Our Previous Samples

NURS-FPX4040 Assessment 3 Evidence-Based Proposal and Annotated Bibliography on Technology in Nursing Sample Paper

Global healthcare systems seek to achieve the overriding objectives of promoting care quality, affordability, accessibility, and timeliness. These priority areas validate the need the incorporate advanced technologies when delivering patient-centered and coordinated care.

Although technologies increase process efficiency, accuracy, timeliness, and convenience, the underlying social determinants of health, such as geographical factors, built environment, and poverty, result in health inequalities.

As a result, telehealth technology emerges as a profound tool for intercepting sources of health disparities by bridging distance gaps and providing alternatives for care coordination, interdisciplinary team collaboration, and the overall healthcare organization.

This annotated bibliography provides insights into the role of telemedicine technology in promoting patient satisfaction, interdisciplinary team collaboration, care coordination, and productivity. Also, it expounds on organizational factors that influence the incorporation of telehealth in daily care practices.

The rationale for Selecting Telehealth Technology

Often, health problems such as high disease prevalence, limited access to quality care, and delays in care provision are disproportionate to low-income populations and rural communities.

As a result, it is essential to address these challenges by transforming care delivery mechanisms and adopting technologies that offer cheaper, faster, and more convenient alternatives.

Eventually, telehealth technology improves care coordination and provision by enabling caregivers to conduct distant services such as medication administration, diagnostics, vital sign monitoring, and e-consultations (Kichloo et al., 2020).

The current literature supports the plausibility of incorporating telemedicine technology in promoting care quality, affordability, timeliness, and convenience. For instance, I selected four scholarly articles from reputable databases such as Elsevier, SAGE, and BMJ to develop an annotated bibliography regarding telehealth technology.

Further, I used keywords such as telehealth benefits, telehealth technology, care coordination, and telehealth barriers to select credible sources. Finally, I applied the CRAAP (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose) test to assess the sources’ credibility in providing insights into the importance of telemedicine.

Annotated Bibliography

Kichloo, A., Albosta, M., Dettloff, K., Wani, F., El-Amir, Z., Singh, J., Aljadah, M., Chakinala, R. C., Kanugula, A. K., Solanki, S., & Chugh, S. (2020). Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and the future: A narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Family Medicine and Community Health, 8(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530

In this scholarly article, Kichloo et al. (2020) conducted a narrative review to examine the current state of telemedicine utilization amid the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic on care accessibility. The researchers define telehealth as “a service that seeks to improve a patient’s health by permitting two-way, real-time interactive communication between the patient and the physician at a distant site” (p. 1).

In this sense, telehealth utilizes telecommunication and information technology (IT) to bolster access to health assessment, diagnosis, interventions, consultation, supervision, and information across distances. Kichloo et al. (2020) reviewed a 2019 report by the Pew Research Center, which indicates that 90% of Americans can access the Internet while 81% of Americans use smartphones. The recent increase in mobile technologies and usage facilitates telehealth effectiveness.

The researchers conclude that telehealth allows caregivers to collaborate with patients to provide high-quality care while maintaining physical distance to prevent COVID-19 transmission. The researchers argue that Americans spend an average of 123 minutes per clinical visit, with an average face-to-face time with a physician of 20.5 minutes.

Telemedicine appointments eliminate travel and waiting times and save patients an average of $19-$121 per visit (Kichloo et al., 2020, p. 6). As a result, the study supports the contention that telehealth technology increases care convenience, timeliness, and affordability, especially for patients in rural areas.

Davidson, R., Barrett, D. I., Rixon, L., & Newman, S. (2020). How the integration of telehealth and coordinated care approaches impact health care service organization structure and ethos: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Nursing, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2196/20282

In this scholarly study, Davidson et al. (2020) conducted a multinational project to explore the use of coordinated care and telehealth. The study’s objective was to assess how healthcare organizations’ setup influences the perceptions and experience of service managers and frontline staff during the development and deployment of integrated care with and without telehealth.

According to Davidson et al. (2020), telehealth and telecare are assistive technologies that support coordinated care of patients with social care needs or chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

In this sense, these technologies enable information exchange between agencies, remote health status monitoring, and reduce hospital visits, curtailing care costs.

Despite these potential benefits of telehealth, various factors, including lack of managerial knowledge, nurses’ shortage, and underfunded social care services, compromise the technology’s effectiveness. The researchers propose continuous organizational evolution as a way of improving telehealth technology.

Above, the research reveals a positive correlation between telehealth technology and effective care coordination, improved performance, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

The interviewed frontline staff members supported the idea of implementing telehealth based on the level of patient involvement in coordinated care (P<.001) tailored training to support telehealth and care coordination (p<.0001) (Davidson et al., 2020, p. 6). As a result, it is a credible evidence source that supports the topic.

Organizational Factors that Affect Telehealth Technology

Gajarawala, S. N., & Pelkowski, J. N. (2021). Telehealth benefits and barriers. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(2), 218–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.09.013

In this article, Gajarawala and Pelkowski (2021) focus on telehealth benefits and potential barriers. They define telehealth as a “subset of e-health and the use of telecommunication technology in health care delivery, information, and education” (p. 218).

Further, the researchers contend that telehealth technology supports various components of telemedicine, including medical education, remote patient monitoring, patient consultation via videoconferencing, wireless health applications, and transmission of imaging and medical reports (Gajarawala & Pelkowski, 2021, p. 218).

The original idea of implementing telehealth technology was to provide quality and convenient care to rural and underserved patients. However, the technology proves effective and successful in multiple medication specialties and settings.

According to Gajarawala & Pelkowski (2021), telehealth provides access to resources and care for patients in rural areas where caregiver shortages are prevalent. The technology improves efficiency without higher net cost, reduces patient travel and wait time, and allows for comparable or improved quality of care (Gajarawala & Pelkowski, 2021).

However, organizations should ensure data accuracy, promote patient privacy and confidentiality, and curtail fraud to ensure the technology’s applicability and effectiveness. This study validates the essence of transforming organizational culture to assimilate telehealth technology.

