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Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Emerging Markets
3. Government Involvement
4. Environmental Pressures
5. Conclusion

Introduction

The European aerospace industry is thriving. It is considered one of the EU’s key, high-tech sectors with a turnover of approximately 128 billion euros per year (Analysis). Since the creation of Airbus in the 1960s, Europe has emerged as a main contender in the global market for commercial planes by going head-to-head with the previous global power Boeing and eventually surpassing them in orders. Airbus and other European aviation companies have enjoyed success both due to globalization and booming home markets. Aerospace products produced in Europe are exported all over the world, resulting in an industry trade surplus for the EU (Analysis). In addition to selling abroad, Europe has a substantial market for commercial aircraft with about 5,000 planes moving 1 billion people every year through the European air transport system (FWC).

The aerospace industry in Europe is largely concentrated within a few specific countries, namely the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, and Sweden (Analysis). These countries each focus on contributing certain major components (Analysis). For example, France specializes in cockpit technologies and assembly of wide-body aircraft while Germany focuses on supplying avionics, fuselages, and complex cabin equipment. This specialization allows countries to focus on core competencies (Analysis).

While there are several industry players, Airbus is widely considered Europe’s pride and joy within the industry (Analysis). Similar to how the US’s industry has consolidated to become dominated by a select few players, Europe’s industry has done the same (FWC). Since the 1980s, numerous mergers and acquisitions have narrowed Europe’s count of major aerospace companies from twenty-one to four (FWC). The four remaining include BAE systems, Finmeccanica, Thales, and a company previously named EADS (FWC).

EADS stands for European Aeronautic Defense & Space Co. and is the previous name of the parent company of Airbus (Michaels). The parent company has recently discarded the EADS name and rebranded itself as Airbus Group NV (Michaels). Airbus is a Dutch-registered French-German-British-Spanish multinational that has enjoyed a growing market share in recent years (Michaels).

As Airbus is revered as an extremely important European company, its success is celebrated by the industry. Although Boeing’s 2014 orders are outperforming Airbus, the two global powers have been battling it out for most of the last decade with Airbus pulling slightly ahead (Trefis). Airbus’ 2013 orders for commercial airplanes totaled 1,503 with Boeing’s behind at 1,355 orders (Trefis).

In addition to orders, innovation is another competition with Airbus recently overtaking Boeing as the manufacturer of the world’s largest civil aircraft due to the release of their A380 (Analysis). Airbus’ A380 has been the key to overcoming Boeing’s monopoly and has allowed Europe to ascend to its role as leader of the market for very large civil aircraft (Analysis).

Boeing predicts demand for wide-body commercial airplanes will reach 8,000 over the next two decades (Trefis). This presents a huge sales opportunity worth $2.3 trillion, meaning the two companies will continue going to head-to-head with Boeing’s 777 and 787 Dreamliner models and Airbus’ A330 and A350 models (Trefis).

Beyond Airbus fighting for dominance in the large civil aircraft market, few regional aircraft manufacturers in Europe have been able to compete against emerging powers including Brazil’s Embraer and Canada’s Bombardier (Analysis). The main exception is the French/Italian company ATR which holds the title of world’s largest manufacturer of regional aircraft (Analysis). Furthermore, European companies fail to play a large role in the business and general aviation market for small aircraft with that market being largely dominated by American companies (Analysis). The main exception for this market is the French company Dassault, which has sold over 8,000 aircraft since 1945 (Vision). Outside of manufacturing complete aircrafts, many European companies serve as first-tier suppliers for the main manufacturing companies (Analysis). For example, the UK’s Rolls Royce and France’s Snemca produce 40% of the world’s engines (Analysis).

With Airbus leading the market for large planes, select companies operating in the markets for smaller planes, and numerous companies supplying parts to aircraft manufacturers, Europe is certainly holding its own in the global aerospace industry.

Emerging Markets

The aerospace industry in Europe is about to experience a downslide in market dynamics during the next couple of decades due to emerging economies in China, Russia, and India. For decades, French company Airbus has had the majority of the market share in the industry alongside American market leader Boeing. These combined share roughly 80% of total market share (Commission). With other emerging supplier markets in low-cost countries, Airbus faces an issue of increased future competition. This section will describe the current emerging market trends in the aerospace industry, and how these emerging markets in China, Russia, and India will become global market competitors by 2020.

Emerging markets will represent a major source of demand for commercial aircraft over the next two decades, similar to how these same emerging markets currently represent a small portion of the aerospace industry’s sourcing needs (Bedier). Investments in emerging markets show short term benefits like low labor costs and looser regulation, but local governments have started to follow a set of strategies that will aid them in becoming leading companies in the future (Bedier). In order for these emerging markets to become global competitors, they must achieve the following goals:

• Make the aerospace industry a priority in government funding
• Have a single integrated player in each emerging market
• Develop a large pool of capital
• Create partnerships with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to create a global supply chain

Current industry globalization is minimal due to the complexity of the industry’s technology, differences in regulatory and safety requirements, and the importance of protecting intellectual property. This complexity pays off in the long term, showing a decrease in total expenses from investing in emerging markets to be 20-25% lower than using manufacturers in high-cost countries (Bedier). The European aerospace industry will need to strengthen its efforts to stay ahead and develop new and innovative products for the world markets.

Comparing the pros and cons of each of the three emerging markets, the Chinese and Russian markets prove to be top contenders by 2020. They now manufacture structural components to industry leaders Boeing and Airbus. The Aviation Industry of China (AVIC I) has started to not only partner with OEMs in the supply chain, but it has had enough government funding to develop a competitive regional jet, the ARJ21. In contrast, the Russian markets have yet to create a single integrated player in its local market.

In conclusion, as an increasing economy, China’s success will depend on its ability to understand global requirements, design a compelling and reliable aircraft, and develop program-management, supplier integration, and aftermarket support capabilities (Bedier). If this all holds, by 2020 China will become the leading first-tier supplier of aircraft components, and achieve leadership in the aerospace industry.

Government Involvement

The aerospace industry requires manufacturers to take on risk every time they invest in R&D without certainty that they will create a successful product and have enough buyers. Research has shown that a company needs to sell 500 units of an aircraft it builds in order to break even after all of the development and manufacturing costs it spends, but this rarely happens (Eberstadt). Therefore, in order to ensure that aircrafts are continually built and improved upon, national governments find ways to help European aerospace companies stay in business and stay competitive.

Government help starts from the very beginning, with the supplies that go into aircrafts. Aerospace companies mainly buy from American suppliers, but government support of European suppliers encourages competition throughout the global market (Eberstadt). Competition encourages lower prices, which keep costs down for the aerospace manufacturers buying the supplies and helps the European suppliers. Manufacturers are then able to maintain lower costs throughout the process and pass those on to buyers.

Although it is a costly process, aerospace manufacturers are encouraged to partake in research and development because governments help finance projects that might be harder to raise capital for in the private sector (Eberstadt). By being able to worry less about how to get a project started, aerospace manufacturers can act more responsively to the needs and opportunities of the market, and increase their competitive edge. This mindset allows aircraft manufacturers to continually improve their products and processes, and continue to stay successful.

European governments are involved not only in the aerospace industry, but also in the business of airlines, with many being identified as “national” airlines of European countries. Governments help ensure that aerospace manufacturers have buyers of their aircrafts by following the process a step further and influencing airline buying decisions (Eberstadt). This is an effective way to reduce the risk that aerospace manufacturers face when making developmental decisions.

