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The transport layer is the 4thlayer of the OSI model. Transport layer offers peer-to-peer and end-to-end connection between two processes on remote hosts. Transport layer offers reliable connection-oriented and connectionless depending on the application. Transport layer takes data from Application layer and then breaks it into smaller size segments, numbers each byte, and hands over to Network Layer for delivery. The most common transport layer protocols are TCP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the connection less UDP User Datagram Protocol (UDP) both protocols are connection-oriented. Other protocols of transport layers are
Get original essayAny host may have multipleapplications that are communicating across the network. Each of theseapplications will be communicating with one or more applications on remotehosts. It is the responsibility of the Transport layer to maintain the multiple communication streams between these applications.
As each application creates a stream data to be sent to a remote application, this data must be prepared to be sent across the media in manageable pieces. The Transport layer protocolsdescribe services that segment this data from the Application layer. This includes the encapsulation required on each piece of data. Each piece of application data requires headers to be added at the Transport layer to indicate to which communication it is associated.
At the receiving host, each pieceof data may be directed to the appropriate application. Additionally, these individualpieces of data must also be reconstructed into a complete data stream that isuseful to the Application layer. The protocols at the Transport layer describethe how the Transport layer header information is used to reassemble the datapieces into streams to be passed to the Application layer.
In order to pass data streams to the proper applications, the Transport layer must identify the target application. To accomplish this, the Transport layer assigns an application anidentifier. The TCP/IP protocols call this identifier a port number. Each software process that needs to access the network is assigned a port number unique in that host. This port number is used in the transport layer header to indicate to which application that piece of data is associated.
The Transportlayer is the link between the Application layer and the lower layer that are responsible for network transmission. This layer accepts data from different conversations and passes it down to the lower layers as manageable pieces thatcan be eventually multiplexed over the media. Applications do not need to knowthe operational details of the network in use.
The applications generate data that is sent from one application to another, without regard to the destination host type, the type of media over which the data must travel, the path taken by the data, the congestion on a link, or the size of the network. Additionally,the lower layers are not aware that there are multiple applications sending data on the network. Their responsibility is to deliver data to the appropriate device. The Transport layer then sorts these pieces before delivering them tothe appropriate application.
Controlling the Conversations:
The Transport layer can provide this connection orientation by creating a session between the applications. These connections prepare the applications to communicate witheach other before any data is transmitted. Within these sessions, the data fora communication between the two applications can be closely managed.
Error Control : Error Control is performed end to end in this layer to ensure that the complete message arrives at the receiving transport layer without any error. Error Correction is done through retransmission.
The two most common Transport layer protocols of TCP/IP protocol suite are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Both protocols manage the communication of multiple applications. The differences between the two are the specific functions that each protocol implements.
In every walks of life, we see visual communication. But knowingly or unknowingly it is taken for granted. For understanding what visual communication is, one need not to visit art galleries or read books pertaining to it. We need only to observe the things existing around us and in the world for that matter. There are day to day examples of visual communication we come across like mobiles, websites, packaging designs, books and so on. A classic example of visual communication is that of the clock that we refer to keep track of time. But mere noticing the things around us cannot facilitate visual communication in all respects. Therefore, looking at the clock there are many possibilities of visual messages being delivered.
Get original essayThe term ‘Visual communication’ is in itself a broad expression. Although it is closely related to fine or visual arts, it has to do more with design rather than ‘art’. This means, it has specified purpose or objective and intention of reaching to targeted ‘audience’ or ‘specific user’.
On one hand, ‘art’ is more expressive with focus on itself and having less concern about audience, while on the other hand, ‘design’ is more concerned with ‘targeted communication’. Its intension is to explore user experience.
In short key terms that separated ‘art’ from visual communication are ‘Target’, ‘Purpose’& ‘Function’
Until recent years, visual communication was referred to as ‘Graphic Design’. It was William Addison Dwiggins, an American designer who coined the term ‘Graphic Design’ to elevate the status of visual arts. With the invention of new media apart from the existing print medium, the term ‘visual communication’ became popular to facilitate understanding the complex nature of the field thus putting its emphasis rightly in the businesses. When it comes to communication, the general notion is that, the key factor for effectiveness is ‘Creativity’. It is also thought that the designers are those peculiar type with steep artistic inclination. Well, the reality is that, ‘creativity’ is only a part of the whole process of effective communication.
A visual communication designer has to think out-of-the-box by making use of both sides of his brain, keeping a methodical approach, thereby creating a systematic communication which clearly conveys the message.
In the words of the famous American designer Paul Rand, who designed the famed IBM logo amongst many other logos, The type of visual communication depends upon the approach one takes, which it may be Analytical Approach, Conceptual Approach or Expressive Approach.In this type of design, the target market, its nature, competitors and its existing position is studied and based on the data a visual identity is created which in turn plays a strategic and fundamental
role in attracting sales and increasing profit margin. It gives aesthetic look and feel of the brand. Thereby elevating its status in the market that is targeted. The approach is analytical. ‘Function and usability’ is the top priority in delivering message in the Information Designs. The main goal is to maintain good user experience when it comes to interaction with information. Wayfinding graphics, Road maps, signage, websites, schedule or time-tables are some of examples which are based on ‘Clarity & Accuracy’ forming the main criteria to facilitate understanding and reducing frustration or stress.Advertising is a flourishing business all over the world. The target audience or market is pre-defined. It involves thorough market research which gives way to build a strong concept for a design in order to manipulate audience’s emotions, change their perception / behavior, to grab attention of passer-by and to sell the ‘Big Idea’. Thus here the approach is conceptual.Expression of ideas and its underlying emotions is the main goal while working in Illustration discipline. Communication happens by way of drawing and painting using traditional or digital media. Designers or illustrators may choose to work with book or magazine publishing firms or work independently to publish their individual works. Illustrations for children’s book, educational materials, and illustrations for social and political awareness are some of the areas where illustrations are widely used. Their work can be revolutionary for social upliftment or for a special cause using sacrasm and also to bring about awareness among the masses. It uses more expressive approach. Motion designer use combination of moving images, text and special effects for telling a story and influencing emotions of audience. Videos, motion graphics, sound and animations for televisions and on-screen graphics, opening credits for movies are some of the examples which delivers strong visual impact on viewer’s mind.Books are the most fundamental & ancient form of visual communication. Designers and art directors get inputs from authors, illustrator & photographers which help in creating visual concepts for books. As this type of communication heavily depends upon pictures & type-setting, the main aim is to provide pleasant reading experience visually & physically ( size, weight and material). The essence of being a designer is ‘disciplined freedom’ — that you have to first and foremost be disciplined about the ‘rules of the game’ (i.e. communication), the constrains and limitations, as well as the ‘craft’ of it, before you could attain a sense of freedom. Learn the rules before you break them, and when you do break them, break them with grace and dignity.Designing is a way of solving problem creatively. Therefore it is much more than what it seems to be. As designers use both the side of his brain, he has to create impact on viewers by using playfulness, sarcasm, firmness at appropriate times. He has to explore all the possibilities before drawing conclusions. He has to be critical as well as objective in problem solving.Is Design a linear process?One does not always have to move in a straight line from A to B when creating a design. Designers take detours, gather facts and come up with many possibilities of solution before they decide what to do. This process is called ‘Divergent Thinking’Making mind-maps, sketching, photography, drawing flowcharts are some of the methods employed by designers in this process. Designers need not to be too critical about their findings. The key is to play with the many possibilities one can come up with. Once this is done the next step is to choose the most effective & relevant solution to the problem. At this stage designers can critical analyze the data gathered. Often they seek feedback from their potential audiences.The importance of research
Research is the intrinsic part of design. Assumptions cannot facilitate effectiveness in design. The following are some examples of research activities: Ethnography — observing and documenting user behaviour using camera/video camera and taking notes for critical analysis and drawing conclusions about the user as a whole. Surveys and interviews
Competitive analysis — Understanding the competitors of the client and its existing position amongst the competitors
Secondary research — reviewing statistics related to the users/market, studying historical precedents, research concerning usability.
