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Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Trumpet and Cornet Playing
3. Conclusion
4. References

Introduction

The definition of an innovator is “a person who introduces new methods, ideas, or products”. Throughout history, jazz has been filled with many exceptional and innovative musicians, but it is hard to find anyone who has had as much of a profound an influence and effect on the movement as Louis Armstrong.

Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans, at the turn of the century, on August 4, 1901. By the end of his life, he would be known as one of the greatest Jazz musicians of all time and he was an accredited trumpeter, singer, soloist, bandleader, and film star before his death in 1971. Nicknamed “The Battlefield”, Armstrong grew up in a poor section of New Orleans, Louisiana, and growing up in Southern America, was surrounded by the poverty suffered by Southern blacks at the turn of the century. Growing up the Southern American Armstrong would have been subject to racial segregation, which is the practice of restricting people to certain circumscribed areas of residence or to separate institutions and facilities on the basis of race or alleged race. This experience of racial segregation could have been the inspiration for his use of lyrics that convey themes of race and oppression that African Americans faced.

Armstrong’s legacy is more than simply his virtuoso trumpet playing, but his great formal innovations as well. His commitment to the search for new forms in jazz and his continued heartfelt performances will remain a major symbol not only of the musical life but of the entire culture of life in 20th-century America. Prior to Armstrong’s arrival in the world of jazz, jazz music was played either in highly orchestrated arrangements or in a more loosely structured “Dixieland”-type ensemble in which no one musician soloed for any extended period.

Musicians everywhere soon began to imitate his style, and Armstrong himself became a star attraction. His popularity was phenomenal, and throughout the 1920s he was one of the most sought-after musicians in both New York and Chicago. Through his use of trumpet and cornet playing, singing, and composing, Armstrong was able to innovate the world of jazz which we now know today.

Trumpet and Cornet Playing

In the beginning years of Armstrong’s career, he was primarily known for his cornet and then later on trumpet playing. In 1914, Armstrong was mentored by famous jazz trumpeter and bandleader King Joe Oliver. It is said that Oliver taught Armstrong how to read music and work on his playing technique.

Armstrong’s success then began to snowball and, in the summer of 1922, ‘King’ Oliver invited him to Chicago to play second cornet in his Creole Jazz Band. Through this, he made his first recording with Oliver, on April 5th, 1923, and earned his first recorded solo on “Chimes Blues”. It was then in Kid Ory's band, which at that time was the most popular band in New Orleans, that Armstrong was able to use a series of solos to introduce the concept of swing music into the band.

This was one of the many times that Armstrong introduced the concept of swing into jazz music. Swing music being introduced into jazz meant that the musicians were able to use a freer-flowing rhythm using four beats to a bar instead of the two beats that were common in New Orleans Dixieland jazz. Similarly, in 1924, Armstrong joined Fletcher Henderson's Orchestra, New York’s top African-American dance band at the time. During his time there, he was again able incorporate swing into the band's music.

Along with the band members, audience members were also taken aback by his rhythmic swing, which involved “accented upbeats, upbeat to downbeat slurring, and complementary relations among rhythmic patterns”. Armstrong’s style of playing was one of the many things that caught people's attention whenever he played. He was known to strike listeners with his 'clarinet-like figurations and high notes in his cornet solos'. It has also been said that Armstrong was able to “play “around” the beat, anticipating some notes, delaying others.” which was a style that had previously not been heard before.

As a result of Armstrong’s innovative use of swinging vocabulary in his trumpet playing, Henderson began to integrate this into the orchestra's arrangements. Throughout Armstrong’s time in Henderson’s band, he also influenced and incorporated Jazz rhythms and blue notes that then became more and more prominent in the band's music. This type of music turned into the first arranged music in the style we now describe as 'big band.'

Which in turn then led to Henderson’s band to become what is generally regarded as the first jazz big band. According to Encyclopedia, 2018 Big Band swing originated with Henderson and Den Redman, thanks to the inspiration of Louis Armstrong. Being able to incorporate swing music into this band was unheard of and controversial, and it is noted that “his ability to use the time and space within a song, and also his skill to build up his improvisations melodically while using a swinging legato phrasing that was most revolutionary.”

Through his performances with a variety of musical groups, Armstrong was able to slowly revolutionize the jazz world with the introduction of the extended solo. As a result of this many musicians began to imitate his style. For example, in numbers such as “Potato Head Blues”, Louis’ stop-time solos featured swinging phrasing, wide range, and challenging rhythmic changes which were heard in the tunes of Fletcher Henderson's Orchestra and have long been considered his best solo of that series.

Although Armstrong had emerged as one of the top jazz trumpet and cornet players, at the birth of the recording industry, it was not just his instrument playing that made him an innovator, it was also his singing. Whilst playing in Fletcher Henderson's Orchestra, Henderson did not allow Armstrong to sing due to fears that his rough vocals wouldn't be popular among the sophisticated audiences at the Roseland Ballroom in Manhattan. This prompted Armstrong to return to Chicago, in 1925, where he started playing with his wife Lil's band at the Dreamland Cafe?.

In America, during the 1920s the nation’s total wealth more than doubled. As a result of this extra revenue, many Americans bought radios, which with the help of Pittsburgh’s KDKA, Americans' first commercial radio station in the U.S which hit the airwaves in 1920, opened the world of jazz up to listeners across the entire country. This extra money also enabled people to buy phonograph records, with 100 million being sold in 1927 alone.

In Chicago and through the help of OKeh Records Armstrong was able to make his first records with his own band: Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five. Between 1925 to 1928, Armstrong produced more than 60 records with the Hot Five and, soon after, the Hot Seven. Today these recordings are generally regarded as the most influential recordings in jazz history, especially the tune 'Heebie Jeebies”. His voice became internationally recognized as the “voice of jazz” itself throughout this period of time. On these records, Armstrong's talents and creativity began to transform jazz from ensemble music to a soloist's creation.

In his song “Hebbie Jeebies” Armstrong sang horn-like nonsense syllables after claiming to have dropped the lyric sheet. For many, his “scat” singing was the perfection of a genre in its infancy. With his increasing fame, however, this was met with criticism from the black community that felt he was not living up to the responsibilities of the times, as he was mainly singing for white audiences. Critics then began to note how Armstrong’s instrumental and vocal improvisation was utterly interchangeable and recognized that he sang the way he played. This use of improvised melodies and syncopated rhythm drew the public in, opening them up to a sound that had previously gone unheard of in the western world.

According to scat singing is “Improvised jazz singing in which the voice is used in imitation of an instrument”. This type of music can be traced back to West-African singers assigning syllables to drum rhythms with ' times so close in timbre and so inextricably interwoven within the music's fabric as to be nearly indistinguishable'.

Armstrong did not necessarily invent the jazz style of scat singing as it has also been said that it came from previous jazz musicians’ abilities to formulate riffs vocally before performing them on their chosen instrument. This was very prominent thought out the New Orleans Jazz scene, which coincidently is where Armstrong himself is from. Whilst many cite Armstrong as the creator of scat singing there are many examples that disprove this. For example, in 1911 and 1917 Gene Greene, a ragtime singer, recorded scat singing in his songs “King of the Bungaloos” and 'From Here to Shanghai'.

Similarly, in 1911 Al Jolson, an entertainer, scatted in his recording of 'That Haunting Melody' and in 1924, a year before Armstrong recorded “Hebbie Jebbies”, Gene Rodemich recorded 'Scissor Grinder Joe' and 'Some of These Days' which both feature scat singing.

Through his singing, Armstrong was able to present a range of themes and subjects through his lyrics and melodies. For example, in his track 'When It's Sleepy Time Down South', the lyrics convey racial stereotypes and discrimination against African American people during the great depression, “the pale moon's shining, the fields below Darkies crooning songs soft and low”.

Another song that Armstrong used to explore the theme of race us 'I'll Be Glad When You're Dead, You Rascal You'. The lyrics in this song explore, not only the theme of race but of white oppression,

“When you're lyin' down six feet deep, no more fried chicken will you eat

I'll be glad when you're dead, you rascal you, oh yeah”.

Conclusion

To conclude, through these facts it can be argued that Louis Armstrong was an innovator in the world of jazz. For example, it could be argued that if Armstrong were born today he would not be an innovator. But due to the era that he was born in, the roaring twenties, he was able to be at the forefront of jazz innovation. As he already had an established jazz career before the rise of the public radio stations it means it could be argued that he was just in the right place at the right time, however it was Armstrong’s own personal way of playing and singing that changed the face of jazz.

Though Armstrong was a master trumpeter, it is evident that he did not invent jazz trumpet playing, and it is also evident that he isn’t the original innovator of jazz trumpet playing itself. The innovation of Armstrong’s trumpet playing however lies in the way that he played. Through his use of playing “around” the beat, anticipating notes, and delaying others Armstrong changed the way that his fellow peers perceived jazz trumpet, paving the way for fellow trumpeters that would come to follow in his path.

