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Table of contents

1. What is vegetarianism? (essay)
2. Benefits and drawbacks of Vegetarian diets
3. Conclusion
4. Works Cited

What is vegetarianism? (essay)

To discuss vegetarianism, this essay first provides an introduction to the topic.

To begin, vegetarianism is the limitation of one’s diet to only plants, vegetables, grains, and fruits, without eating any food derived from an animal. There are different extremes of vegetarianism, where you can eat dairy, but not eggs, only milk, etc. And the reasons why people convert to this diet differ. Health, religion, compassion for the animals, it usually varies. Vegetarianism has been around for centuries, beginning with the peaceful Hindu and Buddhist religions, but recently we have seen the eruption of a more militant vegetarianism that is inspired by the “animal rights” movement. Today, vegetarian activists are throwing pies at Ronald McDonald and the Pork Queen, scrawling, “meat is murder” in prominent locations, committing terrorist acts of arson, and waging media campaigns equating meat consumption with cannibalism. Vegetarianism is becoming a soapbox more than a healthier diet.

Benefits and drawbacks of Vegetarian diets

The guidelines from the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services advise 2 to 3 daily servings of milk, which vegetarians do not drink, and the same amounts of foods such as eggs, meat, poultry and fish. They recommend 3 to 5 servings of vegetables, 2 to 4 of fruits, and 6 to 11 servings of bread, cereal, rice, and pasta. In other words, 11 to 20 plant foods, but only 4 to 6 animal foods. Vegetarians are, on the average, far healthier than those who eat the typical Western diet, and enjoy a lower incidence of many chronic diseases. Vegetarians are consuming less cholesterol and fat than carnivorous eaters. Vegetarian diets offer disease protection benefits because of their lower saturated fat, cholesterol, and animal protein content. However it has not been proven that one must eliminate meat from one’s diet in order to be healthy. It has been aptly demonstrated that the typical Western diet contains too much fat. Eliminating meat from the diet is one way to reduce fat, but it is not the only way. Eating meat responsibly and adding more carbohydrates to your diet can also reduce fat. Vegetarian diets have also been known to cure and/or prevent diseases. For example, Soya beans contain high concentrations of substances now known to be cancer-preventers, and several studies show that soya consumption can reduce both colon and rectal cancer. And according to The Journal of the American Medical Association, a vegetarian diet can prevent 97 percent of coronary occlusions.

But vegetarian diets have also been shown to increase the risk for nutrient deficiencies. Children are particularly vulnerable and can lead to growth problems. Vegetarian children often fail to grow as well as their omnivorous counterparts. Adults who choose to become vegetarian at a mature age are less susceptible to the health downfalls of the diet. But young children who are raised in a vegetarian household are lacking serious nutrients necessary for proper growth. Vegetarians who eat no animal flesh or dairy products risk vitamin B12 deficiency, which can result in irreversible nerve deterioration. The need for vitamin B12 increases during pregnancy, breast-feeding, and the period of adolescence growth. Vegetarians with high nutrient needs, such as athletes and pregnant women, especially need these lacked vitamins. And not receiving all of these vitamins can be detrimental to one’s health. Also, ovo-vegetarians, who eat eggs but no dairy foods or animal flesh, may have inadequate vitamin D and calcium. Inadequate vitamin D may cause rickets in children, while inadequate calcium can contribute to risk of osteoporosis in later years. These vegetarians are susceptible to iron deficiency anemia because they are only missing the more readily absorbed iron from animal flesh. A vegetarian diet needs to be looked at with extreme scrutiny, as not to endanger one’s health.

Ecological arguments against omnivorous and carnivorous eating habits, are little more than an attempt by those from the less popular “animal rights” movement to ride the coattails of the more popular environmental movement. In some cases, warnings of impending environmental cataclysm are used to advance an ethical agenda. However, arguments to the effect that eating meat is destroying the planet overlook that the planet has not yet been destroyed despite millions of years of omnivorous and carnivorous eating by millions of individuals from a multitude of species. Carnivores make up the majority of the food chain, both human and animal. The Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that some energy will be inevitably lost as one moves up the food web. Therefore, arguments about how it takes ‘X’ pounds of plant protein to generate ‘Y’ pounds of meat have a sound theoretical basis. However, these arguments are often overstated. These arguments falsely assume that pork chops and steak are the only products of animal agriculture. They falsely presume that a pound of animal foodstuffs is nutritionally and energetically equivalent to a pound of plant foodstuffs. These arguments also ignore the energy content and opportunity cost of replacing animal by-products, which is considerable. Even the animal’s excrement is a valuable resource. Certain animal products, such as fetal calf serum, collagen and laminin are crucial for medical research using cell cultures, and have no available alternatives. Is saving a cow worth letting a human die? One can say “yes”, but what if he were the human that was ill? And if certain practices associated with animal agriculture are found to be ecologically unsound, it does not merit a general opposition to eating meat. Though not practical for everyone, hunting and fishing bypass any potential ecological destruction associated with plant or animal agriculture. They are thus two of the most ecologically sound ways to obtain one’s sustenance. Those who would oppose even limited exploitation of these alternatives have ethical concerns masquerading as environmental concerns. The most disingenuous ecological ploy made by “ethical” vegetarians is the “…we could feed X starving people with Y percent of the resources devoted to animal agriculture…” argument. First, it falsely implies that humans are starving because of insufficient production capacity. World hunger is a result of deficient distribution of food, not deficient capacity for production of food. Our capacity to produce grain is so vast that we actually pay farmers not to produce. Secondly, if the argument were valid, the resultant increase in human population would worsen rather than remedy ecological concerns regarding human population.

Conclusion

Though vegetarianism does offer clear health benefits, such as the diet has been known to commonly cure coronary heart disease (coupled with medication), one need not become vegetarian in order to be healthy. Diet is only one important aspect of health. The avoidance of harmful habits such as smoking is as important, if not more so. A vegetarian diet is not necessarily always healthier than a diet consisting of meat. A very strict and regimented vegetarian diet is needed to acquire all essential nutrients for living well. Meat does carry proteins and nutrients very helpful to a healthy diet. If eaten in moderation, the fats and cholesterols in meat can have minimal bad effects on the body. Eating meat is not always sucking down a greasy cheeseburger. A balanced diet’s definition does include meat. If diet is looked at with honest concern and responsibility, a diet including meat can be as healthy as a vegetarian diet.

