Our Previous Samples

Progress and Poverty was written by Henry George in 1879. Henry George was a popular reformer, whose work was popular in the nineteenth century, which sparked reform movements. In Progress and Poverty George argued that the wealth created by social and technological advances in the economy was owned by landowners and monopolists through rents, and that this wealth (he thought was not properly earned) is a primary cause of poverty. He thought it wasn’t fair that private profit was gained by limiting the access to natural resources while actual labor was burdened with heavy taxes. George said that “landowners would alone be benefited. Rents would increase, but wages would still tend to the starvation point,” essentially meaning “the effect…[would be] to make the few richer; the many more helpless” (George 4). He believed that all men were created equal and that people are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in the truest sense, like stated in the Declaration of Independence. He believed that inequality threatened to destroy American democracy. George also discusses liberty and that it cannot exist only half way, it has to exist wholey for it to be effective, for progress to occur. He believed that liberty and equality were at the center of progress and success. George called for a renewed commitment to the common good; we “are responsible for the vice and misery that fester in amid our civilization” and it is up to the people to fix it; he claims that people should not primmite any injustices and any injustices that exist should be eliminated (George 3).

This piece is where he presented a case for land value tax. A land value tax is a tax in which the government would tax the value of the land, which would prevent land owners and monopolies from profiting from it, but allow the value of all improvements made to the land to remain with investors (Web). Wealth was written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889. Andrew Carnegie was a civic leader with two different sides to him; “from one point of view, he was a factory despot who underpaid his employees and ruthlessly managed their working conditions. But to the patrons of public libraries, art museums, concert halls, colleges, and universities that he funded…[he] appeared to be the single greatest philanthropist of the age” (Faragher 414). If people view him in a positive way they saw him as a “captain of industries” where he was “responsible for bring efficiency, progress, modernity” (Cerri lecture, The Gilded Age). However if one were employed by him they might think of him as a “robber baron,” meaning “immoral, greedy, corrupt capitalist that only cared about the bottom line” (Cerri lecture, The Gilded Age).

Carnegie's Wealth better known as the Gospel of Wealth argued that wealth is best used when it’s distributed carefully by the wealthy. He discouraged wasteful uses of money in forms of extravagance and irresponsibility. He encouraged the distribution of wealth over time to reduce the gaps between the rich and the poor. He thought the wealthy should distribute their wealth responsibly and not in ways that encourage lack of responsibility or unworthiness. Essentially, Carnegie proposed that instead of passing down money to heirs, that the wealthy utilize their excess means in a responsible and thoughtful way to benefit the public. During this time - and even today - people wanted to make money to provide for themselves and their family, they a wanted good job (pay and conditions), a home, food on the table, and wanted to be financially comfortable. The Gilded Age was a “period where there is tremendous economic growth, industrial growth, the emergence of big business and the concentration of wealth and power” (Cerri lecture, The Gilded Age). This time period also experienced quite a bit of corruption and scandal which we get an impression of in George’s piece and can understand how it is possible after reading Carnegie’s piece. This corruption occurred from companies consolidating into one large company creating a monopoly and when monopolies and the government worked together which we can see with the railroads. During the Gilded Age both Carnegie and George were influential men of the time both with a goal to reducing poverty and ideally eliminating it altogether. Although they both shared a common goal they each had their own unique and individual approaches. I find Henry George’s piece more appealing because, in theory, everyone would be financial secure. George wanted everyone to have equal wealth and treated equally as well. He did not like the idea of rich and poor, he wanted financials to fall in between the two extremes.

This would allow all people to be comfortable and able to take of themselves. George thought it was wrong for employers to profiting off their employees who were doing the actual work. George also advocated for lower taxes. Though George’s way sounds more appealing than wealthy people distributing money to the public to the best of their abilities and wealthy like Carnegie “who … owned the town where his workers lived and their children go to school” (Cerri lecture, The Gilded Age). I do not know exactly how one could put George’s method into effect successfully because a human is always going to be distributing the money which leaves room for error and poor choices. The late-nineteenth century is a period known as the Gilded Age. As in our times, that era experienced a dramatic increase in income inequality. It also experienced a sharp increase in the numbers of Americans living in poverty. The Gilded Age was marked by an increase in the size and political influence of large corporations and banks. There were extream wage gaps. The politics of American society were characterized by extreme bias and instability at the time. The age did indeed inspire political change, however it did not eliminate inequality in the U. S. There have been “several major cycles of inequality in the U. S. since then: the mitigation of inequality during the Progressive era, the return to inequality in the 1920s, the great equalizer that was the Great Depression and the New Deal, and then the rise of inequality once again in the late 20th century” (Rothman). Simply put unemployment is fairly high, we can never seem to make enough money, and inequality still exists today. These are problems of today that were also problems of past eras as well.

