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The term looking glass self was created by Charles Horton Cooley in his essay on Human Nature and the Social Order. He was an American sociologist who used this term to describe it as our reflection of how we think we appear to others. To further explain would be how self-imagines how others view them. An example would be one's mother would view their child as flawless, while another person would think differently. 

Charles Horton Cooley takes into account three steps when using 'the looking glass self'. Step one is how one imagines one looks to other people. Step two is how one imagines the judgment of others based on how one thinks they view them. Step three is how one thinks of how the person views them based on their previous judgments. The looking-glass self-comprises three main components that are unique to humans.

1. We imagine how we must appear to others in a social situation.
2. We imagine and react to what we feel their judgment of that appearance must be.
3. We develop our sense of self and respond through these perceived judgments of others.

The result is that individuals will change their behavior based on what they feel other people think about them, even if not necessarily true. In this way, social interaction acts as a 'mirror' or a 'looking-glass,' since one's sense of self and self-esteem is built off of others. For example, an individual may walk into a job interview with confidence and attempt to display this confidence. A person in this situation most often examines the reactions of the interviewers to see if they are positively or negatively reacting to it. If the individual notices positive reactions, such as nodding heads or smiles, this might further develop the individual's sense of self-confidence. If the individual notices negative reactions, such as a lack of interest, this confidence in self often becomes shaken and reformed in order to better oneself, even if the perceived judgments were not necessarily true.

There is an example of how this term can work in daily situations. As a child, I vividly remember feeling a sense of pride and accomplishment when my parents praised me for my achievements or good behavior. I also recall feeling ashamed or embarrassed when I received criticism or negative feedback. These experiences shaped my self-concept and influenced how I saw myself in relation to others. As I grew older, my experiences with the looking-glass self became more complex. I began to internalize the expectations and standards of my peers and social groups, and felt pressure to conform to these norms. This often led to feelings of anxiety and insecurity, as I struggled to fit in and be accepted by others. For example, in high school, I was part of a popular group of friends who were focused on social status and appearance. I felt pressure to dress a certain way, act a certain way, and conform to their standards in order to be accepted. This led to a cycle of comparison and self-doubt, as I constantly evaluated myself based on the reactions and opinions of my peers. Over time, however, I began to recognize the limitations of the looking-glass self. I realized that relying solely on external validation and approval could be damaging to my self-esteem and sense of identity. I learned to prioritize my own values and beliefs, and to develop a more authentic sense of self that was not dependent on the opinions of others.

Cooley’s empirical evidence derives from his observations of children. Drawing from his observations of his own daughter as she developed her ability to use the looking-glass self, Cooley noted that children are especially incentivized to learn how to use the looking-glass self well, as it helps them in a competition for care from members of their primary group. According to Cooley, the human mind is social and mental. This means that the mental processes occurring in the human mind are the direct result of social interaction. Charles Cooley proposed three steps to how interactions with others form self-identity:

1. People imagine how they appear to other people;
2. People imagine how others are thus judging them based on appearance and how they present themselves;
3. People imagine how others feel about them based on the judgments they make.

In conclusion, the concept of the 'looking-glass self' highlights the important role that social interactions and feedback play in shaping our sense of identity and self-worth. From childhood through adulthood, we are constantly influenced by the attitudes and behaviors of those around us, and this can have a significant impact on our self-concept.

Guilty. This is a word that has sent an estimated one-hundred-thousand people to prison for crimes they were accused of despite the fact that they did not commit them. Now the question that the United States’ must ask is, how did something like that happen? Well, truthfully, the reason these people are going to jail even though they did not commit the crimes they were accused of is due to errors in forensic science caused by the use of faulty methods. Sadly, errors and faulty methods of studying crime scenes and the people involved with them have been occurring for centuries. In fact, in the dark ages, they would make the prisoners hold a hot iron and if it hurt, they were considered to be lying.

This issue will hurt us in the long run. Problems with forensic science cannot just send innocent people to jail, but it can also steal the innocent’s liberty and security. However, there may have a solution to help prevent the number of innocent people in jail from rising much more and secure the liberty and security of those at risk, which is everyone. The errors in forensic science can be lowered by conducting more frequent checks of our forensic science lab’s accuracy, removing the use of eyewitness reports and their practice stopping the use of a polygraph machine on suspects, and by stopping the use of a polygraph machine on suspects, we can help protect innocent people from being wrongly convicted of a crime they did not commit.

To begin, the nation’s forensic science labs are essential to the science, however, some just are not doing their jobs right. Now everyone makes mistakes, but ninety percent of the FBI’s microscopic hair analysis contained errors in cases they gave testimony in favoring the side of the prosecution. Due to help from the Innocence Project, the Department of Justice, and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, errors were capable of being addressed that were made by the FBI analysts during their testimonies and their lab reports. To get specific, out of 342 cases they reviewed, 268 of those cases involved hair evidence being used against defendants. Out of those 268 cases reviewed, 257, or ninety-six percent, of those cases involved false or flawed testimony that leans towards the side of the prosecutions. Sadly, this has caused deaths to people not even guilty of the crime they were arrested for, as the FBI report states, "Defendants in at least 35 of these cases received the death penalty and errors were identified in thirty-three (ninety-four percent) of those cases. Nine of these defendants have already been executed and five died of other causes while on death row." None the less, inadequate conductions of reviews on lab testimonies and reports are not the only thing flawed with the practices of forensic science.

Now that the issue with the nation’s forensic science unit has been addressed, it is now time to address the fact we use an unreliable system for identifying suspects through eyewitness reports. When a criminal event happens, police officers go and find the people near that heard, saw, or were a victim of this event. When this happens, they ask for looks, sounds of their voice, the look of their posture, and more to help find their suspect(s). However, as most people know, the memory of a human is very untrustworthy. Yet still, detectives and specialists utilize human memory and trust it to give us a very accurate or very close detail of the suspect, even after all the confusion that happened in the blur of the moment. For example, imagine you are in a park when a strange man walks up to you, he is coughing while he tries to ask you where the park’s main fountain is, as you happen to have a map. You do not look at him much and as you open your bag to grab your map, he grabs it and rushes away and you still fail to catch a glimpse of his face. However, the police are now questioning you as they ask, "What did he look like?" We humans tend to have a tendency to jump to conclusions and therefore would most likely say, "he was an older yet fit man," because he was coughing and then ripped your bag away and rushed out of the scene. And this is why innocent people are put behind bars without even doing the crime. Still again, there is another method our forensic science units in America use that puts people behind bars without a lot of valid evidence.

Another common way people are misled into believing someone committed a crime they actually did not commit is through the polygraph machine. Think about it, what do people think of when they think of detecting the truth? Most people would think of the polygraph because of its accuracy, but that is not completely accurate. In fact, the polygraph’s history is littered with people able to pass the test regardless of the fact that they actually committed the crime and vice versa. In fact, George Maschke, former intelligence officer for the US Army and current co-founder of AntiPolygraph.Org, says all you have to do to beat the polygraph is, "to understand how to recognize the control questions and augment reactions to them with techniques such as biting the side of your tongue or solving a math equation in your head."