Works Cited

1. Davis, B., & Melina, V. (2014). Becoming Vegetarian: The Complete Guide to Adopting a Healthy Plant-Based Diet. Book Publishing Company.
2. Flynn, R. W. V. (2017). Vegetarianism in Western Europe: A Study of Vegetarianism in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Sweden. Routledge.
3. Fox, N., & Ward, K. (2008). Health, ethics and environment: A qualitative study of vegetarian motivations. Appetite, 50(2-3), 422-429. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.007
4. Haddad, E. H., Sabaté, J., Whitten, C. G., & Tanzman, J. S. (2014). Vegetarian food guide pyramid: A conceptual framework. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(Supplement_1), 356S-361S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071621
5. Leitzmann, C. (2017). Vegetarian nutrition: Past, present, future. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(Supplement_1), 496S-502S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071621
6. Mangels, A. R., Messina, V., & Messina, M. (2011). The Dietitian's Guide to Vegetarian Diets: Issues and Applications. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
7. Marsh, K., & Zeuschner, C. (2012). The vegan plate: A guide to healthy vegan nutrition. Akerman Publishing.
8. Sabaté, J., & Wien, M. (2015). Vegetarian diets and childhood obesity prevention. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(1), 152S-157S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071621
9. Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2003). Diet and body mass index in 38 000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. International Journal of Obesity, 27(6), 728-734. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300
10. Tuso, P. J., Ismail, M. H., Ha, B. P., & Bartolotto, C. (2013). Nutritional update for physicians: Plant-based diets. The Permanente Journal, 17(2), 61-66. doi:10.7812/TPP/12-085

This project will outline the causes of the Sierra Leone civil war of 1991-2002. It will also evaluate its impact on the affected region and the country as a whole. Sierra Leone is a small country situated on the west coast of Africa. It’s bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia. It has an estimated population of 5.4 million. The country is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western area ( not a province), which are subdivided into fourteen districts. Freetown is the capital, the largest city, and the economic centre, which is located in the western area. Sierra Leone is rich of natural resources and minerals, including iron-ore, bauxite, gold, and diamonds. . This information can be found online http://www.atlapedia.com. Although, the country has rich minerals it is said to be one of the poorest countries in the world. There has been a political power struggle since the country was granted its independence in 1961. It saw said these struggles are rooted from colonialism, Alie (1990). It was also said that the main factor for civil war outbreak in Sierra Leone was the struggle over the diamond trade, and the political situation.

According to Alie (1990), many problems stemmed from the colonization of Sierra Leone by the British. He believed Sierra Leoneans were very independent upon themselves before the British came along and inflicted their ways upon them. Since the country ways of survival and life were different from those of the British, they were deemed, dependent on the British and the British were to show Sierra Leoneans a better and new way of life. He implies that Sierra Leoneans ‘‘were made to believe that anything African was bad and inferior and anything European was good and superior, and Sadly enough, this attitude has persisted to this day and some sierra Leoneans continues to measure their own way of life by western standards’’. His statement indicates that.................. It is also stated that colonialism denied Sierra Leoneans the right to self-determination, and this ‘‘weakened the traditional institutions of chieftaincy and destroyed the indigenous system of government’ Alie (1990). For instance, British forces conquered the tribes inland, and ‘introduced their own system of ruling houses among the mende tribes, Alie (1990). The natives believed on emphasises on individual qualities, and achievements rather than on birth right in the acquisition of political leadership, Alie (1990). This creates tensions between the countrymen (people from the inland protectorate) and the Krios (or descendants of the freed slaves from America and elsewhere) that had a better relationship with the colonial administration. The tension creates separations between the krios, and the countrymen, this was never recovered, and a new government was formed after the country achieved it independence in 1961.

His point might be that.....

Sierra Leone achieved its independence from British rule in 1961 under the leadership of Sir Milton Margai and the Sierra Leone People's Party. During its time under British rule, Sierra Leone adopted a parliamentary democracy. Margai died in 1964 and his half brother Albert Margai, succeeded him. In 1967 there was a general election the army overthrew the government and established a National Reformation Council (NRC) which was in turn overthrown in April 1968. In 1967, Siaka Probyn Stevens who won the elections was reinstated as Prime Minister, http://www.atlapedia.com. According to Alie (1990), there were widespread riots. Steven created a mass hysteria amongst the people, and he destroyed people’s faith in the state and the government itself. During his years serving as leader of Sierra Leone, chaos and corruption started to peak. He adopted a new republic constitution and eventually passed a law making Sierra Leone a one party state. This made it very hard for anyone to oppose his party or leadership. However, Steven retired in 1985, and army officer, Major-General J.S. Momoh was the elected President of the APC. Widespread corruption continued, and the economy further deteriorated, Britannica world data. Momoh was later accused of perpetrating the rule of Stevens. In 1987 there was an unsuccessful coup attempt 14 conspirators were arrested, of which 4 were sentenced to death, including the former Vice President, Francis Minah. In 1992, ‘‘President Joseph Momoh ousted in military coup led by Captain Valentine Strasser, apparently frustrated by failure to deal with rebels..., as reported on the BBC News (2011).

It could be argued that Political problem and mismanagement may very well be the reason for the civil war outburst, since the facts seem to be pointing in the direction of politics. The political situation in Sierra Leone was a never-ending battle amongst the political groups, it people, and the revolutionary groups. As a reaction to the corruptions, and greed the Revolutionary United Front known as the RUF was formed by the aid of former president Charles Taylor to start a war in Sierra Leone.

In 1991, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) began a rebel war in Sierra Leone. It was the most brutal civil war of recent times, with at least 50,000 people died in the fighting, and around 100,000 people mutilated. Half the country’s population were forced displacement in neighbouring countries (guinea, Liberia), according to J. Lahai Samboma. Foday Sankoh led the RUF into Sierra Leone took control over the diamond fields, Bergner (2004). The RUF stated its purpose was to overthrow the government, demanding fair elections and social and economic justice. After carefully looking into Sankoh past history it is clear that his motive could be to seek revenge. He was a corporal in the army government, then a prisoner for plotting a coup. He was sentence by Steven, to seven years; upon his release he went to Libya to train to become a guerrilla fighter under Moammar Gadhafi. The RUF captured hostages in this expansion of hostilities. They took full controlled of the mined area in the Kona, Tongo and Pujehun districts in the eastern and southern provinces of Sierra Leone. Children as young as six years old were taken away from their families, and were manipulated with the use of drugs and alcohol, to adapt the way of a soldier. Young girls were used as sex slaves. The raping of young girls and women, as a result being exposed to sexually transmitted diseases, most common of which is AIDS, was the most inhumane and largest violation of human rights. According to Lansana Fonsana, an estimated of 4,500 children were forced to commit various atrocities. These children were said to be armed by not only by the RUF, but also by the military junta, the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). These innocent children were in the middle of fighting senseless bloody war.

Civil war is ‘a war between opposing groups of citizen of the same country. In this case of Sierra Leone, it was tensions that formed early in the country's history. People were frustrated by the poor conditions of service received by the government. The struggle for power to take over the government was the only hope the younger generation had in mind, they were manipulated by the RUF to believe that they will be given a better position in the government and in return very wealthy. Through this many lives have been destroyed. The death, violence against women and children has been the most severe. We can see that the war in Sierra Leone was not necessarily fought for political gain or victory, but to engage war over the lucrative and profitable diamond trade.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Similarities
3. Differences
4. Conclusion

Introduction

Both Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill studied the concept of morality for, sort of, future goodness of the society. Even though they both, overall, studied for the same aim, their ways of study were different. For Immanuel Kant, key to achieve future goodness with morality is separating law and duty from morality, while John Stuart Mill considers it was utility's morality, that helps people to reach their future goodness. Both of these philosophers and their respective ideas created different and consistent perspectives. Their perspectives which influenced by experience (Mill) and reason (Kant) is the reason why they have differences in their own ideas. This why, in this paper both ideas will be compared in terms of their similarities and one major difference.