Personalities vary. According to psychologists and many other social experts, there are two main social behaviors that a person acquires as they mature in adulthood: introversion and extroversion. An introvert is someone who prefers a calm, minimally stimulating environment, and they can tend to feel drained after socializing but regain their energy by spending time alone. An extrovert is an outgoing and outspoken person who feels energized when socializing with others. In the book “Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking”, the author, Susan Cain, argues that society undervalues introverts and shows how much of a drawback it is in doing so. “These students inhabit a world in which status, income, and self-esteem depend more than ever on the ability to meet the demands of the Culture of Personality” (Cain 31). She maps the increase of extroverts throughout the twentieth century and investigates how deeply it has infiltrated our culture. However, introverts possess Quiet Strength and are easily overlooked and underestimated. “But what if you admire the hyperthymic among us, but also like your calm and thoughtful self” (Cain 39). A closer inspection of introvert success in the workplace contradicts former societal notions and reveals that there are specific physical, mental, and emotional strategies that leaders and employers can utilize to ensure the best results in the field of computer science. For this essay about introverts vs extroverts, it is important to understand the different social behaviors and how they impact individuals in various aspects of their lives, as highlighted by Susan Cain in her book 'Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking'.
Get original essayOne starts to progress in a field in collegiate education. One must consider choices that will influence success and maximize creativity. In order to implement those things, I have chosen to pursue a career in the field of computer science. According to the University of Maryland Department of Computer Science.
Computer Science is the study of computers and computational systems. Unlike electrical and computer engineers, computer scientists deal mostly with software and software systems; this includes their theory, design, development, and application. Principal areas of study within Computer Science include artificial intelligence, computer systems and networks, security, database systems, human-computer interaction, vision and graphics, numerical analysis, programming languages, software engineering, bioinformatics and theory of computing. Although knowing how to program is essential to the study of computer science, it is only one element of the field. Computer scientists design and analyze algorithms to solve programs and study the performance of computer hardware and software. The problems that computer scientists encounter range from the abstract, determining what problems can be solved with computers and the complexity of the algorithms that solve them, to the tangible, designing applications that perform well on handheld devices, that are easy to use, and that uphold security measures.
Being an introvert, I believe this will be a great fit for me. The field of computer science is an independent path and is very suitable to my personality.
College is challenging at times for all students, but for introverts, it can be extremely difficult. While more outgoing students can easily make friends and navigate their way through social events, introverts may often feel uncomfortable and left out. But it doesn't have to be like that. There are multiple ways to help introverts stay comfortable and enjoy the college experience. In some cases, introverts may have a hard time saying no to other people, but it’s important for them to express what their boundaries are. You should set clear boundaries with your friends when you need time alone to recharge. This can be hard to do, but otherwise you’re most likely going to end up feeling tired and drained. Online classes may help introverts stay stable. The availability of online classes makes it easier for students to complete their degrees while staying within their comfort zone. Even those who do not enroll in an online program can take some online classes, which can help introverts get some rest from dealing with the in-person classroom experience. Introverts shouldn’t worry about missing out on things. You may feel pressure to be out with friends, but you should respect your need for alone time Fear of missing out can be especially tough for introverts because they need to miss out in order to function well, and they often do their best when alone. Time management is an extremely important factor for success in college. Since introverts regularly need to recharge their batteries, it’s a good idea for them to always plan to have downtime ahead of time. Given the social and experiential nature of the college environment, effective time management and proactive planning will help introverts balance the need to focus attention inward and re-energize as needed. An introverted student needs to make time for personal care and reflection, so he or she can take care of individual needs and be energized for future activities. Introverts need to seek out some activities that attract extroverts. Introverts need quiet time, but they also need to be around extroverts in order to have a healthy social life. This may sound illogical but making sure that you are around people with extroverted energy in short bursts will be helpful to you. According to Cain,“ The book of Exodus is short on explication, but its stories suggest that introversion plays yin to the yang of extroversion; that the medium is not always the message; and that people followed Moses because his words were thoughtful, not because he spoke them well” (Cain 61). If you only surround yourself with people like you, you may limit your social network. Make it a point to find those activities that you can at least tolerate in certain time frames. If you are a strong introvert, you will add unique value to that group. Just as it’s helpful for introverts to befriend extroverted people, they should also be sure to connect with introverted peers. Since many extroverts don’t understand the temperament of introverts, it’s important for them to seek out people who appreciate their quiet disposition. Meeting new people can be challenging for introverts, but they can begin by building connections with people they’re already somewhat familiar with as well. Whether it’s someone that sits near them in class or a friend of their roommate, striking up friendships with people they already feel comfortable around can help them build their social circle. Introverts may feel like there is something wrong with them because many people around them are more outgoing. However, introversion can be an asset. Introverts need to embrace their personalities. Being introverted can be a real strength, especially when it comes to wanting to be at home alone to better focus on your work, where your extroverted counterparts may prefer working and socializing in groups; you might even get a lot more done in a shorter period by working alone.
When it comes to personality types in the workplace, the model employee has always been the extrovert – the ambitious, competitive go-getter who speaks up, can self-promote and network easily, and who is the picture of workplace success. However, on the other end of the spectrum is the introvert. These quiet, shy individuals make up between one-third and one-half of the American population, yet they still tend to be the lowest on the totem pole. Although introverts are normally inferior in the workplace, in my specific field, they are superior and tend to be a better fit compared to extroverts. The computer programming environment is very fitting for introverts and allows them to thrive easily; honestly, I believe programming is the best job for introverts. You can learn from home, and at your own pace. There are tons of online resources available today, including Treehouse, Codecademy, and Pluralsight, to name just a few. All of them have hours of content about many different programming languages, from web development to app development. You can code from pretty much anywhere with a computer and an internet connection. If busy offices are too much for you, then maybe working from home or at the library will give you that much-needed quiet in order to focus. Many employers like you to work from the office but negotiating even a day working from home can help keep energy levels stable. Although you might have to end up working on a team, for the most part, you work on large chunks of projects independently, so you’ll have extended periods of time where it’s all just you. You may think that computer programming is all about typing, but the truth is, 90 percent of it is in your head, doing problem-solving and creative thinking. There is nothing more satisfying than being given a problem to solve and being left in your own head to think it through and find a solution. And, as introverts, we are particularly good at thinking through all the different eventualities.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, personality types vary, and introversion and extroversion are two significant social behaviors that impact individuals in various aspects of their lives. Susan Cain's book 'Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking' argues that society undervalues introverts and that this is a drawback. However, introverts possess Quiet Strength, and it is crucial not to underestimate them. In the field of computer science, introversion can be an advantage, as it is an independent path that is well-suited to introverts. Although college can be challenging for introverts, there are ways to help them stay comfortable and enjoy the experience. These include setting clear boundaries with friends, taking online classes, and managing time effectively. Seeking out activities that attract extroverts can also be helpful for introverts to expand their social network. In summary, understanding the different social behaviors and the impact they have on individuals can lead to better acceptance and appreciation of diverse personalities.