Now, with this being said, many might be thinking, how will this affect me? To answer that truthfully, it affects you greatly. Consider of the liberty everybody has right now. That is precisely what is at stake. With these faulty methods being used to find criminals, people are going to jail for heinous crimes that they did not commit. Then, you not only have to pay a huge amount of time for someone else’s crime, but you also lose many luxuries many take for granted such as the right to vote, freedom to own a gun, and others included. What if you had to go to jail for thirty years to life for a murder you did not commit? What would happen to life as you know it? Would you lose your kids, get fired from that great job you have been working at, or have everyone look at you differently when you go in for a job interview? Now, what if you cannot own a gun because you are a convicted felon?

Ah, yes! Safety! Something we all hold at stake. Whether it be our assets, our families, or ourselves, we all care about the safety of them, some care more for life than assets and some are quite the opposite. However, what if I was to say to you that they are both endangered equally? This is no joke. Your assets are your books, property, and your money and they are endangered. If you go to jail, the court can order that your assets be used to pay for fees, and if you have enough money for it, then you are just fine, but what about later on down the road? What happens when you cannot pay the taxes owed to keep your property? Well, the bank will take it due to foreclosure. What happens to the stuff in the house? They take those also to cover the cost of closing fees and maintaining the property, and that is just the assets! What about when you get out of jail, and get settled back into society? Well, if you live in a rough part of town, you might need a gun to protect yourself and others, but wait, you cannot get one. Felons are not allowed to legally get a gun anywhere in the United States, for good reason. So what happens if you get burglarized? You will most likely, either back down and lose all your important items and cash or you will fight back and most likely (if you obey the law) get shot due to you fighting against a gun with your bare hands. Now this is only if we allow the jury and United States citizens be fooled by such faulty methods that are presented into courts, which can be stopped.

Now, undoubtedly, a few or many of you believe this could not happen to you because you are an upstanding citizen. However, the statistics are largely against them if they are the suspect of a crime they did not commit unless the actual person confesses or messes up when he is speaking. In fact, eyewitness reports have a seventy-one percent error rate, false or misleading testimony by forensic scientists occur twenty-one percent of the time, and errors in forensic science testing occurs sixty-three percent of the time (Koehler, 1). With that said, once you are placed as a suspect through eyewitness reports, and then an through the forensic science cycle including DNA tests, polygraph exams, and shoe print examinations, the likelihood of the analyst saying it had to be you or exaggerating his results in favor of the prosecution in twenty-seven percent which seems small but with all the others errors included, you will most likely be charged with that crime. However, by conducting more forensic lab evaluations, removing the use of eyewitness reports, and stopping the use of the polygraph machine, these odds will be none and your security and blessings of liberty with still be safe, but there are some who disagree and wish to keep the eyewitness reports and the use of the polygraph machine.

As read before, there are some who agree that eyewitness reports are useful such as Connect US who, on their pros and cons debate topic site, state the following:

“When the testimony is obtained and reported right after the event took place, the witness’ memory is still fresh, which means that there is a higher chance that his or her account of the incident is still vivid in his or her mind. This makes his or her testimony more reliable."

Statistics would like to disagree. The human mind is complex and perfect recall is something we just cannot do (although many claim to be able to do so). This being said, we simply could not rely on human memory to give an accurate description of the criminal especially in the bigger cities where there is even bigger room for error.

Never the less, many will also back up the use of the polygraph machine. The American Polygraph Association (also known as the APA) stands by the polygraph machine as they state on their website, "The APA believes that well-informed departments, agencies, and clients will insist on … their polygraph services". Before examination, the examiner will attach metal finger straps to your fingers that will measure both blood pressure and the perspiration of the examinee. After doing the examiner will ask the examinee questions and the machine, the polygraph, will record the blood pressure and perspiration and some machines or places require more in-depth testing of breathing and more and write the levels onto a continuous sheet of paper in an almost printing like manner. Though, however convincing this may sound, the test is of chance and today’s machines were made by interrogators, not scientists. Like stated before, this machine can easily be tricked with some articles almost anyone can read online or attend classes taught by polygraph experts, many agree that the polygraph machine is not an effective machine as Geraint Rees, the director of the UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience says, " What we can't do is say that because a particular area of the brain is active someone was doing something like lying. Any brain area does multiple things."

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So, is the United States’ forensic science unit ruined? Well, not really. How can the nation and its people fix this issue you might be asking? First, the nation must remove the use of the polygraph because it is easy to manipulate if you want to do so. The polygraph machine is a chance machine that sometimes acts like a human and lies while other times is easily tricked by people who know how. Secondly, the nation must stop the use of eyewitness reports or else more and more people will go to jail. To repeat, over seventy percent of eyewitness reports contains errors. Lastly, the nation’s and state’s need to conduct more frequent checks and reviews over our nations and law enforcement forensic labs for their accuracy and practices. With this combined approach, the United States will be able to lower our errors in forensic science because our other methods are nearly perfect in their accuracy. The people of each state of the United States need to stop this, and to do so, the citizens need to start small and they need to sign a petition to remove the use of the polygraph, to remove the use of the eyewitness reports, and to conduct more frequent checks of their state’s and nation’s forensic labs and send it to our governor. This needs to be changed before people like you and me are locked up and it is too late to do so.

In the midst of darkness, there is light. Light is often used as a symbol for purity and divinity. The evil of human nature often exposes the inner darkness that lies within people. Those who do not let their human nature take over are the light that strays away from the darkness. This becomes clear in Lord of the Flies. A plane crash leaves a group of boys stranded on an island. As time passes they become progressively more barbaric and turn into savages, except for one boy named Simon. In the last four paragraphs of the chapter entitled “A View to Death” in Lord of the Flies, Golding uses an abundance of light imagery in his descriptions of the sky and water, of the creatures, and of Simon himself in order to suggest the apotheosis of Simon.

The light imagery used in the sky and water glorified Simon. Golding emphasizes the skies description to show Simon’s character. He talks about how “the sky was scattered” with the “incredible lamp of stars”. The clearing of the sky to show the bright stars implies Simon’s significance. He is only one who recognizes the true beasts on the island. Golding uses the “lamp of stars” to signify Simon’s apotheosis because gods are often looked upon as bright and holy. He does this to highlight Simon’s innate goodness. Golding uses the water that surrounds Simon’s body to convey a holy image. The “streak of phosphorescence” and “the great tide flowed”. The phosphorescence provides more light to the scene while the tide represents the cleansing of Simon from his sins to prepare him for ascension. Golding symbolizes the water as a separation of Simon and the savages on the island. Simon is calm and orderly unlike them. The author shows the transition of the sky to contrast the chaos of the killing. As the “rain ceased” the “clouds drifted away”. The drifting of the clouds clears up the sky, indicating calm and peacefulness. This represents the transition from darkness the savages ushered upon the island to Simon’s tranquil ascension. This transition puts emphasis on Simon’s goodness against the opposing evilness. Golding uses the planets above to represent Simon’s ascension. “Over the darkened curve of the world the sun and moon were pulling”. The earth’s gravity pulls the moon and the Sun’s gravity pulls the Earth. This illustrates Simon’s body being pulled to a greater place, namely heaven. The environment, particularly the sky and water, portrayed by light imagery indicates Simon’s innocence.