During the time period 1865 to 1900, United States was becoming the leading industrial and international power in the world. The U.S. had many raw materials that were important to industrialization, such as copper, oil, and coal. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants from northern and western Europe with high levels of literacy and working skills easily blended into the rural American society and contributed to the growth of the nation. In addition, government policies supported and protected large businesses by protecting private property, supporting manufacturers with protective tariffs, and subsidizing railroads with land loans and grants. This period, often called the “Second Industrial Revolution,” is characterized as the “Gilded Age” because of its rapid economic growth and increase in wealth but also much social conflict involving the working class. Although the U.S. as a whole became a leading industrial power, industrialization also had many negative consequences. Industrialization left negative effects on U.S. society in the years 1865 to 1900 because of the formation of labor unions and strikes, political corruption via monopolistic practices, and worsened living conditions for the working class.

Industrialization had negative effects on U.S. society because of the formation of labor unions, strikes and parties. Document 6 is by Samuel Gompers, who founded the American Federation of Labor and was a labor union representative and a critic of industrialists who did not treat workers with respect or justice. He is addressing the International Labor Congress in Chicago regarding the industrial system’s abuse of workers and demanding better working conditions. The year 1893 was just a year after the Homestead Strike, when workers felt that they had the right to make demands by forming unions to speak up for their needs about their abusive working conditions. Because of the hard labor and danger in their work, the workers formed labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and advocated for higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions. In document 5, political organizers, the Populists, or the People’s Party, are trying to convince the public to support the Populist Party. The Populists were critical of the effects of industrialization and supported the working class. The concentration of economic power in the hands of monopolists and bankers was dominating the U.S. economy, and thus the farmers felt the need to form their own political party. In 1890, agrarian discontent in the South and West led to the Republican setbacks in the election of 1892, and delegates from states in the South and West met in Omaha, Nebraska to nominate candidates for the new Populist party. At the platform, they said that if people support the party, they will work to expand the government to meet the needs of the people and will justify the injustice. In document 2, David A. Wells, an engineer and an economist, points out that industrialization had negatively impacted the workers and is warning the public that industrialization is a threat to the workers. He says that manufacturing in factories has destroyed individualism, independence, and the workers’ pride in their work because they are only ordered to perform one specific job. In big manufacturing factories, industrial mechanization skilled workers were easily replaced by unskilled workers and this led to unrest among the workers. This was one of the factors that led to industrial unrest and strikes. Therefore, industrialization in manufacturing factories led to negative effects on many workers by taking away their independence and leading to the formation of labor unions. Documents 6, 5, and 2 conclude that during industrialization, big factories and corporations led to industrial unrest and horrible working conditions for the workers, which led to formation of labor unions and strikes and parties. These were harmful to society because they led to many deaths and violence. For an example, the Knights of Labor, the first National Labor Organization, was formed in 1869 in Philadelphia under Uriah S. Stephens. By the time Terence Powderly took over, its members rose up to 700,000. They wanted to protect the workers from retaliations, and advocated for eight hour workday, abolition of child labor, better working conditions, and higher wages. Its strike at Haymarket Square resulted in a bomb that killed several policemen, and another strike against the McCormick Harvester Company also resulted in deaths.