Neville, C. W. (2018). Telehealth: A balanced look at incorporating this technology into practice. SAGE Open Nursing, 4, 237796081878650. https://doi.org/10.1177/2377960818786504

The scholarly article explores the use of telehealth and the ability to provide healthcare services to patients through interactive technology and telecommunication tools (Neville, 2018).

The researcher argues that telehealth includes various routes of care delivery, including patient consultations through teleconferencing, image transmission, e-health patient portals, vital sign remote monitoring, consumer-focused wireless applications, and continued medical education.

These multiple care delivery mechanisms translate to benefits such as telesurgery/remote robotic surgery, timely interdisciplinary team collaboration and communication, cost reduction by reducing clinical visits, and access to healthcare professionals, services, and improved care.

However, Neville (2018) identifies multiple organizational factors as barriers to effective telehealth utilization. For instance, the article identifies legal and ethical compliance, fraud, privacy, and malpractice liability as potential barriers to telehealth’s effectiveness.

Also, Neville (2018) argues that telehealth implementation is a cost-intensive process due to the overhead costs of software, hardware, and other communication devices. As a result, this study offers a two-sided perspective on telehealth, making it a credible and reliable evidence source for the topic.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Despite the underlying barriers to telehealth’s effectiveness, the current literature links the technology with improved care quality, enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration and productivity, patient satisfaction, and care coordination.

However, health organizations should transform their culture and sustain norms that support telehealth. For instance, staff training and adequate resource allocations can improve telehealth by bolstering employees’ knowledge of the essentials for telehealth technology and enhancing successful implementation.

Further, health institutions need to transform privacy policies to prevent fraud and other cybersecurity threats from utilizing virtual platforms.

Finally, organizations should collaborate with government agencies to adopt appropriate reimbursement models to reduce the cost burden of installing software, hardware, and other devices pertinent to telehealth.

NURS-FPX4040 Assessment 3 Evidence-Based Proposal and Annotated Bibliography on Technology in Nursing References

Davidson, R., Barrett, D. I., Rixon, L., & Newman, S. (2020). How the integration of telehealth and coordinated care approaches impact health care service organization structure and ethos: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Nursing, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/20282

Gajarawala, S. N., & Pelkowski, J. N. (2021). Telehealth benefits and barriers. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(2), 218–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.09.013

Kichloo, A., Albosta, M., Dettloff, K., Wani, F., El-Amir, Z., Singh, J., Aljadah, M., Chakinala, R. C., Kanugula, A. K., Solanki, S., & Chugh, S. (2020). Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and the future: A narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Family Medicine and Community Health, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530

Neville, C. W. (2018). Telehealth: A balanced look at incorporating this technology into practice. SAGE Open Nursing, 4, 237796081878650. https://doi.org/10.1177/2377960818786504

NURS-FPX4040 Assessment 3 Instructions Technology in Nursing Instructions

Write a 4-6 page annotated bibliography where you identify peer-reviewed publications that promote the use of a selected technology to enhance quality and safety standards in nursing. Before you begin to develop the assessment you are encouraged to complete the Annotated Bibliography Formative Assessment.

Completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment and counts towards course engagement. Rapid changes in information technology go hand-in-hand with progress in quality health care delivery, nursing practice, and interdisciplinary team collaboration. The following are only a few examples of how the health care field uses technology to provide care to patients across multiple settings:

• Patient monitoring devices.
• Robotics.
• Electronic medical records.
• Data management resources.
• Ready access to current science.

Technology is essential to the advancement of the nursing profession, maintaining quality care outcomes, patient safety, and research. This assessment will give you the opportunity to deepen your knowledge of how technology can enhance quality and safety standards in nursing.

You will prepare an annotated bibliography on technology in nursing. A well-prepared annotated bibliography is a comprehensive commentary on the content of scholarly publications and other sources of evidence about a selected nursing-related technology.

A bibliography of this type provides a vehicle for workplace discussion to address nursing practice gaps and improve patient care outcomes.

As nurses become more accountable in their practice, they are being called upon to expand their caregiver role and advocate for fostering research and scholarship to advance nursing practice. An annotated bibliography stimulates innovative thinking to find solutions and approaches to effectively and efficiently address these issues.

DEMONSTRATION OF PROFICIENCY

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:

Competency 3: Evaluate the impact of patient care technologies on desired outcomes.

Analyze current evidence on the impact of a selected patient care technology on patient safety, quality of care, and the interdisciplinary team.

Integrate current evidence about the impact of a selected patient care technology on patient safety, quality of care, and the interdisciplinary team into a recommendation.

Competency 4: Recommend using technology to enhance patient quality and safety standards.

Describe organizational factors influencing the selection of technology in the health care setting.

Justify the implementation and use of a selected technology in a healthcare setting.

Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication to facilitate use of health information and patient care technologies.

Create a clear, well-organized, and professional annotated bibliography, generally free from grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors.

Follow APA style and formatting guidelines for all bibliographic entries.

PREPARATION

To complete this assessment, perform the following preparatory activities:

Select a single direct or indirect patient care technology that is relevant to your current practice or interests you. Direct patient care technologies require an interaction, or direct contact, between the nurse and the patient.

Nurses use direct patient care technologies every day when delivering care to patients. Electronic thermometers or pulse oximeters are examples of direct patient care technologies.

Indirect patient care technologies, on the other hand, are those employed on behalf of the patient. They do not require interaction, or direct contact, between the nurse and patient. A handheld device for patient documentation is an example of an indirect patient care technology. Examples of topics to consider for your annotated bibliography include:

• Delivery robots.
• Electronic medication administration with barcoding.
• Electronic clinical documentation with clinical decision support.
• Patient sensor devices/wireless communication solutions.
• Real-time location systems.
• Telehealth.

Workflow management systems.

Conduct a library search using the various electronic databases available through the Capella University Library.

Consult the BSN Program Library Research Guide to help identify scholarly and authoritative sources.

Access the NHS Learner Success Lab, linked in the courtroom navigation menu, for additional resources.

Scan the search results related to your chosen technology.

Select four peer-reviewed publications focused on your topic that are the most interesting to you.