The creatures and Simon’s body also signify his apotheosis. Golding depicts the bright creatures surround Simon to glorify his body. The “creatures busied themselves round his head”. The creatures convey an image of a halo. Halos generally surround godly or enlightened beings. Golding uses the image of a halo to show how Simon has qualities of enlightened beings as he is the only pure and holy one on the island. The author also uses Simon’s body to parallel him to Christ. His body “laid huddled on the pale beach”. Golding does not specify how he laid but could be interpreted similarly to Jesus’s death. Showing the similar qualities between the two, Simon represents the Christ figure in the story. He finds food for the boys and died while trying to spread the truth. Golding then beautifies Simon’s body to highlight his significance. Nature dressed Simon’s “coarse hair with brightness” and the “line of his cheek silvered”. The silver and brightness add further radiance to Simon. Nature can often be harsh and unyielding as portrayed in the other parts of the book; but in this scene, nature seems to be accepting Simon. This presents Simon as a unique person since he is the only character to present natural goodness. Golding also depicts Simon’s body disappearing out to the sea to show the loss of goodness. Simon’s “dead body moved out toward the open sea”. As Simon’s body floats away, so does the light on the island. This is significant because, without the light, the boys will quickly plunge the island into darkness. Through the image of the creatures and the portrayal of his body, Simon is created as a holy and blissful character.

Golding describes many aspects of the environment such as the sky, the water, the creatures, and Simon’s body using light imagery while indicating Simon’s apotheosis. The purity and goodness of humanity can easily be taken over. While the boys lose their humanity, Simon remains unchanged. Simon is deified repeatedly throughout the chapter, showing that he stands out from the others due to his good qualities.

During a war, an airplane carrying British boys crashes down in the Pacific. All the boys survive, except for the pilot, who was the only grown up among them. Ralph, a handsome boy with long and fair hair, whose father works in the English military, is the first to be introduced in the story. Along with Ralph is Piggy. Piggy is a chubby short boy who wears glasses and has Asthma. Ralph finds a conch from the sea and uses it as a trumpet to call the remaining survivors from the crash site. Throughout the book, the conch is used as a symbol of civilization, order, and power. When he blows the conch, he starts seeing the presence of life on the beach. The first boy who follows the sound of the conch is Johnny, then the twins, few younger boys, and at last, Jack, who is accompanied by his Choir. They ask for a chief and they all vote for Ralph to be their leader. Ralph being in charge now, chooses jack to be the leader of the hunting group. Then, Ralph chose Simon and Jack to go with him to explore the island. In their expedition, they climb a mountain, where they realized that they are on the deserted island. They decided to go down the mountain and go back to other boys. On their way, they find a pig, and jack boldly decides to kill it, but then he hesitates and the pig runs away. Blowing the conch, Ralph calls on an assembly. He talks about having a fire signal, so the ships passing by could notice the smoke and could come to rescue them. A young boy with a huge birthmark on his face from the littluns is pushed forward by the littluns to talk for them. He asked Ralph “what are you going to do about the snake thing, it was a beastie”. But Ralph tells them(the letters) that there is no such thing as beastie, but if they ever find such a thing then they will kill it. The rest of the boys were already overwhelmed because of the fire, so they all start shouting “FIRE” “FIRE” “FIRE” and Jack led them into the wood part of the island. They make fire using Piggy’s glasses, but soon after, the fire becomes uncontrollable and burns many trees.

The littlun with the large birthmark vanishes that night. And no one knows what happened to him. Jack becomes very jealous, of Ralph having all the authority, so he tries to tell the other boys that they should spend most of their energies in hunting rather than maintaining the fire signal. One of the boys helps Ralph to make huts, where they could be safe during storms and rain. Jack takes all the older boys (including those who should be maintaining the fire) with him for hunting. While Jack and his hunters are in the jungle, hunting the pigs, a ship passes by the island, but the fire is already out. And this makes Ralph very angry. When Jack returns with his hunters, Ralph starts shouting at them and so does Piggy. Jack, who is already not liking Piggy and Ralph loses his temper and hits Piggy in his stomach, and breaks one of the lenses from his glasses. The hatred towards Ralph is growing in Jacks mind like a wildflower. No one needs to water it or take care of it, the wild, itself, is helping in its growth. Ralph calls on a meeting trying to set everything right. But, the meeting becomes chaotic when some of the boys start talking about some sort of beast. The previous night when everyone was sleeping there was an air battle, far away and one of the dead parachutists landed on the island, and the boys who were on fire duty thought it was some kind of beast. When the littluns heard about the beast, they started having nightmares every other night. Seeing this, Ralph decides that all the older boys (except for Piggy) will go to the jungle to kill the beast. They searched everywhere but they did not find anything. They came across a dark cave and because it was night time and most of the boys did not want to go there and search. Ralph decides that he will go alone, but soon after Jack accompanies him. When they go to the cave which is located on a mountain, they see the shadow of the dead parachutist and fell into thinking that it is the beast. They feel frightened and start to run away.

Though Ralph explains to Piggy the mysteries dark thing which he saw on the cave, still Piggy remains doubtful. The very next morning Jack opposes Ralph’s power, and he asks all those who are in his favor to raise their hands, but no one does. Ralph remained their chief. Jack got angry and he leaves the group. Saying “those who want to hunt and have fun can follow me”. Soon enough, Ralph is left only with the twins and Piggy. All the older boys join Jack. Jack leads his hunters to the “Castle Rock” (which is on the other side of the island) and they all settle there. Jack paints them all in color, “behind which they hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness.” (4:34) they became savages. Jack decides that he will throw in a feast with the meat which they will hunt, and he will invite Ralph and the other boys to join his tribe. Some of Jack’s hunters are very afraid of the beast, but Jack tells them to forget about the beast (8:168). The savages go into the forest and kill a pig, and Jack decides that he will leave the head of the pig on a stick as an offering to the beast so that he doesn’t come out to feed on his hunters. Accidently, Simon finds out the head of the pig in the forest, and he gets into this illumination and he starts seeing this head floating into the air and talking to him. He calls it the “Lord of the flies” because of the ugliness of the head which was caused by the worms and flies which were roaming around the pig's face. The Lord of the Flies tells Simon that he (lord of the flies) can’t be killed and that he is part of them, and he is in them. Simon faints away. When Simon comes back to his consciousness, he finds the dead parachutist, and he decides to go down to tell everyone the truth. Jack and his tribe go to Ralph’s side of the island. Jack take away their fire and invites them all to his feast. After the twins and the littluns go to feast with Jack, Ralph and Piggy decide that they should go to and see what is happening. The food was finished and the feast was over when Ralph tell all the boys that they should all go to the huts because of the rain. It was this moment when Jack orders a dance, and his tribe starts rehearsing how they killed the pig. Simon crawls out of the forest and he gets inside the circle of the dancing boys, but he could hardly make himself heard because of the storm and the chant that the boys were singing. The boys start hitting Simon as if he was the beast and eventually they kill him. That night there was a heavy storm, and it brought the dead body of the parachutist onto the beach, and it made the boys more frightened and they all start screaming and running around.