Lastly, European governments have always felt a sense of identity and pride about their history of success in the aerospace industry (Eberstadt). Since World War II, manufacturers have provided many jobs for countries such as France, Germany, and the UK. The aerospace industry has become an integral part of these countries’ economies, and their success is so important to governments that it’s been said that French officials will approach Airbus asking, “How can we help?” instead of the company having to approach the government (Eberstadt).

Success for the aerospace industry in Europe can lead to more jobs, some of which are taken from the business of other countries and increase Europe’s competitiveness. The aerospace industry has always been important to the economies of Europe and its national governments will likely always find ways to support its success.

Environmental Pressures

In recent years there has been increasing pressure on the aerospace industry to become more aware of its impact on the environment. Various organizations such as the Federal Aviation Association, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the International Civil Aviation Organization are conceiving goals, proposing regulations, and assisting in the transition to more environmentally-friendly business practices. Examples of these initiatives include the Destination 2025 Strategic Plan, Single European Sky ATM Research, and the Emission Trading Scheme. These projects seek to create more sustainable operating processes without hindering the financial success of companies.

The Destination 2025 Strategic Plan, conceived by the Federal Aviation Association, has set goals revolving around renewable fuels and the industry’s effect on the health of citizens across the globe. Destination 2025 hopes to discover replacement fuels for leaded aviation gasoline and to utilize one billion gallons of these fuels by 2018 (Destination). In addition to this, the plan is working to reduce the contribution of aviation emissions to significant health impacts by 50% (Destination). Single European Sky ATM Research on the other hand is aimed towards optimizing aircraft trajectories, which would in turn lead to overall higher fuel efficiency (Environment). SESAR intends to reduce aircraft emissions, while also helping airspace users to enjoy lower fuel related expenses. The Emission Trading Scheme contributes to these efforts by working on the implementation of a cap-and-trade system within the European Union. By assigning emission “allowances”, the ETS is expected to result in a 43% reduction between 2005 and 2030 (Emissions).

In order to meet so many ambitious goals and to continue seeing statistics comparable to these, companies are devoting research and development funds to the cause and are also finding assistance from sources like the International Civil Aviation Organization. The ICAO consists of 191 member states and works with firms to ease the transition from traditional to alternative fuels by cooperating with financial institutions to help fuel projects aimed toward creating a more sustainable industry (Vision & Mission). Within the organization is the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection, dedicated to analyzing future trends and exploring options that utilize or combat opportunities and potential roadblocks (Vision & Mission). As a result of these initiatives, total observed carbon monoxide emissions since 1970 have decreased by nearly 64%, sulfur dioxide by 83%, and Volatile Organic Compounds by 48% (NEI).

Many of these emission decreases can be attributed to innovative thinking and more advanced technology. Companies including Boeing and Airbus are going head-to-head in the creation of new energy efficient prototypes for use in the near future. Airbus devotes an estimated 90% of their research and development budget to environmental research (Eco-efficiency). This investment can be seen through their development of planes such as the A320neo. The A320neo utilizes only a quarter of the fuel being burned by the current generation aircraft (Sustainable). Boeing’s current project is a plan name the “phantom eye”. This plane is a hydrogen-powered prototype predicted to use one-third of the energy of an engine running on conventional fuels (Future). Boeing is making strides in the present day as well with a reported 9% decrease in carbon dioxide emissions between 2007 and 2012, while increasing profits by an observed 23% (Summary).

It can be argued either way that the pressure to be innovative and sustainable is harmful or beneficial to the economy and companies individually. However, firms have made huge strides towards a healthier global atmosphere, and as time goes on their efforts will undoubtedly be worth their investments. Even with so many organizations and countries looking towards the aerospace industry to improve their carbon footprint, companies have prevailed, and in some cases even managed to make a profit while becoming more aware of their impacts on the environment.

Conclusion

The aerospace industry in Europe has remained as one of the largest and most competitive high-tech sectors for decades, and they look to continue this strong position in the decades to come. In order to do this they have to look in the future for emerging trends and possible changes in the global industry. Right now the direct competition the European aerospace industry faces, predominantly Airbus/EADS, is Boeing. Boeing and Airbus control the large aircraft industry as no other contenders have had the capital from government funding, a single integrated player, or partnerships with OEMS. This is no longer the case as China is establishing themselves as a possible competitor to Airbus and Boeing. Airbus and the European aerospace industry has to ensure that they account for this change and make decisions in regard to partnerships with China or establishing a presence in the Asian market before it is too late. It might also be in their interest to look into the smaller aircraft market, used more for short distance or domestic travel. Currently the big names in aerospace do not direct efforts towards these smaller planes, but this could be something for the European aerospace industry to take advantage of.

The second future trend Airbus and the European aerospace industry needs to account for is the constant change occurring in government involvement within the industry. Government funding is constantly in debate of what is and what isn’t allowed for the government to provide. The debates and changes are sure to continue on in the future, so the European aerospace industry needs to prepare for sudden adjustments to funding and not fully be dependent on government help. In addition, competition policies continue to change, which could have an adverse effect on Airbus, making it more difficult to expand to emerging markets and remaining in the established position they currently exist in. Right now there are only two major competitors globally, Airbus and Boeing, so it would not be surprising to see a more competitive market in the future. Governments, especially in Europe, are creating stricter environmental and emission policies. This leads into the importance of investment in environmental preservation research and development.

Currently Airbus has 90% of their budget allocated to environmental research and development, which shows they understand the importance of this future trend. However there is also the concern of oil prices, which if they remain low, could curb the push to a more environmental conscious aerospace future. It is importance they balance the two in order to remain competitive now and in the future.

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Overall, Airbus and the European aerospace industry are in a comfortable position now, but because of the market, governmental, and environmental changes, the industry could change in numerous of ways. They have to be looking ahead to make sure they adapt to these changes as smoothly and quickly as possible to remain in the dominant position they are.

Table of contents

1. Brief Overview of Meditation
2. Why should we Meditate?
3. Benefits of Meditation
4. How does Meditation Helps us Overcome Anxiety?
5. Posture and Breathing
6. How do you Commit to a Daily Meditation Practice?
7. Three Main Types Of Meditation
FocusedOpen/WitnessingContemplation/Internal PrayerConcentration (Zazen)MindfulnessContemplative prayer

We were born to worry - and run- as per Springsteen’s 1975’s hit song. So, we should not feel guilty for practicing something that is in our nature/ innate to us. However, worrying does not leave us unharmed, and it can even affect our physical and mental health.

One of the most common disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) affects around 6.8 million American adults a year as per The Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) latest estimates. What strike us when attempting to overcome anxiety first is usually anti-anxiety prescription drugs such as Prozac, Paxil or Xanax and the second option is often costly therapy sessions. Where the former have dire withdrawal symptoms on your mental and physical health and the latter is extremely expensive and can be very time consuming.

Meditation in its various forms, on the other hand, have proven their effectiveness when it comes to relieving anxiety and thoughts control. In this article, we will provide a thorough guide on the common meditation practices, purpose and benefits of meditation, and breathing and posture tips and techniques.

Brief Overview of Meditation

The earliest documentation of meditation discusses the Hindu traditions (Vedantism) and meditation forms of ancient India circa 1500 BCE. Following Ancient India, newer forms of meditation (Dhyana) have developed in China and India around 6th to 5th century BCE.

Roots to Buddhist meditation goes as far back as the 1st century BCE records in sutras of the Pali Canon, though the exact origin remains debatable among scholars. The records emphasizes a key combination to salvation through observance of the rules of morality, contemplative concentration, knowledge, and liberation. These founding elements have paved the way of salvation, inspired enlightened wisdom directing to Zen.