Notes

Publications may be research studies or review articles from a professional source. Newspapers, magazines, and blogs are not considered professional sources.

Your selections need to be current—within the last five years.

NURS-FPX4040 Assessment 4 Informatics and Nursing Sensitive Quality Indicators Sample Paper 

Nursing informatics is a specialty that integrates nursing and analytical and information sciences to communicate and manage data in nursing practice. It involves the application of information technology in nursing education, research, and nursing services (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2021). Therefore, nurse informaticists are nurse practitioners who incorporate information technology in nursing services to improve the quality of healthcare services. 

Role of Nurse Informaticists

With the advancing technology in the world, there is a need for healthcare providers who are experts in information technology, such as nurse informaticists. According to American Informatics Association, the roles of nurse informaticists include creating protocols for data retrieval and data presentation to promote patient-centered care.

Secondly, nurse informaticists should do further studies on informatics to add new information and knowledge. Lastly, informaticists should actively promote health facility infrastructure by developing standards for communication and even advocating for evidence-based practice in the service provision (Wu et al., 2019).

Additionally, nurse informaticists should also be responsible for data validation using variety, volume, and velocity to promote a data-dependent decision-making process in the nursing practice (Garcia, 2021).

The informaticists should also be in charge of implementing the new technologies in the health facility by motivating and inspiring other healthcare providers to adopt the use of technology in clinical practice. From the above-described roles, it is apparent that the healthcare industry should promote nursing informatics expertise. This can be done by encouraging nurses to advance their studies in nursing informatics.

Nurse Informaticists and Other Health Organizations

There are several health organizations and institutions with nurse informaticists. Nurse informatics specialists can identify measures promoting transformation since they can identify existing gaps in healthcare. An example of a healthcare organization with nurse informaticists is the John Peter Smith Hospital, located in Texas.

The facility assists in recognizing red flags for domestic violence and human trafficking by applying Mobile Health and Electronic Medical records to monitor patients’ progress (Azoui et al., 2021). This method has greatly improved the nurses’ workflow and has also provided nurse practitioners with guidelines and measures for problem-solving.

Another organization of note is the Texas Hospital. The hospital has nurse informaticists who leverage technology to validate and evaluate the clinicians’ work through Electronic Medical Records. For this reason, the hospital has experienced a reduced workload from handwritten documentation to electronic health records.

The nurses in the hospital have also positively influenced the predictive model through the integration of technology and analytical strategies in clinical practice. This technique has significantly improved identifying patients who require palliation and those at high risk of mortality, hence reducing mortality rates.

Interaction Between Nurse Informaticists and other Professional Team Members

The nurse informaticists interact with the other nursing staff and the interdisciplinary team in several ways. For example, the nurse informaticists in Texas Hospital and John Peter Smith Hospital interact with staff from different disciplines by planning joint meeting sessions to equip them with technology concepts to improve healthcare outcomes.

The interdisciplinary team was enlightened on the use and advantages of adopting Electronic Medical records and Mobile Health (mHealth) (Azoui et al., 2021). Furthermore, the patients were also trained on using the tools to ease sharing and storage of data.

Impact of Nurse Engagement in Health Care Technology

The engagement of nurses in the implementation of technology tools such as the electronic medical record and mobile health has contributed a lot to improving healthcare service provision and patient outcomes. According to (Azoui et al., 2021), using mHealth has assisted in patient motivation, engagement, and behavior change. For example, healthcare workers use mHealth to monitor patient health progress through Electronic Medical Records. 

In addition, the tools also enable the healthcare workers to be among themselves and with the patients. Throughout their practice, the nurse informaticists must ensure that the patients’ data recorded is per HIPAA privacy policies because the mHealth and Electronic Medical Record store confidential information about the patients. Engagement of nurses in healthcare technology has also decreased the costs of workflow.

Challenges and Opportunities

The roles of the nurse informaticists and their interaction with the interdisciplinary team have both opportunities and challenges. With nurse informaticists, health information has been easily accessible because the nurses participate in promoting healthcare technology adoption (Garcia, 2021)). For this reason, the workflow will be enhanced, making it easy to minimize errors while dealing with complex duties. With information technology, nurses and other medical practitioners can carry out services such as drug prescription, the booking of patients, and patient monitoring by using the mHealth and Electronic Medical Record tools.

On the other hand, the challenges facing nursing informatics include difficulty in adopting technology changes but the older nurses. The older nurses during their training were not exposed to technology, and they, therefore, do not know the importance of using technology in health service provision (Luo, 2019). The other challenge is the violation of the HIPAA privacy policies by the interdisciplinary team during the early phase of technology adoption. Additionally, the multidisciplinary team can also be influenced when an external party leaks information due to illegitimate applications.

Recommendations

This proposal has highlighted the importance of having nurse informaticists, especially for the organization that plans to adopt the healthcare technology tool to provide healthcare service. Both Texas and John Peter Smith Hospital have adopted two technology tools, the mHealth and Electronic Medical Records. Embracing technology in healthcare will enable smooth interaction between healthcare providers and patients by virtually linking up the facility services.

Based on this proposal, the following are the recommendations I would propose: First, I would advise the nurse managers and leaders to encourage the adoption and implementation of new technologies. Secondly, I would propose that the nurse administrators organize regular conferences and training to educate and train the nurses on the implementation of the latest technologies and their advantages.

I would advise the new nurses to be introduced to user-friendly technology tools to support their morale in technology adoption. Lastly, I would recommend that the nurse leader organize mentorship programs to help change the nurses’ perception of the new technologies.

NURS-FPX4040 Assessment 4 Informatics and Nursing Sensitive Quality Indicators References

Azoui, A., Abdelouhab, K. A., & Idoughi, D. (2021, November). Design and Implementation of Cloud-Based M-Health Application for an Electronic Medical Record System. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energetic Systems (pp. 458-467). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92038-8_46

Garcia-Dia, M. J. (2021). Nursing informatics: An evolving specialty. Nursing Management, 52(5), 56. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000743444.08164.b4

Luo, S. (2019). Special focus issue on nursing informatics: Challenges of utilizing electronic health records. International Journal Of Nursing Sciences, 6(1), 125. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijnss.2018.11.001

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. (2021). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 128422046X, 9781284220469.