Another way industrialization had negative effects on the U.S. economy was because of the political corruption caused by monopolistic practices. In document 3, Joseph Keppler illustrates to the general public that industrial trusts were dominating the trade and were superior to the Senators. During this time (1889), Senators were appointed by party bosses, who were often controlled by monopolists. Keppler is critical and concerned about the effect of industrialists having so much control and that too many trusts are blocking the people’s entrance to the Senate. Business interests brought political corruption in the Gilded Age by having industrial trusts dominate the government. In document 7, George Rice speaks in the voice of the common man and a failed businessman who was driven out by Rockefeller’s Standard Oil. He warns other businesses of Rockefeller’s colossal corporation and says that Rockefeller was charging discriminatory rates and privileges. By 1897, trusts often used the colossal combination to reduce competition from other businesses by underselling to gain monopolies. There was unfair competition between small and big businesses, and so big corporations during industrialization had negative effects on small businesses. In document 4, Andrew Carnegie, a very wealthy man who owned a monopoly in the steel business with Carnegie Steel, which produced more steel than all the mills in Britain, is convincing the wealthy industrialists that the rich are in need for philanthropy and “should produce the most beneficial results for the community.” He says that it is the duty of the rich to share their wealth for public good and that the rich should be an example to the poor of their extravagance. Although he had a viewpoint that industrialization had positive impact in the U.S. society, he was the target of many workers in unions because he paid them with low wages, refused to help with the workers’ needs, and did not provide safe places for their labor. Documents 3, 7 and 4, show the how problems and debates about industrialization arose due to monopolistic practices. Industrialization led to a sharp increase in the gap between the rich and the poor, and large corporations, run by the wealthy, had negative effects by causing problems and debates.

A third way Industrialization had negative effects on U.S. society is seen in the worsened conditions for the working class, who were the backbone of the U.S. economy and 85% of the population. Document 1 shows the historical statistics of the United States that food, fuel, and lighting prices declined significantly from 1870-1899 while the cost of living expenses somewhat stayed the same. By lowering food, fuel, and lighting prices, it made living conditions worse for the farmers/laborers because their wages lowered while businesses and large corporations continued to thrive. As wages were being dropped, it led to the prices of crops dropping as well, which hurt the farmers heavily. Therefore, industrialization had negative effects on the living conditions of the working class because it made it hard for them to buy necessities due to having only a small amount of money. 

"Although They Were Proud of Their Material Success, the Victorians were often Profoundly Uneasy about the loss of the Rural Community that Industrial Society Experienced." From Your Reading of Tess of the D'Urbervilles and other Victorian Novels show how you have found this to Be True.

Victorian Novels regularly portray Industrialisation as corrupt, dirty and unrestrained capitalism. In Tess of the D'Ubervilles Hardy does this primarily through the description and actions of the characters in a similar way to Dickens. Alec D'Uberville is part of a group of newly Rich industrialists from the north and the fact "ville" is included in his surname suggests that Alec is symbolic of all Town industrialists. Therefore Alec's actions, such as the rape scene, where he took advantage of Tess' "beautiful feminine tissue" suggests subtlety that industrialisation and industrialists are ravaging the country. Alec's prominent, red bricked and obviously "new" house in the country as well as the fact he has bought rather than inherited the previously pastoral family name D'Uberville more graphically Hardy's opinion that Alec and the industrialisation he represents has scarred and destroyed the natural agricultural land that the Victorian's valued so dearly. Similarly, Bounderby in Hard Times, is an industrialist who's caricatured arrogance "I, Josiah Bounderby of Coketown" and his rash "red and hot" reaction to the robbery of the bank turn us against him. He uses Louisa in a similar way to Alec, manipulating her into marriage and he is ultimately, like Alec proved to be not what he appears. Dickens's equally cynical view of Bounderby suggests that like Hardy also viewed the Industrialisation that Bounderby and Alec represent with a sense of unease.