Upset stomach. Sweaty hands. A heavyweight on your chest. Feeling like you can’t breathe. A constant worry that others think you’re stupid or annoying. The sudden urge to bolt from the crowd. This is what it can be like to experience social anxiety as an introvert. Introverts are often shy, quiet in large places, have few close friends, mentally rehearse before speaking, intense, passionate and mostly learn by observing rather than asking. I feel I’m in the middle, not completely an introvert but I am not also an extrovert. When I was in my undergrad, I struggled to start conversations with others. But everything changed when I decided to follow my passion and start my own business. There are contrasting differences of introverts vs extroverts and this is part of my speech where I share personal experience of being an introverted business owner and leader.
Get original essayTo be clear, both introverts and extroverts can struggle with social anxiety, and not every introvert is anxious. When it comes to leadership, extroverts possess distinctive qualities that can greatly influence their effectiveness in leading teams and organizations. With their natural inclination towards social interaction, extroverted leaders excel at building rapport, fostering open communication, and inspiring others through their dynamic presence. Their outgoing nature enables them to easily connect with individuals, build networks, and mobilize teams towards shared goals. One of the key strengths of extroverted leaders is their ability to energize and engage those around them. They thrive in social settings, displaying charisma and confidence that can inspire and motivate team members. Through their expressive communication style, extroverted leaders adeptly articulate their vision, generating enthusiasm and rallying support for their ideas. Nevertheless, it’s common for introverts to find themselves battling some level of social anxiety. It can strike at any social gathering, big or small, and sometimes without rhyme or reason.
To be introvert and anxious, I feel it’s hard to get work done at times. For example, when I am in a class or a meeting, I struggle to raise a question some times. Most of the time, I keep on listing to what others are talking about and observe to learn. I feel this as an advantage sometimes, because I keep on listening till the end analyzing what everyone is talking about and then ask my questions, which are often different and important for the meeting/discussion.
Before diving into my experience as an anxious introvert entrepreneur, first, let’s discuss some of the famous introvert leaders and how I got inspiration from them. (All the information is from based on various interviews and articles I found on the internet by doing the research I did before writing this paper)
“Well, I think introverts can do quite well. If you’re clever you can learn to get the benefits of being an introvert, which might be, say, being willing to go off for a few days and think about a tough problem, read everything you can, push yourself very hard to think out on the edge of that area. Then, if you come up with something, if you want to hire people, get them excited, build a company around that idea, you better learn what extroverts do, you better hire some extroverts, like Steve Ballmer I would claim as an extrovert, and tap into both sets of skills to have a company that thrives both as in deep thinking and building teams and going out into the world to sell those ideas”
And the list continues. Some reports say that up to 40% of the top executives described as introverts. By analyzing the above list, we can say that introversion is not a barrier for leadership but could be a great quality for becoming a strong leader.
I start my story from the point where I decide to start my own business. I was in my final year when I completely decided to start my own business rather than joining a job. My cousin was also working on digital marketing concepts we paired up and started our business. At first, we planned to develop websites and use them to market local businesses. Later we recognized the need for digital marketing for local small businesses and we decided to give digital marketing and social media marketing as a service. Then we faced a real challenge which is talking to local businesses and convincing them to buy our services (Customer Acquisition). I and my cousin, both are introverts and it is a do or die situation. Luckily we got our first client based on my friend reference but getting new clients is still a challenge.
I started meeting potential clients, which was a tough task. I felt anxious even thinking about the meeting. I used to prepare (in mind) what I need to talk about and how to frame a sentence before meeting them.
But when I started talking to a client, I used to forget everything and just concentrating on listening to what they are saying, then discussing what we offer and trying to explain how our services help their business and finally making an agreement and building marketing strategies for them. I remember how I used to become anxious when I decided to work at the cash counter of my ice-cream store in peak hours because I don’t even know who is going to turn up in front of me. But again, when I started working receiving the customers, I forgot everything and just focused on the work.
Introvert leaders make good leadership. People feel good when they are led by introverts because they can see that they are there not because they enjoyed being looked at, and not because they enjoy controlling other people, but because they are there without a choice, and they took the spotlight even though every bone in their body telling them not to, It works like almost a special power. People feel true authenticity in their leadership.
Professor Grant said, there is no difference in introverted leaders and extroverted leaders when compared to their effectiveness. But, his and his team members found that in their research, introverted leaders can be more effective than extraverts in certain circumstances. The main determining factor is who they are managing. He says, “Extraverted leadership involves commanding the center of attention: being outgoing, assertive, bold, talkative and dominant. This offers the advantages of providing a clear authority structure and direction. However, pairing extraverted leaders with employees who take initiative and speak out can lead to friction, while pairing the same group of employees with an introverted leader can be a pathway to success.”
In conclusion, according to the research, the best combination for teams is not the introvert leader or extrovert leader but it’s about the team and leader.
The original idea of this work was the research of SolidWorks capabilities and was started in 2014. The author decided to develop some more ideas based on his research and suggestions to implement useful features from some other popular CAD and 3D-modeling software to show what could be improved in SolidWorks.
Get original essayThe author’s original research contained some old data taken of articles in Russian magazines for the year 2005 and from his personal experience. Later the author changed his sources to websites about CAD, 3D-modeling, and animation to be up to date with the modern features and improvements in software packages. The basic way was to compare the features of different software packages to SolidWorks and merge them with the later. The features were to be described and explained to understand why they would be useful in SolidWorks.
In the first decade of the 20th century, before mass computerization of manufacturing, production required lots of human resources, because humanity had to do most of the process manually, starting with technical documentation and finishing with product recycling. Eventually, manufacturing volumes grew as well as production speed and complexity of the product. Because of that manufacturing staff included hundreds of people.
When computer appeared, it was almost instantly embedded into agriculture, medicine, military, and social industry because of its practical advantages. At first, processing used in manufacturing was slow enough, yet people could save much time and human resources thanks to it, due to automation of some processes. As computer embedding tendency grew, first computer-aided design (CAD) systems appeared, capable of automation of the whole cycle of production from technical documentation to production process.
Nowadays world industry uses so much CAD systems that you can’t find any firm, factory or construction bureau which wouldn’t use CAD. This worldwide embedding caused creating CAD software complexes which include several types of capabilities at once. Mostly you can find different systems of volumetric modeling and express tests in such software. It is obvious that several corporations take part in developing that kind of software to supply the world industry. One of the giants in this area is Dassault Corporation with their software – SolidWorks.
In December 1995 unknown American company SolidWorks Corporation developed the first version of the 3D modeling package – SolidWorks 95. During the next 23 years, 25 new versions of the program were created, over 3. 5 million copies were sold which are used in numerous project organizations and universities. During its existence, SolidWorks made a huge work, transforming an average level modeling system, which it was in 1995, into a complex CAD, one of the most elite systems of parametric modeling worldwide.