Through his career as a professional singer, and through the history of scat itself, it is evident that Armstrong did not invent scat, but he certainly was an innovator of it. Armstrong was able to take scat singing, which had been around years before he started or before he first recorded anything, and was able to turn it into something new. The way that Armstrong used scat within his solos truly changed the way that jazz was perceived and enabled it to be widened to a larger audience that, without him, might have never heard of it.

Similarly, without Armstrong’s use of scat, it is possible that it wouldn’t be as big as it is within the jazz world, as Armstrong was at the forefront of the jazz scene in his time. And whilst Armstrong was not the first innovator of scat singing within his chosen genre he was arguably and most recognized for his talent, skill, and innovation. Armstrong was by no means the innovator for using lyrics to provoke feelings or to depict racism, but because of his fame and notoriety, he was able to use his status to get these songs into the public.

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To summarise, through his trumpet playing and style of singing Louis Armstrong can definitely be classed as an innovator. He opened up other musicians to a whole different style of musical writing and performance, a style that is still used today. In terms of his lyrics, however, Armstrong was not an innovator, as people had been using lyrics to convey the hardships that African Americans had suffered for years before Armstrong.

References

1. Anon, (2019). [online] Available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35519218_The_early_musical_development_of_Louis_Armstrong_1901-1928 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
2. Berliner, P. (1994). Thinking in Jazz: The Infinite Art of Improvisation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.68, 181.
3. COLLIER, G. and COLLIER, J. (2002). A Study of Timing in Two Louis Armstrong Solos.[online] Rhythmcoglab.coursepress.yale.edu. Available at:https://rhythmcoglab.coursepress.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/09/CollierCollier_2002_A-study-of-timing-in-two-Louis-Armstrong-solos.pdf [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
4. Davenport, L. (2009). Jazz Diplomacy: Promoting America in the Cold War Era. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi, p.41.
5. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). jazz | Definition, History, Musicians, & Facts. [online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301986/jazz [Accessed 9 Jan.2019].
6. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). racial segregation | History, Examples, Laws, & Facts.[online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/racial-segregation [Accessed 9 Jan.2019].
7. Encyclopedia.jrank.org. (2019). LOUIS ARMSTRONG AND THE FLETCHER HENDERSON ORCHESTRA. [online] Available at:http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/1870/LOUIS-ARMSTRONG-AND-THE-FLETCHER-HENDERSON-ORCHESTRA.html#ixzz5Xyz3iq8o [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
8. Genius. (2019). Louis Armstrong – When It's Sleepy Time Down South. [online] Available at:https://genius.com/Louis-armstrong-when-its-sleepy-time-down-south-lyrics [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].
9. Genius. (2019). Louis Armstrong (Ft. Louis Jordan) – (I'll Be Glad When You're Dead) You Rascal You. [online] Available at: https://genius.com/Louis-armstrong-ill-be-glad-when-youre-dead-you-rascal-you-lyrics [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].
10. Google Books. (2019). Focus On: 100 Most Popular Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Winners. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Xs5CDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1865&lpg=RA2-PA1865&dq=accented+upbeats,+upbeat+to+downbeat+slurring,+and+complementary+relations+among+rhythmic+patterns.”.&source=bl&ots=P6xpa2-OY1&sig=prCP0u-qeUP_iB0aoeWyuEHidp4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi--vPboOPfAhVJ26QKHZnvAkYQ6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=accented%20upbeats%2C%20upbeat%20to%20downbeat%20slurring%2C%20and%20complementary%20relations%20among%20rhythmic%20patterns.”.&f=false [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].
11. Harker, B. (2019). The early musical development of Louis Armstrong, 1901-1928. [online] Available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35519218_The_early_musical_development_of_Louis_Armstrong_1901-1928 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
12. HISTORY. (2019). The Roaring Twenties History. [online] Available at:https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/roaring-twenties-history [Accessed 9 Jan.2019].
13. NPR.org. (2019). Louis Armstrong: 'The Trumpeter'. [online] Available at:https://www.npr.org/2007/08/15/12624640/louis-armstrong-the-trumpeter [Accessed 9 Jan.2019].
14. Oxford Dictionaries | English. (2019). innovator | Definition of innovator in English by Oxford Dictionaries. [online] Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/innovator [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
15. Oxford Dictionaries | English. (2019). scat | Definition of innovator in English by Oxford Dictionaries. [online] Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/scat [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
16. Redhotjazz.com. (2019). The Origins Of Big Band Music. [online] Available at:http://www.redhotjazz.com/bigband.html [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
17. RIGGS, R. (1951). Jazz on a High Note | Esquire | DECEMBER, 1951. [online] Esquire | The Complete Archive. Available at: https://classic.esquire.com/article/1951/12/1/jazz-on-a-high-note [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].
18. Sites.google.com. (2019). History - Jazz Music: The Swing Era. [online] Available at:https://sites.google.com/a/colorado.edu/history-of-jazz-swing-era/competency-1 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].

Table of contents

1. Origin and Progression of the Defence of Insanity
2. Tests laid down over the years
3. An international perspective on Insanity as a Defence
4. Competency to stand trial

Insanity is the state of mind where the person is not in control of his actions which in the ordinary condition of mind, a prudent person would not indulge in such a discourse. There may arise circumstances where due to such a condition, the thinking ability of such a person is impaired and he commits an unlawful act or a lawful act by unlawful means. However, the Criminal Jurisprudence has held that despite an unlawful act committed by an insane person, he shall not be held liable for the same.

Insanity in the general sense is different from insanity in the legal context. It is further classified into legal and medical insanity. The former is the condition when the person committing the offense must not be able to understand the nature of the offense the person is committing and the fact that it is an act which is contrary to the provision of law whereas the latter deals with the medical condition of the person who has been charged with the commission of the offense.

This Research paper shall expound the origins of insanity as a defense and shall work towards analyzing the stand of various international criminal systems in general and India in particular. The criminal courts and legislatures all over the world have laid down various tests which are used to establish insanity as a defense and the paper shall further analyze these tests.

The Paper also deals with the competency of the accused to stand trial or the fitness to plead of the accused which is necessary for a fair trial for the person who is accused of the offense. Keeping in mind all these factors, we need to examine the inception, evolution, implementation, and interpretation of the insanity as a defense

Origin and Progression of the Defence of Insanity

Insanity is a factor which can drive a person out of his sense and impair the ability of a person to think as a prudent man thus leading a person to act in a wrongful manner which can lead to the person committing a criminal offense. The defense of insanity is part of the criminal in our country and abroad where the accused can prove that he was not in the right state of mind when the offense was committed. The insanity defense is probably one of the most controversial of all criminal defense strategies, and at the same time is one of the least used. The insanity defense is a topic that seems to garner a lot of attention even though it is rarely used and only a few cases that invoke are actually successful. So why is this topic so popular considering its rarity? The answer could be a combination of highly publicized cases that use it and the public’s misunderstanding of exactly what happens when someone is found “not guilty by reason of insanity”. The theory of defense tells that people who are insane cannot have the intent necessary to commit a criminal action because they either do not know that action is wrong or cannot control their behavior even when they know the act is wrong. However, this theory is rather controversial as it is complicated to define insanity itself, and the situations in which it can be used to excuse criminal responsibility are complex to define. It means that even after it is verified that a defendant has made a crime, he may avoid criminal liability using a legal insanity defense. An insanity defense constitutes different in all jurisdictions. The insanity plea is considered to be a very affirmative defense. Using an affirmative defense means that the defendant recognizes and acknowledges the crime that was committed, but does not believe he should be held completely guilty in it. In such a case a person who pleads insanity doesn’t agree that he should hold responsible because he is legally insane, or was mentally sick at the time the crime happened.

Merriam Webster defines insanity as a severely disordered state of the mind usually occurring as a specific disorder. The plea of Insanity has over the years in different cases of different countries around the world formed the basis of acquittal for many accused who have been able to prove that their capacity to think as a prudent man was paralyzed by unsoundness or any other mental disorder suffered by them. The defendant has a burden on him to prove that he was suffering from a disorder at the time of him committing the offense.

Over the years a few tests have been laid down to determine whether a person falls under the category of an insane person who would be entitled to the defense of insanity.

The first acquittal came in the case of James Hadfield[1] case when he was being charged with attempted murder of King George III. In the case, Hadfield took the plea of insanity on the ground of delusion and pleaded that the wild beast test was unreasonable. He was acquitted of the charge.

Tests laid down over the years

The first test to determine the plea of insanity was propounded by British courts which were known as the “Wild Beast test” whereby a person who does not have a mental no more than in an infant, a brute, or a wild beast, he would not be held responsible for his crimes.[2] He was found guilty of the crime and was convicted for a sentence of imprisonment for life.