Wu, D. T., Chen, A. T., Manning, J. D., Levy-Fix, G., Backonja, U., Borland, D., Caban, J. J., Dowding, D. W., Hochheiser, H., Kagan, V., Kandaswamy, S., Kumar, M., Nunez, A., Pan, E. & Gotz, D. (2019). Evaluating visual analytics for health informatics applications: a systematic review from the American Medical Informatics Association Visual Analytics Working Group Task Force on Evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 26(4), 314–323. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocy190

NURS-FPX4040 Assessment 4 Informatics and Nursing Sensitive Quality Indicators Instructions

Prepare an 8-10 minute audio training tutorial (video is optional) for new nurses on the importance of nursing-sensitive quality indicators.

Introduction

As you begin to prepare this assessment you are encouraged to complete the Conabedian Quality Assessment Framework activity. Quality health care delivery requires systematic action. Completion of this will help you succeed with the assessment as you consider how the triad of structure (such as the hospital, clinic, provider qualifications/organizational characteristics) and process (such as the delivery/coordination/education/protocols/practice style or standard of care) may be modified to achieve quality outcomes.

The American Nursing Association (ANA) established the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI®) in 1998 to track and report on quality indicators heavily influenced by nursing action.

NDNQI® was established as a standardized approach to evaluating nursing performance in relation to patient outcomes. It provides a database and quality measurement program to track clinical performance and to compare nursing quality measures against other hospital data at the national, regional, and state levels. Nursing-sensitive quality indicators help establish evidence-based practice guidelines in the inpatient and outpatient settings to enhance quality care outcomes and initiate quality improvement educational programs, outreach, and protocol development.

The quality indicators the NDNQI® monitors are organized into three categories: structure, process, and outcome. Theorist Avedis Donabedian first identified these categories. Donabedian’s theory of quality health care focused on the links between quality outcomes and the structures and processes of care (Grove et al., 2018).

Nurses must be knowledgeable about the indicators their workplaces monitor. Some nurses deliver direct patient care that leads to a monitored outcome. Other nurses may be involved in data collection and analysis. In addition, monitoring organizations, including managed care entities, exist to gather data from individual organizations to analyze overall industry quality. All of these roles are important to advance quality and safety outcomes.

The focus of Assessment 4 is on how informatics support monitoring of nursing-sensitive quality indicator data. You will develop an 8–10 minute audio (or video) training module to orient new nurses in a workplace to a single nursing-sensitive quality indicator critical to the organization. Your recording will address how data are collected and disseminated across the organization along with the nurses’ role in supporting accurate reporting and high quality results.

Reference

Grove, S. K., Gray, J. R., Jay, G. W., Jay, H. M., & Burns, N. (2018). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice (7th ed.). Elsevier.

Preparation

This assessment requires you to prepare an 8–10 minute audio training tutorial (with optional video) for new nurses on the importance of nursing-sensitive quality indicators. To successfully prepare for your assessment, you will need to complete the following preparatory activities:

• Select a single nursing-sensitive quality indicator that you see as important to a selected type of health care system. Choose from the following list:
  • Staffing measures.

• Nursing hours per patient day.
• RN education/certification.
• Skill mix.
• Nurse turnover.
• Nursing care hours in emergency departments, perioperative units, and perinatal units.
• Skill mix in emergency departments, perioperative units, and perinatal units.

• • Quality measures.

• Patient falls.
• Patient falls with injury.
• Pressure ulcer prevalence.
• Health care-associated infections.
  • Catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
  • Central line catheter associated blood stream infection.
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia.
  • Ventilator- associated events.
• Psychiatric physical/sexual assault rate.
• Restraint prevalence.
• Pediatric peripheral intravenous infiltration rate.
• Pediatric pain assessment, intervention, reassessment (air) cycle.
• Falls in ambulatory settings.
• Pressure ulcer incidence rates from electronic health records.
• Hospital readmission rates.
• RN satisfaction survey options.
  • Job satisfaction scales.
  • Job satisfaction scales – short form.
  • Practice environment scale.

• Conduct independent research on the most current information about the selected nursing-sensitive quality indicator.
• Interview a professional colleague or contact who is familiar with quality monitoring and how technology can help to collect and report quality indicator data. You do not need to submit the transcript of your conversation, but do integrate what you learned from the interview into the audio tutorial. Consider these questions for your interview:
  • What is your experience with collecting data and entering it into a database?
  • What challenges have you experienced?
  • How does your organization share with the nursing staff and other members of the health care system the quality improvement monitoring results?
  • What role do bedside nurses and other frontline staff have in entering the data? For example, do staff members enter the information into an electronic medical record for extraction? Or do they enter it into another system? How effective is this process?
• Watch the Informatics and Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators Video Exemplar.

Recording Your Presentation

To prepare to record the audio for your presentation, complete the following:

• Set up and test your microphone or headset using the installation instructions provided by the manufacturer. You only need to use the headset if your audio is not clear and high quality when captured by the microphone.
• Practice using the equipment to ensure the audio quality is sufficient.
• Review the for Kaltura to record your presentation.
• View Creating a Presentation: A Guide to Writing and Speaking. This video addresses the primary areas involved in creating effective audiovisual presentations. You can return to this resource throughout the process of creating your presentation to view the tutorial appropriate for you at each stage.

Notes:

• You may use other tools to record your tutorial. You will, however, need to consult Using Kaltura for instructions on how to upload your audio-recorded tutorial into the courseroom, or you must provide a working link your instructor can easily access.
• You may also choose to create a video of your tutorial, but this is not required.
• If you require the use of assistive technology or alternative communication methods to participate in this activity, please contact DisabilityServices@Capella.edu to request accommodations.

NURS-FPX4040 Assessment 4 Informatics and Nursing Sensitive Quality Indicators Instructions

For this assessment, imagine you are a member of a Quality Improvement Council at any type of health care system, whether acute, ambulatory, home health, managed care, et cetera. Your Council has identified that newly hired nurses would benefit from comprehensive training on the importance of nursing-sensitive quality indicators.

