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Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice

Read Chapter 25 in Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice.

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30 Safe Practices for Better Health Care

Read “30 Safe Practices for Better Health Care

NUR 590 Based on the PICOT you developed for NUR 550 Summarize the Intervention you are Proposing – Example Solution Provided

NUR 590 Topic 1 Discussion Question One

Based on the PICOT you developed for NUR-550 summarize the intervention you are proposing.

Based on the PICOT you developed for NUR-550, summarize the intervention you are proposing. How does this support the population of focus, your setting, and role? Justify how the problem you selected to investigate is amenable to a research-based intervention using the PICOT format. Include your PICOT statement with your response.

NUR 590 Based on the PICOT you developed for NUR 550 Summarize the Intervention you are Proposing Sample Answer

Alzheimer’s patients were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 (Azarpazhooh, 2020; Wang, 2021). While there is a biologic/genetic component to the mortality rates (Wang et al., 2020), it is unknown whether the quarantine induced social isolation contributed to mortality rates. Since COVID-19 vaccines have high efficacy (CDC, 2021) and have increased the safety of the elderly in community settings, it has become more common for facilities to allow Alzheimer’s family member act as a caregiver and advocate.

The importance of family/friends to Alzheimer’s patients can not be denied. During the initial COVID-19 lock-downs of community settings and long-term care, dementia patients neuropsychiatric symptoms and confusion increased due to the dramatic change and loss of their loved ones (Boutoleau-Bretonnière,2020). Therefore, during the pandemic, caregivers were eventually allowed into the facilities for compassionate visitation.

The question facing the community as it faces future pandemics and lock-downs, is how to keep the Alzheimer’s patients safe without the dramatic social isolation from their family caregivers. Therefore, like paid caregivers and medical staff, family caregivers should receive basic infection control training.

The PICOT is defined by:

Will educating Alzheimer’s’ caregivers in disease transmission control help reduce community acquired infections in Alzheimer’s patients living in community settings (i.e., long term care or assisted living) over a 3-month period?

Population: Alzheimer’s patients

Intervention: disease transmission education

Comparison: education complete versus not

Outcome: reduce community acquired infections (i.e. COVID-19, pneumonia, etc.)

Time period: 3 months

By educating family caregivers, it adds to the resources of the community settings. In the case of long-term care, the patient receives better care from their family member with staff support and reduces demands on staff time. This reduces staff stress and caseload while increasing the availability of staff to other patients.

References

• Azarpazhooh, M. R., Amiri, A., Morovatdar, N., Steinwender, S., Rezaei Ardani, A., Yassi, N., Biller, J., Stranges, S., Tokazebani Belasi, M., Neya, S. K., Khorram, B., Sheikh Andalibi, M. S., Arsang-Jang, S., Mokhber, N., & Di Napoli, M. (2020). Correlations between COVID-19 and burden of dementia: An ecological study and review of literature. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 416, 117013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117013
• Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C., Pouclet-Courtemanche, H., Gillet, A., Bernard, A., Deruet, A., Gouraud, I., Mazoue, A., Lamy, E., Rocher, L., Kapogiannis, D., El Haj, M. (2020). The effects of confinement on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease during the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 76(1):41-47. doi: https://10.3233/JAD-200604. PMID: 32568211.
• Wang Q., Davis P., Gurney M., Xu, R. (2021) COVID?19 and dementia: Analyses of risk, disparity, and outcomes from electronic health records in the US. Alzheimer’s Dementia, 2021, 1– 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12296

NUR 590 Based on the PICOT you developed for NUR 550 Summarize the Intervention you are Proposing Example 2

Obesity is a growing health issue in the United States that can contribute negative outcomes with to other health conditions. It is seen as primary precursor to unhealthy outcomes and conditions as well as a major risk factor to chronic conditions.

Reducing obesity within populations can be an important intervention in increasing the overall health quality and increase preventative efforts. These efforts would include nutrition changes, weight loss programs, and physical activity programs (Pascual et al., 2019).

Based on this, my PICOT includes providing information and education about nutritious diets that would aim to reduce body mass index and produce a decrease in obesity rates. My formulated PICOT is as follows: In obese adults (P), does an education of nutrient dense diets (I) compared to individuals with no provided education (C) achieve a decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) (O) within three months (T)?

Research based interventions is important in my role as an advanced registered nurse. Increasing the quality of health and wellness in the population is part of the obligation advanced nurses have to the public or populations. In the case of obesity, interventions to decrease obesity rates could lead to better health outcomes, prevention or treatment of chronic conditions and public health maintenance all of which can be advocated through advanced nurses (Al-Nimr, et al., 2020).

References:

• Pascual, R. W., Phelan, S., La Frano, M. R., Pilolla, K. D., Griffiths, Z., & Foster, G. D. (2019). Diet Quality and Micronutrient Intake among Long-Term Weight Loss Maintainers. Nutrients, 11(12), 3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11123046
• Al-Nimr, R. I., Wright, K. C. S., Aquila, C. L., Petersen, C. L., Gooding, T. L., & Batsis, J. A. (2020). Intensive nutrition counseling as part of a multi-component weight loss intervention improves diet quality and anthropometrics in older adults with obesity. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 40, 293–299. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.002

Also Read:

GCU NUR 590 Topic 6: Evaluating Practice Change

Summarize the Intervention you are Proposing Responses

Hi Abe,

You have an interesting research here. Obesity is an increasing, global public health issue, so it makes sense that you are researching for ways to curb the epidemic. Patients with obesity are at major risk for developing a range of comorbid conditions, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastrointestinal disorders, type 2 diabetes (T2D), joint and muscular disorders, respiratory problems, and psychological issues, which may significantly affect their daily lives as well as increasing mortality risks.