A test to determine insanity was propounded in the United States in the case of Durham v. United States[3] in 1954 wherein the court held that “the defendant will not be held guilty if the unlawful act was a result of mental disease or mental defect”. The court further rejected the idea of the inability to know right from wrong or the inability to control impulses. The court promoted the Durham rule which promotes the consideration of the mental state of the accused.

In the case of US vs Brawner[4] the Brawner Rule by the District of Columbia Appeals set aside the Durham ruling arguing the ruling’s requirement that a crime must be a “product of mental disease or defect” placed the question guilt on expert witnesses and diminished the jury’s role in determining guilt. Under this proposal, juries are allowed to decide the "insanity question" as they see fit. Basing its ruling on the American Law Institute’s (ALI) Model Penal code, the court ruled that for a defendant to not be criminally guilty for a crime the defendant, “(i) lacks substantial capacity to appreciate that his conduct is wrongful, or (ii) lacks substantial capacity to conform his conduct to the law.”

The case of R v. Mc'Naghten case[5] which has led to the formation of the McNaughton rules is one of the most important guiding principles for Indian criminal law while dealing with the issue of insanity

1. 1. That is every person is presumed to be sane until the contrary is established.
   2. To establish the defense of insanity, it must be clearly proved that at the time of committing the crime, the person was so insane as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or if he did know it, he did not know that what he was doing was wrong.
   3. The test of the wrongfulness of the act is in the power to distinguish between right and wrong, not in the abstract or in general, but in regard to the particular act committed.

Indian Perspective – How it deals with Plea of Insanity as a Defence? Difference between legal and Medical insanity?

Section 84 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 states that Act of a person of unsound mind. – “Nothing is an offense which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law”.

Section 84 provides the benefit of doubt if it is proved that the accused at the time of commission of offense was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or that even if he did not know it, it was either wrong or contrary to law then this section must be applied. The crucial point of time for deciding whether the benefit of this section should be given or not is the material time when the offense takes place. In coming to that conclusion, the relevant circumstances are to be taken into consideration. The above principle was highlighted in Bapu @ Gajraj Singh vs State Of Rajasthan[6]

The Hon’ble Supreme Court in case of S. Sunil Sandeep v. State of Karnataka[7] gave the following principles to be borne in mind in applying this Section:-"(a) every type of insanity is not legal insanity; the cognitive faculty must be so destroyed as to render one incapable of knowing the nature of his act or that what he is doing is wrong or contrary to law;(c) the burden of proof of legal insanity is on the accused, though it is not as heavy as on the prosecution;(d) the Court must consider whether the accused suffered from legal insanity at the time when the offense was committed;(e) in reaching such a conclusion, the circumstances which preceded, attended or followed the crime are relevant considerations; and (f) the prosecution in discharging its burden in the face of the plea of legal insanity has merely to prove the basic fact and rely upon the normal presumption of law that everyone knows the law and the natural consequences of his act. The court also held that “Medical insanity should be distinguished from legal insanity. Legal insanity would always be different from eccentricity or changed behavior”.

The apex court in Hari Singh Gond vs State of Madhya Pradesh[8] differentiated between legal insanity and medical insanity and explained that the standard to be applied is whether according to the ordinary standard, adopted by reasonable men, the act was right or wrong. The mere fact that an accused is conceited, odd irascible and his brain is not quite all right, or that the physical and mental ailments from which he suffered had rendered his intellect weak and had affected his emotions and will, or that he had committed certain unusual acts, in the past or that he was liable to recurring fits of insanity at short intervals, or that he was subject to getting epileptic fits but there was nothing abnormal in his behavior, or that his behavior was queer, cannot be sufficient to attract the application of this section.

The same principles have also been reiterated in various landmark judgements by the apex court as well as high courts of the country in matters such as Surendra Mishra vs State of Jharkhand[9]

The Supreme court in the case of State of Maharashtra v. Umesh Krishna Pawar[10] held that the onus to prove that the accused was so insane as not to be able to distinguish between right and wrong. Whether accused on the day of the incident knew everything he was doing, he would not fall in this exception.

The Apex court held in Ratan Lal vs State of Madhya Pradesh[11] and Sudhakaran vs State of Kerala[12] that It is now well-settled that the crucial point of time at which unsoundness of mind should be established is the time when the crime is actually committed and the burden of proving this lies on the accused.

An international perspective on Insanity as a Defence

In South Australia, the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA) Australia in section 269C deals with the mental competence of the person at the time of the commission of the crime. According to the section a person is mentally incompetent to commit an offence if, at the time of the conduct alleged to give rise to the offense, the person is suffering from a mental impairment and, in consequence of the mental impairment if the person does not know the nature and quality of the conduct; or does not know that the conduct is wrong; or is unable to control the conduct.

The Swiss Penal Code[13] provides that ‘any person suffering from a mental disease, idiocy or serious impairment of his mental faculties, who at the time of committing the act is incapable of appreciating the unlawful nature of his act or acting in accordance with the appreciation may not be punished'.

Penal Code of France[14] provides that ‘there is no crime or offense when the accused was in a state of madness at the time of the actor in the event of his having been compelled by a force which he was not able to resist'.

In Canada, The defense of mental disorder is codified in section 16 of the Criminal Code. In order to establish a claim of mental disorder the party raising the issue must show on a balance of probabilities first that the person who committed the act was suffering from a "disease of the mind", and second, that at the time of the offense they were either 1) unable to appreciate the "nature and quality" of the act, or 2) did not know it was "wrong". The meaning of the word "wrong" was determined in the Supreme Court case of R. v. Chaulk[15] which held that "wrong" was NOT restricted to "legally wrong" but to "morally wrong" as well.

Competency to stand trial

Another kind of insanity which needs to be considered is the competency to stand trial. Competency does not address the guilt or innocence of a party. Such type of insanity deals with the ability of the individual to understand the charges and penalties that have initiated against him and would not be able to assist the defense in the manner a sane and prudent man would be able to do in his defense. When a person who is found to be mentally incompetent to stand trial is usually hospitalized for treatment until such time that the person is competent to stand trial

A thorough competency assessment must focus first on gathering history specific to the particular case. Standardized testing is useful, but not to the exclusion of first tailoring an expert assessment to the relevant issues of a given case. A precise and conscientious report also will include soliciting information from collateral historians whenever possible. Review of hospital and corrections records, including private communications, yields considerable information about competency to stand trial, especially when staff may be consulted directly. Input about motivation, mental health, and ability to understand material relevant to his proceeding may successfully be gathered from confidantes and family. In some instances, particularly when the court raises a competency concern because of a defendant’s behavior, impartial officers of the court should be engaged. The competency assessment may warrant the forensic expert actually observing him in court[16].

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Dusky v. United States[17] that a defendant must have adequate ability to lucidly consult with his attorney and to have a rational and factual comprehension of the charges against him in order to be found competent to stand trial.

In the case of Medina vs California[18] the Court concluded that due process only requires “the most basic procedural safeguards” and once the defendant is provided “access to procedures for making a competency evaluation,” due process does not further require “the state to assume the burden” of proving competency. A person with a mental disorder should be assumed to have the mental capacity to decide on various matters unless the contrary can be shown.

A common principle as the United States is followed in countries like Australia where the same grounds have been provided under section 269H of the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA)

In England, the principle of fitness to plead is followed which also deals with the ability of the defendant to understand the proceedings against him. In England and Wales after a plea is raised the decision is mostly based on the psychiatric evaluation. The test of fitness to plead is based on the ruling of Alderson B. In the landmark case of R v Pritchard[19]. The court held that the accused will be unfit to plead if he is unable either:

1. 1. 1. to comprehend the course of proceedings on the trial, so as to make a proper defense;
      2. to know that he might challenge any jurors to whom he may object;
      3. to comprehend the evidence;
      4. to give proper instructions to his legal representatives.

In Scotland a simpler test is followed as laid down in HMA v Wilson[20], the test has two elements that is if the accused is able to be able to instruct counsel and that if he is able to understand and follow proceedings

In Canada, in R. v. Demers[21], the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the provision restricting the availability of an absolute discharge to an accused person who is deemed both "permanently unfit" and not a significant threat to the safety of the public. Presently a Review Board may recommend a judicial stay of proceedings in the event that it finds the accused both "permanently unfit" and non-dangerous. The decision is left to the court having jurisdiction over the accused.

In India persons with mental illness need to undergo a medical examination called fitness to stand trial ‘as per the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Sec 328, and Sec 329. Section 328 of CrPC (Procedure in case of the accused being lunatic) states that when a Magistrate holding an inquiry has reason to believe that the person against whom the inquiry is being held is of unsound mind and consequently incapable of making his/her defense, the Magistrate shall inquire into the fact of such unsoundness of mind, and shall cause such person to be examined by the civil surgeon of the district or such other medical officer as the State Government may direct, and thereupon shall examine such surgeon or other officer as a Witness and shall reduce the examination to writing‘. If a person is found incompetent to stand trial, the trail is usually postponed until such time as the person is judged competent. A person found psychiatrically incompetent for trial is usually sent for treatment to regain competence (even against his/her will).