Around 20 BCE, Philo of Alexandria, too, has composed a form of spiritual exercises including attention and concentration, he was then followed by Plotinus. Saint Augustine had tried experimenting with Plotinus’s methods of meditation but they proved no merit. Plotinus’s techniques have also failed to attract Christian followers.

Other various religious had early meditative practices, for instance, the Sufi Muslim’s Muraqaba meditation. Muraqaba is translated literally to “Watching over” in Arabic, circa 1630.

Other forms of Sufi meditation is Dhikr or remembrance of god through the repetition of words. Dhikr was systematized in Sufism in the 11th and 12th centuries Jewish meditation, too, has risen and changed by the Middle Ages, the practices were included in prayer, their 613 commandments or mizvot, and study. (Kabbalistic and philosophic practices/techniques). In Eastern Christian meditation, a practice of repetition of words or sentences in a particular physical posture is used. They can also include the repetition of the Jesus Prayer. On the contrary, Western Christian meditation highlights “Lectio Divina” or divine reading. Reading, pondering, praying and contemplating was progressed through Benedictine monks.

Why should we Meditate?

The main goal of meditation is to explore one’s mind and even go far beyond our basic thinking. Meditation aims to expose you to your essential nature, and allow you to recall a peaceful and blissful state whenever you need it.

Meditation is not something schools feed us as students, rather than a practice we learn ourselves in order to discipline our minds, relax our bodies and simply breathe.

We are seldom taught how to reach the very center of our consciousness however beneficial the technique may be for our well-being. Meditation allows us to rest our minds while maintaining a state of total/complete consciousness.

Meditation highly contribute to anxiety relief as well as decrease various mental disorders including but not limited to social anxiety, depression, panic attacks, attention deficit and eating or hyperactivity disorders. In fact, according to Madhav Goyal (2014), anxiety was the most common reason why people practice meditation.

Benefits of Meditation

Meditation has numerous health benefits including improved blood circulation, increased volumes in areas responsible for emotion regulation and self-control, lower blood cortisol levels and lower heart rate, increased cortical thickness in areas responsible for attention, less perspiration, less anxiety, slower respiratory rate, less stress, improved well-being and deep relaxation.

Practising meditation regularly also improves your ability to focus, multi-task, and even your ability to work think creatively and retain information.

According to this review by JAMA Internal Medicine, “Meditation programs can reduce the negative dimensions of psychological stress. Mindfulness meditation programs, in particular, show small improvements in anxiety, depression, and pain with moderate evidence and small improvements in stress/distress and the mental health component of health-related quality of life with low evidence when compared with nonspecific active controls.”

Meditation does not only improve your health and overall well-being, it also gives your social life a major boost. While the practice itself empowers solidarity, meditation allows you to become more compassionate and socially connected to others, it increases emotional intelligence and decreases senses of loneliness.

Meditative practices helps us stay atop of our daily hectic lives. It allows us to take control, in whichever way we know. Meditation inspires us to become wiser, more patient to take on all of our problems and manage to solve them in any way we can. There’s no way to controlling our thoughts and minds completely, but with meditation, one learns to not let negative thoughts and emotions be in the driver’s seat?

How does Meditation Helps us Overcome Anxiety?

According to Cleveland Clinic, “Anxiety disorders affect about 40 million adult Americans. They are the most common mental illnesses in the U.S. Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. They occur more often in women than in men.”

Simply put, meditative practices allow us to start breaking down negative thinking patterns, overthinking, constant worrying and stress. While there is no definite reason behind anxiety, studies show that it may be caused by a brain chemical imbalance, develop as a result of a certain trauma, or be inherited from parents much like eye color.

Sustaining a meditation routine will increase worry and stress tendencies, help you overcome mood disorders, and even reduce inflammation and pro-inflammatory genes.

Posture and Breathing

There are several types of postures that vary in their effectiveness and physical strength requirements, such as the quarter lotus, the half lotus, the full lotus, the Burmese position, the seiza position and the chair position.

The basic points to cover while trying to maintain a perfect posture as a beginner are:

Sit comfortably on a cushion or a chair with your back straightened. Try to maintain an erect position that will allow you to deeply concentrate on the flow of your breath. Keeping an elongated spine is an integral part of this practice.

Do not worry about the position of your legs. Many beginners remain concerned with the “perfect” leg position, similar to the one they see in photos. However, what matters most is to keep them comfortable whichever way you can, whether you like to extend them or cross them.

Just like your leg position,there’s no textbook preference, so, don’t bother with worrying about your hands. It’s important to keep them in a comfortable position. A lot of people like to keep their hands rested on their laps or at their sides.

Relax your shoulders and establish a strong back while maintaining an open front body. You can push your shoulders back slightly if it’s more comfortable that way.

Keeping your eyes opened or closed is a personal preference. So feel free to open or close them whenever you like. Try to keep your chin tilted as if you’re looking downward as to facilitate breathing and helps you keep an open chest.

Focus on inhaling and exhaling through your nose. Don’t breathe with your mouth. Make sure your facial muscles are all relaxed and direct your energy and attention to each breath you take. Avoid getting caught up in surrounding distractions like the color of the wall paint or the lining of the floor tiles.

Allow yourself to relax and surrender to the flow of your breath. Concentrating on your breathing can be quite fun. Some people prefer to observe their nosal movement, or their lungs’ contraction and expansion, others like to listen to the sound of each breath. There is no perfect way to doing it, much like meditation itself, just focus on remaining as comfortable as you can be.

Bring your attention back after every passing thought. A common mistake that first-timers and beginners often make is confusing having any “passing thought” with failing in the meditation session. It’s highly likely that your mind will wander during meditation, at that point it is vital to re-focus and shift your attention back to your breath. An great method that I’ve personally found beneficial is to label whatever thoughts you have simply as “a minor thought” that in no way affects your current solitude or disrupts your meditative state.

How do you Commit to a Daily Meditation Practice?

Firstly, start small. Don’t force yourself into 45 or 60-minute meditation sessions. Meditation is very flexible and you can observe results quite easily. Begin with 3-5 minutes of meditation where you only focus on your breathe. Even if you find 3 minutes excessive, you can start with as little as counting three consecutive breaths.

Secondly, sit where you’re most comfortable. It’s vital that you dedicate a comfortable spot around the house where you can easily relax and lie comfortably for a while. You can always invest in a cushion or a meditation chair if you opt for extra comfortable seating options.

Thirdly, regulate your meditation time for practice. Select a timing that best suits your daily schedule. Regulating the hour will help you keep a nice momentum. Begin with a small duration and gradually work your way upward.

Fourthly, find your posture. As we’ve mentioned before, there’s no key position, just a bunch of essentials to follow for successful sessions and effective results. New meditators are always advised to find their own perfect posture were they can focus and sit or lie comfortably for long periods of time.

Fifthly, lose all constraints and focus on your flow of breaths. Now that you’ve set the perfect atmosphere for your meditation session, it’s time to concentrate all of your efforts on being present and committing to the moment. No matter how many times your mind wanders, always try to shift the focus back to each inhale and exhale you take.

Three Main Types Of Meditation

Focused

Focused meditation allows us to nourish our concentration and sustain our attention on subjects or matters we choose. The most common technique is focusing on the flow of breaths, the movement of your rib cages as you breath or even the movement of your nostrils.

Open/Witnessing

Much like mindfulness, witnessing empowers our mental health and deepens our perspective which allows us to find inner peace. It allows us to simply surrender to the power of an observing thought, a certain feeling or a magnificent experience without negative attachments.