A relatively small and simple reduction in weight, for example, of around 5%, can improve patient outcomes and may act as a catalyst for further change, with sustainable weight loss achieved through a series of incremental weight loss steps (Fruh, 2017).

Reference

• Fruh, S. M. (2017). Obesity: Risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(S1), S3–S14. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12510

Hello Reyes,

Obesity is a critical health concern in the United States, especially affecting the minority populations. It is considered one of the greatest risk factors for many chronic illnesses including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (Schetz et al., 2019). Management of this condition does not only prevent an individual from contracting the long-term diseases but also improves quality of life.

Your choice of intervention provides the basis for a research that provides a comparative view between compliance and non-compliance to the lifestyle standards. Educating patients on nutritional guidelines and weight loss programs are essential considerations for decreasing the Body Mass Index (BMI), which in return reduces the risks for developing the chronic health conditions.

As you have stated, advanced practice nurses are obligated to improve population health through the adoption of research-based intervention. Your proposed intervention creates an opportunity for using evidence to address obesity from a population-based setting.

Reference

• Schetz, M., De Jong, A., Deane, A. M., Druml, W., Hemelaar, P., Pelosi, P., … & Jaber, S. (2019). Obesity in the critically ill: a narrative review. Intensive care medicine, 45(6), 757-769.

Topic 1 DQ 2

Explain the importance of a “spirit of inquiry” in an evidence-based culture and what you can do as an advanced registered nurse to encourage this within your practice or organization. In response to your peers, compare the role and implementation of EBP in your specialty area with another advanced registered nurse specialty.

NUR-550 Literature Review – Resubmission Instructions

Submit your literature review from NUR-550 for your NUR-590 instructor to review. If your NUR-550 instructor indicated areas for revision be sure to incorporate these improvements prior to submitting your paper for this assignment.

You will use the revised literature review for your final written paper in Topic, 8 detailing your evidence-based practice project proposal.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

Resources

Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice

Read Chapters 1 and 2 in Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice.

View Resource

Evidence Based Medicine Toolkit

Explore the “Evidence Based Medicine Toolkit,” by Buckingham, Fisher, and Saunders (2012), located on the University of Alberta website

… Read More

http://www.ebm.med.ualberta.ca/

Striving for Evidence-Based Practice Innovations Through a Hybrid Model Journal Club: A Pilot Study

Read “Striving for Evidence-Based Practice Innovations Through a Hybrid Model Journal Club: A Pilot Study,” by Wilson, Ice, Nakas

… Read More

http://www.sciencedirect.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0260691715000817

Evidence-Based Practice Tutorial

Read the Evidence-Based Practice tutorial, located on the Duke University website.

http://guides.mclibrary.duke.edu/c.php?g=158201&p=1036002

Centre for Evidence Based Medicine: Resources

Explore the Resources page of the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) website.

http://www.cebm.net/category/ebm-resources/

Evidence Based Medicine

Explore the Evidence Based Medicine page of the University of Illinois Library of the Health Sciences website. Use this website as a reso

… Read More

http://researchguides.uic.edu/ebm

Centre for Evidence Based Medicine: About Us

Read “About Us” page of the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) website.

http://www.cebm.net/about

Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare : A Guide to Best Practice

Read Chapters 1-3 in Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice.

View Resource

Implementation Science and Nursing Leadership: Improving the Adoption and Sustainability of Evidence-Based Practice

Read “Implementation Science and Nursing Leadership: Improving the Adoption and Sustainability of Evidence-Based Practice,” by Ne

… Read More

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://ovidsp.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00005110-202105000-00003&LSLINK=80&D=ovft

A Leader’s Guide to Implementing Evidence-Based Practice: Lead the Way to Healthcare Quality and Safety

Read “A Leader’s Guide to Implementing Evidence-Based Practice: Lead the Way to Healthcare Quality and Safety,” by Tucker and Mel

… Read More

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A616904277/AONE?u=canyonuniv&sid=AONE&xid=f2d66c7c

Evaluation of a Nurse Practitioner-Led Project to Improve Communication and Collaboration in the Acute Care Setting

Read “Evaluation of a Nurse Practitioner-Led Project to Improve Communication and Collaboration in the Acute Care Setting,” by Au

… Read More

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://ovidsp.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=ovft&AN=01741002-900000000-99523&PDF=y

NUR-550 Literature Review – Resubmission

Submit your literature review from NUR-550 for your NUR-590 instructor to review. If your NUR-550 instructor indicated areas for revision be sure to incorporate these improvements prior to submitting your paper for this assignment.

You will use the revised literature review for your final written paper in Topic, 8 detailing your evidence-based practice project proposal.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

Resources

Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice

Read Chapters 1 and 2 in Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice.