Section 329 of the code of criminal procedure deals with the trial of a person with an unsound mind and provides that (1) If at the trial of any person before a Magistrate or Court of Session, it appears to the Magistrate or Court that such person is of unsound mind and consequently incapable of making his defense, the Magistrate or Court shall, in the first instance, try the fact of such unsoundness and incapacity, and if the Magistrate or Court, after considering such medical and other evidence as may be produced before him or it, is satisfied with the fact, he or it shall record a finding to that effect and shall postpone further proceedings in the case. (2) The trial of the fact of the unsoundness of mind and incapacity of the accused shall be deemed to be part of his trial before the Magistrate or Court.

The Calcutta high court in the case of Bibhuti Mahato vs State of West Bengal[22] held that it is the duty of the court to satisfy itself under section 328 and section 329 of the code of criminal procedure that a person is a lunatic or unsound mind and cannot stand trial.

Insanity has over the years developed as a defense for those who were not in a prudent thinking capacity at the time of the commission of the offense. Insanity disturbs one state of mind and the person is not able to understand the consequences of the act he is committing and the fact that the act is contrary to law. The person who has committed the offense was suffering from a defect of reason or was suffering from a mental disease which impaired his ability to think. Countries all over the world have similar grounds to determine whether the person can be classified as insane at the time of the commission of the offense. Insanity can be explained that the standard to be applied is whether according to the ordinary standard, adopted by reasonable men, the act was right or wrong. That it needs to be proved by the defense that at the crucial point of time at which unsoundness of mind took place is the time when the crime is actually committed and the burden of proving this lies on the accused. It has been observed by courts and legislation all over the world that legal insanity at the time of the commission of the offense is necessary to be proven while medical insanity cannot form grounds for the acquittal of the accused. It has been held that there is no crime or offense when the accused was in a state of madness at the time of the actor in the event of his having been compelled by a force which he was not able to resist'.

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The paper also focuses on the competency to stand trial or fitness to plead of the accused. The principle of competency to stand trial applies when the person is so insane that he would not be able to instruct his counsel properly which hamper the right to a fair trial for the person against whom the charges have been raised. Such type of insanity deals with the ability of the individual to understand the charges and penalties that have initiated against him and would not be able to assist the defense in the manner a sane and prudent man would be able to do in his defense

What is an ant? Ants are insects, they have six legs and each leg has three joints. Ants legs are very strong.

With its little legs it can lift twenty-five time its own body weight. They have two stomachs. One stomach holds its food, and the second holds food to be shared with other ants. The out side of their body is covered with a hard armor. This is called the exoskeleton. Ants have four growing stages, the egg, larva, pupa, and the adult. There are over 100,000 known species of ants. Each ant colony has at least one or more queens.

The queens job is to lay eggs. How does she start her colony? Well in the spring all the males and young winged queens leave there nest and fly high in the air and mate. The few ant queens that survive this marriage flight cast off there wings and instinctively begin to look for a spot to start a new ant colony.

After making a nest, the young queen ant seals off the entrance and begins to lay eggs. Some of the first batch are eaten by the queen for nourishment. When the surviving eggs hatch they become like larvae. After a few weeks each larva spins a cocoon around itself and pupates. In a few more weeks, adult workers emerge. It is their job to hunt for food and make the nest bigger.

More workers will develop and the colony gets very organized. The new workers will completely take over as caretakers of the eggs, larvae, and pupae. Now the queens only duty is to lay more and more eggs, thousands of them in her lifetime. Many wingless workers develop and help to enlarge the nest into an intricate network of tunnels and chambers that will eventually house thousands of ants.

When the colony becomes well established, the queen begins to lay some eggs that develop into queens and males. It takes a few years before a colony becomes large enough to send out winged males and young queens to start new colonies. The cycle will now begin all over again.

Ant nests come in all shapes and sizes. One tropical species built a nest that extended forty feet below the surface of the ground. Another species built a nets that covered an area the size of a tennis court. Ants know the best time to build a nest, thats after it rains. The damp soil is easier to work with. Their are many chambers in an ants nest. Some rooms are used to store the food. Some are used for storage of ant eggs. There are rooms for tiered ants to rest. There are even rooms for socializing! When its cold, the ant colony moves down to the deepest rooms of the nest where it is warmer. The reason we find ants under stones is also for warmth. Stones become hot from the sun and remain warm during the night. The warmth will radiate down into the nest and keep the young and older ants warm.

Ants are social insects. Most insects have no family life, but ants are different.

Ants have families and live in communities. They are all related in the colony because the queen ant is the mom to all of the ants. In the colony, every ant works for the welfare of the whole community. Each ant has its appointed work, and does it very well. Ants are everywhere , they can be a big problem for people when they invade the timber of a house , causing the wood to collapse. They even nest between walls. When ants invade wooden beams , they chew out extensive interconnecting chambers for nests. All this chewing is what weakens the wood . When people discover the ants chewing up their house, their is only one way to get rid of them extermination!

The jaws of an ant are very powerful. Their powerful jaws not only chew through wood but are also used to fight off enemies. Ounce an ant gets a bite on its enemy, dont expect it to let go, even if it is torn to pieces. Its jaws are also used to grasp, carry, cut up food, and carry their young. Ant jaws work differently from human jaws. The ants jaws move from side to side. They actually have two sets of jaws. The set that moves side to side are called mandibles, the other set are called Marilee. These jaws chew food into very small pieces. Pieces that the tongue laps up and passes in to a pouch below the mouth opening that contains contracting muscles. The muscles action squeezes the liquid out of the pieces of food. Since ants swallow mainly liquids, they spit out what is left of the food.

Ants cant use their jaws to talk but they do communicate, and very well. One way they communicate is by touching each other with their antennae.

They also communicate by producing chemicals called pheromones. These chemicals can give off different kinds of information. The taste or smell of a certain pheromone can warn of danger, or mark a trail. Another way some ants can communicate to one another is by sounds. The sounds they make are like the sounds of a cricket or a katydid, only not as loud. Also, sounds that communicate information are made if one ant rubs its armor-like body against another ant. Although the ant cant talk, it has great communication skills.

There are about 100,000 species of ants. They are usually black, brown, or rust color. There are some that are yellow, some purple, some green, and some are even blue. There are to many to write about them all, but here is some information on a few ant species.

Amazon ant

Amazon ants cant survive with out slaves. They attack the nests of other ants and kidnap the pupae, then wait for them to develop into adults. The slave ants accept the amazon ants, the as their own, because they dont know they were kidnapped as pupae. These slave ants will spend their entire lives working for the amazon ants. The amazon ant has a sickle shaped jaw, its excellent for fighting but it is completely useless for taking care of themselves or their own larvae. They must depend on their slaves to survive. Harvester ant

Harvester ants can be found almost everywhere in the world. In the southwestern united states they build huge nests. The mound above ground might be twenty to thirty feet across and six feet or more in to the ground, with sixty thousand to ninety thousand ants living inside. Harvester ants collect and store seeds in their nest. They chew the kernels into a soft pulp and feed it to the growing larvae.

The adult ant will not eat the pulp unless there is a drought, and no other food sources are available. During rainy times, the ants will not allow the seed to get damp. If they did they would sprout or get moldy. When days are dry the workers carry the seeds outside to dry them out in the sun, then carry the seeds back into the storage area before nightfall. They work hard to make sure their seeds dont get moldy or grow sprouts. Leaf-Cutter ants

The Leaf-Cutter ant always looks like its carrying a little umbrella over its head. Its actually carrying circular pieces of leaves. Using their scissor like jaws, they completely strip trees and other plants of their foliage. They then carry all the leaves back to their nest. The chambers of the nest can be as big as a bushel basket. The leaf cutter ants nest is very large. The leaves they bring back are not eaten they are chewed into a thick pulp like material, which soon sprouts fungus. The fungus is what the ants eat for food. The ants tend to their gardens very carefully. If the leaves are dry, the ants place them outside at night to collect moisture. If they are wet, the ants place them out side on a sunny day to dry. This all takes place before they start chewing the leaves. The little ants also know how to regulate the ventilation and temperature of the sponge like mass of chewed leaves by arranging the mass properly in the chambers.

When a queen starts working on a new nest, she carries along a pellet of fungus in a pocket on her head.