Conversely, Hardy's description of the life of Tess D'Uberville, the figure that ultimately we sympathise with, is described by J.R. Ebbatson as a mixture of ideas "creatively poised between images of Romantic pastoral and scientific background." Hardy uses Tess to emphasise his revulsion of the industrial world that he has suggested through Alec's behaviour in the novel. Tess is presented as a figure of purity in the book. She is dressed in white when we first see her, hinting at an almost angelic character and in the description of Sorrow's baptisement Tess is "almost apotheosized" by the "ecstasy of faith" she raises her voice to "clerks pitch and the description of Tess with phrases such as "large, towering and awful ­ a divine personage" add to the creation of a character that appears to be pure and divine. The sub title, "a pure woman" as well as words describing her in the first phase such as "angel" and "innocent" further emphasise Tess' purity. Tess is also described in a very natural way. She is constantly surrounded by "rabbits" and "snakes" and is distraught at the death of the horse. She appears to have a natural affinity to nature and. she buries herself in the ground twice and she very sensitively breaks the necks of the injured pheasants. The fact that Tess is described in a very natural and also a very pure way encourages the reader to link the two ideas therefore giving the suggestion that nature is pure. Furthermore, the mistreatment of Tess by Alec throughout the novel and her rape by Alec (who is symbolic of the industrialists in the Victorian period) at the end of "The Maiden" gives the suggestion that Hardy thought that industrialisation of England was ruining the countryside and turning "the maiden" into the "maiden no more". Louisa fills a similar role in Hard Times as she is portrayed as innocent and lovely through her protection of Tom. And her attitude when caught by Tomas Gradgirid at the Circus, "I wanted to see what it was like", makes us realise that this natural and fee-spirited child is trapped by all the people around her such as Gradgrind and Bounderby who represent the Industry of Coketown. Furthermore Louisa's insistence that Bounderby can only "take" a kiss is reminiscent of the way Alec took Tess' virginity. Both Dickens and Hardy portray their opinion that England is being ravaged by the effects of rapid industrialisation in an allegorical way through the actions and descriptions of their 'heroes' and 'villains'.

In parallel to the use of characterisation in the Victorian Novels many authors reflected their views that Industrialisation was ruining the countryside through subtle imagery. Dickens's suggests the countryside to be diseased in Bleak house through the underlying metaphor of disease. The Jarndyce case, with a name similar to Jaundice and Tom Jarndyce who is dead before the story begins. Both suggest the Victorian world is diseased by the industrialisation (as well as the legal system). Hardy describes Alec rather like a disease, "pale", "coarse" and "lurking" and he inflicts "sorrow", who dies on Tess. Equally Pip's intentions to make a gentleman of himself and take a part in the industrialised world of London leaves him "pale" and "gaunt" at the end of the novel. Many of the Victorian writers viewed Industrialisation as a disease on their way of life. Something that was going to kill any traces of rural life.

Alongside the infection of the countryside many authors considered industrialisation to be creating huge unhappiness in the community. The increased wealth of already wealthy landowners such as Sir James Chettam and Mr Brooke in Middlemarch and the poverty of more likeable characters such as Dagley highlights the fact that the Victorians considered the industrialisation in rural communities to be an extremely corrupting and malign problem. Bounderby's pay offs to his mother in Hard Times supports the idea that industrialisation breeds corruption and Pip's disappointment at his Great Expectations eloquently show the unease at the industrialisation. The fact Alec's house sits so uncomfortably in its natural surrounding further highlights the unease the Victorians had at the industrialisation in Rural communities.

Ultimately, the fact that Alec is not a completely bad character in Tess of the D'Ubervilles and appears to show genuine remorse at one point at his seduction of Tess and Tomas Gradgirnd's change of heart at the End of Hard Times suggests that the Victorians looked at the industrialisation with a sense of optimism. However many of the novels written in the 19th century focus on the unease at the introduction of Industry into rural life rather than the optimism of industrialisation because the fears of people outweighed the bright optimism for a better more industrialised future.

Table of contents

1. India GDP from Manufacturing at present
2. Road Ahead
Key Market Drivers for the Indian Manufacturing Industry

India GDP from Manufacturing at present

GDP from Manufacturing in India increased to 5355.42 INR Billion in the third quarter of 2017 from 5131.39 INR Billion in the second quarter of 2017. GDP from manufacturing in India averaged 4269.80 INR Billion from 2011 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 5355.42 INR Billion in the third quarter of 2017 and a record low of 3305.81 INR Billion in the fourth quarter of 2011.

Road Ahead

India's gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to reach US$ 6 trillion by FY27 and achieve upper-middle income status on the back of digitization, globalization, favorable demographics, and reforms. Numerous foreign companies are setting up their facilities in India on account of various government initiatives like Make in India and Digital India. Mr. Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, has launched the Make in India initiative with an aim to boost the manufacturing sector of Indian economy, to increase the purchasing power of an average Indian consumer, which would further boost demand, and hence spur development, in addition to benefiting investors.