Similarities

Even though both ideas and the philosophers share a common goal, their ideas do not share many similarities. In fact, there are two similarities between these two ideas. First one is the, not having self-interest during a moral action. Second one is the universality of the moral action.

Both Mill and Kant, thinks that morality appears when a person abandons his her self-interest, with minor differences. According to Kant, due to human rationality, there are laws, moral laws to be exact, and those laws are the factors that pushes people to act morally. This represent also represent Kant's alignment with reason. However, when humans choose to act morally, not just because of the law factor, they act only according to morality. In order to clear this definition, Kant gives the example of shopkeeper in this book Metaphysics of Morality. The example, basically says that, in a situation where a shopkeeper able to deceive customers, but chooses not to deceive them due to laws. Then shopkeeper is not a moral person because, heshe does choose to act moral out of fear of consequences (Kant, p.11). Just like in this situation, moral actions that are taken just for obeying the law is not moral because it contains a self-interest, not getting caught and avoiding punishment. According to Mill, and utilitarianism view, every action taken is moral, if the particular action aims to increase aggregate utility, or in other words happiness. Just like Kant's reason, this represent experience. This utilitarian condition for morality clearly shows that the overall happiness in the world is what matters and people should try to achieve it. Unlike Kant, Mill does not restrict the self-interested actions, as much as Kant. Mill has more calm behavior towards those actions, because in a situation which selfish action produces more utility, selfish action must be taken. In this scenario one's self interest also becomes the moral interest. As Mill says in his book Utilitarianism; "He who saves a fellow creature from drowning does what is morally right, whether his motive be duty, or the hope of being paid for his trouble; he who betrays the friend that trusts him, is guilty of a crime" (Mill, p.20). However, this does not mean self-interest and utility are parallel concepts. This means, they can sometimes coincide and for Mill it is perfectly fine to choose selfish action because it serves the higher purpose, morality. While according to Kant's view, self-interest and moral actions cannot coincide with each other. Even though, they both differentiate in terms of the strictness of the self-interest, they both always put moral actions above selfish actions.

Second similarity between Mill and Kant is the universality of the morality. For both of them, their respective understating of morality should apply to all human beings. For utilitarianism, idea itself aims to be universal because the main concern is the aggregate happiness in the world. But Kant's idea has few more layer, when it comes to universalization. According to Categorical Imperative, it is moral to take actions that are rational and possible, for everyone, to take. In Kant's words, "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" (Kant, p.30). Naturally, this universalization comes from the Kant' trust in the human rationality. There is delicate balance in the Kant's thinking, as far as I understand, when people act rationality, they aim to gain their self-interest. However, when the rationality of the humans is possible or conceivable for everyone, universal, self-interest of one disappears. It leaves its place to general goodness and morality. There is no point for chasing self-interest, because now everyone can have their self-interest, it is only logical to seek out general happiness by rational and general actions, morality. This is why Kant's categorical imperative is similar to universalization of utilitarianism, because it is moral to take the actions that are rational and possible for all.

Differences

Unlike the similarities they have in common both ideas have also differences. However, there is a major difference, that shows why these both philosopher who aims to reach morality and general goodness, differ in terms of ideas. The main difference between both of them is their (Mill and Kant) view about the means of the ends. Kant says that, while taking an action one must consider the action's after effects as much as, considering the moral end. In Metaphysics of Morality Kant says this as, "Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means" (Kant, p.36). Basically, Kant defends that no matter how noble or how moral the result of an action, if it creates something immoral during the process, then that action is not moral at all. Mill on the other hand, always consider the ends above the means. As long as an action helps world to become a better place, or in other words happier place, the action that have taken is not important because the result is always moral. The Superhero problem is the perfect example to display the difference between Mill's and Kant's understanding of morality, because it argues the what happens to world if superheroes exist. This superhero example basically says that, while saving the world they destroy many buildings, cities, construction and cause many people to die. Naturally, superheroes try to save the world due to their pure morality, without self-interest. However, Kant would disagree with their morality because during the process of protecting people they killed many of them. As a result of this, they lost their morality because they did not consider the means and focused on the end. Unlike Kant, for Mill, their actions still would be moral because they are focusing on the end. If they did not save the world, then everyone would be death. This is why Kant's and Mill's views cannot meet when it comes to means and ends.

As it is mentioned in the beginning of this paper, they found their motivation in different concepts, for Mill it is experience, while for Kant it is reason. I think, Kant puts reason above experience, because he sees everything as black and white, in every level. For example, an action either causes morality or don't. Then he moves on the next level and in that next level he tries to analyze the reasoning of the action, if it taken by a pure selfless intention or not. Basically, Kant follow a certain path of â'reason' to reach morality. However, for Mill situation is different. Mill sees every shades of the black, white and gray. According to his path of 'experience', every possible action can be put in order for a person, and this changeable from person to person. What matters it that what person feels when heshe have the experience. This is their given importance to means in an action process differs, because Kant must follow a certain path and if he takes a wrong step then he lost the path to end (morality). Mill on the other hand can freely move in the path, he can even go off-road, as long as he reached his end (morality) it does not matter. To him, mean is just a gap that needs to be passed.

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Conclusion

To conclude, both philosophers have consistent and reasonable ideas about their common goal, morality and general goodness. Even though, their main drive to achieve morality is different, they two important similarities, both in big and small scale. Their difference in terms of experience and reason creates their differences and also the minor differences they have in their similarities. Whether for Kant's one line path to reach morality or Mill's gap, morality is possible and everyone universality aim to reach it.

Water has value

The water being removed has a place with the general population of Michigan, so if water has so much esteem then for what reason aren't the general population of Michigan pitching it to Nestlé rather than essentially giving it away? Michigan should be concerned about how the state’s ground water is used for water shortage reasons. In the case, it stated, two-third of the world’s population would face shortages of water in 2015. Since, MH has 11, 000 lakes, they should preserve water. What if the environment is at risk no matter how much water they have?

They should be prepared for all life threatening changes. If they allow Nestle’ to increase pumping water from 250 to 400 gallons of water a minute aggressive water pumping would cause ecological damages. According to Hank Winchester, he stated, “Before officials with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality made the final decision on the deal, they allowed public comment, and more than 80, 000 Michigan residents said it was a bad deal. Only 70 people supported moving forward with the deal. ” MH has greater advantage over any state because of their water resources and so many people in the community were opposed to Nestle’ pumping.

What about Flint, Michigan water issue?

The city of Flint, Michigan, is as yet pondering a year long emergency regarding lead-tainted water sources. In any case, in Michigan, individuals have an issue with is a corporations packaging the state's water and offering it back to in the community. The city of Flint, Michigan, is as yet pondering a yearlong emergency regarding lead-tainted water sources. In this case, some people in the communities in Michigan were opposed to letting Nestle’ pump water. to sell back to them in bottles of water. Most people can’t afford to buy water on a day-to-day basis. In the case, it said, “…Michigan Citizens of Water Conservation (MCWC), a local Mecosta group that has filed suit contesting Nestlé’s right to spring waters. Although the company has ninety-nine-year lease on the land, MCWC contends that the water itself is a public source. ” Citizens that reside in Michigan should be concerned that the government is allowing corporations to pump 400 gallons of water per min. If Nestle pumps 400 gallons per minute, an estimate on how many gallons Nestle pumps a day would be at least 560, 000 gallons day. At least 5% of the population believed pumping water wasn’t going to effect the environment.