The Council would like the training to address how this information is collected and disseminated across the organization. It would also like the training to describe the role nurses have in accurate reporting and high-quality results.

The Council indicates a recording is preferable to a written fact sheet due to the popularity of audio blogs. In this way, new hires can listen to the tutorial on their own time using their phone or other device.

As a result of this need, you offer to create an audio tutorial orienting new hires to these topics. You know that you will need a script to guide your audio recording. You also plan to incorporate into your script the insights you learned from conducting an interview with an authority on quality monitoring and the use of technology to collect and report quality indicator data.

You determine that you will cover the following topics in your audio tutorial script:

Introduction: Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicator

• What is the National Database of Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators?
• What are nursing-sensitive quality indicators?
• Which particular quality indicator did you select to address in your tutorial?
• Why is this quality indicator important to monitor?
  • Be sure to address the impact of this indicator on the quality of care and patient safety.
• Why do new nurses need to be familiar with this particular quality indicator when providing patient care?

Collection and Distribution of Quality Indicator Data

• According to your interview and other resources, how does your organization collect data on this quality indicator?
• How does the organization disseminate aggregate data?
• What role do nurses play in supporting accurate reporting and high-quality results?
  • As an example, consider the importance of accurately entering data regarding nursing interventions.

After completing your script, practice delivering your tutorial several times before recording it.

Additional Requirements

• Audio communication: Deliver a professional, effective audio tutorial on a selected quality indicator that engages new nurses and motivates them to accurately report quality data in a timely fashion.
• Length: 8–10 minute audio recording. Use Kaltura to upload your recording to the courseroom, or provide a working link your instructor can access.
• Script: A separate document with the script or speaker’s notes is required. Important: Submissions that do not include the script or speaker’s notes will be returned as a non-performance.
• References: Cite a minimum of three scholarly and/or authoritative sources.
• APA: Submit, along with the recording, a separate reference page that follows APA style and formatting guidelines. For an APA refresher, consult the Evidence and APA page on Campus.

Competencies Measured

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and scoring guide criteria:

• Competency 1: Describe nurses’ and the interdisciplinary team’s role in informatics with a focus on electronic health information and patient care technology to support decision making.
  • Describe the interdisciplinary team’s role in collecting and reporting quality indicator data to enhance patient safety, patient care outcomes, and organizational performance reports.
• Competency 3: Evaluate the impact of patient care technologies on desired outcomes.
  • Explain how a health care organization uses nursing-sensitive quality indicators to enhance patient safety, patient care outcomes, and organizational performance reports.
• Competency 4: Recommend the use of a technology to enhance quality and safety standards for patients.
  • Justify how a nursing-sensitive quality indicator establishes evidence-based practice guidelines for nurses to follow when using patient care technologies to enhance patient safety, satisfaction, and outcomes.
• Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication to facilitate use of health information and patient care technologies.
  • Deliver a professional, effective audio tutorial on a selected quality indicator that engages new nurses and motivates them to accurately report quality data in a timely fashion.
  • Follow APA style and formatting guidelines for citations and references.

NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED

Preliminary Care Coordination Plan

Taking the role of care coordination as an RN in the community care center, it is essential to acknowledge age-related and elder care health issues. Aging encompasses numerous physical, psychosocial, and cultural issues, which together make it very demanding and, therefore, require a multi-faceted approach to achieve optimum health for our elderly citizens. This initial plan for care coordination has HF as the focus when it comes to elderly patients in a community care context.

The staff shortage in the dedicated care management area prompts the development of a different approach, where the functions of the nurses predominate in care coordination. The plan below encompasses physical, psychosocial, and cultural considerations for elderly patients with HF, as well as community resources that can provide a safe and effective continuum of care.

Analysis of Health Concerns and Best Practices

Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition that results from the weakening of the heart’s pumping function; thus, the blood flow becomes insufficient throughout the body. It becomes more common with age, making it a significant problem in older adults (Hajouli & Ludhwani, 2022). The established guidelines for managing HF connotes drug adherence, lifestyle changes, and patient education.

Examples of drug treatment include diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and beta-blockers (Hajouli & Ludhwani, 2022). Lifestyle modifications aim at advancing a healthy diet, weight management, regular physical activity, and quitting smoking. Education for patients is one of the main pillars that enable HF patients to competently manage their conditions, among them identification of the symptoms associated with deterioration of heart failure (Allida et al., 2020).

While the introduction of these best practices for elderly patients into a community setting has some distinctive challenges, they provide significant advantages. The elderly frequently experience polypharmacy, where multiple drugs are used, thereby complicating the task of medication adherence (Unlu et al., 2020). Moreover, age-related cognitive decline, a frequently occurring occurrence in older persons, can interfere with the mastery of educational materials and the application of self-management approaches (Yang et al., 2022).

Specific Goals

The following specific goals are intended to address the issues experienced by older individuals with HF in a community care setting:

1. Increase drug adherence by 80% within three months. Implement medication reminders, educate patients on the purpose of medications, and simplify prescription regimens to improve adherence.
2. Increase participation in an appropriate exercise program by 70% within two months. Collaborate with physical therapists and provide transportation to encourage older people to participate in personalized exercise regimens.
3. Increase patient education by 60% in one month: Use more straightforward materials, include family members in education sessions, and provide educational resources in preferred languages to improve good comprehension and self-management of HF.
4. Reduce hospital readmission rates by 50% in 6 months: Focus on early detection of increasing symptoms and prompt communication with healthcare providers to avoid unnecessary hospitalizations.

Physical Considerations

Physical limitations, such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and low exercise tolerance, are highly prevalent among elderly patients with heart failure. Such restrictions may prohibit everyday activities, and they could make falling more likely or increase crash skills. The care coordination plan addresses these needs through:

• Working together with physical therapists to formulate proper and safe exercise regimens aimed at increasing mobility and muscle strength.
• Assessment for devices, such as crutches and walkers that support the body’s strength and take away the risk of slipping.
• Nutritional counseling to ensure a well-balanced diet enriched in weight management that lowers cardiovascular risk factors.