Evidence-Based Medicine Toolkit

Explore the “Evidence-Based Medicine Toolkit,” by Buckingham, Fisher, and Saunders (2012), located on the University of Alberta website … http://www.ebm.med.ualberta.ca/

Striving for Evidence-Based Practice Innovations Through a Hybrid Model Journal Club: A Pilot Study

Read “Striving for Evidence-Based Practice Innovations Through a Hybrid Model Journal Club: A Pilot Study,” by Wilson, Ice, Nakas … http://www.sciencedirect.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0260691715000817

Evidence-Based Practice Tutorial

Read the Evidence-Based Practice tutorial, located on the Duke University website.

http://guides.mclibrary.duke.edu/c.php?g=158201&p=1036002

Centre for Evidence Based Medicine: Resources

Explore the Resources page of the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) website.

http://www.cebm.net/category/ebm-resources/

Evidence Based Medicine

Explore the Evidence Based Medicine page of the University of Illinois Library of the Health Sciences website. Use this website as a resource http://researchguides.uic.edu/ebm

Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine: About Us

Read “About Us” page of the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) website.

http://www.cebm.net/about

Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare : A Guide to Best Practice

Read Chapters 1-3 in Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice.

Implementation Science and Nursing Leadership: Improving the Adoption and Sustainability of Evidence-Based Practice

Read “Implementation Science and Nursing Leadership: Improving the Adoption and Sustainability of Evidence-Based Practice,” 

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://ovidsp.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00005110-202105000-00003&LSLINK=80&D=ovft

A Leader’s Guide to Implementing Evidence-Based Practice: Lead the Way to Healthcare Quality and Safety

Read “A Leader’s Guide to Implementing Evidence-Based Practice: Lead the Way to Healthcare Quality and Safety,” by Tucker and Mel https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A616904277/AONE?u=canyonuniv&sid=AONE&xid=f2d66c7c

Evaluation of a Nurse Practitioner-Led Project to Improve Communication and Collaboration in the Acute Care Setting

Read “Evaluation of a Nurse Practitioner-Led Project to Improve Communication and Collaboration in the Acute Care Setting,” 

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://ovidsp.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=ovft&AN=01741002-900000000-99523&PDF=y

NUR 590 Topic 2: Making the Case for Evidence-Based Practice

Objectives:

1. Describe effective strategies to create an evidence-based practice culture within a healthcare setting.
2. Identify stakeholders needed for the evidence-based practice project.
3. Assess organizational readiness for the evidence-based practice project.

Topic 2 DQ 1

Compare two organizational readiness tools. Identify the tool you selected and explain why it is most appropriate for assessing your organization.

Topic 2 DQ 2

Do you foresee any issues with the proposed implementation of your project? Identify a strategy to help create or sustain a higher level of readiness to change with your organization and discuss how current research or literature will be used to ensure that change is based on current evidence.

Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal: Organizational Culture and Readiness

In order to successfully implement a change within an organization, the change agent must assess the organization’s culture and readiness for change. In 750-1,000 words, analyze the culture and level of readiness of the organization for which your evidence-based practice project is proposed. You will use the assessment of the organization’s culture and readiness in the Topic 8 assignment, during which you will synthesize the various aspects of your project into a final paper detailing your evidence-based practice project proposal. 

Include the following:

1. Describe the organization’s culture and explain to what degree the culture supports change. Consider organizational and leadership structure, mission and values, interprofessional collaboration/team engagement, communication, perception of the organization by employees, etc.
2. Select an organizational readiness tool and assess the level or readiness for change within your organization. Identify the readiness tool and summarize the survey results. Discuss the degree to which the culture will support and sustain an evidence-based practice change. Consider strengths and weaknesses, potential barriers, stakeholder support, timing of the proposal, and resources. Provide rationale.
3. Discuss what healthcare process and systems you would recommend for improving quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness for the organization.
4. Propose strategies to better facilitate the readiness of the organization.
5. Identify the stakeholders and team members for the project. Include what their duties will be in the evidence-based practice project proposal.
6. Explain what information and communication technologies are needed for the implementation and how they will be integrated into the setting by the internal stakeholders. Explain how these will help improve nursing practice and care delivery for individuals and populations for your intervention.

Refer to the “Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal – Assignment Overview” document for an overview of the evidence-based practice project proposal assignments.

You are required to cite a minimum four peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

Complete the “APA Writing Checklist” to ensure that your paper adheres to APA style and formatting criteria and general guidelines for academic writing. Include the completed checklist as an appendix at the end of your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Benchmark Information

This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competencies:

MBA-MSN; MSN-Nursing Education; MSN Acute Care Nurse Practitioner-Adult-Gerontology; MSN Family Nurse Practitioner; MSN-Health Informatics; MSN-Health Care Quality and Patient Safety; MSN-Leadership in Health Care Systems; MSN-Public Health Nursing

3.1:  Assess healthcare processes and systems to recommend measures for improving quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness across an organization.

3.3:  Integrate appropriate information and communication technologies to improve nursing practice and care delivery for individuals and populations.

Resources

Supporting the Uptake of Nursing Guidelines: What You Really Need to Know to Move Nursing Guidelines Into Practice

Read “Supporting the Uptake of Nursing Guidelines: What You Really Need to Know to Move Nursing Guidelines Into Practice,” by Mat

… Read More

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=104283177&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profile=ehost

Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare : A Guide to Best Practice

Read Chapters 15 and 18 in Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice.