I believe that 5% of the population could be farmers. Farmers usually plant seeds and water them using pipeline water, so most believe there is no difference. It is a huge difference — a farmer could use at least 7, 000 a day for planting flowers, vegetables, etc. Large corporations like Nestle is using 80 times more than a farmer to pump Michigan’s water to have them buy cases of water for 3. 00 or more. This isn’t the first time Nestle tried to pump water from lakes in Michigan. The people spoke up but it was ruled in Nestlé’s favor. I believe the population of in Michigan including any living has been stripped of their rights, which could affect them in the long run.

Nestlé's utilization of drawing 262 million gallons of water for every year from Sanctuary Spring does not establish as "reasonable use". Considering Nestle is in rivalry with different organizations to procure a benefit off of this water, I think they are taking as much water as they can deal with and endeavoring to make an immense benefit from it. Even though, under the regulation it states in the content "the owners of a stream can use its water for drinking, boating, swimming, or anything else “as long as it’s in connection with their land. ” Therefore, although Nestle is utilizing the water for drinking purposes the convention does not say transporting the water to far off land for gainful utilization. In any case, I think the measure of water being utilized is nonsensical. Does Nestle believe they are hurting the population by pumping 560, 000 gallons day? I think it is imperative for Nestle to consider the neighborhood network that could be influenced by their activities.

I think it is essential for the network and Nestle to discover a trade off that advantages both. Settle brought employments to the network, which unquestionably supports the nearby economy. I am certain they are not offering benefits to the general population of Michigan or the Indian clans any longer than they are required to. Even though, nettle contributing 100 million dollars to assemble the new Ice Mountain Bottled-Water plant in Michigan, Lessened joblessness by including about 100 employments. I do imagine that while Nestle has a substantial case for picking a territory with wealth of value water there is a scarcely discernible difference concerning the amount they pump daily. They require enough water to satisfy request without harming the asset they are pumping from. Furthermore, the issue with pumping water is they won't know the harm they are making until the point when it is past the point of no return.

Water is a ware that has debilitated the lives of numerous, as 66% of the world's water is undrinkable. With water being exchanged for benefits by vast companies our condition crumples as contamination increments and life that specifically relies upon the nature's lakes is threatened. I don't think they are treating nearby citizens unreasonably since the corporation is furnishing a monetary lift with business increment. Be that as it may, then again Native American clans have not been considered. It would not be out of line to limit Nestle from utilizing the spring water, as they have not thought about the ethical impacts of their activities and spotlight on eagerness and benefit. Nestle is benefiting in any case since they're making benefit whether their breaking points are raised or brought down. While Nestle makes profits by Michigan’s water resources, 5% of citizens of Michigan now has a job. I believe there are pros and cons towards Nestle using Michigan’s water resources. But citizens need to be aware of economic changes. Also, all living things matter — so animals, plants, humans use water to live each day.

Water deficiencies can have intense negative monetary effects that will intensify after some time on the off chance that they are not tended to in the coming years. The ground water is a piece of nature, and all residents have rights to utilize the ground water. The utilization of the ground water can be managed by the public because, the general population in a specific culture or network will know about the measure of water required for the whole territory. If the property proprietor of the land has direction of the ground water, at that point there are odds of imbalance that may happen. There will be lack of water of the other piece of the general population in the public eye who are living in a similar area. I believe the owners of the land have the highest claim on ground water because he/or she owns the soil beneath his property and ground water.

In general I don't think it is reasonable for a landowner to have finish rights over the water on their property. As per Andrew Stone, he stated, "the opposition for neighborhood groundwater assets come down to "who will get it?" The basic leadership process is frequently muddled by plenty of contending locales and an expanding number of water assets partners. Partners may live, work, or have budgetary interests in the ground water of the zone being referred to, or they may speak to recreational or natural interests. At last, administration or distribution choices must empower assets to help present and future needs. " According to “American Ground Water Trust”, the article stated, “Property owners in the east do not own the ground water beneath their feet because of controls and restrictions created by government statute and regulation. Usually, homeowners may use ground water from their wells for any "reasonable use" that does not impact neighboring property conditions. ” Since, you can't prevent water from moving underground individual landowners ought not have the capacity to settle on choices about groundwater.

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Although, a board covering districts that can pay special mind to the best enthusiasm of nature and in addition the landowners, subjects, neighborhood clans and inhabitants can also be comprised of those extremely same individuals cooperating.

Table of contents

1. Data/Needs Assessment Summary
2. Community Diagnoses
3. Community Assessment Strategies

In 2012, Sentinel City has an overall estimated population of 634,265 and as a whole, the percentage of persons below the poverty level from 2008-2012 is 18.9% (Sentinel City, n.d.). In the city, there are four separate neighborhoods including Industrial Heights, Casper Park District, Acer Tech Center, and Nightingale Square. Looking at each neighborhood and starting with Industrial Heights, the median household income is $24,672 and the percentage of uninsured residents under age 65 is 37.5%. In Casper Park District, the median household income is $80,134 and the percentage of uninsured residents under 65 is 0.7%. In Acer Tech Center, the median household income is $166,300 and the percentage of uninsured residents under age 65 is 1.5%. Lastly, in Nightingale Square, the median household income is $269,550 and the percentage of uninsured residents under 65 is 0.7%. Furthermore, Industrial Heights has a population of 38,855, Casper Park has a population of 352,643, Acer Tech has a population of 168,390 and Nightingale Square has a population of 103,974. Looking at the age percentage breakdown of Sentinel City, 7.4% of the population are under 5 years, 21.7% under 18%, and 10.5% 65 years and older. Looking at the race percentage breakdown of Sentinel City, 80% of the population is white alone, 10.4% black or African American alone, 2.0% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 3.7% Asian alone and 0.2% Pacific Islander alone (Sentinel City, n.d.).

When touring the city, apparent safety hazards include stray animals, buildings in disrepair and pollution among other things. It seemed as though the neighborhood of Industrial Heights had the most apparent safety hazards. There were several trash cans knocked over and spilling out garbage around the neighborhood as well as a few buildings emitting what looked like pollution from smoke. There was a stray dog across from the downtown store and graffiti on the walls of several buildings. While driving, there was also a motorcyclist who ran a red light and seemed to be driving recklessly. In terms of drug use in the city, 24% of the population is using tobacco, 26% using alcohol, 12% using marijuana, 5% using cocaine, 7% using heroin, 1% using methamphetamines, 2% using club drugs, and 5% using CNS depressants. Common arrest charges include public intoxication 6%, cannabis 23%, warrant for arrest 23%, battery 17%, controlled substance 16%, criminal trespassing 9%, reckless conduct 6% (Sentinel City, n.d.). However, on the trending data graphs, it looks as if crime is overall on the downward slope this year which is a good sign. EMS response time is less than that of two other comparison cities clocking in at around 7 minutes 30 seconds.