The Government of India, under the Make in India initiative, is trying to give boost to the contribution made by the manufacturing sector and aims to take it up to 25 per cent of the GDP from the current 17 per cent. Besides, the Government has also come up with Digital India initiative, which focuses on three core components: creation of digital infrastructure, delivering services digitally and to increase the digital literacy. According to a study recently conducted by global management consulting firm McKinsey and Company, the Indian manufacturing industry is expected to touch US$ 1 trillion by 2025. Industry experts accredit the increasing demand of manufacturing units and the penchant for setting up low-cost plants in India by multinational firms for this possible development. Around 90 million domestic jobs are waiting to be created by that timeframe with the manufacturing segment contributing about 25-30% of India’s gross domestic product. India’s rapidly expanding economy is giving both international entrepreneurs and home players an array of opportunities to venture out and grow.

Key Market Drivers for the Indian Manufacturing Industry

1. The Indian manufacturing sector has been witnessing a sluggish growth due to deceleration in investment.
2. The national manufacturing policy suggests raising the share of manufacturing in GDP to 25% in order to create 100 million jobs in the coming decades.
3. Additional capacities are being planned to be installed in all the major manufacturing units.
4. A public procurement policy has been proposed incorporating technology along with common facility centers while the Khadi Mark steps has been launched to promote Micro Small and Medium Enterprises.

Indian industries are contributing a commendable portion to the balanced growth of Indian economy. Though India’s GDP in the manufacturing sector has improved over the last two years due to the ‘Make in India’ drive, but it is still low as compared to our neighboring countries like Thailand (where 35 per cent of GDP is from manufacturing), China (32 per cent), Phillippines (30 per cent) Indonesia (29 per cent). We have a long way to go. The cause for the same is ‘Make in India’ is not about getting foreign companies or large corporate to set up business in India. Such companies are unable to create employment in manufacturing. Moreover, it is also not simple or easy to do business in India. But, the government is taking all the fruitful measures to address this challenge by making the system transparent.

Digitization is one of the steps taken in this direction by the government and many other new initiatives are Invest India, Start Up India and e-biz Mission Mode Project under the national e-governance plan. All these actions are facilitating investment and ease of doing business in the country. Secondly, every industry should carry out an operational performance improvement program periodically to improve as well as to enhance its current performance. To sum up, the present paper provides a brief overview of performance of the industrial sector in India’s economy. India’s industrial sector is burgeoning: a sign of an economy on the high growth path. It has become the mainstay of the growth process and has emerged as the most dynamic sector of the Indian economy, particularly since last one and half decade. The foregoing analysis brings out the fact this sector is one of the best solutions to the problems of poverty, insecurity, unemployment, over population in the modern world.

In any industry, competition depends on five key forces (Porter, 1979): the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products or services, the bargaining power of customers, the threat of new entrants and the industry jockeying for position among existing rivals. Kennedy Consultants has applied Porter’s 5 Forces to Dell to understand the industry and its dynamics. The bargaining power of suppliers is significant in the IT industry, and specifically in the computer hardware segment. Dell depends on its suppliers for its manufacturing processes, since the company only assembles the parts into the final product. Despite the large number of suppliers of computer parts, the proximity to Dell’s assembling line is a critical factor. To protect against the risk of high demand variability and combat long lead times, the company has developed a system by which suppliers keep inventory readily available in supplier logistics centers (SLCs) close to Dell plants, based on quantity demand forecasts provided by Dell. Moreover, as a dominant purchaser, the company also holds power over its suppliers by imposing technological imperatives and shaping the geography of its supply base (Fields, 2006).

Get original essay

With computer sales lowering considerably and customer preferences shifting to smartphones and tablets instead (Marketline, 2018; Passport, 2018), one of the company's core businesses, the computer segment, is seriously threatened by these emergent substitutes. Competition is increasing fast in the smartphone and tablet niches, forcing companies to either reduce prices or improve performance. Furthermore, there is an abundance of choices for consumers regarding IT products, in areas such as personal computers, networking and storage services, or data protection technologies. Customers thus possess substantial bargaining power against market players, requiring Dell and its competitors to engage in a continuous battle for market share. By further focusing on the segments of the industry where it can achieve product differentiation, Dell can mitigate some of their customers' power. An example would be cloud computing, which provides an exciting opportunity to the company to consolidate its position and further grow its customer base (Marketline, 2018).