Psychosocial Considerations

Social isolation and depression are recurring problems for the elderly suffering from HF (Goodlin & Gottlieb, 2023). Psychosocial factors that are concerned with the well-being of both body and mind often have a negative impact on self-care and health results. The plan addresses these needs by:

• Working on creating a social support group exclusively for individuals who have HF as one of the main objectives to foster social engagement and ward off loneliness.
• Examination of depression symptoms and placement of assistance with either referral to mental health professionals.
• Providing emotional support and taking care of the fears related to the chronic nature of HF.

Cultural Considerations

Cultural beliefs and values affecting health and illness can determine the decision to seek medical help, as well as the exact level of medication compliance in elderly patients (Kwame & Petrucka, 2021). The plan addresses these needs through:

• Patient-centered communication that is culturally sensitive and acknowledges patients’ personalities and attitudes toward their health.
• Using interpreters whenever needed to make sure that the communication is clear and the decisions are informed.
• Developing educational resources that pay attention to cultural sensitivity and do a critical job of addressing the issues of culture in relation to HF.

Available Community Resources

The establishment of a resilient network of community resources is critical in guaranteeing a seamless and efficient progression of care for elderly individuals afflicted with heart failure (HF). Through the utilization of these resources, it is possible to improve the overall well-being and quality of life of the geriatric demographic. The following community resources are essential for geriatric HF patients and are tailored to their specific needs:

• Senior Centers: These facilities function as indispensable centers for senior adults’ fitness activities, health education programs, and social interaction. Through active involvement in these programs, geriatric patients with heart failure can cultivate social bonds, partake in activities that improve health, and counteract sentiments of seclusion.
• Transportation Services: To attend healthcare appointments, join exercise programs, or obtain any of the necessary services, then transportation becomes essential for geriatric HF patients.
• Mental Health Services: The role that mental health services play in the treatment of depression and anxiety among individuals with advanced heart failure is undoubtedly pivotal (Goodlin & Gottlieb, 2023). These services are designed to alleviate the burden of depression, anxiety, and psychological health issues in general, with the objective of improving quality of life and physical health.
• Programs for Nutritional Counseling: Providing a proper kind of nutrition becomes a necessity both for cardiac failure prevention and the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors. Nutritional counseling programs initiate the process of patient education on heart-healthy routine diets and enable older persons with heart failure to make rational decisions concerning their diet, minimizing the general negative impact on the quality of life.
• Support Groups: Sharing burden is a role of peers that helps patients of geriatric heart failure to deal with difficulties of managing a chronic illness. Support groups provide a forum for fellow people to exchange private histories, receive emotional assistance, as well as to get linked to others who are grappling with the same struggles as them. The presence of this feeling of being understood and bonded has the possibility of not only amplifying coping mechanisms but also improving psychological well-being as a whole.

Through availing the community resources, the community will be able to build an environment boosting individuals’ mental and physical well-being for those with senior heart failure, and this will allow them to manage the ailment competently, which will have an impact on their overall wellness and flourishing in our local community.

Conclusion

A comprehensive strategy that incorporates the physical, social, and cultural aspects of a patient is required to improve care for the elderly with heart failure. By strategically establishing objectives and leveraging community resources, it is possible to create a series of services that guarantee a secure and empathetic progression of healthcare for the most susceptible members of our community. By means of collaborative efforts and the pursuit of culturally sensitive treatment provision, it is possible to achieve the intended result of optimizing the well-being and healthcare services of geriatric patients diagnosed with heart failure.

NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED References

Allida, S., Du, H., Xu, X., Prichard, R., Chang, S., Hickman, L. D., Davidson, P. M., & Inglis, S. C. (2020). MHealth education interventions in heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd011845.pub2

Goodlin, S. J., & Gottlieb, S. H. (2023). Social isolation and loneliness in Heart Failure. JACC: Heart Failure. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2023.01.002

Hajouli, S., & Ludhwani, D. (2022, December 23). Heart failure and ejection fraction. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553115/

Kwame, A., & Petrucka, P. M. (2021). A literature-based study of patient-centered care and communication in nurse-patient interactions: Barriers, facilitators, and the way forward. BMC Nursing, 20(158), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00684-2

Unlu, O., Levitan, E. B., Reshetnyak, E., Kneifati-Hayek, J., Diaz, I., Archambault, A., Chen, L., Hanlon, J. T., Maurer, M. S., Safford, M. M., Lachs, M. S., & Goyal, P. (2020). Polypharmacy in older adults hospitalized for heart failure. Circulation: Heart Failure, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.120.006977

Yang, M., Sun, D., Wang, Y., Yan, M., Zheng, J., & Ren, J. (2022). Cognitive impairment in heart failure: Landscape, challenges, and future directions. 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.831734

Also Read:

NHS-FPX-4060 Assessment 3 Disaster Recovery Plan

NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan Instructions

Develop a 3-4 page preliminary care coordination plan for a selected health care problem. Include physical, psychosocial, and cultural considerations for this health care problem. Identify and list available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

Introduction

The first step in any effective project is planning. This assessment provides an opportunity for you to strengthen your understanding of how to plan and negotiate the coordination of care for a particular health care problem. Include physical, psychosocial, and cultural considerations for this health care problem. Identify and list available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

NOTE: You are required to complete this assessment before Assessment 4.

Preparation for NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED

As you begin to prepare this assessment, you are encouraged to complete the Care Coordination Planning activity. Completion of this will provide useful practice, particularly for those of you who do not have care coordination experience in community settings. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment. Completing formatives is also a way to demonstrate engagement.

Scenario to use in NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED

Imagine that you are a staff nurse in a community care center. Your facility has always had a dedicated case management staff that coordinated the patient plan of care, but recently, there were budget cuts and the case management staff has been relocated to the inpatient setting. Care coordination is essential to the success of effectively managing patients in the community setting, so you have been asked by your nurse manager to take on the role of care coordination. You are a bit unsure of the process, but you know you will do a good job because, as a nurse, you are familiar with difficult tasks. As you take on this expanded role, you will need to plan effectively in addressing the specific health concerns of community residents.