View Resource

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Explore the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) website.

http://www.ahrq.gov/

Aligning Organizational Culture and Infrastructure to Support Evidence-Based Practice

Read “Aligning Organizational Culture and Infrastructure to Support Evidence-Based Practice,” by Ost, Blalock, Fagan, Sweeney, an

… Read More

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JBI EBP Resources

Use the JBI EBP Resources to search for EBP resources related to your project.

https://jbi.global/ebp

Organizational Readiness Tools for Global Health Intervention: A Review

Read “Organizational Readiness Tools for Global Health Intervention: A Review,” by Dearing, from Frontiers in Public Health</

… Read More

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840160/

The Checklist: Recognize Limits, but Harness Its Power

Read “The Checklist: Recognize Limits, but Harness Its Power,” by Grif Alspach, from Critical Care Nurse (2017).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=125112053&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Cochrane Library

Explore the Cochrane Library website.

http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/view/0/index.html

A Multisite Health System Survey to Assess Organizational Context to Support Evidence-Based Nursing

Read “A Multisite Health System Survey to Assess Organizational Context to Support Evidence-Based Nursing,” by Pitmann et al., fr

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Advanced Practice Nursing: Essential Knowledge for the Profession

Read Chapters 23 and 24 in Advanced Practice Nursing: Essential Knowledge for the Profession.

View Resource

Readiness Assessment

Read “Readiness Assessment” (2015), located on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) website.

https://www.ahrq.gov/teamstepps/readiness/index.html

Cultivate a Culture of Excellence at the Point of Care

Read “Cultivate a Culture of Excellence at the Point of Care,” by Medeiros, from Nursing Management (2020).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://ovidsp.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00006247-202005000-00002&LSLINK=80&D=ovft

The Cochrane Collaboration

Explore the Cochrane Collaboration website.

http://www.cochrane.org/

6 Steps for Transforming Organizational EBP Culture

Read “6 Steps for Transforming Organizational EBP Culture,” by Ogiehor-Enoma, Taqueban, and Anosike, from Nursing Management<

… Read More

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://gateway.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00006247-201005000-00004&LSLINK=80&D=ovft

NUR 590 Topic 3: Theoretical Framework and Models for Change

Objectives:

1. Apply a change model or framework to the evidence-based practice project proposal.
2. Describe the relationship between bias and a framework or model.

Topic 3 DQ 1

Discuss the significance of frameworks or models in guiding research or evidence-based practice projects. How can choosing an incorrect framework or model create bias in research?

Topic 3 DQ 2

Review the different models and frameworks that can be used to facilitate change. Compare two and explain which is best for your evidence-based practice proposal and why. Provide rationale.

Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Proposal Project: Framework or Model for Change

Applying a model or framework for change ensures that a process is in place to guide the efforts for change. In 500-750 words, discuss the model or framework you will use to implement your evidence-based practice proposal project. You will use the model or framework you select in the Topic 8 assignment, during which you will synthesize the various aspects of your project into a final paper detailing your evidence-based practice project proposal.

Include the following:

1. Identify the selected model or framework for change and discuss its relevance to your project.
2. Discuss each of the stages in the change model/framework.
3. Describe how you would apply each stage of the model or theoretical framework in your proposed implementation.
4. Create a concept map for the conceptual model or framework you selected to illustrate how it will be applied to your project. Attach this as an appendix at the end of your paper.

Refer to the “Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal – Assignment Overview” document for an overview of the evidence-based practice project proposal assignments.

You are required to cite a minimum of four peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

Complete the “APA Writing Checklist” to ensure that your paper adheres to APA style and formatting criteria and general guidelines for academic writing. Include the completed checklist as an appendix at the end of your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Benchmark Information

This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competencies:

MBA-MSN; MSN-Nursing Education; MSN Acute Care Nurse Practitioner-Adult-Gerontology; MSN Family Nurse Practitioner; MSN-Health Informatics; MSN-Health Care Quality and Patient Safety; MSN-Leadership in Health Care Systems; MSN-Public Health Nursing

1.2 Apply theoretical frameworks from nursing and other disciplines to make decisions regarding practice and health-related problems at the individual and population level.

Resources

Advanced Practice Nursing: Essential Knowledge for the Profession

Read Chapter 6 in Advanced Practice Nursing: Essential Knowledge for the Profession.

View Resource

Evidence Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence

Read “Evidence Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence,” by the University of Illinois/Chicago’s Library of the Health Sciences at Peo

… Read More

http://researchguides.uic.edu/content.php?pid=232200&sid=1921074

A Test of the ARCC Model Improves Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice, Healthcare Culture, and Patient Outcomes

Read “A Test of the ARCC Model Improves Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice, Healthcare Culture, and Patient Outcomes,” by 

… Read More

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=121082056&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profile=ehost

Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice: Revisions and Validation

Read “Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice: Revisions and Validation,” by Buckwalter et al., from Worldviews on Evidence-Bas

… Read More

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=123692132&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profile=ehost

Use of Evidence-Based Practice Models and Research Findings in Magnet-Designed Hospital

2: Less Than Satisfactory

4 points

Number of required sources is only partially met.

1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Sources are not included.

Thesis Development and Purpose

7 points

Criteria Description

Thesis Development and Purpose

5: Excellent

7 points

Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

4: Good

6.44 points

Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.

3: Satisfactory

6.16 points

Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.

2: Less Than Satisfactory

5.6 points

Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.

1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

Argument Logic and Construction

8 points

Criteria Description

Argument Logic and Construction

5: Excellent

8 points

Argument is orderly but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically

NUR 590 Benchmark Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal Final Paper: Organizational Culture and Readiness Example Solution Approach Included

NUR 590 Benchmark Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal Final Paper: : Organizational Culture and Readiness Assessment Description

For one to successfully execute organizational change within their workplace, the change agent must assess the organization’s culture and readiness for change. In 750-1,000 words, analyze the culture and level of readiness of the organization for which your evidence-based practice project is proposed. You will use the assessment of the organization’s culture and readiness in the Topic 8 assignment, during which you will synthesize the various aspects of your project into a final paper detailing your evidence-based practice project proposal.