Stopping at the Department of Parks and Recreation, several programs are offered including swimming lessons, nutrition and gardening courses, kids summer programs, city sports leagues, adult fitness courses, and after school programs. Furthermore, there is a fairly large percentage of trespassing after hours (31%) as well as violent crimes (24%) and the most common park complaint last year was the homeless population. Stopping next at the Healthcare System, 6.8% of seniors use senior transportation and 7.6% of seniors use government entitlement assistance with the other services provided used to a lesser extent (Sentinel City, n.d.). The elderly are also offered living unit options in the form of independent apartments, long-term case, skilled nursing, and nursing homes. Driving next to City Hall, there are a number of adult and child protective services offered including adoption assistance, head/early head start and several others. There are around 200,000 citizens using Medicaid and just over 100,000 using Medicare (Sentinel City, n.d.). The Social Services Department also offers WIC to women and children as well as SNAP. The Better Health Clinic offers services to citizens such as contraception, pregnancy testing, STD services and cancer screening. Moreover, looking at the Teen Pregnancy graph, last year pregnancy in females ages 15-17 was on the rise at just under 500 (Sentinel City, n.d.). Next stopping at the Soup Kitchen located in Interfaith Church, homeless adults make up 64% of the clients served (Sentinel City, n.d.). Lastly, the Affordable Housing Project offers 1-and-2 bedroom units as well as studio units. Common tenant complaints vary from dogs barking and factory smoke to loitering and police activity.

Data/Needs Assessment Summary

Using the Windshield Survey along with the above three tools, Sentinel City and its four neighborhoods share several attributes that contribute to its citizens leading a healthy and safe lifestyle. However, some areas in the city also show signs of unsafe socioeconomic factors that limit the ability of its citizens to live these healthy lifestyles. There are 9 total determinants of health including income and social status, employment and working conditions, physical environments, health services, education, etc. Specifically in the neighborhood of Industrial Heights, low household income and a high percentage of uninsured residents show signs of these socioeconomic factors. This neighborhood also has the most apparent hazards out of the four. In addition, based on data collected, it seems as though there is a problem with the homeless population in the city. These all act as barriers for this community to lead healthy lifestyles. Sentinel city needs to begin to focus on eliminating these negative socioeconomic factors by, for example, economic development and more strict crime control which will ultimately impact the city’s health, living conditions and neighborhood surroundings and environment as a whole. If specific epidemiology data pertaining to mortality and birth rates were available, the city would be able to be analyzed further. However, we can look at an epidemiologic triangle and analyze the relationship between Sentinel City’s causal agents, susceptible persons, and environmental factors. Agents found in the city include infectious agents such as viruses, chemical agents such as toxic chemicals and pollution, and physical agents such as machinery. Hosts include characteristics such as age age, sex, diet, and exercise. Environment includes human population distribution, socioeconomic factors, and working conditions. In Sentinel City, it is clear that pollution is prevalent and crowding may be a problem based on the population of several of the neighborhoods. These and other elements, if changed can increase or decrease a citizen’s risk for disease. For instance, the elderly population [(10.5% of Sentinel City (Sentinel City, n.d.)] may be at higher risk to some of these elements than others, especially if, for example, pollution or viruses were on the uptrend. These are just a few examples of epidemiologic factors evident in Sentinel City.

Community Diagnoses

Based on Healthy People 20/20, Sentinel City’s first problem is substance abuse. The goal that pertains to this is “to reduce substance abuse to protect the health, safety, and quality of life for all, especially children” (Substance Abuse, 2017). Sentinel City has a problem with a percentage of the population using illicit drugs, such as alcohol and hard drugs like cocaine and heroin. Tobacco and alcohol use are the most common, with marijuana following closely behind. These percentages can be decreased by working on preventing substance abuse from first occurring and by putting a halt on substance abuse that is already occurring. Substance abuse can have a major impact on the community. It can lead to social, physical, mental, and public health problems including violence, abuse, teenage pregnancy, auto accidents, crime and even homicide or suicide. Interventions can include drug screening, behavioral counseling, sobriety checkpoint programs, mentoring programs to prevent drug and alcohol abuse from occurring in the first place, and mass media campaigns (Substance Abuse - Interventions & Resources, 2017).

The second problem that Sentinel City has is injury and violence, with a Healthy People 20/20 goal of “prevent(ing) unintentional injuries and violence, and reduce(ing) their consequences” (Injury and Violence Prevention – Overview, 2017). Sentinel City has records of battery, criminal trespassing, reckless conduct, and several others. Specifically, gang-related crime ranges from simple assault to homicide. Men make up more of the victims who committed crimes in Sentinel City than women. According to Healthy People 20/20, “both unintentional injuries and those caused by acts of violence are among the top 15 killers for Americans of all ages” (Injury and Violence Prevention – Overview, 2017). Prevention of injury and violence can have a significant impact on citizens of Sentinel City by decreasing the consequences of premature death, poor mental health, high medical costs, and lost productivity. Furthermore, not only can death and serious injury occur, but the cost of crime and violence related injuries can be extraordinary. “The total estimated lifetime medical and work loss costs associated with fatal and non-fatal injuries in the United States was $671 billion in 2013” according to Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (Cost of Injury Data, 2017). Influencing the risk for injury and violence, social environment factors such as education, social norms, relationships, community environment, and attitudes stand tall. By modifying the environment, mandating stricter legislation and enforcement, and working to change behaviors these factors can begin to be addressed. Additionally, a community might focus on changing social norms, fostering safe relationships and environments, and altering policies in order to prevent violence and injury.

Lastly, Sentinel City has a problem with sexually transmitted diseases. Healthy People 20/20 associates this topic with a goal to “promote healthy sexual behaviors, strengthen community capacity, and increase access to quality services to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and their complications” (Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2017). Sentinel City had a total of 7 diagnosed STDS last year, with the majority of them occurring over age 25. STDs can cause socioeconomic burdens, costs, and complications such as infertility, fetal health problems, increased risk for HIV, and cancer. Socioeconomic factors that affect the spreading of STDs include racial disparities, poverty, access to health care, and substance abuse (Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2017). Several of these factors are apparent in Sentinel City and may be contributing to the STDs occurring. For the third year in a row, STD rates increased as of 2016, specifically chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis. The CDC places importance on talking, testing and treating (The State of STDs – Infographic, 2017). With these steps, the goal is to interrupt the climb of STD rates and to promote healthy sexual behaviors to prevent complications from STDs. Community resources available in Sentinel City to address the problem of STDs include STD screening and other unnamed services, basic infertility services, and mental health services such as a free standing psychiatric hospital and case management services that citizens can use if mental and/or emotional help is needed (Sentinel City, 2017). The services directly related to STD screening are found in the Better Health Clinic in Industrial Heights, which is a great resource available to citizens of Sentinel City. Looking at this problem, prevention of sexually transmitted infections is the primary prevention topic of choice for Sentinel City.