Contemplation/Internal Prayer

Contemplative prayer is considered “the simplest expression” of the essence of prayer. It’s a sincere form of communication that requires no or minimal usage of words. Religions have various contemplative practices that include praying, chanting, turning or fasting. Prayers seek God’s presence and attempt to nourish their souls and vision with this celebrated union with Him. this technique enables us to deepen our beliefs and truly connect with life’s source or God.

Concentration (Zazen)

Zazen is the heart and soul of Zen Buddhism. It emphasizes concentration on the present moment, establishing a state of awareness and an ability to let go of whatever is holding you down. Zazen often include methods to focus such as counting each breath. Concentration to find your real self, and thus, find your inner peace. To start if off, find a good space, use a cushion or pillow if it helps, stick to comfortable posture (options vary) straighten your back and relax your shoulders.

Mindfulness

Mindfulness meditation is one of the best options for beginners. According to Medical News Today, practicing mindfulness meditation can show improvement in anxiety, depression, and pain. This meditation practice is very flexible and you don’t have to opt for more than 10-15 minutes as a beginner. Even as little as 3-5 minutes per day can help you have a clearer mind. Mindfulness focuses on you breathing flow and allow you to overcome distractions.

Contemplative prayer

Contemplation is usually takes prolonged thinking and great devotion to a certain matter. This is why this method is usually involved in religious prayers. Contemplation is an integral element in any Christian form of prayer.

A method of meditation that involved using tools such as sounds, lights, or electromagnetic fields. It works by stimulating the brain to follow the given frequency. You might have stumbled upon this mechanism while reading about sleep induction or relaxation and focus meditation.

All in all, meditation helps us become better versions of ourselves by exploring our souls and discovering our true spirits. Contrary to popular beliefs, committing to daily meditation practices is quite feasible and your session, however little time you dedicate to it even if under 20 minutes, will still how great results.

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Meditation is more than just sitting silently. It acquires giving in with all of your senses to a particular thought, for instance breathing, focusing on redirecting back your mind if it wanders and empowering your stillness these fundamental principles of meditation will help you take control of negative thoughts and reduce anxiety. As the Author of Awakening Inner Guru and Mindfulness: Living in the Moment Living in the Breath, Amit Ray, put it: “If you want to conquer the anxiety of life, live in the moment, live in the breath.”

The state of photographs has become a major foundation of historical justification as a topic of cultural and intellectual concern around the world. They also shape historical description are also changing thus leading to creation of employment. As a result of exposing the questions we intent to raise concerning historical evidence, photographs disclose not only all potential and restrictions of photography as a chronological source but both limits of all chronological source and chronological inquiry as an rational project. This essay shall serve as an introduction AIDS crisis.

This theme issue shall contextualize the issues raised by Jeniffer Tucker entwined practices. They essay shall bring various perceptions to accept on the convergence between contemporary historiography, theory and photography. Photography as the foundation of historical explanation have constraints and capacities which have stirred impassioned commentary in journalism, art and politics in the past years a public and private photography archives are becoming more accessible to a large audience via media such as use of institutional environments and documentary ( Tucker, pg. 4).

Due to questions as who controls or owns the archives has lead to privatization and commercialization of the digital archives. There are many debates about the ethical responsibilities of chronological photography in the whole world thus calling for an attention for both role of power relations and photographic images that sustain and give meaning to photography. Artists and historians have started to incorporate images into chronological narratives. Documentary photographers and artists are all examining the importance of photography in history. There is a steady growth of employment in photographic sector even if art remains as the primary method of use and evaluation.

In this essay photography shall be used for analysis of our case study of AID crisis, we shall analyze the symptoms in the images and also the message we get after looking at several images. We shall be able to differentiate symptoms in early and late stages. In our case photography shall not only serve as a source or document in history but it shall serve as a mode that that exposes the chances of revealing the nature of historical evidence. The question of memory shall be so significant here, for the status of history of photography shall be imbricates deeply in material life, psychic and social as AIDS being the object of the memory ( Tucker, pg. 6).

Past researches about narration of visual objectivity, ascertain that making logic of subjectivity and objectivity as values of history needs one to have knowledge of visual representation in the matter being photographed. Most historians lacks training and also they lack a good approach to analyse images. They also don’t have knowledge in regards to theory in photography and thus why only few amongst many historians who are able to work in photographic archives. One needs to use his or her images accompanied by comments so that the discussion text shall be used to make a conclusion in the future. By doing so avoids assumptions of making conclusion to the images. There shall be no need to interpret the photographs rather making distinctions between historians. Historians may use the same photography to come up with different concepts about it. Historians use different sources of photography to exhibit a variety of critical practices and problems. They also cover a range of evidence and interpretation of problems as well as different models, objects and methods of historical reasoning and explanation. One should be conversant with various practices and concepts of historical narrative that mould photography writings. It is too essential to be equipped so that you are able to integrate photography.

As this case shall be discussing Jennifer Tucker's entwined practices and AIDS crisis, we shall look into depth AID Crisis in the following paragraphs. For many years people have been dying as the government drags its foot in ensuring that each person gets access to treatment and care. Treatment is only available to those who can afford it. Though the AIDS epidemic has been demonstrated in the most vivid and dramatic manner by the richest countries it seems healthcare has remained a privilege and it is no longer a right. AIDS has become a challenge to most nations and it has been crumbling healthcare structure while at the same time most countries are at denials of the deaths and dying of their citizens.

This monster called AIDs has impacted many people in both tangible and direct ways. It has changed many people’s lives. The real disaster is based on racism and many people have believed this is a gay disease and a punishment from God. The AIDS disaster has challenged the health sector which is already overextended and inadequate thus leading to collapsing of the most needed comprehensive and effective healthcare. Government personnel’s and Doctors have really gained from the AIDs crisis. They gain profits directly because they are the same people who claim they have done some researches to get the AIDs medicines and are paid dearly for this. Most drug companies have grown due to existence of this murderous illness.

Many people have refused to admit that AIDS has become a crisis and this has been a struggle of justice in our time. The solidarity and traditional left communities have been battling with AIDS in silence. There are only few organizations and people who are left to mobilize the few who are left in response to AIDS as they did some years ago. In summary the AIDS struggle is brought up by the issues of sexual preference, race, justice, class, human dignity and economic power. A structural inequality plays a major role in the AIDs crisis hence making access to healthcare a death and life issue. The only time left is for the progressive societies to unite with AIDS activist internationally and nationally to struggle against drug companies, medical establishment and the government. In union we shall overcome this deadly disease.

Table of contents

1. The Digestive System
The Throat and StomachThe Intestines
2. Works Cited

The Digestive System

When you enter the body through the brain, you come across the first component of the digestive system—the hypothalamus—a section of the brain the size of an almond. The hypothalamus controls the temperature of the body, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles—A daily cycle of biological activity based on a 24-hour period and influenced by regular variations in the environment, such as the alternation of night and day displayed by many organisms.

As you continue down the body the next component of the digestive system you arrive at is the mouth. The main digestive components in the mouth are the teeth and the salivary glands. The teeth are a mechanical digester—they break food into smaller pieces by mastication (chewing). There are three main types of teeth in the mouth: incisors, canine, and molars. Incisors—the first eight teeth, four on top and four on bottom—cut food when you chew. The next four teeth—two on top and two on the bottom—are the canines. The canine teeth are used to rip and tear food apart. Other animals with canines use theirs to hold onto prey. The molars—the last twenty teeth (in an adult) or eight teeth (in a young child)—are used for chewing and grinding food. The different types of teeth add to 32 for an adult and 20 for a young child.