Include the following:

1. Describe the organization’s culture and explain to what degree the culture supports change. Consider organizational and leadership structure, mission and values, interprofessional collaboration/team engagement, communication, perception of the organization by employees, etc.
2. Select an organizational readiness tool and assess the level or readiness for change within your organization. Identify the readiness tool and summarize the survey results. Discuss the degree to which the culture will support and sustain an evidence-based practice change. Consider strengths and weaknesses, potential barriers, stakeholder support, timing of the proposal, and resources. Provide rationale.
3. Discuss what health care process and systems you would recommend for improving quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness for the organization.
4. Propose strategies to better facilitate the readiness of the organization.
5. Identify the stakeholders and team members for the project. Include what their duties will be in the evidence-based practice project proposal.
6. Explain what information and communication technologies are needed for the implementation and how they will be integrated in the setting by the internal stakeholders. Explain how these will help improve nursing practice and care delivery for individuals and populations for your intervention.

Refer to the “Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal – Assignment Overview” document for an overview of the evidence-based practice project proposal assignments.

You are required to cite a minimum four peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

Complete the “APA Writing Checklist” to ensure that your paper adheres to APA style and formatting criteria and general guidelines for academic writing. Include the completed checklist as an appendix at the end of your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

NUR 590 Benchmark Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal Final Paper Resources

Cultivate a Culture of Excellence at the Point of Care

• Read “Cultivate a Culture of Excellence at the Point of Care,” by Medeiros, from Nursing Management (2020). https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login url=http://ovidsp.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00006247-202005000-00002&LSLINK=80&D=ovft

Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare : A Guide to Best Practice

• Read Chapters 15 and 18 in Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice.

View Resource

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

• Explore the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) website. http://www.ahrq.gov/

A Multisite Health System Survey to Assess Organizational Context to Support Evidence-Based Nursing

• Read “A Multisite Health System Survey to Assess Organizational Context to Support Evidence-Based Nursing,” by Pitmann et al., fr https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=137966882&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profile=ehost

Also Read:

GCU NUR 590 Topic 1: Evidence-Based Practice Paper

GCU NUR 590 Topic 2: Making the Case for Evidence-Based Practice

Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal Final Paper Example

Problem Statement

In recent years, insertion of a central line has been a common procedure for both outpatient and inpatient settings. The central lines are used for renal replacement therapy, administration of medication, monitoring of hemodynamic state, and nutritional support, among others (Huybrechts et al., 2021). Likewise, patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are in critical condition and require central lines for the aforementioned purposes. Therefore, central line insertion is a common procedure for ICU patients, and a correct insertion procedure must be adhered to.

Unfortunately, the central lines act as a passage of infective agents, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These infections are termed central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). This is attributed to either wrong insertion procedures, poor maintenance of catheters, and failure to monitor the central lines. Once an infective agent accesses the body, it spreads through the bloodstream to cause severe systemic infection. CLABSI leads to an increased hospital stay that increases the cost of care, resulting in reduced patient outcomes.

Notably, up to 41000 new CLABSI infections are reported in the United States, with an estimated annual expenditure of 2.68 billion dollars (Huybrechts et al., 2021).  Furthermore, despite the achievement in treating CLABSI with antibiotics, there has been a recent increase in antibiotic resistance. As a result, most healthcare institutions focus on preventive measures to reduce the rate of CLABSI and improve patient outcomes.

The proposed preventive measures include; aseptic insertion of a central catheter; proper maintenance by either dressing, cleaning, or bathing; appropriate hand hygiene, and removal of unnecessary catheters when not in use (Karagiannidou et al., 2019). Chlorhexidine has been used for bathing the central line leading to a reduced CLABSI rate. Most healthcare providers understand the importance of chlorohexidine; however, few adhere to the guidelines.

Therefore, this evidence-based proposal will discuss the effectiveness of chlorhexidine compared to normal saline in reducing the rates of CLABSI. The project aims at increasing knowledge among healthcare providers to adhere to daily bathing of central line with chlorohexidine. The PICOT question is:  In patients admitted to ICU with a central line catheter (P), how does the use of chlorhexidine (I) compared with flushing the central line using normal saline (C) lead to the reduced central line-associated bloodstream infection (O) over six months (T)?

Literature Review

CLABSI is defined as any infection that develops within 48 hours of central line insertion or after catheter removal and cannot be related to other factors apart from the central line. It is the most common form of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) among patients admitted to the ICU. According to Haddadin et al. (2022), the annual incidence of CLABSI in the US is above 41000 cases, estimated as 0.8% per 1000 central line days. The same author states that the global incidence is estimated at 3.73% per 1000 central line days.

The increasing incidences lead to an increased hospital stay, reduced quality of life, increased mortality and morbidity, and increased cost of care. The estimated annual cost of care due to CLABSI has recently increased from 670 million dollars to 2.68 billion dollars (Karagiannidou et al., 2019). The increased expenditure strains the healthcare budget with an increased cost of care. However, untreated cases lead to mortality and morbidity. The global mortality rate is estimated at 12-25% (Payne et al., 2018). This rate is expected to rise if preventive measures are not adhered to.

Several microorganisms are known causes of CLABSI. They range from bacteria, viruses and fungi, with the commonest cause being bacteria. Staphylococci, including Staphylococci aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, are the leading causes of CLABSI. Enterococci, aerobic gram-negative bacilli, and yeast follow in that order (Haddadin et al., 2022). Notably, infections of the hemodialysis catheter are caused disproportionately by staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, infections among patients with cancer are caused mainly by gram-negative bacilli. Yeast and gram-negative bacilli are common in femoral veins catheters, while candida infections are common in central lines for parenteral nutrition.  