To prepare for this assessment, you may wish to:

Review the assessment instructions and scoring guide to ensure that you understand the work you will be asked to complete.

Allow plenty of time to plan your chosen health care concern.

Instructions

Note: You are required to complete this assessment before Assessment 4.

Develop the Preliminary Care Coordination Plan

Complete the following:

Select one of the health concerns in the Assessment 01 Supplement: Preliminary Care Coordination Plan [PDF] Download Assessment 01 Supplement: Preliminary Care Coordination Plan [PDF]resource as the focus of your care coordination plan. In your plan, please include physical, psychosocial, and cultural needs.

Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

Document Format and Length

Your preliminary plan should be an APA scholarly paper, 3–4 pages in length.

Remember to use active voice, this means being direct and writing concisely; as opposed to passive voice, which means writing with a tendency to wordiness.

In your paper include possible community resources that can be used.

Be sure to review the scoring guide to make sure all criteria are addressed in your paper.

Study the subtle differences between basic, proficient, and distinguished.

Supporting Evidence for NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED

Cite at least two credible sources from peer-reviewed journals or professional industry publications that support your preliminary plan.

Grading Requirements for NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED

The requirements, outlined below, correspond to the grading criteria in the Preliminary Care Coordination Plan Scoring Guide, so be sure to address each point. Read the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed.

Analyze your selected health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.

Cite supporting evidence for best practices.

Consider underlying assumptions and points of uncertainty in your analysis.

Describe specific goals that should be established to address the health care problem.

Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions; contains few errors in grammar/punctuation, word choice, and spelling.

Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references, exhibiting nearly flawless adherence to APA format.

Write with a specific purpose with your patient in mind.

Adhere to scholarly and disciplinary writing standards and current APA formatting requirements.

Additional Requirements to Complete NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED

Before submitting your assessment, proofread your preliminary care coordination plan and community resources list to minimize errors that could distract readers and make it more difficult for them to focus on the substance of your plan. Be sure to submit both documents

Portfolio Prompt: Save your presentation to your ePortfolio.

Course Competencies in NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and scoring guide criteria:

Competency 1: Adapt care based on patient-centered and person-focused factors.

Analyze a health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.

Competency 2: Collaborate with patients and family to achieve desired outcomes.

Describe specific goals that should be established to address a selected health care problem.

Competency 3: Create a satisfying patient experience.

Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

Competency 6: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead patient-centered care.

Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions; contains few errors in grammar/punctuation, word choice, and spelling.

Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references, exhibiting nearly flawless adherence to APA format.

NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan Scoring Guide

Use the scoring guide to understand how your assessment will be evaluated.

Criterion 1

Analyze a health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.

Distinguished

Provides a perceptive analysis of a health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement. Provides credible evidence for best practices and articulates underlying assumptions and points of uncertainty in the analysis.

Proficient

Analyzes a health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.

Basic

Attempts to analyze a health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.

Non Performance

Does not analyze a health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.

Criterion 2

Describe specific goals that should be established to address a selected health care problem.

Distinguished

Describes specific goals that should be established to address a selected health care problem. Ensures that the goals are realistic, measurable, and attainable.

Proficient

Describes specific goals that should be established to address a selected health care problem.

Basic

Attempts to describe undefined goals that should be established to address a selected health care problem.

Non Performance

Does not describe specific goals that should be established to address a selected health care problem.

Criterion 3

Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

Distinguished

Identifies significant and available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care. Provides a comprehensive list of resources, with credible evidence of their contribution toward improving community health.

Proficient

Identifies available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

Basic

Attempts to identify available community resources.

Non Performance

Does not identify available community resources.

Criterion 4

Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions; contains few errors in grammar/punctuation, word choice, and spelling.

Distinguished

Organizes content with a clear purpose. Content flows logically with smooth transitions using coherent paragraphs, correct grammar/punctuation, word choice, and free of spelling errors.

Proficient

Organizes content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions; contains few errors in grammar/punctuation, word choice, and spelling.

Basic

Organizes content with some logical flow and smooth transitions. Contains errors in grammar/punctuation, word choice, and spelling.

Non Performance

Does not organize content for ideas. Lacks logical flow and smooth transitions.

Criterion 5

Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references, exhibiting nearly flawless adherence to APA format.

Distinguished

Exhibits strict and flawless adherence to APA formatting of headings, in-text citations, and references. Quotes and paraphrases correctly.

Proficient

Applies APA formatting to in-text citations and references, exhibiting nearly flawless adherence to APA format.

Basic

Applies APA formatting to in-text citations, headings and references incorrectly and/or inconsistently, detracting noticeably from the content. Inconsistently uses headings, quotes and/or paraphrasing.

Non Performance

Does not apply APA formatting to headings, in-text citations, and references. Does not use quotes or paraphrase correctly.

NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED Example 2

Nurses are vital to care coordinators. Patient care is holistic and requires the collaboration of various healthcare providers, nurses, patients, and their families. One of the prerequisites for accurate coordination is extensive knowledge of care coordination. The care providers then relay the information to other stakeholders and outline their care coordination roles. The care provider’s ability to manage the problems effectively determines the success of their community interactions and health. This essay analyzes care coordination concepts in pain management.

Selected Health Concern and the Associated Best Practices for Health Improvement

Pain management is an area that has many problems and ethical issues surrounding it. Pain accompanies most healthcare conditions, and the intensity, severity, and duration differ based on personal characteristics and the pain etiology. Pain management faces many issues due to tolerance and opioid addiction, affecting all health domains.

McCabe (2018) notes that physical pain can be disabling and limit daily activities, cause psychosocial pain, and affect the social interaction of individuals. Pain aggravates the management of conditions such as cancer when patients take many medications with various side effects, such as nausea and vomiting. Yet, they do not feel their therapeutic effectiveness because the pain does not cease. Thus, pain management needs to be addressed owing to the many issues associated with the problem.