Along with mechanical digestion in the mouth there is chemical digestion—amylase in saliva turns starch (a polysaccharide (a carbohydrate that consists of many sugar molecules stuck together)) into simple sugars—taking place. When food enters the mouth—is ingested—it is mixed with saliva that is secreted by several sets of glands. Besides the many insignificant glands that secrete saliva, there are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual glands.

The parotid glands, the largest of the pairs, are located at the side of the face, below and in front of each ear. The submandibular glands, which are rounded in shape, lie near the inner side of the lower jawbone, in front of the sternomastoid muscle (the prominent muscle of the jaw). The sublingual glands lie directly under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue. Saliva—made by the minute glands throughout the mouth and the three main glands—dissolves some of the chewed food and acts as a lubricant, allowing food to squeeze through tight passages in the digestive system. Saliva also contains a starch-digesting enzyme called amylase (ptyalin), which initiates the process of enzymatic hydrolysis (Hightower, M.D. Nicholas Carr. “Salivary Glands.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2014.) Enzymatic hydrolization splits starch (a polysaccharide containing many sugar molecules bound in a continuous chain) into simple sugars.

The Throat and Stomach

The esophagus—the passageway from the mouth to the stomach—is about 25 centimeters (10 inches) long. The esophagus contains 4 layers—the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and tunica adventitia. The mucosa is made up of multiple layers of tissue containing numerous mucous glands. The submucosa is a thick thread-like layer connecting the mucosa to the muscularis. The muscularis is made of an inner layer, in which the fibers are circular, and an outer layer of fibers that run lengthwise in the esophagus. The outer layer of the esophagus, the tunica adventitia, is composed of loose fibrous tissue that connects the esophagus with other internal structures.

Except during the act of swallowing, the esophagus is normally empty, and its channel, is essentially closed by the longitudinal folds of the mucosal and submucosal layers. The upper 3rd of the esophagus is composed of striated (voluntary) muscle. The middle 3rd is a mixture of striated and smooth (involuntary) muscle, and the lower 3rd consists only of smooth muscle. The bolus—chewed food now mixed with saliva and descending down the esophagus—is moved by peristalsis. Peristalsis is the contraction of muscles in the esophagus that cause the bolus to move down the throat. The trachea connects near the middle of the esophagus. When you swallow your brain sends a message to a flap of muscle called the epiglottis. The epiglottis closes over the trachea when swallowing to keep food out of the trachea.

When the bolus reaches the end of the esophageal tube the last thing that is in the bolus’ way of getting to the stomach is the cardiac sphincter. The cardiac sphincter is a muscle that controls what goes in the stomach and what gets out of the stomach. Now past the cardiac sphincter, the bolus enters the stomach. The bolus will digest in the stomach for 3-4 hours. While the food is in the stomach mechanical digestion is taking place. Peristalsis—the squeezing of muscles around the stomach—stirs up the bolus while chemicals digest the bolus. Chemical digestion in the stomach is caused by gastric juice made of the pepsin enzyme and HCl (Hydrochloric Acid/Muriatic acid). A thin layer of mucus lines the stomach to keep the hydrochloric acid—made of hydrogen, chlorine, and water—from burning through your stomach causing stomach ulcers. Pepsin in the stomach is used to break down proteins. While pepsin digests proteins hydrochloric acid also digests proteins and other things found in bolus.

The stomach is the shape of a kidney bean. There are 3 sections of the stomach: the fundus, body, and pyloric end. The bottom curve of the stomach is called the greater curvature because it is larger than the lesser curvature and likewise. At the end of the stomach is the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter like the cardiac sphincter is a muscle that controls what goes into the stomach and into the small intestine. After the bolus passes through the pyloric sphincter it is called chyme.

The Intestines

The small intestine is made of 3 parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The 1st 22 centimeters of the small intestine is the duodenum. The digestive enzymes are added in the duodenum. The digestive juices added to the small intestine are: pancreatic juice—amylase (turns starches into sugar), trypsin (breaks down protein like pepsin), and lipase (breaks down fat)—and bile. The pancreatic juice—amylase, trypsin, and lipase—is made in the pancreas. The pancreatic juice assists in the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The enzymes in pancreatic juice help break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents) in the chyme.

The pancreas is made of 3 sections: the head, body, and tail. While the pancreas adds digestive juices to the small intestine no food actually goes into the pancreas. The pancreas is a digestive helper (an organ that contributes to digestion but never has food inside of it). Bile is made in the liver. The liver is a digestive helper like the pancreas. After the liver makes bile it sends the bile to store in the gallbladder via the hepatic ducts. Once in the gallbladder the bile sits until needed. In the case that the bile is made of too much cholesterol and sits too long, it can cause gallstones. Gallstones are the excessive buildup of cholesterol in the gallbladder causing a stone-like ball to form. When passing a gallstone you may experience a lot of pain.

Now, back to the more important stuff. When needed, the gallbladder sends bile into the cystic duct—tube connecting gallbladder to the bile duct. As the bile goes down the bile duct it dumps into the ampulla—tube connecting the pancreas to the small intestine. When the digestive enzymes reach the small intestine they emulsify—mix together—with the chyme to make an almost black liquid. Along with pancreatic juice there is intestinal juice. Intestinal juice contains erepsin, lipase (breaks down fat), lactase (catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose), enterokinase, amylase (turns starches into sugar), and mucus.

In the small intestine there is also mechanical digestion taking place. While the pepsin, trypsin, and lipase in the pancreatic juice and the erepsin, lipase, lactase, enterokinase, and amylase in the intestinal juice break down the chyme chemically, the bile—a liquid mechanical digester—breaks down the “chunks” of fat in chyme into smaller pieces. Peristalsis is another form of mechanical digestion in the small intestine. Although peristalsis is usually used to move food through the digestive system, the small intestine, like the stomach also uses peristalsis to squeeze the food.

The next 200 centimeters of the small intestine is the jejunum. The jejunum is the part of the small intestine that the pancreatic juice—chemical digestion in the small intestine—and the bile—mechanical digester in the small intestine—digest the chyme. The pepsin, trypsin, and lipase in the pancreatic juice are chemical digesters. Peristalsis is again present in a digestive organ. Along the way are tiny structures called villi. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine by 600 times and absorb nutrients from the chyme. There are so many villi on the interior of the small intestine that without the villi the surface area of the small intestine would be 600 times smaller.

The last 350 centimeters of the small intestine is the ileum. In the ileum, villi absorb the nutrients from the chyme. The chyme has now reached the end of the small intestine and now comes to the ileocecal sphincter. The ileocecal sphincter permits what goes into the large intestine. The large intestine is made of 8 parts: the cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and the anus. The first part of the large intestine is the cecum. When food goes through the ileocecal sphincter it reaches the cecum. The cecum is a bowl-like structure in the large intestine. Connected to the cecum is the appendix. The appendix is a worm like tube that stores a little bit of every type of bacteria in your large intestine in case the bacteria is killed in the intestine.

The appendix sometimes becomes swollen and when this happens it causes a lot of pain. If the appendix becomes swollen most people get an appendectomy. If left for too long the appendix can rupture and all of the bacteria stored in the appendix is secreted into the body cavity and at that point you will have a large chance of dying.

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The next parts of the large intestine are the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and the sigmoid colon. The ascending colon absorbs and recycles water and vitamins B and K. The transverse colon also absorbs and recycles water and vitamins. The descending colon stores feces—poop—before it goes into the rectum. The sigmoid colon squeezes feces into the rectum. The rectum is said to be the last part of the large intestine. The rectum serves as a final storage unit for feces. Between the rectum and the anus is the anal canal. The anal canal is different from the rectum only because the lining is different. As the feces passes through he anal canal via peristalsis it comes to the final roadblock from being outside the body: the anal sphincter. The anal sphincter keeps feces inside your body until you are ready to defecate—expulsion of feces. When you are ready to defecate the sphincter relaxes and out goes the feces through your anus.