She puts the pellet in the new nest and deposits special secretions from her body on the pellet. When her first eggs hatch, the new workers go out and find fragments of leaves. They then bring the fragments back to the new nest. These are the leaves that will eventually become the food source for the nest, using the queens pellet as a starter. Bulldog ants

The Bulldog ants are little bullies. They are a jumping, stinging, giant ant. They are one of the most fierce ants known to man. Just a shadow passing over their nest will provoke them to rush out and find the enemy, jumping up to a foot off the ground as they approach. They make it very difficult to get away from them. Thirty stings from a bulldog ant could kill a man. The only likable thing about them is how loyal they are to the colony. At home in the colony they are just a typical ant, their always working, repairing, cleaning, exchanging, and gathering food. The bulldog ant is a very aggressive ant, and a very loyal one. Five more facts to think about the next time you see an ant Ants are the longest living insects. Workers live for one year and some species up to four or five years. Queens will live as long as twenty years. Ants are like sharks, they havent changed very much physically in millions of years. Ants will work together in small or large groups to move extremely large objects. (team work) When moved to a different climate or location, the ant will adapt quickly. Some ant species can survive under water for up to fourteen days or longer in a state of suspended animation.

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The next time you see an ant, remember... They might be little but they are extremely mighty.

In the antebellum era, there was an inextricable link between the issue of slavery, and the call for states’ rights and the weakening of the federal platform. These rights reserved a set of powers for state governments, powers that the federal government could not touch. The divisions brought about by the issue of slavery led the South to make calls for these rights, as founding fathers had previously limited them, in order ratify a Constitution and secure a united nation. The reason why these two issues became so closely related can be seen through federal reaction to the growing economic and social tensions between the North and the South. Economically, the North was developing industrially and commercially, whereas the South remained in agrarian ways, heavily dependent on slaveholding. In the North, an economic system that saw no need for slavery, combined with the distaste of Southern slaveholding ideology, led to the development of an abolitionist fervour in the North that condemned their counterpart’s way of life. It was the political involvement in attempted appeasement of a divided nation, that intensified the struggle between Southern plantation masters and Northern industrialists for control of the federal government, ultimately sparking southern calls for states’ rights. The south believed that such method of self-government was the only way to protect the practice of slavery and in turn their livelihoods, as federal government were not prepared to give them what they wanted.

The vastly differing economies of the North and South served to increase Southern demand for states’ rights. The South withheld a cotton economy, with its most prominent feature being the plantation system, a system dependant on slavery, whereas the North was experiencing a rapid industrial and commercial expansion. During the initial phase of industrial expansion, the North saw the development of a textile industry, a factory system based on the extensive use of machinery and the employment of a large workforce. Developments were rapid; by the mid-century, successful industrial states contained almost five hundred factories and employed nearly 100,000 workers. As it was in the South, the necessity for slave labour was not apparent in the new Northern economy, with the focus being placed on skilled labourers. The success seen in the North, acted only to worsen relations between the two poles of the United States, with the South denouncing the alternative labour system practised in the North.

The relationship between the issue of slavery and states’ rights is truly seen when examining federal government response to these new economic developments. The British had begun their industrial transition much earlier in the 1780s, meaning they were producing and exporting vaster quantities of goods, and by the mid-nineteenth century were producing half the world’s textiles. In the United States, however, Southern cotton still accounted for almost half the value of total exports in 1834. Therefore, to protect the newly growing industry from experienced British rivals, the federal government introduced a set of tariffs on exports, which culminated in the tariff of 1832, raising the tax on foreign goods to 50%. The South saw this as an ‘oppressively high’ protective tariff, favouring the growth of anti-slavery settlement in the North. This is because the export of raw materials to Britain, fuelled the southern economy, but high taxes on exports to the United States meant that Britain had less money for the purchase of Southern cotton. The result of this, saw a Southern determination to devise barriers against encroachments on their rights, and the Nullification Crisis of November 1832, saw the first major call for states’ rights in response to federal intervention. South Carolina declared the tariff void, threatening to secede if it was not removed. Considering this extreme reaction, John Ashworth suggests that it was federal government ‘support’ of an anti-slavery economy, that drove many states’ rights enthusiasts out of the Democratic party. The South sincerely feared the subversion of their slave system, and so the call for states’ rights arose as a solution.

The issue of states’ rights arose not just due to economic differences, but also the extreme social tensions that were becoming apparent. As the North lost the necessity for slaveholding, many developed thoughts that resembled an early abolitionist mindset. Due to such vast economic difference, many Northerners felt compelled to constrict the effects of slavery, and this came about through feverous speech and writing. The focus of early abolitionists was the attack of the slaveholding ideology of the South, the most prominent text being Harriet Beecher's ‘Uncle Tom's Cabin', which sold 3,000 copies on its first day of publishing. Beecher’s text infuriated Southerners, drawing attention to the cruelties of slavery while bringing much acclaim to the practice of abolitionist writing, highlighted by its popularity. Similarly, in 1816, Presbyterian minister George Bourne challenged slave-owners by suggesting that whenever Southerners were challenged on the question of slavery, “they were fast chocked, for they had a negro stuck fast in their throats.” It was how Northern abolitionists began to attack time-honoured practices with extreme criticism, often targeting the ‘ideological and spiritual’ importance of slaveholders, that infuriated the South. Not only had early abolitionists disputed Southern ideology, but they had also begun to infiltrate their way of life, influencing a violent slave revolt in Virginia in 1831. To a society concerned with upholding the honour of deeply held beliefs, Northern criticisms were not received well, driving Southerners even further into the hands of those who had already called for the practice of states' rights.

Furthermore, it was federal attempts to cool the dangerous social tension felt towards slavery throughout the country, that really saw the call for states’ rights become a majority in the South. Tensions growing between the two halves of the country, we’re not aided by the governmental decision to call the Kansas Nebraska act. The act allowed for popular sovereignty in the states of Kansas and Nebraska, as to the issue of slavery, in the hopes that this would begin to appease the nation. However, due to a strong resolution to eradicate slavery, many Northerners flocked to the two states to ensure a favourable outcome. This was seemingly the tip of the iceberg for Southerners, whom now held fears, real and imaginary that a hostile northern majority would subvert their slave system. This act made it clear how the federal government would side on the issue of slavery. During the Nullification crisis, Southern state South Carolina were deemed ‘traitors’ by President Andrew Jackson, yet Northerners who acted to change the destined outcome of popular sovereignty were simply allowed. Southern rage had reached its peak with many now seeing states' rights as the only way to uphold the practice of slaveholding and therefore maintain their lifestyle and economy.

The issues of slavery and states’ rights were inseparably linked, especially during the antebellum era. Disagreement on the necessity and morality of slaveholding characterised most, even all, of the tensions seen between the North and the South in this period. The idea that the two economies were almost the exact opposites of each other, with an industrially developing North and a South yet to break out of the old agricultural mould, put into question just how necessary slaveholding was, thus placing threats on the entire existence of the Southern lifestyle. Social criticism in the form of abolitionism only served to further threaten the practice of slaveholding so central to the South. Arguably, it is upon the assessment of federal involvement that the link between slavery and states’ rights becomes so clear. The actions of the federal government painted them as supporters of Northern anti-slavery sentiment, most importantly their differing reactions to the outcome of both the Nullification Crisis and the Kansas Nebraska act. The South saw the only way out from vicious criticism and a biased government, to be the calling of states’ rights: self-government and the weakening of federal power. Upon assessment, it is clear just how interlinked the two issues became, through a combination of social, economic and, most importantly, political factors.  

Table of contents

1. Truancy in Indian Industries
The ProblemEffect on ProductivityEmployment SatisfactionInspiration
2. Definition and Concepts

Truancy is the term commonly used to allude to unscheduled worker unlucky deficiencies from the working environment. Numerous reasons for non-attendance are authentic. Individual disease or family issues, for instance—however, non-appearance likewise can regularly be followed to different factors, for example, a poor workplace or specialists who are not dedicated to their employments.

The dimensions of non-appearance and purposes behind its event are reliant on numerous factors in an authoritative situation. A few variables are point by point as pursues:

• Family conditions
• Physical soundness of the laborer
• Work Environment
• Degree of employment stress
• Employer-worker relations
• Job disappointment
• Lack of Motivation

Truancy in Indian Industries

Truancy in Indian ventures is definitely not another marvel. It is the sign of a choice by representatives not to introduce themselves at their work environment, when it is arranged by the administration that they ought to be in participation. The non-attendance turns into an issue to hierarchical administration especially when representatives missing from their workplace without giving adequate notice and by supporting their remain by outfitting counterfeit reasons. The explanations behind non-appearance are many. The components adding to non-appearance from work incorporates individual and ecological variables. These comprises of disorder, mishaps, word related ailments, poor creation arranging, terrible working conditions and insufficient welfare conditions, instability business, absence of intrigue. The individual reasons may shift from association to association contingent on the hierarchical atmosphere and worker's mentality.