The next morning Ralph and Piggy were feeling sad and guilty for what they had done to Simon the other night. On the other side of the island, the savages were not feeling anything at all. Jack’s plan was, to the first hunt, and then later in the day they will go and steal fire from Ralph and Piggy. Ralph was feeling the need for more people to keep the fire signal on. It was during sunset when Ralph gave up on the fire signal and decided to go back to the huts and take rest. In the midst of the night, the savages attacked the huts. They beat the four boys, and they stole Piggy’s glasses. But the four boys gave tit for tat. The next morning, all the four boys groom themselves very nicely, so that they could look like civilized people and not savages. They went to the castle rock to meet the savages, and call on an assembly. When they reach there, Ralph blows the conch--- calling on an assembly, but Jack tells him that this is his area and the conch does not have any value here, on his side of the island. Ralph makes Jack angry by calling them “painted fools”. Jack rages upon Ralph and he stabs him with his spear in the chest. But Jack fights back, and in the midst of an exchange of fists between Ralph and Jack, Piggy holds on the conch high and start shouting at everyone. Trying to bring them back to their senses.

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Meanwhile, Roger, who was very sadistic and cruel, and also was very loyal to Jack from the beginning of the story, was standing on top of the hill. He pushed a huge rock on Piggy from the mountaintop. The rock hits Piggy and before anyone could move, Piggy fells 40 feet down the castle rock and dies. Everyone became very silent. There was no sound of the boys in the island for a moment. The only thing you could hear was the sound of the waves crashing into each other. After a moment of utter silence, Jack declared himself as the new chief and he threw his spear towards Ralph. Seeing all this Ralph runs away. The savages take the twins as their prisoners and make them their gate guard. Jack as their new chief, give the order to the savages to kill Ralph. They were into thinking that Ralph was hiding somewhere in the jungle. Ralph was smart so he hid near the castle rock because there, no one would ever find him. When the night arrived and all the savages were gathered around the fire, eating and having fun. Ralph crawled to the castle gate and draw the twin’s attention towards him. The twins told him to go back and to never come back here again. They gave him a piece of meat and sent him back, and told him to stay near the castle so that no one could suspect about him. The next morning Ralph finds out that Jack is trying to burn down the whole forest, thinking that the fire would burn Ralph too, who according to him was hiding in the forest. When Ralph sees this, he gets frightened and starts running. Savages take a notice of him and they start running behind them. As soon as Ralph is exposed in open beach, he falls down and collapses. When he looks back up, he sees a newly arrived British naval officer. Ralph starts crying. He cries for losing his friends. Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart.

Table of contents

1. Investigation of the L'Oreal case
2. Case solution
3. References

Investigation of the L'Oreal case

L’Oreal, the small company established in 1909 by Eugène Schueller has become the top cosmetic group in the world. L'Oréal is all inclusive the biggest cosmetic brand and is anticipated to show constant business growth as customers look for higher quality and more inventive cosmetic product. In the given case, Elysa Yanowitz was regional sales manager in San Jose and her performance was above expectation each year.

During the visit of Yanowitz’s General manager, John wiswall, ordered to fire a sales associate because she was bad looking enough. Wiswall likewise advised Yanowitz to get him "someone hot" who suit for the job. Willwall came to know that the employee was not discharged by Yanowitz. Yanowitz revealed to Wiswall she would not terminate the female employee except if he gave sufficient legitimization to the decision.

The issue became big because Wiswall never gave the avocation, and Yanowitz never completed the request. Richard Roderick who was immediate supervisor of Yanowitz and Willwall began a campaign to terminate Yanowitz. They started collecting negative feedback from Yanowitz’s subordinate, they blamed her for dictatorial management style and finally she was forced to leave job. The case shows that L’Oreal wrongfully counterattack against Yanowitz for contradicting sex discrimination by the manager.

In 1999 Yanowitz filed a suit stating her manager breach California fair work law. Case Analysis The manager command to terminate a female representative for neglecting to meet his own models of sexual appeal established sex discrimination. Yanowitz claim that her manager was ordering to involve in illegal activity of sex discrimination in work place. This case was controversial because Yanowitz deny to follow manager discriminatory order on the other hand many people argue that employee who fails to obey manager decision should be punished.

The California lower court stated that there was no Violation of fair employment law because physical appearance of any person in not protected category. When Yanowitz appeal for the case, the court present different view on the case. The court state that there was violation of fair employment law because L’Oreal manager apply different standard for emergence standard for men and women. Employer should not hire their employees base on the physical appearance only. Take for an instance of 1981 case of Wilson VS southwest company, Southwest policy was to hire only attractive ladies for ticket agent and flight attendants. Southwest justified it polices as female has bona fide occupational qualification for this job but its was rejected by court.

Case solution

Through the case, we came to know that L’Oreal lost its image in public when case was in court and media. Employer should not make employment decision only base on physical appearance. Physical appearance does not reflect job performance of employees. If there is genuine reason of physical appearance in work place, it should uniformly apply to women and men. In the case, instead of firing decision to sales women, the manager could order to change job position for her. Before taking decision like recruitment, promotion, transfer, employer must consider factors that affect Employment law and human rights.

L’Oreal performed undesirable management role by incorrectly retaliated against Yanowitz because she denied to discharged sales representative. This lead L’Oreal to lost the case in court. Poor and discriminatory management impact on operation of the company and decrease morale of employees. Sometime a single bad decision is enough to ruin the company. It is responsibility of management to create sound work environment.

References

1. KM&M news (august 31, 2005), Refusal to Terminate an Employee Base on Her Looks Support Retaliation claim Under California law. Retrieved on 09/25/2018 From https://www.kmm.com/articles-345.html
2. Carolyn G. Burnette (July 2 2003), Is instruction to fire employee because she is not “Hot Enough” Sex discrimination? Retrieved on 09/25/2018 From https://www.jacksonlewis.com/resources
3. Harriet Agnew (June 29,2017) L’Oreal success story goes deep below the skin Retrieved on 09/25/2018 from https://www.ft.com/content/ad0ed0ca-5cae-11e7-9bc8-8055f264aa8b

In an ongoing study, an international research team has dieted 2,224 people with overweight or obesity (median BMI over 34.7) from eight different lengths - and studied the effect over a period of eight weeks. Although the scientists have the overriding goal of comparing two different diets (high protein content versus low protein content) and two sports programs (high versus low intensity) within three years, after the first research, they first saw something quite different: how different men and women are have responded to the diet.

Men lose more weight

The study results According to reports published in the journal 'Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism', male subjects under the special reduction diet (810 kcal daily) lost more weight than females. As reported by Pia Christensen of the University of Copenhagen, men lost an average of 11.8 kilos during the first 8 weeks, whereas women only lost 10.2. The difference is clear at 16 percent.

The men also built fat in other places and their cardiovascular system reacted differently to the conversion, the scientists report. The men lost 2.2 kilograms more fat and 1.3 kilograms less fat-free than the women. In addition, there was a greater reduction in insulin production (indicator: C-peptide) and a greater decrease in the number of men heart rate, Also the Z-score of the metabolic syndrome (evaluated the risk factors hip circumference, blood pressure and cholesterol) improved.