Various risk factors exist that increase the likelihood of a certain population to develop CLABSI, unlike others. These factors are related to either patient, healthcare providers, and catheter-related.  CLABSI rate is increased among patients who are either immunocompromised, those with severe illness, granulocytopenia, or those with existing distant infections (Zerr et al.2020). Likewise, failure to adhere to aseptic procedures during central line insertion and catheter maintenance while in place increases the risks of disease.

In addition, failure to monitor catheters and prolonged use of central line catheters increase the risk of infection. Furthermore, the site of the central line also determines the risk of infection. The rate of infection increases in the following sites in descending manner; femoral catheters more than the internal jugular vein and lowest in the subclavian vein catheters. Preventive measures are required to reduce the rate of CLABSI while eliminating risks.

Prevention of CLABSI requires the use of evidence-based practice (EBP). These practices have been used in various settings with a resultant decrease in the CLABSI rate. According to Urbancic et al. (2018), these measures include correct insertion practice, good maintenance, and monitoring for the need for a catheter. When inserting a catheter, aseptic techniques should be used. This requires insertion by trained personnel, adhering to hand hygiene, preparation of insertion site skin with 0.5% chlorhexidine, and using sterile barrier precautions during insertion.

Maintenance of the central line requires bathing and dressing of the central line, preferably with Chlorhexidine, to reduce infection rate and educate both patients, healthcare providers, and relatives about the importance of daily bathing and the technique of bathing. Finally, monitoring of the central line should be done by healthcare providers.

The caregivers should assess the need for central lines in every patient and promptly remove those not needed by the patients. Consequently, prolonged stay of the central line increases the likelihood of new CLABSI. None of the preventive measures of CLABSI is superior to either. However, the use of chlorhexidine has been used by various centers with a positive result achieved.

Chlorhexidine gluconate is a disinfectant and antiseptic agent with bactericidal properties against antimicrobial agents, including aerobic and anaerobic agents. When applied to the skin, Chlorhexidine prevents skin colonization with germs and disease-causing microorganisms, reducing the infection rate (Payne et al., 2018). It is effective against broad-spectrum bacterium and has a fast onset of action after application. Notably, various studies have been done in multiple settings to assess the effectiveness of chlorhexidine in preventing CLABSI.

Several authors and researchers have done studies involving the use of Chlorhexidine to support its effectiveness and citing reasons why it should be used in clinical practice. To begin with, a study was done by Reynolds et al. (2021) that sought to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing the practice of daily bathing with chlorohexidine in combination with a multifaceted program to reduce CLABSI. A qualitative-clustered randomized study was done.

The involved nurses were given training regarding the proper technique of bathing central lines with chlorohexidine, and they were encouraged to adhere to daily bathing. The champion nurses then observed nurses as they bathed central lines. Findings from the study indicated a 24% reduction in the CLABSI rate among patients bathed daily. Likewise, another study conducted by Urbancic et al. (2018) in the Australian tertiary ICU showed a decrease in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and minimal CLABSI reduction.

Yet, in another study by Zerr et al. (2020), participants were grouped into cases and controls among pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The cases or study groups received daily bathing with Chlorhexidine, unlike the controls who were not bathed. Blood cultures were collected from the groups, and results were compared. The findings revealed an increased rate of CLABSI among the controls compared to the study group.

Similarly, Giri et al. (2021) did another study at Duke University medical center. They aimed at ascertaining the relevance of using chlorohexidine for allogeneic transplant patients. The results showed a decrease in CLABSI rate among the study group by 15.6%. These two studies are relevant in ensuring adherence to daily bathing is mandatory (Giri et al., 2021).  

Furthermore, in a prospective crossover study by Lowe et al. (2017), the researchers aimed at comparing the effectiveness between soap and chlorohexidine in reducing CLABSI. While the study group received daily bathing with chlorhexidine, the controls were bathed with non-medicated water and soap. After eight months of follow-up of the patients and comparison of laboratory culture, the study group had a 55% reduction in the rate of CLABSI. On the other hand, the control group had a reduced rate of 36%.

The reduced CLABSI leads to improved patient outcomes and a reduction in the cost of care. Nonetheless, it is estimated that effective preventive measures can save healthcare from losses. For instance, according to Reagan et al. (2019), proper use of chlorohexidine to bathe the central line leads to reduced HAI with resultant decreased cost of care. The same study revealed that up to $815,301 was saved. Therefore, reduction of the healthcare burden requires proper use of preventive measures.

Organizational Culture and Readiness.

Assessment of the organizational culture and readiness is an essential element before implementing a project. Organizational readiness assesses the commitment and the willingness of members of an organization to accept and implement change within an organization. In centers where the readiness is high, the implementation of the project will also be possible. This is because members will be ready to use their resources, committing to ensure that change is achieved. In addition, members will likely cooperate, initiate change, and exert persistence resulting in effective implementation of the evidence-based project (EBP). Therefore, before implementing this project, I assessed Houston`s Methodist culture and readiness.

Like other best healthcare providers in the US and globally, Houston Methodist has a culture of incorporating EBP into the care of patients while improving interdisciplinary collaboration. The administration hires and retains healthcare providers with advanced skills and knowledge to provide cost-effective care while improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, improved interprofessional collaboration through enhanced communication and consultation improves patient care. Therefore, guided by the advanced culture and eagerness to improve, there is a need for periodic knowledge advancement regarding current issues and coming up with better strategies to enhance care while improving patient satisfaction.