The Problem

High rate of truancy is neither attractive to managers nor useful for the workers. In greater part of associations, high rate of non-attendance adversy affects quality and amount of generation, effectiveness of specialists and association, authoritative order and all the more significantly on the association's expectation to satisfy the new market requests. The non-attendance builds up an extensive misfortune to association since work routines gets agitated and deferred and the board needs to give additional time wages to meet the conveyance dates. Truancy can possibly cause various effects upon an association; these incorporate lost profitability, less fortunate nature of item or administration, diminished consumer loyalty, and a negative impact on the execution of different workers. Other operational outcomes of truancy incorporate more noteworthy budgetary expenses to the business, just as a more noteworthy representative remaining task at hand.

Effect on Productivity

Truancy can enormously affect profitability.

• Lost efficiency of the missing worker
• Overtime for different workers who fill in
• Decreased in general efficiency for those representatives
• Possible loss of business or disappointed clients

Employment Satisfaction

Non-attendance is portrayed by occupation disappointment. Employment fulfillment can be characterized as 'a pleasurable or positive enthusiastic state coming about because of the evaluation of one's activity or professional training'. Occupation fulfillment is an aftereffect of representatives' impression of what associations give. Worker fulfillment will expand generation, improve authoritative working, and build up the representative's close to home potential. Occupation fulfillment can be accomplished by numerous components the activity itself, the workplace, worker statistic factors, which incorporate (age, sex, work order, training, time-based compensation, yearly pay, residency, and full-time versus low maintenance). Employment fulfillment is a passionate reaction to work circumstances. It can't be seen, just construed. Usually controlled by how well results meet or surpass desires. For instance, if hierarchical individuals feel that they are working more enthusiastically than others in the office however are getting less rewards, they will presumably have a negative frame of mind toward the work, the supervisor, and associates. They will be disappointed. Then again, on the off chance that they believe they are being dealt with well and being paid well, they are probably going to have an inspirational disposition towards the activity. They will be fulfilled. Employment fulfillment speaks to a few related mentalities. There are six occupation measurements that speak to the most critical attributes of an occupation about which individuals have compelling reactions.

They are:

• The work itself
• Compensation
• Career development
• Supervision
• Co-specialists
• Work condition

Inspiration

Inspiration is the reason or purposes behind participating in a specific conduct, particularly human conduct as concentrated in brain science. These reasons may incorporate fundamental needs, for example, sustenance or an ideal article, side interests, objective, condition of being, or arrangement .Having a roused workforce is essential for most organizations, since it can prompt higher rates of profitability, better quality yield, and low rates of non-appearance and work turnover.

The principle factors which influence the inspiration of laborers are :

• Pay levels
• Job security
• Promotional prospects
• Being given duties
• Working conditions
• Participation in basic leadership.

Since inspiration impacts profitability, bosses need to comprehend what rouses representatives to achieve crest execution. It's anything but a simple errand to expand worker inspiration since representatives react in various approaches to their employments and their association's practices. Inspiration is the arrangement of procedures that pushes an individual toward an objective. Hence, propelled practices are intentional decisions constrained by the individual representative. The director (spark) needs to impact the components that inspire representatives to more elevated amounts of efficiency. Variables that influence work inspiration incorporate individual contrasts, work attributes, and hierarchical practices. Singular contrasts are the individual needs, qualities, and frames of mind, interests and capacities that individuals convey to their employments. Employment attributes are the parts of the position that decide its impediments and difficulties. Authoritative practices are the principles, HR approaches, administrative practices, and rewards frameworks of an association. Chiefs must think about how these components cooperate to influence worker work execution.

Definition and Concepts

Truancy: Absenteeism can characterize as ongoing nonappearance from work, thought to reflect representative unsettling or disappointment. Worker truancy is an issue for practically all businesses.

Fulfillment: Job fulfillment can be characterized as 'a pleasurable or positive enthusiastic state coming about because of the evaluation of one's activity or professional training'.

Inspiration: Motivation speaks to the powers following up on or inside an individual that reason the individual to carry on in a particular, objective coordinated way. Since the work intentions of representatives influence their efficiency, one of the executives' main responsibilities is to channel worker inspiration viably toward accomplishing hierarchical objectives.

Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi has a large amount of self-control and discipline, he united a quarter of the world population (with extreme diversity) on a peace mission, he truly cared about people, he had the patience to do the right thing and ideas that appealed universally. Gandhi's self control, patience and discipline is something I can learn from him.

Indra Nooyi

Indra Nooyi once said that 'every morning you've got to wake up with a healthy fear that the world is changing, and a conviction that, to win, you have to change faster and be more agile than anyone else'. From Indra Nooyi I realise that in order to remain motivated I must constantly reflect on my development and my progress.

Jeff Bezos

Jeff uses three main tactics to motivate people the first tactic being that Amazon pre-pays 95% of tuition for their employees to take courses for in-demand fields, such as airplane mechanic or nursing, regardless of whether the skills are relevant to a career at Amazon, '' wrote Bezos. He said the goal was to enable choice. The second tactic is 'Prove Me Wrong'; Jeff Bezos motivates his workers through the idea that the employees work is good enough when it can prove Bezos himself wrong on the topic being discussed. The third tactic being "Work, i don't care from where"; Bezos has the thinking that as long as work is being done, doesn't matter how or where. As long as it is on time and up to his standards. This allows most employees such as customer service to work from home, or a domain they are familiar with. Jeff is the CEO of Amazon, one of the biggest and most successful companies in the world. In order to create this he must have been extremely motivated.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. He motivated people through standing up for what he believed in, he was one of the most visible and well-known spokespersons, his speeches are still spoken today. Martin Luther King is a big inspiration to me, I take from him to stick to my beliefs and fight for my beliefs, values and dreams.

Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher was a a woman who inspired passion and shaped a political generation. Margaret Thatcher's conviction, her resolve, her iron self-belief led many to see her as Britain's post-war saviour. She was Britains first female prime minister. Margaret Thatcher had an immense amount of self belief, this is something I can learn from her. If you believe in your self and believe you can achieve your goals and dreams you are much more likely to reach them.

John F. Kennedy

Kennedy was one of the most loved US presidents, he was the youngest man to hold office. He was very determined and fought for what he thought was right. This is something I can learn from JFK, to fight for what I believe in and to listen to others opinions.

Bill Gates

Bill is the founder of microsoft and is the richest man in the world according to Forbes. Bill Gates’ leadership style is a very participative one hence, when there is participation, motivation is increased. He is a task-motivated leader and a role model to all his co-workers in which his enthusiasm, hard working nature and judgment skills would motivate his staff and involve his friends to work with him. From Bill gates I learnt that no dream is too big, to remain enthusiastic and passionate about my job and my dreams for my career.

John D. Rockafeller

Made his fortune in oil and industry. He was worth a reputed $663billion in today's money, his motto for his life - "Gain all you can. Save all you can. Give all you can. " He believed that money did not equate to happiness, he came from a very modest background and built his fortune himself. He had a fair few setbacks in his life but remained resilient, strong and never gave up on his dream to be a better man all around than his father was. He has taught me that no matter of your background you choose the type of person you want to be and to remain resilient and to keep focused on the bigger picture and your dreams.

Introduction: Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms in the world, and for good reason. Background: It has surpassed other social networks like Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat by adopting new and distinctive features. Instagram is designed to share photos, videos, and locations in an interesting way by involving different attractive themes, which is the main reason for its popularity among other social sites. Thesis statement: So the main reasons why Instagram is the best social media are explored in this essay.

One of the reasons for Instagram's popularity is its mobile-friendly nature. Evidence & citing: The app works well on smartphones, and in a society where people are always on the go, many prefer to use their phones rather than a desktop or laptop computer. Commentary: Instagram is particularly designed for a mobile phone, making it easy to use and accessible to everyone.

Another reason for Instagram's success is its focus on imagery. Evidence & citing: People are more interested in visuals than other features and thus they are highly responsive to the imagery. Commentary: Businesses use high-quality images with different themes to attract a greater number of customers, making visual marketing more fruitful on Instagram than other social media platforms. Images are the nucleus of Instagram and are the reason for its popularity.

Topic sentence: Instagram is also user-friendly, making it easy for people of all ages to understand it intuitively without facing any kind of difficulty. Evidence & citing: The app is continuously rolling out new and advanced features, including slideshows, filters, picture effects, stories, and Instagram TV, which help users to guide them on how to use Instagram and its different features.

Topic sentence: Moreover, Instagram is a great platform that meets the needs of many people. Evidence & citing: It is helpful to professionals like makeup artists, photographers, celebrities, graphic designers, yoga instructors, and others who can gain exposure and explore their business by meeting the right people and selling their products at a low cost. Commentary: Marketers prefer Instagram over other social media apps for promoting their brands because of its high engagement rates and the likelihood of genuine and loyal influencers.

Finally, Instagram's eccentric functions set it apart from other social media platforms. Evidence & citing: Instagram offers publicly available posts like Twitter, but at the same time has greater control over spam and personal networks. It is not limited to just one social function like LinkedIn and is approachable to everyone in no time, which maximizes its potential user base and naturally encourages people to interact more. Instagram has done a phenomenal job of attracting a younger audience, especially in the age range of 14 to 24, by providing them with visual communication options.