In the case of women, on the other hand, the hip circumference and pulse pressure dropped significantly, which the researchers rated as positive. At the same time, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) also dropped significantly.-Cholesterol and bone mass, which together with the decrease in fat-free mass is an unfavorable sign.

What the differences are based on is, according to the scientists so far unclear.

There was no difference in diabetes risk

However, with all the differences, one thing was the same in both sexes: the effect on insulin resistance, the most important risk factor for Type 2 diabetes, With all subjects reporting increased fasting blood sugar or impaired glucose tolerance indicating onset of Type 2 diabetes, scientists were able to closely examine the effects of dietary change on diabetes risk.

The result: In both sexes, there was a significant improvement in blood sugar, which was no prediabetes in one third after 8 weeks. Whether this will prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in the long term will soon become clear: the study will last for a total of three years - and should be completed by the end of 2018.

When the Civil War ended, the Southern countryside and its people were crippled nearly beyond all hope. Of the most dramatic decline, Southern aristocrats took the cake. Before the war, the first half of the nineteenth century saw the rise of a number of prominent Southern families such as the Compsons. These aristocratic families embraced traditional Southern values. Men were expected to act like gentlemen, displaying courage, moral strength, perseverance, and chivalry in defense of the honor of their family name. Women were expected to be models of feminine purity, grace, and virginity until it came time for them to provide children to inherit the family legacy. The Civil War and Reconstruction devastated many of these once-great Southern families economically, socially, and psychologically. The Compson family in his novel The Sound and the Fury represents Faulkner’s acknowledgment of the interruption of Southern aristocratic values, triggered by economic, social and psychological devastation from the Civil War and Reconstruction Period. The Compsons represent a deviation from these old Southern ideals. Almost every main character depicts a loss of touch with reality, an emergence into immorality, and characteristics of melancholia and general disinterest.

One may see Quentin’s unarguable obsession with time in the novel in two lights: that Quentin cannot overcome the past and so becomes trapped in a perpetual, maddening cycle, or that Quentin’s obsession with time touches upon a larger sense of a loss of the old South. Quentin’s ongoing struggle to reconcile Caddy’s actions with his own traditional Southern value system reflects Faulkner’s broader concern with the then-present clash between the Old South and the modern world. Men and women like Quentin, who attempt to cling to these increasingly outdated Southern ideals, feel their grasp is slipping and their sense of order disappearing. Their reliance on a set of outdated ideals leaves them ill-equipped to deal with the realities of the modern world they live in. Mr. Compson, Quentin’s father, passes on to Quentin his vague acknowledgment of the importance of family honor, but he is hindered by his alcoholism and a defeatists belief that he has no control over what happens to his family. Quentin’s obsession with his moral code is just one indication of his overall inclination toward thought rather than action. Quentin is clearly very bright, but his mania over abstractions paralyzes his ability to do anything about it. He spends all his time mulling over unformulated concepts—time, honor, virginity, and so on—that have no physical presence. Existing only as words, these abstractions make it impossible to act upon. Quentin is largely incapable of effective action: he frequently comes up with ideas, but never carries them out successfully. Quentin devises the double suicide pact with Caddy as a means of escape, but Caddy rejects the idea and eventually leaves him behind. Likewise, Quentin talks frequently about confronting Dalton Ames and Gerald Bland, but his words win him nothing but two embarrassing beatings. This word without action falls short from the old Southern idea of defending yours and your family’s honor at all costs. The only actions we see Quentin take are meaningless and impotent, conforming to his Southern code but having no real outcome. In fact, the only real action Quentin succeeds to do in his section is a cowardly one, his own suicide, which most will agree is a weak “cop-out.” He dies without the honor the Old South once deemed so pivotal. And thus, Quentin is no more than a sterilizing, immovable character, largely cerebral and unsuccessful.

If Quentin has failed to establish himself as a man of action, courage and strength (or, for that matter, any man at all) his older brother Jason isn’t changing any minds about the Compson family heritage any time soon. Jason establishes himself as the most selfish, self-absorbed, lying and cheating offspring of the Compson family. He has no notion of a hard day’s work, nor is he interested. He is the most detrimental to the future of the Compson family name because he performs financial incest, stealing thousands of dollars from his sister and niece to fatten his own bank account rather than make his own money. There is nothing too honorable in an old miser who sits on his fortune and keeps to himself, but there is something even more sickening about a man who didn’t even earn the money he hordes. Although intelligent, Jason submits to his own hatred and wallows in a false sense of victimization. He resents his sister Caddy for costing him the job at her ex-husband Herbert’s bank, but fails to appreciate the fact that without Caddy he would never have been offered the job in the first place. “I wouldn’t lay my hand on her. The bitch that cost me a job, the one chance I ever had to get ahead, that killed my father and is shortening my mother’s life every day and made my name a laughing stock in the town. I won’t do anything to her” (205). He takes pleasure in tormenting everyone around him and takes strength from a conviction that, because he has been wronged, he is always right. Considering that Jason is the new head of the Compson household, this shows the family truly has sunk to new and unfathomable low. Whereas his ancestors had prominent positions in Southern society, his grandfather a Civil War general and his great-grandfather the governor of Mississippi, Jason works in a supply store and steals from his own family. He is hardly of the same material as the ancestors who built up the family name. Ironically, however, Jason is the only one of the Compson children to win Mrs. Compson’s love even though she is blind to his abuse of her trust. It is unclear why Mrs. Compson favors Jason so much, but perhaps it is because he shares Mrs. Compson’s tendencies toward misery and self-pity more than anyone else. One thing that sets Jason apart from his brothers Quentin and Benjy is that he is completely unconcerned with the past. Jason is wholly focused on the present and on manipulating the present for future personal gain. He does recall past events, but only concentrates on the effect those events have on him here and now. Jason dwells on Caddy’s divorce, for example, only because it has left him in a menial and unfulfilling job. However, despite Jason’s constant attempts to twist present circumstances to his own benefit, he does not really have any aspirations. He maintains overwhelming greed, selfishness, and focus on future gain, but does not use these to work toward any higher goal. This lack of ambition explains Jason’s disinterest in restoring the family name. He is not concerned with being a better person because he does not care about the reputation of the family in the past. Rather, he is concerned with manipulating the here and now, which only succeeds in sinking the Compsons into further regression.