In addition, the leadership of the facility is also commendable. Decentralized leadership of the organization involves employers in daily activities to ensure that patients receive the best care. As a result, Staff members are involved in various researches to come up with new innovative techniques that improve patient care. According to Puchalski Ritchie & Straus (2019), leadership that appreciates the contribution of other employers is likely to succeed because every member will be dedicated with improved satisfaction and are likely to offer positive contributions.  Furthermore, the organization is guided by Christian principles and teachings that emphasize protecting human life. This culture encourages members to provide quality care while improving patient outcomes and their quality of life.

Apart from good leadership, the organization is guided by its mission, values, and beliefs. The organization’s mission states its commitment to provide high-quality, cost-effective health care that delivers the best value to the people they serve in a spiritual environment of caring in association with internationally recognized teaching and research. Best value and quality care can be achieved by implementing evidence-based practice (EBP). EBP aims at improving clinical decision-making while ensuring that best practice is provided to patients.  Guided by the mission, the organization is likely to accept the implementation of an EBP process that improves patient care, improves the quality of care, enhances the patients` experience, reduces the burden of care through cost reduction, and reduces mortality rate.

The beliefs of Houston Methodist are grounded on Christian teachings as guided by the Texas Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church. It strives to provide quality healthcare services. The organization believes that God provides life and can heal humans through the actions, lives, and words of others. As a result, everyone is considered sacred and should be treated with utmost care and love. This belief makes it relevant to implement an EBP that will improve the quality of care.

In addition, the organizational values also dictate its commitment to quality care. The guiding values include integrity, compassion, accountability, respect, and excellence. The organization strives for excellence by incorporating EBP and retaining highly skilled healthcare providers who provide the best care with integrity and compassion. Furthermore, interprofessional collaboration enhances the quality of care through improved communication. The use of the TeamSTEPPS assessment tool further affirmed the findings of the organizational culture ad readiness for change.

Team Strategy and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) is a proven tool for assessing the level of organizational readiness for change. The tool assesses both the weaknesses and strengths of an organization while determining the skills, attitude, and knowledge towards change (Payne et al., 2018). Using the tool, it is possible to evaluate various parameters, including identified need, readiness about time, resources, and personnel, as well as change sustainability through review and measurement.

Measuring motivation and willingness to embrace change are also part of organizational preparedness. According to the evaluation instrument, Houston Methodist is ready to undertake change thanks to well-organized leadership and a strong organizational culture shaped by the mission, beliefs, and values. Furthermore, the company has a high level of team spirit, mutual support, and information flow, all of which contribute to change preparedness and change implementation.

Furthermore, Houston Methodist has various strengths, including but not limited to the following: encouraging and supporting research, innovation, improved interpersonal teamwork, resource availability, effective leadership, a strong stakeholder relationship, and skilled specialists dedicated to providing personalized patient-centered care. Most of the experienced people in the organization will be part of the stakeholders for this project.

Stakeholders will be required to take an active part in ensuring that the healthcare providers well understand the project to enhance its implementation. Knowledge will be guided towards training other nurses and encouraging them to adhere to bathe central lines with chlorohexidine. Stakeholders will include senior nurses in the ICU, nurse managers, informaticians, and physicians. Senior nurses will form part of champion nurses who will actively educate others through active demonstrations and videos about effective bathing procedures for central lines.

The correct bathing procedure requires observing hand hygiene and using a washcloth infused with chlorohexidine. They will also monitor the nurses as they take part in bathing patients. On the other hand, physicians will be involved in demonstrating the correct insertion technique for central lines while enlightening about symptoms of infections. The earliest sign of CLABSI is temperature abnormalities, either high or low. Finally, nursing informatics will monitor new incidences of infection and report data on the same.

Change Model or Frameworks

Implementation of EBP requires the adoption of an appropriate change model or framework. These frameworks or models will help quickly incorporate various research findings into an EBP to improve healthcare delivery and decision-making (van der Steen et al., 2019). Furthermore, the change model will guide the decision regarding data analysis, interpretation, and research perception. As a result, an appropriate change model must be chosen to ensure the project’s success.

Adopting the wrong model may hinder the implementation of an EBP and increase error incidences. These errors develop due to skewing in the proposed process while deviating to processes aided by personal interests (van der Steen et al., 2019). These interests cause bias. Bias can either be confounding, information-related, or selection bias. Furthermore, bias will likely cause errors that may impair the achievement of the research objectives. Therefore, various models exist, as discussed hereafter.

Various models were listed for consideration in this project to enhance the implementation of the EBP. They include the John Hopkins nursing EBP model, Lowa Model for EBP to promote quality care, advancing research and clinical practice through the close collaboration model (ARCC), and the promoting action on research implementation in health services (PARIHS) framework (Huybrechts et al., 2021). These models have been tried in various settings resulting in remarkable results. However, for this project, the ARCC model was chosen.

The ARCC model adopts the use of mentors to help implement the EBP project in a step-wise manner. Mentors are chosen from the existing team members. However, they are provided with further roles making them superior. Furthermore, they are directly involved with the organization’s daily activities and occasionally communicate with other members regarding the EBP project. They also improve organizational belief towards an EBP aided by the amount of knowledge and skills they depict during the implementation process.