Various institutions have come together to manage the issue of pain. The WHO developed the pain management ladder to assess the pain level, which outlines the management interventions for the specific pain level (McGuire & Slavin, 2020). WHO developed the ladder to manage cancer pain, but it can be used to manage all other health conditions.

Patient pain assessment tools for all populations have been developed over time. They help healthcare providers assess pain from patient reports and even from their facial expressions (Gregory, 2019). The tools have helped ensure quality care delivery. The primary assumption in pain management is that it refers to physical pain because the pain in other domains may present as other symptoms, such as fear and depression.

The prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) is a national program that was developed to manage prescription drugs. The technology helps care providers to trace prescription drugs, especially opioids and benzodiazepines (Manders & Abd-Elsayed, 2020). The care providers also use the technology to determine the include and rates of opioid addiction and enroll them in management programs. Scholars argue that the technology has helped predict and prevent opioid use addiction in patients with prolonged opioid analgesics use.

Another integral evidence-based strategy is the management algorithm supported by clinical decision support systems. Care providers assess patients to determine their needs and then manage them depending on the algorithm’s instructions. Pangarkar et al. (2020) note that various clinical pain management algorithms have been developed to help manage pain in cancer, ballistic injuries (in veterans), and other chronic diseases such as acute renal injury. Patient assessment (using current tools) is integral to their management hence the need for patient clinic visits and assessment.

Specific Goals That Should be Established to Address Pain

There are various goals when addressing the healthcare problem. The first goal is to ensure pain control and relief while taking the lowest possible medication doses. Meaningful pain control increases functional abilities and the quality of life. Adequate pain control requires care collaboration between patients and their primary care providers.

Moreover, the goal is based upon continuous assessment and therapy change for effective pain management. The second goal is medication and other interventions adherence. Poor medication adherence is associated with many factors, such as perceived effectiveness, negligence, forgetfulness, and medication side effects (Swarm et al., 2019).

The third goal is utilizing pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic pain management interventions for effective pain management. Pain management should entail corresponding and effective pain management interventions. Some duos have been found more effective than single therapies using medications or non-pharmacologic pain interventions. For example, massage can be used in musculoskeletal pain in addition to pharmacologic interventions. The two methods used together produce superior effects. Other interventions include acupuncture and yoga for back pain.

The fourth goal is the holistic care of patients. Pain management, especially chronic and severe pain, requires opioid analgesic interventions. This goal aims to ensure that pain management interventions do not affect other aspects of patient health (Cohen et al., 2020). These include addiction and dependence, and undesirable side effects. The goals will also entail social support for patients to promote their psychological welfare. Holistic care affects the effectiveness of other interventions, such as medication adherence. These goals are vital in pain management and will help ensure all interventions and efforts are in tandem with population needs.

Community Resources

Various society groups focus on patients and support them in patient management. Groups such as cancer (Cancer Care) and veteran affairs support groups (Veterans In Pain) help patients recover from the pain and painful experiences. The groups offer social support to individuals with pain and underlying medical condition. These institutions enhance care continuity at home. Most of these organizations are accessible online, and they provide online resources that help in decision-making.

Other non-profit organizations have been developed in communities to aid in pain management. Organizations such as US Pain Foundation and The Pain Community help individuals with pain conditions access medical care and effective prescriptions (Savoy, 2022). They also support them financially and emotionally to increase their utilization of pain management interventions and thus improve their quality of life. Other organizations, such as the Pelvic Pain Society, offer care specific to their target population. These organizations provide evidence-based strategies and pain management interventions to their target populations.

They provide online resources where they teach patient interventions such as addiction assessment and best prescription practices. They also offer room for social support when individuals interact and share their experiences. Community centers and parks are essential community resources, often underrated for their effectiveness in pain management and mental health stability (Savoy, 2022). Community centers increase access to other individuals, especially the elderly population, and helps these patients meet social needs.

Conclusion

Pain management is surrounded by many ethical and legal issues surrounding medications and other interventions. Nurses play a significant role in care coordination and ensuring patients receive the care they need. Care coordination also ensures care continuity in the community. Community resources such as pain management organizations and support groups are integral in meeting patients’ cultural and social needs, hence managing the holistic patient. Care coordination is a vital nurse’s role, and succeeding in the role enhances the success of care interventions.

NURS-FPX4050 Assessment 1 Preliminary Care Coordination Plan SOLVED References

Cohen, S. P., Baber, Z. B., Buvanendran, A., McLean, B. C., Chen, Y., Hooten, W. M., Laker, S. R., Wasan, A. D., Kennedy, D. J., Sandbrink, F., King, S. A., Fowler, I. M., Stojanovic, M. P., Hayek, S. M., & Phillips, C. R. (2020). Pain management best practices from multispecialty organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic and public health crises. Pain Medicine, 21(7), 1331-1346.7. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa127

Gregory, J. (2019). Use of pain scales and observational pain assessment tools in hospital settings. Nursing Standard, 34(9), 70-4. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2019.e11308

Manders, L., & Abd-Elsayed, A. (2020). Mandatory review of prescription drug monitoring programs before issuance of a controlled substance results in overall reduction of prescriptions including opioids and benzodiazepines. Pain Physician, 23(3), 299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32517396/

McCabe, M. J. (2018). Ethical issues in pain management. Ethics in Hospice Care: Challenges to Hospice Values in a Changing Health Care Environment, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315809823-4/

McGuire, L. S., & Slavin, K. (2020). Revisiting the WHO analgesic ladder for surgical management of pain. AMA Journal of Ethics, 22(8), 695-701. https://doi.org/10.1001/amajethics.2020.695

Pangarkar, S. S., Kang, D. G., Sandbrink, F., Bevevino, A., Tillisch, K., Konitzer, L., & Sall, J. (2019). VA/DoD clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(11), 2620-2629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05086-4

Savoy, M. L. (2022). Systems-Based Practice in Chronic Pain Management. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 49(3), 485-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2022.01.004

Swarm, R. A., Paice, J. A., Anghelescu, D. L., Are, M., Bruce, J. Y., Buga, S., & Gurski, L. A. (2019). Adult cancer pain, version 3.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Journal of t