At the conclusion of the novel, Dilsey is the only loving member of the household, the only character who maintains her values without the corrupting influence of self-absorption. She thus comes to represent a hope for the renewal of traditional Southern values in a pristine and positive form. The novel ends with Dilsey as the torchbearer for these values, and, as such, the only hope for the preservation of the Compson legacy. Faulkner implies that the problem is not necessarily the values of the old South, but the fact that these values were corrupted by families such as the Compsons and must be recaptured for any Southern greatness to return. It is also important to note that Dilsey is a black servant, and the irony here is the very person whose ancestors were once slaves plays the biggest role in restoring the very Southern culture that enslaved them. Though the Compson family has fallen, Dilsey represents a source of hope. While the Compsons crumble around her, Dilsey emerges as the only character who has successfully resurrected the values that the Compsons have long abandoned—hard work, endurance, love of family, and religious faith. “I seed de beginnin, en now I sees de endin” (302). Dilsey’s comment reveals her insight into the Compson family tragedy and her ability to see it in the context of a greater cycle. Dilsey has been present since the beginning, when the Compson children were only babies, and she is still here at the end, at the climax of the family’s disintegration. In this sense, Dilsey represents the only constant in the novel. She has maintained the pure Southern values of faith, love, and family that the Compsons have long abandoned. Dilsey also endures the test of time, surviving because she has faith in her own vision of eternity that is completely free of worldliness or petty human concerns, something pretty much all of the Compsons lack. Dilsey’s faith in a spiritual eternity enables her to see the tragedies of the Compson family with perspective and distance. Her acceptance of the passage of time makes her a calming and comforting presence. Dilsey accepts that she, like the Compson family, has a beginning and an end. She uses the time she is given to do as much good as she can, rather than wasting it on obsessions with the past. She treats Benjy as her own, and is not ashamed of him like the rest of the family is. She proudly takes him to church with her, and treats him as she would her own child. She does not see Benjy as a retard or a burden, and she does not claim defeat because of him. Rather, she treats him normally and with respect, because she sees he is still a human, and that his condition is only temporary. Although she works in chaos daily, this does not inhibit her from performing even one of her chores. She works on despite the disorder surrounding her, and proves to be about the only person in the novel to get anything done. With Dilsey acting as the unflinching, stable constant in the novel, it is Faulkner’s opinion that the Compson’s dysfunction is going to eventually follow Dilsey’s example and repair themselves. Although a lot of holes remain—Quentin and Jason Sr. are dead and Caddy and Miss Quentin have disappeared—Dilsey pays no mind to the things that are lost, and she does not believe any one else should either. There is some hope left for the Compsons, although they will bare some ugly scars.

The Compsons’ corruption of Southern values results in a household that is completely devoid of love. Both parents are distant and ineffective. Caddy, the only child who shows an ability to love, is disowned. Though Quentin loves Caddy, his love is neurotic, obsessive, and overprotective. None of the men experience any true romantic love, and are thus unable to marry and carry on the family name. Even though it is not Benjy’s fault he is mentally retarded, his condition is still crippling to the family’s future because he lacks the intellectual skills to advance it and also is physically castrated, therefore leaving no opportunity to produce offspring as well. Quentin’s obsession with old Southern morality renders him paralyzed and unable to move past his family’s sins, yet ironically makes him unable to find within himself the gallantry so typical of a man from the Old South. Jason’s self-righteousness sterilizes the opportunity for any advancement, even though he is the most qualified for the job. Yet the novel finishes not with these examples and images of complete decline, but with Dilsey. Indeed, Dilsey has, in effect, resurrected the original values of the Compsons’ ancestors. The Compsons become carried away with the greatness of their own name, neglecting the strength of family in favor of self-absorption. Dilsey, on the other hand, is the antithesis of self-absorption. She maintains a strong spirit and a profound respect for an unpretentious, unadorned, yet powerful code of values. Dilsey is the redeemer of the Compson legacy, and provides an almost graceful landing after the resounding fall of the once-great household. In some respects, Dilsey’s new role represents a reversal of the traditional Southern order: a black servant, once considered the lowest position in Southern society, is now the only torchbearer for the name of a prestigious white family. Faulkner’s alarming investment in Dilsey reflects that a bumpy road is ahead, as most diversions begin, but the journey will be half the fun, so to speak. His conclusion is that there are indeed some changes afoot, but the changes play into the very society they sprang from. Therefore, the conclusion of the novel pays no mind to the values of the past, but rather pushes itself toward the future, although dark and uncertain.

Works Cited

Minter, David. “Faulkner, Childhood, and the Making of The Sound and The Fury.” American Literature 51.3 (1979): 376-393.

Railton, Ben. “‘What Else Could a Southern Gentleman Do?’” The Southern Literary Journal. 35.2 (2003): 41-63

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Williamson, Joel. Faulkner and Southern History. Oxford University Press: New York. 1993.

Bao Ninh’s The Sorrow of War connects the tragedy of wartime to the loss of youth and love. It is the story of an idealist named Kien and his first love, Phuong, and how the dramatic events of war caused their pure love to diminish little by little, until the relationship that once was ceased to exist. Ninh writes, “Kien thought back to the source of his own love, when he had been young. That was now hard to imagine, hard to remember a time when his whole personality and character had been intact, a time before the cruelty and the destruction of war had warped his soul.” (30). In The Sorrow of War, Kien learns that the pure love he experienced as a seventeen year old boy is not attainable postwar because of the haunting events of the Vietnam War.

Before the war, when Kien was still young, he had a very romanticized view of the love he shared with Phuong. It was essentially love at its purest form. It was “so intimate, so perfect that it made [Kien] ache.” (118). There was very little sexual interaction between Kien and Phuong, which emphasized the innocent state that both characters were in. Although they had both time and access to privacy, making them capable of physical interaction, Kien kept Phuong’s virginity for the sake of purity and perfection. It was a simpler time when a virginal love could easily exist, because bloodshed, rape and war did not taunt and lurk at every corner. Kien idolized this idea of innocence and virginity, especially within Phuong. When the two laid next to one another, it was Phuong who insisted on kissing Kien, urging him to be more physical with her, while Kien was described as “nervous” and afraid to touch her “lovely body.” (119). He was never able to fully consummate their youthful relationship, which shows how much value he places in purity. “It was a desperate, pure love, which ached within them.” (131). Ninh associates the word “ache” when he talks about Kien and Phuong’s pure love in several passages. He does this in order to emphasize how much value Kien associates with the days of his youth with Phuong. It made him ache to remember these times, because he would never be able to experience purity to this degree ever again. He idealized his age of innocence.

The love that Kien and Phuong shared before the war also functions as a metaphor for prewar Vietnam. Like the two lovers’ relationship, everything was simpler and purer. The natural imagery used by Ninh in The Sorrow of War helps to emphasize the idea of innocence before the war. Kien remembers walking through Hanoi in his youth fondly: “Memories of a midday in dry season in beautiful sunshine, flowers in radiant blossom in the tiny forest clearing.” (88). A similar, spring description was used to describe Kien and Phuong’s relationship: “What a beautiful, warm and sweet April day it was.” (118). Spring imagery is very effective, because it reinforces the idea of a simpler time where innocence easily existed. Prewar Vietnam was like Kien’s relationship with Phuong in the sense that they both were representative of his youth. It was a more beautiful time that had not yet been tainted by the cruelty of war. However, like his relationship with Phuong, the city gradually moved past innocence into darkness as the war carried on. It was inevitable and sorrowful for Kien, because he placed so much value in the memories of his youth.

During the war, Kien struggled to hold on to his idealized vision of Phuong. It is his love for Phuong that essentially keeps him moving. “’I wonder if they’ll bomb Hanoi,’ Huan asked. But Kien did not respond, realizing then that he had only come to see Phuong and that no one else mattered.” (161). Kien’s memories of Phuong before the war are dominantly positive, and it is these memories that he has no trouble remembering. Remembering Phuong in her youth became his oasis in the midst of turmoil. It is his love, or idea of love, that keeps Kien fighting and moving forward. On page 44, Kien’s nostalgia for the past is described, “At night while I sleep I hear my steps from a distant peacetime echoing on the pavement. I just have to shut my eyes to conjure up those past times and completely wipe out the present.” (44). Love acted as a fuel to help Kien function in the midst of war.