Conclusion paragraph: In conclusion, Instagram's popularity and success can be attributed to its mobile-friendly nature, focus on imagery, user-friendly design, helpfulness to users, popularity among marketers, high engagement rates, higher conversion rates, and eccentric functions. Instagram has become an essential social media platform that allows people to connect and share their lives in a visually appealing way, and it is likely to continue growing in the years to come.

References

1. Longobardi, C., Settanni, M., Fabris, M. A., & Marengo, D. (2020). Follow or be followed: Exploring the links between Instagram popularity, social media addiction, cyber victimization, and subjective happiness in Italian adolescents. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740919314781 Children and youth services review, 113, 104955.
2. Trifiro, B. (2018). Instagram use and its effect on well-being and self-esteem. (https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/macomm/4/)
3. Hwnag, H. S. (2019). Why social comparison on Instagram matters: Its impact on depression. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS), 13(3), 1626-1638. (https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201914260133566.page)
4. Woodley, A. (2018). How does Instagram impact on people's perceptions of their appearance?. Journal of Aesthetic Nursing, 7(2), 94-95. (https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/joan.2018.7.2.94)
5. Keyte, R., Mullis, L., Egan, H., Hussain, M., Cook, A., & Mantzios, M. (2021). Self-compassion and instagram use is explained by the relation to anxiety, depression, and stress. Journal of technology in behavioral science, 6, 436-441. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-020-00186-z)

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Background

Provides a foundational overview, outlining the historical context and introducing keyinformation that will be further explored in the essay, setting the stage for the argument to follow.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

Installation method of the high-density polyethylene liner can be passed through into the existing pipe by using two techniques. However, sometimes both techniques are required in together to speed up the project steps. The pushed and pulled techniques are the most common in this matter that is used to keep the liner in place. In pushing technique, for water-tight sealing a gasket jointed profile pipe need to be introduced.

This method consists of some arrangements like cable and winch. The winch arrangement with the cable pulled into the existing pipe for slip-lining. The cable is attached with the segment on the other side and the cable with the polyethene liner need to pull through the existing or host pipe with the help of winch arrangement. The cable is fastened with this arrangement to make the pulling method into the right position.

To facilitate this pulling technique a pulling head is required to attach the cable. There are different types of pulling heads that are available in the market. Types can be varied in project to project based on the nature of the work condition and site environment. It also depends on the project budget especially in installation process. Among them leading edge footage liner that attached with a leading central bolt in one side and liner in other end is the classiest pulling head. A steel pulling head relates to the liner with the help of some bolts. The main purpose of this head is to ensure the uniform load on the liner wall. The conical shape of pulling head facilitates the new pipe to go through the host pipe. It also adjusts the minor deflections in liners. Diameter of this head must be same as the liner diameter or lower than the outside diameter (OD). This helps to pull the pipe smoothly when it inserted into the host.

Due to the pulling process, an elongation may occur in polyethene liner. For that reason, it is recommended that left the liner minimum twenty-four hours rest after elongation. Polyethene liner should be extend 3-5% more than the existing pull to keep the safe due to the reduction instinct when it gets back to its normal position (PPI, 2008). In the large diameter and heavy welded joint connection lining, this process may not perform well so on the longer pipe system.

A bend strap is installed around the liner wall that helps to push into the host. Construction vehicle such as back hoe or track hoe is used to pull the pipe and push into right direction through the pipe. Sometimes other equipment is used to push the liner.

Vehicle stroke the pipe after it has been connected to the belt. Strap need to be placed in position after each stroke. Placement of the strap is done by manually. The whole process can be completed with the help of the combination of a front head loader and a bulldozer.

In this process gasket pipe is used to make the proper place and ensure water-tight condition. This system does not require any cable and hoist to push the liner through the existing system. However due to the project nature or other circumstances both push and pull techniques sometimes need to be applied simultaneously. This technique is more efficient when polyethene liner is pulled through a large diameter host where need heavy pulling instruments. Pushing or pulling flow speed is not same in the entire system. The flow speed while positioning the line into the system is different than the flow in the pipe while it moves through the host. It is recommended that flow speed should be kept in a level in the entire system that it does not exceed the 50% of pipe capacity. When liner is placed into the host annular space provide sufficient flow to carry the liner. At the end of the lining system, upstream blockage flows need to be controlled to avoid flooding. Pump station, flow control equipment, bypass system can mitigate and control the flow system during this technique.

There are different types of method to connect the laterals and home service with liner. Types of connection depend on liner and lateral line properties. When liner passes through the host line, restoration work starts after a certain time. As polyethene has the instinct to expand in pushing or pulling and return to its original position while in rest, for that reason restoration work need to be start after 24 hours of liner placing. In pressure pipe line connection made with pressure rated pipe line. This type of connection requires the capability to take full pressure. A polyethene branch saddle is placed on the top of the liner hole that connect to the lateral line. The connection is made by using either a tees or side wall bonding branch saddles with connectors.

Sometimes spool pieces are inserted by using electrofusion process. Existing pipe is removed from the connection place to connect laterals. When connected to laterals with HDPE, joint of line should fixed by using wrap around saddle. In gravity pipe line, a stainless-steel band is used that placed on the connecting point on the liner with a gasket. The saddle base and the liner then welded to confirm the joint integrity. After that flexible coupling is used to connect the service lateral with the new polyethylene pipe. The service saddle method is common in gravity pipe line where gasket and steel band clamps are used.

Reconnection of new valves and the existing pipe at the end of project: Reconnection with the existing pipe is the final stage of slip lining process where connection is conducted by using fittings and flanges. Reconnection of the pipe system may follow either in heat fusion method or in mechanical fittings. Connection must be made in such a way that reduces the point load at joint. There are different types of techniques that reconnect the system confirms the continuation of existing pressure flow. Connection methods may have varied based on pipe diameter of the system. In pressurized pipe network connection is made by using some specific accessories. Fusion technology is used to reconnect the pressurized pipe.

There are three methods in fusion technology that commonly used to connect the liner to the existing system. Besides butt, saddle and socket fusion, electrofusion method is also used with the help of couplings and saddle fittings. Fusion system bond the liner and existing pipe surface by using heat at specific temperature and force. This method keeps the joint area structurally sound and ensures leak protection. System is ready to run as soon as the joint return to its normal temperature. In Butt fusion method heat and force is applied after cleaning the end of the pipes. Liner and existing pipe need to hold until the joint temperature is cool.

After cooling the joint area, a bead between two pipes are formed. The type of this bead is called fusion bead. It is important to check the bead thickness that ensures the proper.

At the end of the process, sometime external and internal bead are removed from the joint by using run-around planning tools. In saddle fusion connection method heat needs to be applied in the external pipe and the saddle surface. Heat is continued until the proper bonding temperature. A special machine called saddle fusion is required to accomplish this job.

On the other, Heat needs to apply on both external pipe surface and internal fittings area in socket fusion method. At certain temperature when fittings are melted, pipe end then insert to this area and hold it until it gets sufficient bond strength. As like the other methods the pipe end and the fittings inner part need to be clean. In electrofusion method, the heating system is different than the conventional method. Heat is being conducted internally rather than outside heating system. This can be done by using a heating conductor or polymer at the internal joint area. Electric current is applied to generate the heat inside the apparatus and pipe. Connection made between the pipe and pipe connections due to the electrofusion couplings.

There are different types of methods that commonly used to connect the existing pipe. In addition, the selection of fittings is also important that create impact on the bonding system. For small size diameter pipe, mechanical compression coupling is an option to connect the system. In this method due to the compression of seal ring around the pipe causes pressure tight seal in the joint. The wall around the joint should be fixed tightly by stiffener and ring that protect the deformation.

Bolt mechanical coupling joint method can bond different types of pipe such as PVC, steel, cast iron etc. This system seals the joint by using a combination of compression and elastomeric gasket that is applied around the pipe joint. A stiffener is also needed that support the sealing ring area and other gripping devices. When line is connected to the existing ductile iron or PVC pipe, the stiffener should add inside the pipe that insures sound bonding. In flange joint method an adapter called Flange Adapter is used to connect the PE liner with metal or other types of pipe. The diameter of the flange is same as PE pipe diameter at one side and the other side it has flange type diameter. Flange provision gives the structural support to the joint. Stiffener is not needed in this method where it has its own back-up ring. A flange gasket and flange bolt are required to install the flange adapter. It is recommended that when PE liner is connected to the cast iron the tightening torque should not be exceed 10 ft-lbs. Excess torque may cause a bending stress in the connection place.