The company experiences intense rivalry from numerous competitors across all of its business areas. In the enterprise PC and server markets, its main competitors are Acer, HP, Lenovo, IBM and Toshiba. In the consumer electronic industry, it faces competition from HP, Acer, Apple, Sony, Lenovo, as well as Asustek, in European markets (Marketline, 2018). We can argue that the exit barriers expected due to large capital investments are contributing to the state of the competition. In the IT industry and in computer hardware specifically the threat of new entrants is not very significant due to a number of barriers to entry, including sunk costs, groundbreaking technology innovation required to enter the market and the economies of scale achieved by big market players. These barriers can be overcome when competitors are able to introduce disruptive innovations. Key Sustainability Issues and Dynamics The IT sector is prone to high-energy consumption, carbon emission and e-waste, accounting for more than 2 percent of human greenhouse gasses according to Global Action Plan (2018). The industry is energy-intensive due to manufacturing processes and usage, but also on account of materials transportation. In 2018, Gartner Inc. reported that the combined annual shipment of devices reached 2.2 billion units, illustrating the global dependence on technology products. Particularly, the consumer electronics industry recognizes the urgent need to make increasing commitments to environmentally friendly business practices.

Research undertaken by Greenpeace (2017) examining 20 of the largest consumer electronic companies by market share showed that most companies try to establish environmental sustainability by reducing waste, conserving resources and shrinking product sizes. Another report published by the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA, 2008) noted that the Consumer Technology Industry focuses on green packaging and recycling initiatives. There is currently no international label for sustainable IT products. However, companies proactively develop their own 'green' labels. Assessing the quality of these labels is a challenging task. In the consumer electronics sector, Greenpeace (2017) developed a ranking framework that provides some starting guidance. The 2017 leader was Fairphone, a company that positions itself as the developer of 'the world's first ethical, modular smartphone' (Fairphone, 2018). Their competitive advantages include a reduction of resource consumption and transparency across the supply chain. Apple is well regarded in terms of sustainability due to its efforts to using renewable energy in its manufacturing, as well as being the first company in the sector to make commitments toward closing the loop in production processes. Dell is ranked the third 'greenest' company and stands out through reduced resource consumption, more sustainable product design, and a closed-loop usage of plastic.

The company’s sustainability strategy originated in an accumulation of stories, where Dell focused on narrow areas of sustainability with which it frequently interacted. This eventually formed the ‘Legacy of Good’ campaign (Dell EMC, 2017). Dell identified five areas which they could significantly impact by using their technology capabilities: net positive impact, supply chain, environment, communities, and people. Dell is reducing negative ecological impact and fighting climate action through several initiatives such as open-source supply chain innovation of ‘Ocean Bound’ plastics, investing in renewable energy and cleaning up shore lines with the goal of becoming more eco-efficient, i.e. reducing the overall ecological impact per unit of production (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002). Moreover, Dell is setting ambitious targets to measure its progress such as regenerating resources by giving 10 times back to the global systems. At the societal level, Dell has taken various actions to improve the social issues our planet is facing, with a focus on communities and people.

The company has tackled several sustainable development areas, improving quality education through the 'Youth STEM Learning initiative, as well as by contributing to societal well-being through precision medicine technology in early disease treatment. Dell has also helped develop the appropriate infrastructure for industry innovation, clean water, sanitation, and affordable clean energy in India, where Dell has its second biggest Research Hub (The Economic Times, 2018). Furthermore, Dell reports progress on these initiatives in their annual 'Legacy of Good' CSR report in what appears to be a very transparent and detailed manner. In assessing the impact of Dell's sustainability strategy, we use certain key academic frameworks to establish the value of sustainability, assess Dell’s policy effectiveness through academic typology, and position Dell within the planetary systems. Creating Value through Sustainability By modeling the different actions and policies Dell has implemented over the years as a response to the issue of sustainability, Dell’s value capture and creation model can be visualized. The Sustainable Value framework, developed by Hart and Milstein (2003), positions sustainability initiatives according to space-time parameters in order to understand how these tools create fundamental shareholder value. Figure 1 maps Dell’s current initiatives along that framework. The bottom right quadrant categorizes initiatives into internal space and having short term effects. These kinds of initiatives typically relate to waste, pollution, and consumption reduction.