Notably, previous trials using the model resulted in improved patient outcomes and job satisfaction due to reduced burnout. Similarly, I aspire to improve patient outcomes while advancing the quality of care and reducing the rates of CLABSI through bathing central lines with chlorohexidine. In addition, I believe that integrating nurse mentors will positively influence the other nurses to adopt the proposed practice. However, there is a need to adhere to all steps of the model to achieve positive outcomes.

The ARCC model has five major steps that describe the stepwise implementation process. These steps include; assessment of organizational culture and readiness; identification of barriers and strengths; identification and development of EBP mentors; implementation of the EBP, and outcomes evaluation (Huybrechts et al., 2021). Following these steps leads to the project’s success and improves healthcare services.

To begin with, assessment of the organizational culture and readiness is a vital part of the model. This is necessary to determine the preparedness of the organization for change. In this stage, various parameters are required for implementation, including personnel, time, resources, attitude, existing policies, and willingness to adopt change are assessed. Furthermore, both organizational strengths and weaknesses are identified in this stage.

In this project, I chose to use the TeamSTEPPS assessment tool for readiness evaluation. The tool identified various strengths and weaknesses. Decentralized leadership, team spirit, interdisciplinary collaboration, availability of resources, and willingness of the organizational members to accept changes were the identified strengths. In addition, the organizational mission, beliefs, and values favor the need for change and enhance implementation of the EBP.  Therefore, Houston Methodist has all that it takes to implement change.

Identifying facilitators and barriers to implementation is the second step of the model. Facilitators of implementation form the basis under which the whole process will be built, while barriers offer an opportunity for identifying better innovative ways. The anticipated barriers for implementation include limited time, inadequate skills, negative attitude towards change, limited supply from the administration, limited mentors, and increased theoretical knowledge with limited practical knowledge on carrying out research. These barriers may make it hard to implement change if they are not addressed and dealt with appropriately. On the other hand, facilitators include increased teamwork, interprofessional caregiving, ethical approval of the project, and the presence of EBP policies.

The next step of the model is the mentors’ identification and establishment. Mentors are essential for both educational and motivational factors. As educators, mentors will train other nurses using demonstrations on how to bathe lines effectively. On the other hand, their presence will improve the beliefs and confidence of other nurses regarding the EBP process and hence will likely support the process. For this project, mentors will be picked among the clinical team. Thereafter, special training will be offered through meetings, simulations, demonstrations, tutorials, and workshops to increase EBP knowledge and skills. With better skills and expertise, they will provide excellent training to enhance project implementation.

The evidence is then put into effect in the fourth stage. The implementation guarantees that the most up-to-date clinical knowledge is integrated into the clinical perspective to make informed patient care decisions (Yoo et al., 2019). Under the supervision of EBP mentors, nurses will participate in implementing the EBP practice. Research findings, the clinical skills of the attending healthcare practitioners, patient preference, as well as values and ethics, will all influence the practice. In this study, all ICU nurses will be trained in safe central line bathing and urged to bathe central lines regularly to lower CLABSI rates. The correct bathing process involves using Chlorhexidine bathed washcloths to clean skin around the central line to kill germs and prevent infections.

The fifth and last step is to evaluate the results of the practice adjustment. Project evaluation is relevant in assessing the success made compared to the objectives. Furthermore, it is necessary to establish the project’s relevance and the level of achievement in terms of efficiency, impact, effectiveness, project sustainability, and objectives attainment (Melnyk et al., 2017). Furthermore, review ensures that limited resources be used wisely to maximize impact. To improve an EBP, adjustments are performed during the evaluation.

These adjustments aim to fill the gaps identified in the whole process while improving the outlook of the project. Hence, in this project, the project’s expected outcomes include improved patient outcomes, enhanced patient and caregivers’ satisfaction, reduction in the cost of care, reduced readmission rate, improved cohesion, and patient turnover will be paramount during evaluation. Improved patient outcomes are projected due to the high-quality care provided guided by EBP knowledge and skills.   

Implementation Plan

The actualization of the project ideas into practice is dependent on the implementation plan.  The implemented EBP aims to improve knowledge and decision-making to improve patient outcomes. Having a clear implementation plan will enhance the actualization of the project`s ideas into reality, where poor planning is likely to inhibit the integration of the project into practice. Therefore, for effective implementation, it is paramount to have a clear strategy of activities including stakeholders, setting, time, management of barriers and facilitators, resources, cost, and data collection plan.

The project will be implemented in the ICU. ICU is chosen because it receives several patients with reversible life-threatening conditions who require close monitoring and stabilization. As a result, patients will receive life-saving procedures such as central lines. These lines, in turn, act as conduits for germs that cause infection (McDougle et al., 2020).

The conditions are expensive to treat and negatively impact a patient`s life and probably lead to death. Therefore, the project will require efforts from every healthcare giver in the ICU settings for its success. As a result, the ICU team will be the major stakeholders for the project. EBP mentors will offer training involving the use of chlorhexidine-soaked washcloths to wipe the skin around the central lines to prevent germ infestation.

Nonetheless, patients too will be involved in the project. Application of the prospective cohort study will require grouping patients. These groups will either be study groups or controls. Either group will sign a consent form to belong to the study and will be free to live the study anytime without objections. Study groups will receive daily bathing of central line with Chlorhexidine, while the controls will receive normal saline. Comparisons between the two groups will be made to determine the incidence rate among the two groups.

Yet another component of implementation is time management. Implementation of the project will require a minimum of ten weeks, with every activity given a stipulated time. The stakeholders of the project will be identified in week one. The stakeholders will be required to ensure the project’s contents are shared among healthcare providers. Each individual will be given speci