Hundreds of innovations and new technological solutions, first invented in SolidWorks, became “classic” in CAD application development during the last 20 years and are now used by most CAD developers worldwide. SolidWorks Corp. was first created in 1993. Beginning with the new version of a software package developed in 1995 SolidWorks became a center of attention for CAD analysts. They were first to realize the full functionality of 3D modeling software in Microsoft Windows. Before that such development were only realized in Unix OS, where they were used for decades. Nowadays Unix-like CAD software became the past, porting the applications into Windows.
In 1997 SolidWorks Corp. was included into IT holding Dassault Systemes, and to the present day, analysts assess this purchase as one of the most successful strategic solutions for Dassault. Nowadays SolidWorks is one of the most popular and widely used 3D modeling packages, which includes wide specter of integrated CAE/CAM/PDM modules and over 500 specialized applications. Since 1998 each new version is developed in 15 languages.
SolidWorks is a system of automatic projection, engineering analysis, and preparation of products of any difficulty and purpose for manufacturing. SolidWorks Corp. developments are known for a high level of quality, reliability, and productivity, not to mention a qualified support team, which makes SolidWorks one of the best solutions for industry. Complex solutions of SolidWorks are based on high-level technologies of hybrid parametric modeling and the wide specter of specialized modules. Industrial embedding of SolidWorks allows to shorten the whole cycle of production and lower the costs.
Traditionally, CAD-systems are focused on the creation of geometric models of products from geometric primitives, and most of the time working with such systems is spent on the selection of items of required types and, most importantly, on choosing the optimal sequence of their creation. Special software products are utilized to perform engineering or technological analysis, as the results of which model is corrected, and sometimes quite substantially. SolidWorks creators started to implement the system elements of an expert system designed to reduce the amount of necessary thinking of the designer for CAD-system as a tool to minimize costs and suboptimal sequence work on the model, typical for existing parametric CAD-systems. SolidWorks software package deeply develops this approach. SolidWorks software package is largely based on technology SolidWorks Intelligent Feature Technology, abbreviated SWIFT. This complex is an embedded expert system that allows for the earliest stages of design with a high degree of automation to solve the optimization problem of the project. This engineering and rapid analysis (strength, aeromechanics, kinematics and dynamics of mechanisms), and manufacturability analysis (applied to machining or molding requirements for plastics), and due diligence compliance selected electronic document standards, as well as analysis of dimensional chains, check collection products search conflicts, automatic dimensioning and process notation, and even automatically create a new project based on an existing on a number of formal parameters.
3D CAD is the basic and the most used tool in the package and this thesis is mostly about its features. As the name suggests it allows user-friendly experience in solid modeling. It is used mostly by engineers and designers, while architects prefer another Dassault Systemes program — CATIA. 3D CAD allows creating both 2D and 3D designs. A range of tools can help the engineer reuse existing 3DCAD models and 2D drawings, which accelerates the design process, saves time and development costs and increases productivity.
One of the common requirements for any engineering project is a drawing. Solidworks 3D CAD links a 2D drawing directly with a 3D solid model, so updates to the 3D model can be automatically reflected in the 2D drawing. Without an automated update system, all drawing views must be updated manually whenever a design change occurs. This becomes an even bigger problem when a component or assembly exists in many different assemblies or at many different levels of the same assembly because it requires that all the drawing views containing the modified components be updated.
Handle all aspects of your part and assembly modeling with SOLIDWORKS 3D design system. Effective product design involves a wide range of tasks that demand flexibility in your software. 3D solid modeling offers several advantages over traditional 2D design, but you want 3D CAD tools that you can use every day while being powerful enough to handle all the aspects of your design process. With SOLIDWORKS, you get an intuitive 3D CAD system that combines ease-of-use with powerful modeling capabilities that can handle your most complex design projects. SOLIDWORKS accelerates your design, saving time and development costs, and making you more productive.
Space exploration has changed modern society with emerged of some high-level of technology in the last few decades globally, which is a way to discover the new world, challenging boundaries of science and stimulating the innovation technical limits. The spirit of discovering the universe has been beneficial to society for decades with a number of innovations such as wireless communication devices and cell phone cameras. The term resources in this article can be defined as money, astronaut, scientists and technology which could be used during space discovery, and the term space exploration can be defined as a kind of universal investigation with technology to gain the knowledge of the galaxy. This essay will discuss whether or not resources should be invested in space exploration by examining the following issues. Firstly, resources devote into the space exploration lead to evolution in science and technology, also stimulate the economy; next, resources which invested into the cosmos discovery are crucial for the long-term survival of humanity; on the other hand, astronauts expose in space radiation could potentially cause long term diseases.
Get original essayFirstly, resources should be used in space exploration in which can support innovation and economic prosperity. Thomas states that universe exploration is not about transformation between things and products, however, it is about challenging our knowledge and finding it technically feasible in order to facilitate innovation. Indeed, it is almost impossible to use communication devices without the satellite and behind those, it is about those dedicated scientists who apply their knowledge and money into the research for decades. According to NASA (n.d.) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, numbers of things connecting to our daily life which form the invention form space. For example, digital photography was invented by NASA in the 1960s for the primary purpose of capturing images in telescopes, until the 1990s, the technology was small enough to carry for universe exploration which led to the ability to access the cameras on any kind of digital devices ubiquitous. In addition to that, resources which supported into the space industry could also benefit the economy. China's aerospace industry had developed rapidly in the last few decades, based on their independent innovation which put a huge effect in space discovery. Data shows there are about 12 national laboratories under CASC which are located across mainland China in different provinces with over 140,000 employees are highly educated. Moreover, CASC had exported a huge amount of products and services on the international market which stimulates economic development. China has exported the communications spacecraft to Nigeria, Pakistan and Laos as well as other Asian counties. It can be seen that those resources China investigated into the space areas potentially lead China to stand at the top of leading the global space community Furthermore, China's space industries also provide a wide range of jobs, promoting economic growth and increasing the living standards. Therefore, it could be concluded that money and other kinds of scientific resources which funded in space research could possibly lead to the innovation of new technology and also stimulate the economy.
Next, money, scientist and modern technology and other terms of resources should support the universe discovery which is essential for the survival of humanity. Schwartz's suggestion is cosmic discovery is the obligation to ensure the survival of humanity. Earth contains a limited amount of fundamental resources, with the rapid population growth, those resources will be exhausted. However, the universe is huge and contains massive resources available for discovery. As a result, using existing resources from the earth to acquire new resources from the universe is crucial for the survival of humanity. Schwartz also suggests that corporation is significant in the space industry, it can be the corporate between governments or multinational organizations. For instance, a multination working group for the long-term sustainability of space exploration was established with experts from Canada, France, Japan and the United States, the primary goal is to utilise the long-term development for the future generation and explore the resources in space. Furthermore, according to Munévar believes that large-scale space exploration is essential which could possibly prevent extinction. Survival is the fundamental part of the prosperity of mankind, there is no doubt that why resources should not be invested in-universe discovery. Consequently, it can be said that money, scientist and technological resources which supported for the space expedition are potentially vital for the long-term survival and the propensity of humanity.
On the other hand, labour resources such as astronauts should not be invested in galactic exploration due to the radiation which could cause long term diseases. According to the National Research Council, serious consequences of cosmic radiation which included nervous system damage, blood vessel dysfunction or even cancer. With the constant input of resources into space research, increasing numbers of uncertainties emerge regarding the diverse levels of risks which astronauts may face. Jandial, Hoshide, Waters & Limoli's experiment show that cosmic radiation may damage brain function significantly by exposure in the ionizing field in-universe for a long period of time. This effect can be seen as the loss of learning memory, anxiety, depression or other kinds of behavioural disorders which could damage to the nervous system. However, maintaining both mental and physical function is vital for the health of astronauts as well as the safety of the mission. Shimmering, Cucinotta & Wilson warn space radiation has a fatal impact on astronauts, protection on space exposure is essential to ensure to live and work in a safe environment. As a result, labour resources such as astronauts should not invest in cosmos discovery for the safety concern due to the strong cosmic radiation.