Works Cited

1. Ehrlich, S. D. (2013). Microbes in the gut: probiotics, prebiotics, symbionts to control inflammatory conditions. Immunity, inflammation, and disease, 1(2), 109-123.
2. Ensminger, A. H. (2018). Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition, Volume 1: A-H. Taylor & Francis.
3. Falk, P. (2014). The human microbiome: how bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes are changing our lives. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Freeman, S., Quillin, K., Allison, L. (2019). Biological science, 7th edition. Pearson Education, Limited.
5. Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2020). Textbook of medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences.
6. Hammer, M. J., & McPhee, S. J. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: an introduction to clinical medicine. McGraw-Hill Education.
7. Jones, R. M. (2014). The human microbiome: past, present, and future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology, 3(3), 171-180.
8. Kleinman, R. E., Greer, F. R., & Van Belle, G. (2015). Pediatric nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics.
9. Saladin, K. S. (2018). Anatomy & physiology: the unity of form and function. McGraw-Hill Education.
10. Tortora, G. J., Derrickson, B. H. (2016). Principles of anatomy and physiology, 15th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cultural Relativism basically states that different cultures have different moral codes. The customs of different societies are all that exist and no independent standard of right and wrong can be imposed.

Anthropologist, Ruth Benedict, argues that studying the cultural practices of different groups of people supports what is and what isn’t behaviorally normal is determined by the culture. She suggests that “it is morally” and “it is habitual” should be synonymous terms. In this theory she suggests, murder, homosexuality, and other behaviors are perfectly acceptable when they fit into the habits, or morals, of the particular culture. As a matter of fact, those who don’t abide by these behaviors may have betrayed their culture and be considered abnormal no matter how good they would be perceived to be in a contrasting culture.

Professor of philosophy, James Rachels, is critical of cultural relativism. Rachels argues that there are good reasons for rejecting this moral theory. He first states in logical reasoning, that one culture can state something is right, such as murder, while another culture states murder is wrong. Logically, the conclusion is that murder is neither right or wrong; it is a matter of opinion. This makes cultural relativism an unsound premise.

Next, if taking cultural relativism seriously, we can no longer say that other societies’ cultures are inferior to ours. Lastly, we could consult the standards of our society to decide whether actions are right or wrong, and the idea of moral progress would be called into doubt.

My own personal moral belief has to lean more towards Professor Rachels belief. If cultural beliefs were allowed to drive the entire moral code of the planet, we would be in a huge mess. While minor things such as, shaving your head or never cutting your hair, or believing that it is right to eat meat or living by a standard of never eating meat, would be mostly irrelevant to the human race as a whole, things such as murder, slavery, rape, etc., could be devastating to society. If people were generally allowed to run amok driven by clashing cultural beliefs, we would exterminate ourselves quickly. There have to be some standards or universal rules that govern the major morals of each culture.

Those major universal standards on topics such as murder, slavery, rape, lying, stealing, etc., would have to span across all cultures otherwise people would live isolated and in constant fear of other people. They would constantly fear that coming in contact with another person would subject them to any number of, what we consider crimes, with no punishment induced because there would be no way to say that the person committed the crime because it was a normal part of their respective culture or not. A society without rules, would not be a society.

Models use the runway for cat walking and balls do too. Bowling balls are tossed energetically to knock down ten bowling pins. This by far has becomes one of the most sought after stress relieving games in the world. Its main objective is to get something really hard and heavy and throw it to knock down all of the pins.

There are more than 120 countries belonging to the International Bowling Federation, which claims that there are about 110 million people who now enjoy bowling. They call bowling centers ‘alleys’ and there are different sizes of alleys and gimmicks used to lure patrons to play the game. The largest bowling alley in the world contains more than a hundred bowling lanes. The average commercial bowling centers contain only about twenty five to thirty lanes. There are already 11,000 bowling centers in the whole world.

Bowling consisted of four parts: the lane, the approach, the pit, and the pin deck. The approach is where players take several strides to get the maximum adrenaline they need to release the ball and knock down the pins. There is a control line (foul line) which marks the place where players must let go of the ball. The player must not cross the line before or after the ball has been thrown.

In the America alone, there are more than 7,000 bowling associations in different states that support countrywide competitions for more than 4 million bowlers. Americans find the bowling attitude the same as their culture, however, they are unable to take credit for the discovery of the game. Since bowling history is colorful and full of twists and turns, researchers have discovered that the game is actually the very first sport that was discovered. Back in 5200 B.C. they found primitive balls and pins in Egyptian tombs.

They also found Polynesian cultures that practiced the same sport and found lanes about 6 feet long. However, the development of the game, which started in the third century A.D., is credited to the religious leaders of Germany. A kegel – which represents the devil – was used as a pin. It needed to be hit as a sign of purity and freeing from sin and anyone who failed to hit the target was determined to be wicked. It was a practice that led the congregation to salvation and was even more standardized by Martin Luther. But when bowling was banned and used for illegal transactions, 10 pin bowling was invented to bypass the law.

The American Bowling Congress started in 1895. Now there are about 55 million players in the US and bowling has become the American game, played to unite and promote equality among fellow men.

Works Cited

1. Bowling Alone. (2022). History of Bowling. Retrieved April 24, 2023, from https://www.bowlingalonestudy.com/history-of-bowling/
2. Bowling, B. (2018). Bowling fundamentals (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.
3. Bowling Proprietors' Association of America. (2022). Bowling Industry Overview. Retrieved April 24, 2023, from https://bpaa.com/bowling-industry-overview/
4. Jones, R. (2020). Bowling for beginners: Simple steps to mastering the lanes. Simon & Schuster.
5. Pfeifer, M. (2016). Bowling: America's Greatest Game. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
6. Professional Bowlers Association. (2022). About the PBA.
7. Skwarek, R. (2017). Bowling Beyond the Basics: What's Really Happening on the Lanes, and What You Can Do about It. Human Kinetics.
8. Sturgill, B. L. (2020). The History of Bowling: From Ancient Egypt to the Present Day. ABC-CLIO.
9. United States Bowling Congress. (2022). About USBC.
10. Wickman, E. (2019). Bowling: A Cultural History. Bloomsbury Academic.

Table of contents

1. Author
2. Text
3. Audience

The Daily Show with Jon Stewart is a comical news show that has been running since 1996. The Daily Show is known for its real world news, combined with a satirical edge. The show has grown more and more in popularity due to the exciting and witty way the news is portrayed. Jon Stewart’s controversial and humorous opinions have driven the show to its success. Jon Stewart relays current events and television news to create various jokes to get his opinion across and at the same time uncover the foibles of the real world and news stations. I believe that The Daily Show with Jon Stewart effectively relays its message due to the visual and structural analysis, its real world news, comedic relief.