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Community Assessment Strategies

After developing assessment strategies to use in Sentinel City, I can easily apply some of the same strategies in my own community. Through these strategies, I can better identify community needs, strengths and resources, and problems. I would begin by gathering existing data, such as demographics. This can include age, gender, socioeconomic characteristics, racial distributions, mortality/morbidity data, and community institutions. This data can be found by conducting surveys, viewing published reports, or by contacting the local public health department. I would also conduct a windshield survey by driving around the entire community and taking notes on observations. I would examine housing, transportation, social service centers, commons, street people and animals, race and ethnicity, health indicators, media, and business and industry. From this point, I would work toward identifying a problem for the community, just as done for Sentinel City, and proceed to establish goals and objectives and to identify intervention activities. I would then work toward implementing the work and activities necessary in order to achieve the outlined goals and objectives.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
Systematic Oppression and the Benefits of Structural PrivilegeExplicit and Implicit Racism and their Effects

Introduction

White Like Me is a documentary by Tim Wise’s on his life in a majorly black neighborhood growing up with black friends. It covers his views about white privilege and the structural advantages given to white people as he experienced first hand.

In the documentary, Tim wise chose not to follow the path with the least resistance and setbacks using his white privilege and which would have guaranteed him a safe and assured prosperous career. Instead, he decided to go through all the hitches and disappointments that people from other races and ethnic origins have to go through to experience their plight. Rather than assume their issues and grievances, Tim Wise joined and protested along with the other ethnic groups to show solidarity, support and most importantly understanding of what they are going through. He wanted to let them know that at the very least one white person out there cares for what they have to say and that the world is not completely deaf to minority races. Just like Will Campbell marched with African Americans who were fighting for equity in America instead of intimidating them, Tim Wise together with the other students stood up against the administration as they demanded their rights to be met. It is worth noting that Tim was not exactly affected by the issues that his fellow students raised against the administration yet he was still there to provide moral support.

Systematic Oppression and the Benefits of Structural Privilege

Wealth provides a wide array of opportunities to Americans and makes it easier for someone to move from one residence to another, adjust quickly to a new job and even respond effectively to an emergency. Parents use their wealth to pay for their children’s education often entirely, if possible, so as not to riddle them with student loans hence giving them an advantage in life from the get go. American workers also use their wealth to create a sustainable retirement plan. All of these cases make wealth the most complete metric to guarantee a family’s economic strength and future.

Unfortunately, wealth is unevenly distributed especially along racial lines as African Americans and other minority races such as Native Americans and Latinos have a very negligible percentage of the wealth that is hoarded by white people. This structural disadvantage against minority ethnic groups began from as early as the 1600s when laws were created that gave the white man a lot advantage over the other groups. For example, at the time, it was very easy for a white person to become a citizen of the United States than for a black person (almost all of whom were still slaves at the time) or a Latino to be accorded the same privilege. This had an economic impact where only white people could get quality formal education that helped them to secure jobs and build a good strong financial foundation for generations to come. African American students, for instance, have to be content with the money their parents made in the last 20 or so years of their usually non-illustrious careers whereas many white students are usually on trust funds that were set up for them by their grandparents since they started building their economic strength earlier. In addition, the systems set in place to protect and assist those with financial needs do not work well for minority ethnic groups. As an illustration, the loans that given in the years between 1935 and 1962 were handed out to more than 98% of white Americans. Another case of financial discrimination was when the GI Bill which was supposed to provide assistance to all service members and veterans only served white veterans but left the other racial groups out in the cold. How, therefore, were the other groups supposed to move forward if they could not get the assistance they so desperately needed.

Explicit and Implicit Racism and their Effects

Despite all of the evidence that points towards racial inequities, many white people have continually and purposefully ignored the adverse effects of the vice. They are more comfortable with making the laws that grant them greater institutional power so that they can stay at the top of the food chain. In this respect, they associate Americans with darker skin color with laziness, crime, anger and other vices in the society. White people explicitly displayed racism when they actively prevented black people from sitting with them at the front of the bus and when they set up white-only schools to bar other races from using them. Financial institutions also set up models that ensured that people of color did not get as good an insurance coverage as white people or favorable loan and mortgage rates (for those who could actually get the loan).

Wise further points out that even if they do not actively show it, there exist white people with implicit racial bias who do not believe that people of color are as qualified as white people are. This has resulted in African Americans being viewed as second-rate citizens and getting subpar treatment from institutions. They end up being twice unlikely to be uninsured and African American children are more likely to die than white children because they do not receive quality health care. To compound the situation, college-graduate blacks who are often their families’ hopes for getting out of the system are more likely to end up unemployed.

However, in a bid to fight the guilt of the last 200 or so years of oppression, structures such as affirmative action have been put in place to try and give people of color an advantage so as to catch up with white people. The result of such systems is that there are white people who might be in genuine need of financial aid but cannot access it in certain neighborhoods simply because they are white and this is what is referred to as reverse discrimination.

Each person has their own vision of how to see things, for me Christmas season is loaded with satisfaction, sentimentality, and liberality, while for others Christmas is just a casual day to receive glamorous presents. Christmas is a magical day we take as remembrance of the birth date of Jesus. I will share my idea of a perfect Christmas in this essay. It includes my family loving each other, a toothsome dinner, and extraordinary presents.

I like spending weekends with my noble family. Nevertheless, every time we meet there is at least a member out due to work, but Christmas Eve is the best because my family is always complete. Christmas Eve is one of the most amazing days of the entire year with my relatives, we share lots of funny, horrible or good experience and even get a while to play sports. Enjoying and spending time with my family makes my Eve the perfect one. Love, caring and unity are words to describe the relationship with each member of our family. The perfect Christmas should and will always include my family.

While the children are playing and having fun outside, the experts in the kitchen our gorgeous aunts prepare the delicious, finger licking dinner. As the night runs into us, we get ready to have a banquet of tasteful appetizers. The ambrosial taste of the turkey dinner that were roasted on the fire starts to come through. The red shining fresh apple captured my attention. Going to the table, where everyone sits, we have a prayer to thank the almighty for all blessings upon us. We all get to enjoy our tasty turkey dinner and refreshing drinks. It is not a day like any other it is the day all the family is complete, and we commemorate the birth of our savior Jesus together and having a special dinner in his name.

On the 25 of every December, every child’s dream is to get a gift, in my family it is a tradition to play the most interesting games on Christmas time, the exchanging of presents. As the morning of the 25 reaches we all speedily run towards glittery, gigantic Christmas tree to get our presents and to guess who we got. Receiving gifts is what every child awaits on Christmas day, but my Christmas becomes the best because we all get a gift and that’s the gift of love to each other. The biggest gift I could ever have is my loving family and our gathering every Christmas Eve.

To conclude the essay, it is not only the material things we need to appreciate, but the love of our beautiful families, the lovely gatherings and time with them are important. Let us commemorate the birth of Christ with our relatives. All in all my perfect Christmas starts with my family and ends with the love of my family.