In conclusion, this essay has discussed whether or not recourses such as money, astronauts, scientists and technology should be invested into space exploration. Resources which funded into space discovery could lead to innovation and stimulate the economy; also, it is an essential part of the survival of humanity. On the other hand, cosmic radiation could damage the brain or other nervures systems. Therefore, it can be concluded that resources should be invested in space exploration due to potentially contribute to innovations and economic prosperity also for the continuation of humanity.
A drug is any substance other than food that provides nutritional support that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological and often psychological change in the body.
Get original essayThere are three types of drugs namely stimulants,depressants and hallucinogens.Stimulants are drugs that when taken speed up the brain and central nervous system. They temporarily increase alertness and energy. The most commonly known and easily available legal stimulants are nicotine and caffeine. The most widely used nicotine-containing product is tobacco and with caffeine, tea, coffee and certain colas are commonly ingested for the stimulant effect. Both have varying degrees of stimulatory effects on the central nervous system. Stafford(2003).Some of these stimulant drugs are legal and widely used in Kenya. Types of Stimulants are Amphetamines, Caffeine, Cocaine, Diet Pill, Methamphetamines and Ritalin.
Depressants are drugs that when taken slow down the brain and central nervous system. These drugs include opiates and opioids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, tranquilizers and alcohol. Due to their effects, these drugs can be referred to as downers. Liquor is the most every now and again utilized depressant. Kinds of liquor incorporate lager, wine, and alcohol. Liquor is a psychoactive medication that lessens consideration and moderates response speed. Liquor inebriation influences the cerebrum, causing slurred discourse, awkwardness, and deferred reflexes. Other physiological impacts incorporate changed view of room and time, diminished psychomotor aptitudes, upsetting balance. The prompt impacts of a lot of liquor incorporate impelled discourse, irritated rest, queasiness, and spewing. Indeed, even at low dosages, liquor altogether weakens judgment and coordination.
Sedatives are found in opium. The significant dynamic sedatives found in opium are morphine, codeine, thebaine, and papaverine. Semi-engineered opioid, for example, heroin, oxycodone, and hydrocodone are gotten from these substances also. Sedatives can be infused, grunted, or smoked. The transient impact of sedative mishandle comprises of a surge of elation combined with a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and overwhelming furthest points. Following beginning happiness, clients exchange between an attentive and lazy state. Mental working winds up obfuscated because of the despondency of the focal sensory system. Stafford(2003).Sedatives are utilized to treat uneasiness or issues with rest. They have a quieting impact by discouraging the sensory system in a route like liquor. They are the most ordinarily endorsed mental prescriptions. They create an unwinding and tension diminishing impact. Minor sedatives have coordinate depressant consequences for mind territories that control attentiveness and readiness. They upgrade the activity of receptors that fortify the sensory system. Real sedatives essentially influence particular receptors in the mind that decrease insane contemplations, recognitions and fomentation. A hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness.
There are three types of hallucinogens namely Deliriants, Dissociates and Psychedelics. Deliriant hallucinogen drugs alter a person’s sensory perceptions to the point where the mind concocts imaginary scenes that have no basis in his or her external reality. Examples of deliriants are jimson weed, datura and deadly nightshade. Dissociative types of hallucinogens essentially sever a person’s consciousness from his or her immediate environment. In effect, dissociative drug effects allow the mind to create its own reality in terms of sensory perceptions and emotional experiences. Examples include PCP, magic mushroom, DXM and ketamine. Psychedelic drugs interrupt the brain’s ability to filter out extraneous sensory details from the immediate environment. This particular ability enables a person to function effectively in the real world. Examples include LSD, Mescaline and Peyote. Now that we know about the major classifications of drugs and some of their effects ,I'm going to focus on Heroine drug abuse in Kenya.
One of the major leading factors that cause the youth to start drug abuse is poverty. The youth drop out of school because of lack of school fees others drop out to help their parents at their work places. During this period you find that they have a lot of free time on their hands. Some end up making friends with the deviants who introduce them to the drugs at first its just for recreational purposes but after a while the body becomes more tolerant to the drug which makes them crave a higher dose and this leads to addiction.
Joblessness among youth is another motivation behind why they enjoy tranquilize mishandle, as they are regularly sit without moving. Because of absence of employments, the grown-ups have depended on selling heroine to schoolchildren with a specific end goal to gain a living. They couldn't care less to whom they offer heroine to or whether it isn't right or not to do as such as long as that they gain a wage. Joblessness after school implies that the young swing to drugs for comfort.
Curiosity among young people is reinforced by thrillers, rap music and films which glorify the use of heroine and other hard drugs. Others may think its cool to use drugs because they hear about it in music and see such activities on television and in the movies.
Peer pressure is another cause of heroine abuse in the coastal region. You find that the youth love partying especially university and secondary school children. Once they go for these parties they are introduced to heroine there and because they want to fit in they follow suit just as they saying goes when in Rome do as the Romans do .I believe this is one saying that must go through their minds when doing the drugs. At the parties the youth don't begin abusing heroine immediately its a process first they start drinking alcohol and smoking bhang then they are eventually graduated to use of hard drugs such as heroine.
Lack of knowledge of drugs is one factor that has caused the youth to be involved in abuse of heroine. Some have friends who think that smoking bhang is okay since its a plant that grows naturally so the smoke it on a regular basis. In Kenya use of bhang is illegal so there's no way of knowing what the bhang your smoking has inside. So you find that others will infuse heroine inside the bhang and bring it to parties then by the time one realizes what is inside it the are already addicted and cannot do without it.
Some of the youth who begin using heroine have poor role models. You find that some of their parents are drug addicts therefore the children have no one to look up to and end up the same way as they parents. The youth decide to engage in heroine use just to escape their troubles. Not having a good role model can seriously impact the life of a young child and grow up and get exposed to drugs.
Generally, the consequences of exploitation heroin set in speedily, however it all depends on the tactic of delivery. Snorting or smoking heroin usually needs ten to fifteen minutes for the drug’s full effects to be felt. Injecting heroin could be a abundant quicker technique of ingesting heroin. It takes five to eight minutes for associate intra-muscular heroin injection to line in, whereas it takes all of seven to eight seconds for associate injection to require impact for many initial time users, nausea and disgorgement is common
For those smoking or shooting heroin, a brief amount of intense pleasure known as a “rush” sets in, followed by a way of happiness and a state of physical relaxation, each of that area unit indicators of a heroin high. This “high” typically lasts 3 to four hours. other than the standard elation that accompanies heroin use, the user conjointly alternates between alertness and somnolence. there's an exact degree of lack of water in their mouth, and their skin seems flushed and feels heat. Heroin conjointly slows their respiratory down, and their muscles feel weak. during this state, any issues or problems the user has in their life appear to soften away.