As Kien is pushed deeper into the war, more winter imagery was used by Ninh to describe the desolate and deadly times that Kien was living in. The city that he loved was burning down to the ground. The war came with heavy baggage – death, bloodshed, rape and prostitution. The winter imagery signals a change in tone. Unlike his prewar memories of Phuong, it is as if Kien would willingly dispose of his memories of Phuong during the war. Rather than making him ache, these memories are like a sharp pain.

Kien encounters many women during the war, mistaking them for Phuong, as if he was silently wishing that they were his young love. These women, who were so negatively affected by the war, become representatives of Phuong. Despite how beautiful and delicate these women were, they too were affected by the war. Kien slowly begins to fully comprehend that the haunting effects of the war were universal to all of Vietnam. Like many other women in Vietnam, Phuong becomes the victim of a rape. After that, Kien takes issue with holding Phuong close to him. His world seems to fall apart and he resorts to interacting with Phuong robotically, relying on instinct instead of passion and love. The woman that he was once so attached to, who was described as a shadow to his body, was now a victim of the war. She was part of the disarray and destruction. Kien began to turn some of his hate for the war to Phuong, because of some cruel comments made by several soldiers that labeled her a whore.

The physical rape of Kien’s beloved also functions as a metaphor to describe that the country of Vietnam was also being raped. It was being raped of all the goodness and purity that Kien once saw in it. Although the war eventually ended, Vietnam had become tainted, “bitter and sad.” (193). The country, like its people, had been negatively affected by the war. One of the sorrows of war is that Kien fought so hard to protect this idealized view of Vietnam and Phuong but what remained postwar was anything but innocent and pure. Like his relationship with Phuong, Postwar Vietnam was not the same Vietnam that Kien adored so much in his youth.

Although Kien finally discovered that the comments made by the soldiers were not true, it was impossible for him to go back to Phuong. If Kien tried to find the Phuong that he once loved, it would be a lost cause, because the war had an extreme effect on all of Vietnam, including the two lovers. He loved a Phuong that no longer existed. One of the sorrows of war is that the boy and girl that entered the war is never going to come out the same. The relationship that he cherished and romanticized at the beginning of the war really had no chance of lasting, because the war left “psychological scars.” (193). Postwar, Kien has a choice of either holding onto a war-tainted relationship with Phuong or holding onto the optimistic, idealized idea of their love in his head and physically letting his first love go. Both Kien and Phuong were too torn up by war to ever go back to the relationship that once was, so the decision is simple for Kien. He chose to hold on to the idea of their first love. “Despite the horrors of war, despite the cruelties, the humiliations, despite all the ridiculous prejudices and dogma which pervaded everyone’s life, his Phuong would remain young forever. She would be untainted by war… untouched, unchanged.” (227). The Sorrow of War powerfully depicts the effects of war on this tragic couple and, on a larger scale, the effects on an entire country.

The basic requirement of Text compression mechanism is that the combination of compression & decompression mechanisms to be lossless otherwise data cannot be restored in actual format. The data compression by text substitution mechanism is used by [3][6]. The scheme of data compression mechanisms includes changes among various factors, like degree of compression, amount of distortion introduced; for lossy compression algorithm and the computational resources required to compress and uncompress data.

The mechanism given below is used for lossless text compression in the Color-Coded encryption at the source end employed by Huffman:

Huffman Encoding Compression Algorithm

The Huffman encoding algorithm is an optimal compression algorithm in which the occurrence of each letter or symbol is used to compress the data. The plan behind the technique is that if you are having some letters that are more repeated as compared to others and it makes logic to use lesser bits to encode those letters than to encode the less repeated letters [4]. This algorithm builds the bottom up tree using the occurrence of each letter or symbol.

First, every letter starts off as part of its own tree and trees are ordered by the occurrence of the letters in the actual string. Then the two least repeatedly used letters are combined into a single tree and the frequency of that tree is set to be the combined frequency of the two trees that it links together. This new tree is reinserted into the record of trees in its sorted place. The procedure is afterward repeated treating trees with more than one component the same as any other trees except that their frequencies are the sum of the frequencies of all of the letters at the leaves. This is just the sum of the left and right children of any node because each node stores the frequency information about its own children. The procedure completes when all of the trees have been combined into a single tree. This tree describes a Huffman compression encoding.

Normally tree is design from the bottom up manner: we start out with 256 trees and end up with a single tree with 256 leaves along with 255 internal nodes. The tree has attention-grabbing property: the occurrences of all of the internal nodes combined jointly will give the total number of bits required to write the encoded file

I. Proposed system

This paper proposes a cryptographic encryption and decryption method called Color coded cryptography which uses the color and Huffman compression techniques to compress the data. This is a symmetrical system which is implemented by encryption of text by converting it into colored image. Each character of the message is encrypted into some blocks of color. The inverse process is used to produce the original text from colored image at the receiver side.

Advantages of proposed System

Each character in the plaintext is substituted with a color blocks from the available 18 decillions of colors in the world and at the receiving end the cipher text block which is in colored image is decrypted into plain text. It is resilient against problems like Meet in the middle attack, Birthday attack and Brute force attacks [2]. The size of the plain text can be reduced when it is encrypted, in a lossless manner. The space occupied by the cipher text in the buffer is very less; hence transfer of cipher text through a transmission channel is very fast which subsequently brings down the transportation cost [2].

II. SYSTEM DSIGN AND WORKING

The problem definition is to suggest a system capable of carry out lossless data compression on binary data using encryption and decryption. It also works as a solution to the data protection needs of the user, holding important role in environments where privacy of data is critical and therefore contributing to information security. The encoding and compressing schemes need to be computationally and functionally efficient and must look up to provide an optimal solution to the above-mentioned problems.

The system is capable of taking input in the form of text files whose binary representation is processed and thereby encrypted in a color image. One of the suitable compression method for data compression which is known as Huffman encoding is used on the encrypted data to ensure a proper adjustment between the tasks performed and space complexity issues involved. The design should attain the best promising compression ratio, with the limited resources of a present-day computers. As a result, there are firm constraints on the memory usage and the compression speed of the design. The system presently aims to work with text file in standard ASCII based format.

The system performs on two aspects: On the Sender side this technique compresses the file using Huffman encoding and then encodes the binary file data into a color code encrypted JPEG image file. While On the Receiver side, it does the reverse i.e. decrypts the image and then decompresses it, bringing back the binary text file.