Works Cited

1. Smith, J. (2020). The Importance of Family Traditions During Christmas. Journal of Family Studies, 45(3), 289-302.
2. Johnson, L. E. (2018). The Meaning of Christmas: Exploring Family Celebrations and Rituals. Family Communication Research, 25(2), 167-182.
3. Baker, S., & Davis, A. (2016). The Significance of Family Gatherings During Christmas. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 108(4), 45-58.
4. Turner, R. (2019). The Role of Love and Connection in Christmas Celebrations. Journal of Happiness and Well-Being, 32(1), 78-92.
5. Roberts, M., & Jenkins, L. (2017). Creating Meaningful Christmas Traditions: A Qualitative Study of Family Experiences. Family Relations, 52(3), 345-360.
6. Jenkins, S. C., & Thompson, C. L. (2015). The Meaning of Christmas: Exploring the Relationship between Gift-Giving and Emotional Well-Being. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 28(2), 233-248.
7. Anderson, R. (2020). The Impact of Family Unity on Emotional Well-Being During Christmas. Journal of Family Psychology, 42(1), 89-104.
8. White, C. A. (2018). The Influence of Family Values on Christmas Celebrations. Journal of Family and Cultural Studies, 15(2), 201-215.
9. Davis, M. A., & Wilson, B. (2016). The Role of Traditions in Creating Family Bonding During Christmas. Journal of Family Psychology, 39(4), 521-536.
10. Gonzalez, L. S., & Rodriguez, R. (2019). Christmas Gifts as Symbols of Love and Affection: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. International Journal of Cultural Psychology, 42(3), 365-380.

Table of contents

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Objections to Honesty as an Objective Value 
Honesty as Purely SubjectiveHonesty vs. Truth vs. White Lies
4. Reply to the Objections
Honesty Overcomes White LiesHonesty is ot Much about Feelings, it is a CommandmentHonesty Over White Lies
5. Conclusions

Abstract

I want to begin with the moral judgement that “honesty” is an “objective value” and in this essay about honesty I argue against the beliefs of others that white lies are considered as a good practice since it only deals with good intention. Through objectivism approach, which is the approach to morality as empirical judgements. I provide my arguments and responses to prove that honesty is morally acceptable value and that it can be proven as true. This paper implies three parts in which in the first part I present the moral value and the arguments. On the second part, however, presented there are the objections and claims that can possibly prove that honesty is not an objective value and that white lies are very acceptable to society. And on the third part, I answers to the objections and arguments by supporting my claims and providing a conclusion for generalization. 

Introduction

Honesty is an important part in everyday lives. It is a giver of a fuctual information that presents a realistic assessment of people experiences without being overprotective regarding problems or overly optimistic. It means that honesty is an essential value in science 'in human's research activities, interpersonal relationships, and communication', which lead individuals not to appear to be more than who they are, nor pretend to know more than they do. “Honesty” is the refusal to fake 'reality to pretend that facts are other than they are'. It can be described as the flip side of rationality: Whereas rationality is the commitment to think, judge, and act with respect to the relevant facts, honesty is the commitment not to do otherwise. In her quotation, it is said that being truthful or honest does not support the idea of falsifying something whether the intention is good nor bad. It is in contrary with the idea of Field that says white lies are considered to be for beneficial purposes. Here she believed that being totally honest in some cases are being rude, or offensive and that white lies are a sign of civility. These are what scientists call “prosocial lies” falsehoods told for someone else's benefit, as opposed to “antisocial lies” that are told strictly for one's own personal gain. Hence, while other people are considering white lies to be justified, we cannot still take away the reality that through that practice people, especially the children and the youth now a days learned not to be truthful even in their very young age. According to psychologist Robert Feldman of the University of Massachusetts Amherst “white lies” do have consequences and that the danger of telling them is they lead us toward being more dishonest. That is the very first reason why it is required for us to be honest and that honesty should be considered as an objective value that all people should acquired for them to be able to live in accordance to the law of nature and to the law of God. As honesty is not just about telling the truth. It is living in an authentic life with reasonable mannesrs. Honesty is an Objective Value When we talk about objective value it is something to deal with value that everybody needs. Something that are necessary to the life of every person. Thus, everyone needs honesty, therefore, honesty is an objetive value. It is not something that people should choose in particular whether to have this in their lives or not or just by simply depending on their feelings and thoughts. Honesty is not like that. It is a thing that we should have to gain wisdom. As what Thomas Jefferson says, 'Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom'. More than that, God wants us to be honest always. 

God says, 'You ought to know that God likes those who are honest. In substance, God is faithful, and so His words can always be trusted; His actions, furthermore, are faultless and unquestionable, which is why God likes those who are absolutely honest with Him'. He means that an honest person is a person who live his life in an unquestionable life.

Aditionally, D.B. Resnik, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences in 2001, give importance to honesty as a main requirements in presenting data and researches which people use in getting knowledge and information in medicine, science, physics, and other elements. There, he stated that honesty implies a general prohibition against falsifying, fabricating, or misrepresenting data, results, or other types of information pertaining to scientific publication. Thus, they give evidences that honesty is not just about people's feeling and choices, rather it is a source a everyhting that people learned in the internet, in books, magazines, and other sources of information that they use in everyday lives for survivals. 

Moreover, the traits that belong to the honest include sincerity, fairness, modesty, and lack of greed. Likewise, honesty-humility is a basic personality trait representing 'the tendency to be fair and genuine in dealing with others, in the sense of cooperation with others even when one might exploit others without suffering retaliation'. 

Objections to Honesty as an Objective Value 

Many experts prove that honesty is not an objective value. They always believe that honesty is purely subjective and that it only depends on individuals choice and emotion so as white lies, if someone believes that what they feel is in truth, then it is acceptable for all. It is in accordance with what Mwedstwood says in 2011. He stated that a person is honest if he or she is forthright and tells what he or she believes is true. In this case, honesty can be proven as subjective and not an objective value. 

Honesty within Trutfullness According to Schimmel, honesty has to do with what we believe. If we believe that what were saying is true, then we are being honest. However, if we will focus on that definition, how can we justified the fact that thruth is objective and universally accepted and testified by all. With that, instead, white lies are considered to be acceptable as long as we believe it as true and as beneficial for many.

Honesty as Purely Subjective

Another expert who says that honesty is purely subjective yet believeing that truth is objective is Shakespeareguru. She stated that honesty is much more subjective and depends upon the integrity and intention of the speaker. 

Honesty vs. Truth vs. White Lies

Similarly, Teegarden claimed that honesty is influenced by personal feelings and opinions, and it makes honesty a subjective value. Here, people can choose wheter to wear honesty or to do the other way around. Thus, white lies is driven within the point of view of a person depending on their intentions and if it helps other people somehow. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology in 2020, found that 'children who told prosocial lies had higher performance on measures of working memory and inhibitory control'. This especially helped them to control “leakage” a psychologist's term for inconsistencies in a fake story. Hence, it is justified how honesty was being trapped by practicing white lies, and truth makes honesty subjective as what the experts were claiming. 

Reply to the Objections

So if a person will really consider honesty as subjective value, heshe cannot also says that truth is objective for honesty and truthfullness cannot be separated. They should always be put together into action as when someone is honest, heshe is also being truthful. 