As the immediate effects of heroin slowly dissipate, the user would possibly feel begin feeling irritable. Depression from heroin use is additionally quite common. for several users, the sole thanks to get obviate these non-pleasurable sensations and regain the “high” is to start out doing heroin once more. It doesn’t take abundant for a heroin user to become a full blown drug addict, particularly once the user develops a tolerance to the drug and starts to require additional so as to urge that very same high.
One of the major effect that I found out about heroine was the spread of HIV/AIDS. This is due to the method in which the users choose to intake the drug. Some use syringes to inject themselves with the drugs and they end up sharing them leading to the spread of the disease. Remember the users don't have a source of income so at times they may really need to get high but don't have the funds to make this happen. What they do is go to a friend who already has the drug inside their bloodstream draw the blood from them and inject themselves to get high. Through this method you find out that the disease spreads as they are directly exchanging blood. Some end up dying cause of addiction or diseases related to HIV/AIDs. Others get into prostitution to get the money to buy their daily fix and end up having unprotected sex with infected people.
Heroin addiction has its worth, which worth if pretty steep. There square measure numerous long run physical effects of heroin use. For one, Constant heroin use causes the brain to scale back or perhaps stop manufacturing its own endorphins. once this can be the case, the addict’s body becomes barely capable of managing little amounts of pain or discomfort. This inability is particularly exaggerated within the early stages of heroin withdrawal, creating early recovery or heroin ward a very tough exercise. Once heroin detoxification is finished, the brain sometimes starts manufacturing endorphins once more. However, the damaging effects of heroin on the brain may take years to pass though.
The future psychological effects of heroin use also are nice. it's quite common for heroin addicts to search out it exhausting to concentrate, learn something new, or perhaps organize a transparent thought. Personal relationships additionally take a beating thanks to heroin, as heroin addicts tend to become apathetic and unmindful of the implications of their addiction to heroin. Worst of all, heroin triggers extremely freewheeling and unsafe behavior in constant users, particularly once they resort to criminal acts to urge their next heroin fix.
Healthy relationships area unit a key part of society. These relationships will embrace marriages, parent-child relationships, and general family and friend relationships. When somebody is dependent on heroin, it destroys relationships and may cause divorces and neglected and abandoned youngsters. somebody on opiate tends to be unable to keep up honest relationships with the individuals around them, and that they will exhibit unpredictable or dangerous behavior that diminishes relationships and families. Heroin use has additionally been related to force, loss of custody of youngsters, and money issues that may lead families of individuals on opiate to expertise everything from receiving money help from the government. to being homeless.
Treatment and rehabilitation whereby interventions by government medical professionals, psychologists and counselors are aimed towards aiding medicine. This is in a bid to to get substance abusers to get over impacts and effects of abuses and supporting them towards reintegration with society. Educating the public, whereby data on medicine and substances by the government is past onto the youth with the aim of informing and have an impact on their attitudes, habits, values and beliefs for management of medication and misuse.
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Get custom essayLegislation and controlling of laws whereby international conventions are domesticated by the government of Kenya through enactment of acts of parliament and alternative national and county government laws on medicine and substances. Also, through mechanism by which they're enforced for effective management of medication and substances abuse. Control of medication and substances abuse through the government’s plan to control unnecessary and harmful use of chemicals employed in treatment, the cure bar or identification of diseases for physical or mental well-being and additionally chemicals used for recreation purposes. Creating awareness by avoiding stigmatizing addicts. The Labelling Theory insists that one is portrayed by others in the image that has been made of them. Therefore, trying to show care and avoid harsh criticism is a means to an end to this stigma.
Throughout this project called Kaleidoscope - an animal art analysis I would like to discover and study the detailed anatomy of different animals, and how animals are portrayed and represented in this artwork. I am researching this topic in order to have a better understanding of how animal physiology is represented. I have chosen this theme because I am aiming to become a vet and I believe that this project will help me develop a better understanding of art history and animal physiology, and also drive me to have a deeper passion for my future career in veterinary science.
Get original essaySince artists have traditionally used animals to portray religious rituals, mythical creatures, incarnations of gods and goddesses, symbolically in Christian art or simply as beloved pets. The human mind having an intense fascination for them since the first known cave paintings 40,000 years ago. Yet now with the growing acceptance of self expression and testing of social boundaries, the luxury of freedom that comes with contemporary art has reduced animals to a material- as inanimate as paint or clay. While some see the exploitation of animals in art as ‘unethical’ and ‘offensive’ through its barbarity, others look past the physical presence of animals and contemplate the symbolic meaning behind the work. Artists who use animals for their own personal expression seek to address a perspective that confronts the viewer and ignites discussion that would not be achieved without a shocking use of medium. Yet how does one define the line between freedom of expression, and the needless killing of innocent animals for the shock value and publicity? The works of Damien Hirst support this discussion - his works interpreted as either contentiously pushing the boundaries or brilliantly addressing prevalent issues and ideas in the world he and the audience share.
British contemporary artist Damien Hirst’s works are essentially built upon the essential dilemmas that surround human existence. The use of dead animals is a frequent theme in Hirst’s installations, confronting viewers to consider their own and society’s attitudes to death. His recurring themes have included the fragility of life, society’s reluctance to confront death, and the nature of love and desire, often dressed in titles which exist somewhere between the naive and hypocritical.The artist explores death in a way that either shocks his audience in it’s barbaric gore or makes the viewer question their morals as they admire luxurious and evocative truth that his works provide.
Hirst's first Kaleidoscope painting was created in 2001. It was inspired by a Victorian tea tray that he found on one of his research outings. They are made by arranging thousands of different coloured butterfly wings in an intricate geometric pattern on top of oil paint. Works from the Kaleidoscope series were first exhibited as part of 'Romance in the Age of Uncertainty', at White Cube in 2003.
The Kaleidoscope paintings reference the spiritual symbolism of the butterfly, used by the Greeks to depict Psyche, the soul, and in Christian imagery to signify the Resurrection. Their titles often reference to Christian iconography. His series of Kaleidoscopes wasn't the first to include butterflies; he has previously created other installation paintings.
Damien Hirst’s Kaleidoscope series is a modern retropective of the spiritual cycle of life while providing a masked reality of animal cruelty through a visually alluring display of colour contrasts and detailed patterns. Hirst began using butterflies as a medium in the early part of his career, describing the insect as ‘universal triggers’ in a sense that 'everyone is frightened of glass, everyone's frightened of sharks, everyone loves butterflies'. Hirst joined a long line of artists from Egyptians to Renaissance painters in depicting these insects. Reminiscent of the religious iconography of stained glass, some of his pieces reference already existing windows in churches throughout London. This religious sentiment is conveyed within the title of his work “The Crown of Life”- referring directly to a line in the Bible which states that those who remain steadfast and love God will be blessed to receive the crown of life. This promise of life and resurrection is illustrated in the physical life of a butterfly- laid out for the viewer to admire the permanence or hopeful ephemeral aspect of death.
Hirst chose to use only the iridescent butterfly wings in his work - stripping the butterflies from their thorax and abdomen. His decision to only work with the deemed admirable reflects the idealised beauty they encapsulate while divorcing them from the “real thing”. The detail in colour contrasts between aqua, dandelion a crimson create a scene constructed from mainly primary colours. The repetition with the pattern of colour is used to elude the display of light, depth and beauty - presented as gothic stained glass windows of circular patterns of Buddhist mandalas and references to nature. The perfect symmetry within the diamond shaped form creates a satisfying balance and sense of audience control as they find similarities within the elaborate detail of the work. The family of broad winged, striking butterflies unite as one as the unique colour of their wings determined where they are placed in the scenes- the more transparent allowing light to illuminate the work while the more opaque wings surround to provide contrast and depth in distinguishing shapes.