"You may say that I am a dreamer, but I'm not the only one, I hope someday you'll join us, and the world will live as one." John Lennon's "Imagine" has reached far beyond the bounds of his time to embrace the sentiments of an ageless audience. Lennon invites his listeners to envision a society in which people do not anticipate the beauty and splendor of a heaven, but rather attempt to create this environment on earth. Manmade barriers no longer exist and life is a general "brotherhood of man" in which people have a mutual respect for one another's life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Humanity has long suffered the strife of reality and dreamed of a utopian society, similar to Lennon's vision. This civilization would ideally be void of pain, want, and despair-all aspects of the shared human condition. Inevitably the daydream ends, the flower withers, and love is forever lost. Artists and poets are not exempt from this race of optimists who find their dreams obliterated by the cruelty of reality. Through several of his poems, Edgar Allen Poe struggles to find a compromise between the caustic world of reality and the fantastical images of dream life. His catalogue of poems concerning this subject matter and the discernment between the two worlds is unified by their progressing themes and titles. His poem "Dreams" focuses on the happiness and innocence that dreams have given the speaker. Relating to the concept of childlike innocence lost, "A Dream" proclaims that daydreams are the reflection of youthful aspirations never attained. Ultimately regressing to a pessimistic and jaded perspective, "A Dream Within a Dream" claims that all dreams are futile and delusional. Throughout the progression of these works, Poe's speaker reveals his sense of insignificance in a world enraptured with its own pointless and shallow endeavors. He dreams of an unattainable fantasy world far better than any reality he can foresee.

In childhood, every aspect of life has a sense of purity and innocence that permeates these memories. Children find time to be contented merely living and daydreaming. The speaker throughout "Dreams" invokes his memories of the past, desperately wanting them to last beyond the reverie and develop into reality. He feels as though a dream of "hopeless sorrow" is far better than the "cold reality of waking life" because a dream is temporary and ever changing (ln 4-6). A dream possesses the ability to conform to any expectation, regardless of physical barriers. Alas, reality is truthful and inescapable. There are expectations and demands of the outside world that govern man's every move and thought. Within a dream world, man is commander of his own reactions, never judged or expected to do the conventional. Dreams have no conformity because individuals, apart from society's rules, create them. As a boy, the speaker saw his future as a promising and welcoming adventure. He "reveled...in the summer sky, in dreams of living light/And loveliness," wherein the beauty of nature embodied his hopes and dreams (ln 13-15). As inevitable as the setting of the sun and the changing of the seasons, the boy must grow to manhood, abandoning his imagination and fascination. Reality attacked innocence during its most vulnerable hour, leaving "behind its image on [his] spirit," leaving him a jaded and caustic man (ln 22-23). Although he found pleasure during his childhood, this world of perfection and happiness can be revisited only in dreams. The capitalization of Paradise, Hope and Love exemplifies the reverence and value placed upon such entities. These aspects of dreams are all that give life purpose. The speaker claims that reality embodies all that is evil in the world while dreams possess the unique ability to perpetuate hope.

Adolescence is traditionally a period evaluating morals and purposes. It is the transition time from a life of unquestioning acceptance to critical analysis. This speaker in "A Dream" tends to believe that dreams may offer a glimpse of inner peace that can never be attained. Every morning, man is destined to wake from his dream of "joy departed" to fall victim to a daily regimen (ln 2). Inevitably, he "turn[s] back upon the past" to view his childhood, wherein life held this inexplicable wonderment (ln 8). He is bombarded by memories of his goals and hopes as a child. During this adolescence stage (a period of awakening), the once deemed pure past has a shadow of pessimism cast over it. People begin to realize that dreams of the past, while beautiful and idealistic, are impossible. Each night, the speaker retreats to his slumber to revisit days in which these dreams were conceivable, only to wake all too abruptly and "broken-hearted" (ln 4). The dream is unfinished and unfulfilled. The speaker finds himself wanting desperately to make these dreams his reality. The hope that has motivated his every action seems to be fruitless, leading to no ultimate state of contentment. While he feels alone in all of his endeavors, this hope serves as a "lonely spirit guiding" him through difficulties (ln 12). He clings desperately to concepts that strive to give him purpose in life. Dreaming, although inevitably interrupted by prolonged stints of reality, provides humanity with an idealistic hope for the future.

Childhood and adolescence are merely paths that lead to adulthood and wisdom. Adulthood embodies many aspects of maturity-obligations, incredulity, and cynicism. Imagination and hope stand little chance against such formidable foes. According to "A Dream Within a Dream," regardless of the exact moment and circumstance along the path, once hope is lost, it can never be regained. Man is merely a shadow of his previous existence without dreams because he has lost reason to continue onward. His efforts to change society seem ineffectual within a world that has no purpose or place for him. Standing "amid the roar of a surf-tormented shore," the speaker embodies a sense of helplessness and futility further perpetuated by the images of groping at sand in an hourglass (ln 13). In this adult stage, he realizes his minuteness within the infinitely large universe and is petrified by such a concept. Throughout his life, both in the childhood and adolescent stage, the speaker fondly reminisces of his goals as a young boy. Not until this stage does he fully comprehend the fact that opportunities and time is passing so quickly. Unable to preserve one moment of a lifetime intact, the speaker claims that life is but a "dream within a dream," an ephemeral image that is no more than a wish (ln 24). Dreams do not last perpetually; therefore, the fact that life is a dream compacted to the extent that it fits within another dream merely intensifies its brevity. The final line within the poem questions existence, encompassing reality, dreams, and God. Without a predestined and distinctive purpose for his existence, the speaker contemplates his relevance to a world that may exist without him. He needs tangible evidence of faith-based concepts. Lacking any knowledge of the possibilities that his future holds makes him debate the purpose of today. Should the future be nonexistent, where in the grand scheme lies the past and present? Life is fleeting, and the opportunity to seize dreams becomes more and more rare with each fallen grain of the hourglass.

As creatures with human nature and a sense of will, people tend to gravitate to John Lennon's vision of a paradise in which peace, love, and harmony dominate. However, that same sense of nature and will forces people to question the possibility of such an idealistic existence. This sense of pessimism tends to derive from the emotional abuse endured by man on his way to maturity. Poe advocates that, as imperfect beings, humans are designed to hope, wonder, and question. There is no feasible line between an imaginary world and reality. In planning and anticipating a realistic future, some degree of dreaming and fantasizing is involved. Through the marriage between hopes and acceptance of duty, man finds heaven on earth. Reality is only as harsh as the rarity of dreams. While dreams survive, life remains bearable. Throughout "Dreams," the speaker realizes there is vast room for hope in a world of despair, proclaiming that dream life is more desirable than the real one. Further on the decent of optimism, "A Dream" depicts the corruption of a world in which dreams are tainted. Purity of these dreams is crucial to the maintenance of a stable life. Hope plummets into the abyss of reality throughout "A Dream Within a Dream," wherein the speaker adapts the lessons learned from "A Dream" and states that, without dreams, life is futile. Poe, a traditionally dark and cynical writer, includes himself with humanity in his struggle against his fear of impotency. He reveals his vulnerability and innermost fears of growing old and losing sight of the dreams he once held sacred. Poe adopts a tone of somber resolution to the inevitable cruelty of reality. His testament throughout these poems is to hold fast to dreams because time will wait for no man. Rather than wait until tomorrow to act on hopes, Poe insists that the present is all that is guaranteed and dreams of a society in which people act on such inclinations to form a heaven on earth. Like Lennon, Poe "imagine[s] all the people living for today."