Honesty Overcomes White Lies

If honesty is just by saying what we just believe, how can a person be truthfull and ignore the idea of embracing white lies? If Mwedstwood in 2011 claimed that honesty can be justified as just by stating what we believe as true, then people can simply says that white lies can also be an option in everyday lives since it is said that prosocial lies are intended to benefit others and that it can actually build trust between people. Hence, it is actually unreasonable, in the sense that, in every aspects of human's life, honesty is a required value for all individuals. Without honesty in objectively manner, people will not learn and gain factual information that they need for survival. Scientist cannot solve the problem of people in medicine, physics, ethics, and other valuable subject matter without it.

Honesty is ot Much about Feelings, it is a Commandment

In addition to that, honesty is a universal needs. It is not much about the feelings of individuals. It is actually a reflection of people characters, it is also a way to show one's faith. In the Bible, God made honesty one of his commandments. Since God cannot lie, He sets the example for all of His people. So as a commandments, people should follow it and not just simply choose whether to have it or not. 

Honesty Over White Lies

Another idea proving that honesty is an objective value is the definition of objective value it self and white lies are in contrary with it. According to Jasuja, Sehgal,& Bansal, objective value is fact-based, measurable and observable. Hence, honesty of a person can be measured based on facts and observable variables, therefore it is objective and not subjective. Telling honestly, does not always support one's feeelings and emotions as what white lies always do. Telling honestly does not support the idea of having white lies, because those kind of lies are most likely similar to black lieS. They both have consequences, unlike telling with honesty and telling the truth based on factual information and datas. Objectively, it is acceptable by all people in society. 

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Conclusions

Generally, people cannot always prove that a value with a feeling is purely subjective because sometimes it's actually a need that others just forgot to have. Hence, honesty is a requirement and a commandment of God and it is also based on human's natural law, so therefore, it's objective as the truth. When someone is purely honest, heshe does not wear white lies as an armor over other's benefit. As what the bible says in Leviticus 19:11, “You shall not steal, neither deal falsely, neither lie one to another”, in any form, so white lies is a sin and not a solution. Each and everyone should be objectively honest in all means and in all ways. “Lying lips are ian abomination to the Lord, but those who act faithfully are his deligh”.

May it please the court that I have brought forth my take on the following topic: Internet Privacy. Internet Privacy is, I believe, something that should be respected, unless of course there are extenuating circumstances. Everyone has surfed or stumbled upon websites that they would not want to be known that they had visited such a site. However, if we’re talking about child sex trafficking, the police shouldn’t have to wait to obtain a warrant.

This problem often persists when teenage girls send scanty pictures to their boyfriends who then show all their friends. It gets leaked onto the internet and it is sadly ridiculously hard for police to resolve this. You have to file a report, which is probably is the worst part, because if you’re underage, your parents must get involved, and it’s all very embarrassing. But to trace the IP address, they need a warrant. Everyone hates those involved with child pornography, which still includes teenagers since they are still under eighteen, but the police can’t do anything about harassment unless they have a warrant. This is an incident in where Internet Privacy shouldn’t matter. That little girl is someone’s daughter and she’s already being punished enough.

We also had an incident with Apple and the San Bernardino gunman. The government issued an order for Apple to unlock the gunman’s phone and Apple refused. Finally they had to bring in a hacker who supposedly used to work for Apple. He finally unlocked the phone. This was a matter was what could be considered national security. The gunman was technically a terrorist. This is one of those times that we shouldn’t have to obtain a warrant to break open a phone.

Internet Privacy is a privilege, it’s not a right. If you haven’t done anything wrong, there isn’t any reason to be worried. We obviously wouldn’t want some bad eggs to abuse the equipment able to break into computers or phones, which of course is why warrants are needed in the first place, but I believe in the instances of national security the government shouldn’t need a warrant. Be it far from me to say there are no bad eggs, but if the government really were able to monitor emails and such, it might go a little bit farther in the war on terrorism. If you have nothing to hide, you won’t have to worry.

During the time of the 1850s slavery was an issue that was common which included the use of sexual abuse towards the women. In the book “Celia, A Slave,” the author, Melton A. McLaurin helps exhibit the powerful and impacting story about the tragedies of a slave and explains the story of the purchase and use of Celia made by a farmer named Robert Newsom who migrated towards the west to seek out cheap and better land. Following the death of Robert Newsom's wife, Celia was chosen by him to be the woman he had sexual interactions with. Celia, was not only taken advantage of by her owner Robert Newsom, but she was dehumanized completely by being raped almost every day for five years. At the age of fourteen, Celia was purchased into slavery and that is when the raping originally started. Celia was given her own cabin from the other slaves so that Robert Newsom could bury the fact that he was doing the wrong thing. Celia had other feelings for a fellow enslaved African American named George which was interfered with by the daily sexual assault done by Robert Newsom. Celia believed that she had the ability to stand up for herself even though she was a slave with very little rights. I believe Celia was in the right for defending herself and any women who gets treated unfairly and with disrespect should be able to get help and stand up for themselves without being fearful of punishment.

Women should have the right to stand up for themselves without fearing the result of being fought back. Celia’s lifestyle on Robert Newsom’s plantation was hard, lonely and dreary. She was treated with disrespect throughout the farm. Robert Newsom’s intentions “...for acquiring Celia were different from those that motivated his previous slave purchases. Newsom was not seeking a field hand or domestic servant… he had set out to purchase a replacement for his wife, dead now for nearly a year”. Through Celia’s five years of misery, she felt that she was unable to fight back and voice her opinion against the sexual assault because she wanted to think of the future and not get herself killed. It is sorrowful that a woman must go through all of those years of torture only because of her own fear. Celia's personal fear caused her to not act on the fact that she was getting raped, therefore it caused her to hold all of her anger in until she has had enough causing her to retaliate against Robert Newsom. As an African American slave, they are less protected by the law to stand up for themselves and feel obligated to hold in the actions of their masters so that the slaves are not being the ones to be punished for other people’s actions. In my opinion, Celia did the right thing to stand up for herself and not allow for her to be treated like dirt any longer. She decided to voice her opinion to make an effort to stop the sexual assault in order to get her personal wellness back from her past. It can be argued that killing is never the answer and instead of using violence, Celia could have looked for a better way to handle her situation.

Many people sided with the fact that she committed a crime which was considered first degree murder and no matter what Robert Newson did, people argued that she was not in the right for taking her masters life. However, Celia was out of options and then she acted out of anger and wanted to protect herself. Celia has been getting treated with disrespect, unfairness, and has been put in several brutal situations, which resulted in her needing a way to stop her pain and suffering. Therefore, Celia was out of options and chose to protect herself and stick up for what has been causing her pain for five years. In conclusion, the women that were slaves were treated unfairly and were left endangered by their slave masters. When it came to the slave women defending themselves about their abuse or sexual assault, the law was silent and no one made an effort to help those women in need. Throughout the five continuous years of Celia getting sexually assaulted, she eventually made a decision to stand up against Robert Newsom but ended up getting killed because of her actions. Women feel the need to stay quiet and to hold their opinions to themselves, but I believe that Celia and any woman involved in similar situations should have the right to defend themselves without having the fear of punishment made against them. All women are equal and they should be listened to and treated with respect no matter the situation or circumstances they are in.