Overall this idea of a cycle of life being installed and frozen creates a reflective poignancy of childhood wonder - vulnerable and delicate. Yet as they are suffocated and frozen within a luxurious display of Hirst's works, the audience are invited to feel a sense of ironic guilt as they can only appreciate nature's wonders when it is put directly in front of them in overwhelming accumulation. Apart from their rich association with childhood, butterflies are symbols of freedom, the embodiment of living life to the full, In many cultures they represent human souls. Butterflies also represent escape – and death is the ultimate release.
Natural catastrophes are some of the worse ways people die and has been around for ages. Whether or not you believe that dinosaurs extinctic from volcanos or a meteor, it’s been around, and it happens. From the moment it all happens, humans from the future will discover and search for the truth. The Human remains of Pompeii continue to be a topic of discussion for archaeologists.
Get original essayThe city known as Pompeii, located in Italy, was struck with disaster when a volcano erupted, and it belted the neighboring city. According to National Geographic, flying debris hitting the city was the premature catastrophe, but once the eruption occurred, the fatalities increased. Learning and discovering new things everyday about the volcano, will be interesting to see as archaeologists continue to try and answer questions that still remain of the Human remains of Pompeii.
The history of Pompeii remains an interesting topic of discussion. Today Pompeii Italy stands tall as it carries important ancient history. The city that remains shows the likelihood of ancient roman life, which has been discussed a lot this semester. The city still stands today as the whole city has been dug up and preserved. Italian Pompei, preserved ancient Roman city in Campania, Italy, 14 miles southeast of Naples, at the southeastern base of Mount Vesuvius.
From being buried for almost 2000 years, Pompeii has been revived from diggers who have the city of Pompeii a ancient showcase. The volcano eruption preserved the city as well everything in it, such as bodies, the whole city and all different kind of items that are aiding archaeologists what ancient roman life was like back then.
The city has brought the idea supporting ancient life. From neighbors, roads, shops and restaurants, and as well as religion. Daily life in society provided facts that support roman life. Just after midday on August 24, fragments of ash, pumice, and other volcanic debris began pouring down on Pompeii, quickly covering the city to a depth of more than 9 feet (3 meters) and causing the roofs of many houses to fall in.
Being the sites of one of the most roman archaeology sites, the excavation has uncovered a bunch of objects. The site is an archaeological time capsule, known for containing almost perfectly preserved frescoes, mosaics, graffiti and remains of food that unlock the everyday features of life in a Roman town (National Geographic). Objects buried beneath Pompeii were well-preserved for almost 2,000 years as the lack of air and moisture allowed little to no deterioration. However, once exposed, Pompeii has been subject to both natural and man-made forces, which have rapidly increased deterioration.
Weathering, erosion, light exposure, water damage, poor methods of excavation and reconstruction, introduced plants and animals, tourism, vandalism and theft have all damaged the site in some way. Two-thirds of the city has been excavated, but the remnants of the city are rapidly deteriorating. Furthermore, during World War II many buildings were badly damaged or destroyed by bombs dropped in several raids by the Allied forces. The concern for conservation has continually troubled archaeologists. The ancient city was included in the 1996 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund, and again in 1998 and in 2000.
In 1996 the organization claimed that Pompeii 'desperately need[ed] repair' and called for the drafting of a general plan of restoration and interpretation. The organization supported conservation at Pompeii with funding from American Express and the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. Today, funding is mostly directed into conservation of the site; however, due to the expanse of Pompeii and the scale of the problems, this is inadequate in halting the slow decay of the materials.
A 2012 study recommended an improved strategy for interpretation and presentation of the site as a cost-effective method of improving its conservation and preservation in the short term. In June 2013, UNESCO declared: If restoration and preservation works “fail to deliver substantial progress in the next two years,” Pompeii could be placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
By the 1st century AD, Pompeii was one of several towns near the base of the volcano, Mount Vesuvius. The area had a substantial population of roughly between 12,000 and 15,000, which had grown prosperous from the region's renowned agricultural fertility. Many of Pompeii's neighboring communities, most famously Herculaneum, also suffered damage or destruction during the 79 eruption.
A multidisciplinary volcanological and bio-anthropological study of the eruption products and victims, merged with numerical simulations and experiments, indicates that at Pompeii and surrounding towns heat was the main cause of death of people, previously believed to have died by ash suffocation. The results of the study, published in 2010, show that exposure to at least 482 °F hot surges at a distance of 6 miles from the vent was enough to cause instant death, even if people were sheltered within buildings. The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to 12 different layers of tephra, in total 82 feet deep, which rained down for about six hours (Pierpaolo).
Mount Vesuvius is still one of the most dominant and active volcanoes today. Although it’s las eruption was in 1944, it is said to be under 24-hour constant surveillance because of the neighboring cities that are there today that contain 3 million people living there. The eruption in the first century had 21 miles high of cloudy ash and thermac gases in the air. According to Express news, “It released 100,000 times more thermal energy than the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki”. “The African plate is being forced downwards in a process called subduction” which is why the volcano is still very active.
Pompeii Italy will go down as one of the horrific events to happen to a functioning city who took an eruption for the worse. It’s amazing to see how it just disappeared and wasn’t discovered for almost 2000 years later. Pompeii Italy is now just a tourist site.
In the past seven years, the number of school shootings has been on the rise in the United States, with 290 school shootings taking place since the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary school shooting. In the aftermath of the school shootings, speculations surrounding the cause of the mass shootings, one of which being violence in the media, more specifically violence in video games have been on the rise (2018). Those speculations quickly spiraled into public outrage over the potentially damaging effects of violent video games. Without media such as newspapers, radio, television and the internet, the moral panic would have very limited effect on the public. Moral panic refers to the feelings of fear and concern created by a certain group in society to impose their moral beliefs on the general public. Moral panic has led to the politically motivated research around the debate on violent video games. The political economy approach is used to understand the politics and power relationships between politics and economics imbedded in the development of technology. Using the political economy approach, in this essay I will be focusing on the effect of violent video games on moral panic among the general public. I will be using academic sources from 2010 to 2017 investigating the debate on video game violence. I will be addressing how violent behaviour such as incidents of school shootings sparked a public debate on violent video games. I will also talk about the ways media outlets have played a role in stoking moral panics over the potentially damaging effects of violent video games. This essay will explore the motives of politicians in spreading moral panic on violence in video games. I will argue that media exploitation through newspapers, television and the internet is used as a mean to create and spread moral panic, which negatively affects the public.