To connect the ductile iron pipe solid sleeves fittings can be used at the joint area. This fitting has a flange or a mechanical hub that connect the pipe. The flange called mega lug and gasket are installed at the ductile iron pipe end. Whereas One Bolt solid sleeves design has a special ring that prevent liner to pullout. A stiffener is placed in the liner pipe for better stability. This installation method is very quick rather than other system. When liner is joined to the existing valves or pipes, a mechanical joint adaptor is used to the system. Before bonding the joint a ring is placed at the back of the adaptor. Other joining method is called transition fitting which is applied to connect between the liner and the metal pipe. This fitting consists of the combination of an adapter with an O-ring and a retainer. Fittings are available in various sizes and the joint is welded after the connection.

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There are some methods also need to be implemented that prevent the pipe disjoining. The restraint joint technique is used in all connection system such as fusion, electrofusion, socket fusion etc. Wall anchor, mechanical restraint anchor, buried poly anchor, above ground pipeline anchor are the most common restraint method that is applied in line joining. In gravity pipe lines, there is no need to install the above-mentioned connection features. Only annular space that exists around the pipe is required to seal to prevent the infiltration. Sealing materials also prevent the buckling of the liner.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
FOMOSocial media anxiety disorder
2. Suggested solution
3. Conclusion
4. References

Introduction

Social media was really a useful and practical way to get new friends and share information with other people that we do not normally meet. Nearly everybody has a social networking page these days, and keeping it can take time. Keeping an online status, regularly updating social media profiles and games involves a lot of attention. Social media is building a network of people around the world. Thus, through virtual communities, they can share information, career interests and other forms of interaction. Although online spending time may be useful in gaining daily life updates, too much and irrational usage of social media may cause addiction. Addiction to social media can affect any one in everyday life and can cause health issues. To analyze the effects of social media addiction, this essay will describe related health problems and suggest alternative ways to address the addiction.

FOMO

The first problem associated with social media addiction is that can cause what is called FOMO. FOMO is referring to fear of missing out, it is the feeling or perception that others have more fun, a better life or a better experience than you are. It involves a profound feeling of envy and affects self – esteem. The FOMO phenomenon has been accelerated in several ways by social media. It provides a situation where you compare your regular life to the highlights of the lives of someone else, as David Blackwell said, if people are anxious about relationships, they probably fear being excluded from society. FOMO behavior can be understood as deficiencies in satisfaction with psychological needs. The relationship can be directly or indirectly. As Andrew K. Przybylski said, people with a low basic need for satisfaction may tend to stick to the use of social media because contact with others is apparent as a resource or indirectly, providing need deficits could lead some to a general sensitivity for fear of missing out.

Social media anxiety disorder

The second problem associated with social media addiction is that can cause what is called social media anxiety disorder. Disorder of social anxiety involves a fear of situations of social and performance in which others can judge you negatively. Social media can contribute to increasing this condition negatively. According to Weidman, social anxiety is associated with higher depression rates and lower self - esteem among individuals using the Internet as a social compensatory medium. Individuals with low self - esteem in social anxiety may express themselves in ways that do not appeal to others, making others less attractive to connect with them. As Parade said, social anxiety is a common mental health concern among emerging adults and can be particularly disadvantageous given the social interactions needed to address the transitional issues they face. Moreover, a social media anxiety disorder can affect academic performance. As Willoughby said, it is difficult for socially anxious students to form the social connections necessary for academic success.

Suggested solution

A suitable solution for social media addiction could be using more strategies face - to – face. According to Claudius, The Internet provides a safe place to avoid face - to - face interactions by socially anxious individuals. It can be done by going out with your friends and enjoy without taking any selfies. Governments and organizations can help minimize and ban the use of mobile devices in some cases. Some such steps — like banning the use of smartphones while driving — are already in place in many countries. An alternative solution could be going to therapy. Taking to therapy can help people who are addicted to social media to relies on their problems and the effect that social media has been doing to them by understanding the effect of the social network, people can balance between their life and social media.

Conclusion

To conclude, although social media is a great tool for many aspects of our life, there are some negative effects also. One of the effects is that can cause what is could FOMO. FOMO is referring to fear of missing out. It is the feeling that other people are better than you or having fun more than you are. Social media can increase this condition negatively. The other effect is that can increase the social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder involves a fear of situations of social and performance in which others can judge you negatively. Social anxiety is associated with higher depression rates and lower self - esteem among people using social media. A suggested solution for social media addiction is that using real face-to-face communication or taking to therapy could be a very good solution.

References

• David Blackwell, 21 April 2017 Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. From https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039 .
• Przybylski et al., 2013 A.K. Przybylski, K. Murayama, C.R. DeHaan, V. Gladwell Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out Computers in Human Behavior (2013), pp. 1841-1848, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014.
• Weidman, A.C., Fernandez, K.C., Levinson, C.A., Augustine, A.A., Larsen, R.J., & Rodebaugh, T.L. (2012). Compensatory internet use among individuals higher in social anxiety and its implications for well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(3), 191-195. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.003
• Parade, S.H., Leerkes, E.M., & Blankson, A.N. (2010). Attachment to parents, social anxiety, and close relationships of female students over the transition to college. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(2), 127-137. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9396-x.
• Cludius, B., Stevens, S., Bantin, T., Gerlach, A., & Hermann, C. (2013). The motive to drink due to social anxiety and its relation to hazardous alcohol use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 806-813. doi: 10.1037/a0032295.

Don Pedro is a very important character within Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare, both within his own right and in terms of how he draws Shakespeare's other characters together. Often referred to as “the Prince” from Aragon (“No Fear”), Don Pedro seems intelligent, encouraging, understanding, but also very gullible. He is the most social and political character in the play that works as a link between the other characters. There are a few facts that support Don Pedro as a very significant character in the story: his relationship with other characters in the play, his personal characteristics, and how he works as a tool of the author to deliver the main themes of the play.

Don Pedro works as a connection between all the characters that appear in the play. The story actually starts with Don Pedro bringing his soldiers that fought under him during the war to his old friend Leonato, who is Hero’s father and Beatrice’s uncle. As people get together, the story starts to take shape. Claudio falls in love with Hero; Don Pedro and Benedict help Claudio get to Hero. Later on, Don Pedro also plans to make Beatrice and Benedict fall in love with each other, which eventually brings all the characters together to work on a common goal. Even the antagonist, John, Don Pedro’s stepbrother, is included in the story as, who is eager to break the peace and take Don Pedro’s place. Don Pedro is the main link between the main characters of the drama. If it were not him, the main events would not have taken place.

Don Pedro is a leading figure in the play. He is a very generous, courteous, and intelligent man, but he lacks a little bit of a sturdiness to prevent himself from falling into evil. In the film version of the drama, he appears to be taller than other main characters, and he always stands in the middle of Claudio and Benedick, clearly showing that he is the leader of the group (Branagh). There are a few cases in the drama that shows his characteristics. First of all, he leads Claudio to the marriage to Hero. He tells Claudio:

They’re going to have a costume party with dancing tonight. I’ll disguise myself as you and pour out “my” feelings to Hero, taking her prisoner with the force of my love story. Then I’ll talk to her father. And in the end, she’s yours! Let’s get started right away (“No Fear”).

He also plans to help Beatrice and Benedict fall in love with one another. He says to Claudio:

Come, you shake the head at so long a breathing, but I warrant thee, Claudio, the time shall not go dully by us. I will in the interim undertake one of Hercules' labors, which is to bring Signor Benedick and the Lady Beatrice into a mountain of affection, th' one with th' other. I would fain have it a match, and I doubt not but to fashion it, if you three will but minister such assistance as I shall give you direction (“No Fear”).

Don Pedro not only takes the leadership position, but also plays an important role for the author.

Don Pedro also works as the playwright’s tool to implicate the main theme of the drama. The author tries to deliver to the audience the fragility and instability of a human being through showing Don Pedro who is so quick to fall into the evil of John. John, Don Pedro’s stepbrother, plans to deceive Don Pedro and Claudio by showing them Margaret and one of his soldiers having sex. Not knowing that it is not Hero but Margaret, her maid, that is with another man, the two men decides to revenge Hero. By reading this portion of the play, the audience can realize how quick a human is to believe in something that is so evil, even Don Pedro, the man of knowledge and leading.

“The Prince, Don Pedro is a notable character in the drama, Much Ado About Nothing (“No Fear”). Most significantly, his role links the main characters. He also has enough traits of a leader, and therefore takes a leadership position in the story. He literally leads the story by planning major events. Last, but not least, Shakespeare uses this character as a means to deliver a message to the audience. By showing Don Pedro fall into John’s trickery, the playwright implies that all human beings are the same, big or small, they are susceptible to be deceived by evil.

Works Cited

Branagh, Kenneth, director. Much Ado About Nothing. Renaissance Films, 1993.

“No Fear Shakespeare: Much Ado About Nothing.” No Fear Shakespeare, SparkNotes, 2017, nfs.sparknotes.com/muchado/page_2.html.