Author

Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz was born on November 28th, 1962 in New York City. He changed his name to John Stewart after a strained relationship with his father. Stewart graduated from the College of William and Mary where he studied psychology. After college Stewart held an array of jobs including a contact administrator, a soccer coach, a bartender, a puppeteer, and many more. Stewart used his reputation as a “funny man” in school to build his confidence of getting on the stage. In 1987 he made his debut at “The Bitter End” and became a regular at the “Comedy Cellar”. (John Stewart)

In 1990, he started his own production company, Busboy Productions, which did not have much success. His career really took off in 1993 when he developed The Jon Stewart Show on MTV which aired until 1995 (IMDB). Stewart was involved in The Daily Show but it wasn’t until 1999 when Stewart started hosting it instead of Craig Kilborn. During this time Jon hosted numerous political figures like John McCain, actors like Samuel L. Jackson, and musicians like Bruce Springsteen. His energetic and opinionated personality drove the show to great success. Jon’s final episode with The Daily Show was August 6th, 2015 (IMDB). He has since been replaced by South African comedian, Trevor Noah. During his career, Stewart had roles in several films including famous titles such as Big Daddy and Half Baked. He also guest starred in TV series including American Dad, Sesame Street, and The Simpsons (IMDB). Jon has one twenty-two Primetime Emmys and is now currently an executive producer on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. Not only has he hosted guest on his show but Stewart also hosted The Grammy Awards twice and the Academy Awards twice.

Text

The Daily Show with Jon Stewart only grew in popularity after he took over. At first glance the show seems to be a legitimate news report. It opens with music, a globe, and words flying around the screen. Jon Stewart sits at his normal looking desk on the set of what looks like a real news studio. He is in front of a couple of blue papers which he has said in his show are only there for the effect. A screen is in the top left corner to show clips and pictures like a normal newscast. The show begins as Stewart greets the audience and informs of that shows guest, if there will be one. It seems like a real news report. That is until Jon jumps into the current events and starts poking fun at political figures and their most recent blunders. I believe the visual effects and structure of the entire show is a reason why it is effective at relaying the message. It sets the tone of a legitimate news report that also provides comedic relief.

Throughout the years there has been controversy over whether The Daily Show provides credible or fake news. Although there are a few fake segments in the show, the vast majority of the show is real credible news that Stewart sees on programs like CNN and Fox News (The Daily Show). He analyzes the news and reports in a satirical way to not only grab the viewer’s attention but to call for action. There is obviously new news everyday which keeps the show entertaining. Although the news reports change, Stewart finds a way to unravel the morality of the issues being discussed, like when Stewarts critiqued CNN: Crossfire and its hosts, whom he blamed for reducing complex social issues to two-dimensional grist for partisan bickering

Another reason why I believe that The Daily Show is so effective is that since the show is on Comedy Central, Jon Stewart has a lot of leeway in what he can and does say about political figures, news stations, and the government. In normal news reports the anchor usually relays information about current events with very little room for opinions. This could be because the station could be ridiculed for the opinions of it anchor. However, with The Daily Show, the whole show is based around the opinions of it’s anchor, Jon Stewart. His sometimes vulgar language and insults against certain figures provides a news report like no other. This freedom the Jon has allows him to express his feeling in anyway he wants which I think draws some viewers in. Stewart isn’t always sarcastic and vulgar, however. In the episode that aired after September 11th, 2001, Jon threw away all jokes to focus on the tragedy that had just affected the nation. He called for action and awareness.

I also believe that The Daily Show is popular due to its comic relief. In many real news reports there isn’t room for comedy seeing how the whole show revolves around relaying all of the important current news to its audience. The Daily Show on the other hand relays current news that Jon Stewart sees that day and decides to report about. Whatever he reports on, Jon finds a way to satirize it. By doing so the news isn’t as hard to listen too. This comic relief helps to relieve the tension of the subject. I think it helps look at the humorous aspect. He teaches the audience to not be as cynical.

Audience

Every show has a specific audience that they target. Not that they only want to target this audience, but they know what the majority of their viewers like. In studies done on news shows and satirical news shows, The Daily Show’s target audience is typically younger. With around 39% being 18-29 years old and 36% being 30-49 years old, there are not many viewers over the age of 50 (Pew Research Center). Seeing how The Daily Show is not exactly always a reliable source of news, this study does not surprise me. Although the show reports on real current events, there is a lot of jokes about these events that take up time. Certain people who want the news right away without interruptions would prefer their news be delivered by a news station such as Fox or CNN. That’s not always the case for younger viewers.

Younger viewers aren’t necessarily interested in listening to the often depressing news that anchors spit out while staring at papers or a teleprompter. They want someone to deliver the current events in a way in which the anchor has an opinion that they can relate to. Stewart obviously speaks on behalf of everyone watching that doesn’t always have a voice in how things are run. A study in 2007 by the Pew Research Center showed that viewers who watch The Daily show and The Colbert Report were slightly more knowledgeable of the election and of news and current events than those who relied on real newscast and the newspaper.

Personally, I feel that The Daily Show could and should be viewed by anyone. The sometimes inappropriate language and the real world events might not be suitable for viewers under the age of 16. Other than that the show provides real news with a large dose of satire to give the viewer a better idea of the situations that occur in politics and the everyday world. Jon Stewart relays the news in a way to not only make the viewer laugh and to keep them interested in the show but also to inform about real situations and call for action.

I believe the real newscast feel, real world news, and comic relief make The Daily Show successful and effective at delivering politics and world issues in an entertaining way. Jon Stewart changed the way certain people view the news and provided an amusing daily fix of world events for viewers that are sick of the same news reporters reading a prompt.

Inspiration and suffering go side by side for talented, but devastated people. Blues is the music of sorrow, expression of honest emotions and inner pain. The person who feels this unexplainable emptiness needs to create and the only chance to understand this feeling is to share it. James Baldwin influenced the attitude towards gay people, expressing peculiarities of their world perception, their fears and dreams. He also affected social perception of black people by showing hoe music reflect their culture, uniqueness, integrity in combination with total distress, caused by their indigence and oppression. The former was brightly expressed in his book “Sonny's Blues”. Talking about conceptual uniqueness of this book, one should mention that the author emphasized serious existential issues, such as self-destruction as the natural challenge for artistic personality resulted in drug addiction and inspiration of emotional distress.

The unexplainable pain of Sonny may reflect pain of all black people that search for their release in drug addiction. Furthermore, the blues is the echo of their souls that were not understood by society and Sonny’s older brother may recall white people who make one of the first steps to understand the depth of suffering and uniqueness of the music. Death of the child may be not only a person’s death, it may also symbolize moral destruction of the society that cannot understand suffering of black people and the reaction of Sonny’s brother might reflect beginning of the apprehension. The alcohol addiction of their father shows how strong the influence of parent’s mistakes can be. Nevertheless, at the same time, this part of story shows that each person choose his or her destiny making one’s own decisions.

Creation involves the process of exploring oneself, in other words, “The man who creates the music is hearing something else, is dealing with the roar rising from the void and imposing order on it as it hits the air” (Baldwin, 23). Impulse that comes from within can either blaze through or create. The compulsive flow that strives outwards is ready to tear its master, devastating and suppressing him. Sonny is trying to explain it as much as he explains the pain that cause the flight of heroin application and the bulk of suffering that person have to come through to feel the release, resulted in creation.

Declining such things as school, work and social role, Sonny feels that music is the only thing he wants to do. This moment brings up another existential issue – the search for determination. Piano was the only thing that interested Sonny. He felt the potential, passion and desire to express him in the music. For that reason, playing piano was the only way to stop his suffering.

Sonny’s brother is an archetype of an American citizen, who has a strong will and well-established principles, a person, who is incapable to understand the drug-addicted man that does not try to change. Nevertheless, he eagers to understand Sonny because of his unconditional love to his brother.

The common pain may shorten the distance. “I think I may have written Sonny the very day that little Grace was buried. My trouble made his real” (Baldwin, 17). Sonny’s brother used to understand the world the way it is, but suffering made him feel the flow and the emptiness, thus, he was ready to understand Sonny.