Get original essayThe real-life violence observed by the parents creates a fear from the fictional violence their children witness by playing video games. According to Markey, P. M. and Ferguson, C. J. (2017), although there is very limited scientific data about the relationship violent video games and violence in real world, parents are in constant fear about the damaging effects violent video games have on their children. Parents have a “save to children mentality” when it comes to violent video games and they develop a defensive attitude in which “… questioning the panic becomes tantamount to not caring for children”. This highlights the parents’ negative perception on youth culture and shows that parents are significantly affected by the belief system on violent video games which they defend emotionally rather than relying on scientific evidence. Instead, parents rely on short excerpts from the news in creating a preconceived notion on moral panic. The news media communicate information to the general public about events that take place, triggering different reactions some of which further exaggerate the event. Thus, what is reported in the news media significantly impacts the public’s perception on the effects of violent video games on children. People look at violent video games as the issue as is it an easier route when it comes to solving the “problems” violence is causing. This diverts the attention on the real issues that is causing the increase in the real-world violence today such as mental illness, poverty and educational disparities. The parents’ fear on violent video games is distant from reality, which is that the video game moral panic is simply influenced by people of higher positions and of authority. Major stakeholders such as politicians are spreading the panic over violent video games through tactics of fear and the manipulation of parents’ emotions. Markey, P. M. and Ferguson, C. J. (2017) claim that “In the aftermath of three recent school shootings, nearly five thousand newspaper articles were published that discussed video games in the context of the events”. This emphasizes the role the scholars have in stoking moral panic through their work and leads to the assertion that the research linked moral panic is perhaps a way in gaining profits.
The publics’ fear on violent video games originates from the preconceived notion they have on gamers and gamer identity. “The moral panic wheel is spun, if you will, by general societal beliefs. These societal beliefs may be cultural, or religious, or may be supplied by society’s authoritarian political, scientific, and activist elements”. This shows that the societal beliefs play a major role in stoking moral panic, where people go as far as linking the events in a game to real world violence. Ferguson claims that despite efforts made in linking violent video games to real-life violent crimes, evidence shows that “violent crimes, including youth crimes, generally are decreasing”. This indicates that crimes and video games are not causally related and that concerns over violent video games are exaggerated. According to Ferguson, violent video games negatively impact the public’s stereotypes on gamers and gamer identities. A gamer is defined as a person who actively makes sense of games and constantly reacts to the events witnessed in games. A gamer is actively involved in video game culture which is a worldwide new media subculture formed by video games that is about the interaction one has with the media and their participation in media activities. There is a misconception that violent video games lead to anti-social behaviours among video game players. However, Ferguson points out the positive effects of violent video games such as the increased social interaction and engagement of youth and emphasizes how the public pays very little attention to those effects. New media allows a realm of social interaction as it introduces multi-player online games such as Everquest and World of Warcraft, making both violent and non-violent video games a means of civic involvement. Therefore, there are many research efforts focusing on how violent video games cause violence in real world and very few considering the positive effects of video games. Failure to thoroughly and objectively examine the effects of violent video games will result in producing a folk devil in the 21st century.
There are cognitive biases which affect scholars’ opinions on violent video games and the potentially damaging effects violence in games could have on youth. Different disciplinary approaches such as psychologists, criminologists and media scholars have different perceptions on the effect of media in shaping one’s behavior and how minor acts of violence are generalized to more serious aggressive acts in real-life. Criminologists and media scholars have a positive view on video games, claiming that violence in video games is not linked to real world violence. Psychologists on the other hand, believe otherwise, claiming that violent video games do lead to aggressive behaviors among youth. This shows that different disciplinary approaches affect how academic researchers address the debate on violent video games and the type of information delivered to the public. Some of the information translates to news media coverage which is used to further fuel the moral panic. Ferguson, C.J. (2017) points out that “media effects theories are largely a product of social psychology…psychologists’ main advocacy organization, the APA (American Psychological Association), has promoted negative beliefs about violent video games, often to considerable controversy”. The cherrypicked beliefs on moral panic encourages the flawed news on violent video games, which lead to scientific industries such as APA and American Academy of Pediatrics to produce false data that further strengthen these beliefs and further stoke the moral panic. Additionally, the more “policy makers” are seen as “doing something about the perceived crisis”, the more the news media receives views and “clicks” from the public, which translates into funding that further motivates researchers. This emphasizes the never-ending cycle of moral panic which negatively affects the public and creates damage to the reputation of a variety of fields of scholars that oppose to those claims.
The moral panic around violent video games is linked to culture and society. What is seen online and, on the media, influences our perception on violent video games. According to Raymond Williams, culture is a “whole way of life”. It is the formation, arrangement and organization of what we believe, value, feel and do. It is also a process that is constantly changing, and it is ordinary as it occurs within a variety of practices that constitute everyday life. Culture expresses dominant, residual and emergent values. The dominant values of culture refer to the commonly accepted values, whereas the residual features of a culture involve the unpopular beliefs. The emergent features are the new ideas and processes that constitute a culture. The moral panic on violent video games is part of this culture. An example of a dominant value expressed by the public is that violent video games are perceived to be harmful and “cause people to be violent”. For instance, after the Sandy Hook school shooting, the public mobbed a Facebook page on the game, Mass Effect, thinking that it was the perpetrators favourite game. It turned out later on that the perpetrator did not play the game Mass effect and that the moral panic around the game was simply a misdirected public outcry. The misdirected public outcry has led to the video game legislation in the United States which deemed ineffective. Dillio (2014) claims that violence in video games are not correlated according to science and the intervention of the government by censoring violent video games for minors is not guaranteed despite legislative effort. Therefore, the protection of children from the possible harm video game violence brings and the fear from violence in videos games are great motivators for the censorship, which is used as a way to help parents in controlling what their children consume in the media.
Violent video games are seen as a political object due to the relationship between the political process and the press. Media is used as a means to convey the message that violent video games are the main cause of incidents such as school shootings. The relation between violent video games and school shootings is established by politicians through the press. For instance, the German press coverage was mediated by the Emsdetten school shooting and “the press coverage was also a medium for the political process, which could be intensified due to the sudden press attention”. According to Sørensen (2012), the Emsdetten school shooting incident was reported in four national newspapers in Germany, two of which are centre-left, while the other two are conservative papers. The author found that “the measure most frequently discussed was a ban on violent computer games mainly demanded by politicians, but also discussed by other commentators”. Since there is not enough evidence for claiming that violent computer games are the source of violent youth behaviour, the focus should be on the political processes for regulating violent computer games rather their ban. This highlights the mutualistic relation between politics and the press, where news fabrication on violent video games in the press and politics, both gain benefits. Additionally, violent video games are used as filling material that add substance to the reports and to spread the moral panic. Sørensen (2012) mentions that the “material on violent computer games … appeared either in individual articles or were inserted into stories on a large variety of different issues”. The implementation of violent video games as an “object of politics” is a form of moral identity that is achieved through its mediation in the press. Therefore, the reliance of politicians on the press to report their initiatives and the spread of the moral panic through news fabrication on violent video games has made violent video games an object of politics.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, violent video games are politically revolutionary, and they have been used by politicians as a mean in spreading moral panic after incidents of school shootings such as Sandy Hook elementary school shooting in United States and Emsdetten school shooting in Germany. The widespread use of media including newspapers, television and the internet has facilitated the spread of fabricated news on the effects of violent video games and it has increased the negative effect towards the targeted public and the youth which have been disparaged and alienated in the process. Moral panic over violence in video games has been a constant event in the media and arises from fear among parents that wish to protect their children. This moral panic leads to the negative stereotype on gamers and gamers’ identity, where the lack of an objective examination of the effects of violent video games may lead to a folk devil in the 21st century. The panic over violence in video games is integrated in today’s societal culture and its spread has been facilitated by cognitive biases and through news fabrication by politicians, which has been beneficial for both the political process and the press. Thus, the use of violent video games as a political object has been a dominant and enduring identity of the press coverage that fuel the never-ending cycle of moral panic.