benefit of the people.
As we all know that mass media is accessible to almost every person. It totally depends upon person that if he is using it in a good way or a bad way. There are talk shows in which current issues are being discussed so common man can get a lot of information about the world, , then there are documentaries by watching them people get awareness. We can say that one of the positive impacts of mass media is that it increases awareness.
Several news channels are there which are continuously telling about current situation of the world. There is not any distance barrier now. This is all because of media. You can get news update every minute. Mass media also helps in highlighting the issues of public. When it shows problem of the people, society will think on it that how to reduce these issues.
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Get custom essayMass Media can also be used for educational purpose like there are several channels on youtube on which people are uploading tremendous and informative lectures almost on every subject. Students can easily access them anytime and anywhere and can get a lot of information on just a click.