In conclusion, Sonny’s drug-addiction was his way of destruction. Talented but misunderstood person ceased destruction as the only chance to cope with inner pain. No matter what kind of pain it was – the pain of society, abandoned child or oppressed indigent black man, it was the flow of inspiration imbedded in hearts of people as the tender music of sorrow, named blues. The blues that has finally sound for Sonny’s brother.

Good Morning, ladies and gentlemen, board of trustees, administrators, teachers, parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins¦and seniors.

Everybody, take a deep breath, if you please¦.As you inhale the aggregate odor of your senior class for the last time, I™m sure there are many burning questions racing through your minds: ?Will I ever find my place in the world? eh¦If you™re lucky. ?My god¦how many more speeches before they let me graduate?...you™d be surprised¦ ?Who is that incredibly handsome young man addressing us, and for how long do we have the privilege of listening to him? Howdy there, Diego Arroyo here, and hopefully not for long.

I™m not up here to ask amazingly insightful questions though. I™m not even up here because of my charm and good looks. I™m up here because I have been granted this wonderful opportunity to speak to you today in order to compensate for the misery that went into my earning the title ?valedictorian, and all the misery that will envelope the rest of my life as a result of it. Whenever I walk out of the bathroom with my fly down and shirt tail hanging out, I™ll hear, ?And you were valedictorian? If I™m desperately looking for my glasses and I find them atop my heat I™ll hear, ?You were valedictorian? If I were to have been caught skipping in the middle of the valedictorian announcement, I might have heard, ?¦che Diego sacaste Valedictorian!!!

Yes, I earned the privilege to be valedictorian and for some reason, that's supposed to mean that I somehow know more about life, and I should represent the class in imparting some final wisdom to everyone before running out the door with diploma in hand. Unfortunately, I™m rather short on life experience, so you really shouldn™t believe any so-called advice I have. Call this a disclaimer for the rest of my speech: <Results not typical. Your own mileage may vary. And so on:

The purpose of a graduation speech, as it has been laid out before me, is not to complain, though, but rather to bore the hell out of you. That why my speech will last for 5 hours, 8 minutes, 13.21 seconds, be filled with uninspiring poetry readings, mathematical allusions, bland quotes, meaningless anecdotes and the traditional candied assortment of shameless clich?©s and platitudes. Of course, I do realize that my speech is a compulsory formality, and that, in all likelihood, nothing I say will haunt your memories for more than a few minutes after we leave. I could just as well say a random string of words: toaster-oven, yellow-fever, Communism, shoehorn, Rebelde, Punky Brewster, Fig Newton, hobbledehoy.

Well, it does seem wrong though to dismiss you with erratic phrases and funny words. So¦for the rest of this speech I am going to pretend that I am in a position to give you the advice you will need when we enter the quote unquote ?real world soon. Hey, Take it¦I don™t use it anyway.

In a few years, you™ll all have your very first taste of alcohol, and, who knows, maybe even a couple years later you™ll experience your first kiss A whole magical world of delights will be opening up to you, disguised as at least four more years of arduous schoolwork and but a lifetime in a tedious, thankless job. To make sure you don™t screw all that up, I want to tell you all to be honest”I don™t necessarily mean with regards to other people; lying is an important part of any relationship. I want you to be honest with yourselves. When your cute little teenage faces and bodies curl-up into ugly lumps of fat, admit it. And when your hair flies south for the winter of your life, please, please don™t grow out the sides and comb it over. Nobody will believe that you have hair.

What I™m saying may seem pessimistic, but the important part of this honesty lesson is humor. Don™t succumb to the awesome power of your baldness”laugh at it. Polish your head and strut that shiny bulb around with pride. So¦ you want to look thinner? Get some fat friends¦

Humor has an amazing power. It emancipates us from the oppressive, uncontrollable facts of life. It emboldens us, enabling us to accept our condition and move on. The insane man has no sense of humor, but the man in possession of it has a rational, realistic view of the world. He can laugh equally hard when he fails as when he triumphs. Laughter makes us human; Koko the gorilla may know sign language, and could probably slaughter most of us on a standardized test, but that hairy ape will never get to laugh at Robin Williams, Bill Cosby, and George W. Bush. I originally was going to make a political joke here, but unfortunately, it got elected.

In conclusion, you are the future, follow your dreams, if at first you don't succeed, skydiving is not for you. Blah, blah blah blah. But, most importantly, laugh¦and cherish this gift of spasms and primitive noises as a part of human nature, before you age to the point where your heart will stop if you laugh. Laugh at life ironies and disappointments. Laugh at society, your friends, and most importantly laugh at yourselves¦

I™m going to end with a fitting quote. It not by Jefferson, Emerson, or Lincoln, as is customary in graduation speeches, but by a fictitious, incestuous, comical, redneck hillbilly”Joe Dirt, ?Life is a garden¦dig it

Thank you and congratulation Class of 2006!

Table of contents

1. Introduction
ChildhoodRuler of EgyptInspiration

Introduction

Cleopatra VII was one of the most remarkable rulers of Egypt, known for her cleverness and originality. Many consider her one of the most prominent female political figures in history, and she has been dramatized in countless films. The ascension of a powerful female ruler and her struggle to keep the throne, as well as her ruthlessness, captivates people around the world. Cleopatra may well have been the first dominant female political figure.

Childhood

Cleopatra was the daughter of Ptolemy XII (also known as Auletes) and Cleopatra V Tryphaena. She was born in 69 B.C. and had several siblings, including an older sister and a younger brother. Cleopatra’s father sank Egypt into heavy debt with Rome, and was banished out of the country. Berenice IV, Cleopatra’s older sister, was made the queen of Egypt, but her father beheaded her in an attempt to get the throne back. In 51 B.C., her father died, and she ascended to the throne as co-regent with her brother, Ptolemy XIII.

Although Ptolemy XIII was only ten years old, his advisors drove Cleopatra out of Egypt into Syria in 49 B.C. She gathered an army of mercenaries while in Syria, planning to fight back. At the same time, Julius Caesar came to Alexandria. Cleopatra recognized that he would be able to help her regain the throne, but she was not allowed into Egypt. However, she devised a way in – her servant wrapped her in a carpet and delivered her to Caesar. This was a pivotal moment and demonstrated Cleopatra’s cunning. She united forces with Caesar and beat Ptolemy’s forces out of Egypt.

Ruler of Egypt

Cleopatra bore a son with Caesar named Caesarion, who became her co-regent after Caesar died in 44 B.C. Cleopatra’s throne was finally safe, and she was able to rule her country. Cleopatra was multilingual and spoke Egyptian, even though she was of Macedonian Greek descent. She also appealed to her subjects by immersing herself in Egyptian paintings and sculptures. Her subjects developed a strong sense of patriotism. Cleopatra enjoyed luxury, and proclaimed herself the reincarnation of Isis, the goddess of regality and children. However, disaster struck when the Nile flooded and crops died. Cleopatra was forced to seduce Mark Antony so he would agree to protect Egypt and her throne. Egypt’s power was restored, and Mark Antony gave land to his sons that he had with Cleopatra. However, Antony’s adopted son Octavian became extremely angry and declared war on Antony.

Octavian’s forces defeated Cleopatra and Antony’s forces, leading Antony to commit suicide. Cleopatra followed suit, but instead of falling on a sword, she most likely chose death by a poisonous snake, the asp. The asp is a sign of royalty and the symbol of Amen-Re, the Egyptian sun god.

Inspiration

Cleopatra was a born leader and monarch. Her love of her crown and desire to make her country prosperous came before everything else. She was ruthless, not only assassinating her younger sister but also committing suicide. She entered two love alliances to strengthen Egypt’s power, bearing three children to Antony when they were not even married. Although Cleopatra did many terrible things, she gave everything she had to her country.