Dell’s initiatives that fall into this category include the Gold Recycling program, focused on increasing the energy efficiency of their products to reduce the carbon footprint of both manufacturing and product use, and the Ocean Plastics initiative and partnerships. The latter is one of the larger and more impactful initiatives and creates value for Dell by reducing packaging and material costs, as well as developing networks with other industries and firms to scale up the infrastructure for recycling both the plastics and the new packaging (Dell, 2018). The program was started through a partnership with other technology firms and an NGO that brought awareness of the issue to Dell. The Gold Recycling program, through a partnership with Goodwill, is another industry leading initiative, making Dell the first OEM to recycle gold for their products (Werner et al., 2017). Additionally, Dell’s innovative use of mushroom caps as packaging represents overlaps the future impact and short-term impact parameters (Dell, 2018). This innovation has greatly reduced the company’s costs of packaging and presents an opportunity to set a standard for new eco-positive business decisions. The bottom-right quadrant contains initiatives with short term impact and focus on firm externalities. These activities typically involve transparency in supply chains, as well as honest and forthright reporting to legitimize the firm (Hart & Milstein, 2003).

Dell falls into this quadrant with efforts to require suppliers to comply with international regulations on the mining of conflict minerals, namely Tin, Tantalum, Tungsten, and Gold, otherwise known as 3TG (Dell, 2018). This compliance has so far enabled Dell to operate in more stringent markets where sourcing of these conflict minerals is monitored, as well as to improve company reputation. Additionally, Dell sets aside a portion of capital to assist with natural disasters (Dell, 2018). Market research shows that firms with disaster relief assistance and exposure during disaster relief increases public opinion implying has benefitted from this exposure (Thomas and Fritz, 2006). When analysing initiatives situated in the top-left quadrant of Figure 1, shareholder value is generated by actions taken to enhance the development of future capabilities within the company. For example, Dell’s efforts to improve the energy efficiency of products has resulted in lower energy consumption in both producing and using Dell’s technologies. Dell’s commitment to transitioning to renewable energy sources has begun repositioning Dell as a sustainability leader. Similarly, when analysing initiatives situated in the top-right quadrant, initiatives typically generate shareholder value by identifying the business needs of a sustainable future and better aligning the industry environment to meet those needs.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Get custom essay

These efforts should involve partnerships for laying out a roadmap for the future and give Dell a strategic advantage when predicting long term changes. For example, Dell’s partnership with Arizona State University (ASU) to deliver online education, as well as its Youth Learning program, grow expertise in the field of digital education, providing opportunities to develop new markets in growing economies. While Dell has implemented a robust and impactful sustainability strategy, many material issues are not actually being addressed. Dell has acknowledged the detriment of the current ocean plastics crisis, and while the Ocean Plastics initiative to improve packaging practices has helped, it merely prevents more plastics from being added but does not directly address the more pressing matter of the ‘plastic soup’ as we will discuss later on. Additionally, the Recycled Gold program, while innovative and industry-leading, only accounts for less than 1% of Dell’s demand for gold (Werner et al., 2017). The effort for more transparency in supply chain management has brought Dell into a much more sustainable state, however the current standard is handing off responsibility to suppliers to check for transparency with their suppliers and so on down the chain.

This film happens in 2008. During that time, the world had a big economy. In 2011, the Wall Street has a big revolution and demonstration. Breaking the serious gap between the rich and the poor in the US society. The film explores the causes of income inequality and the consequences of a vicious circle in the view of former US Secretary of Labor Robert Reich: When wages fall, many people are forced more debts; higher tuition fees, and lower access to higher education. The film will be impoverished, work shifts, higher education, industrial changes and other keywords for a comprehensive discussion. Economic imbalances are now approaching unprecedented levels in history.

Rich and the poor in the United States was that they were powerful and could wage higher salaries on behalf of the workers. Capitalists are vying to lower the wages of workers, and their reputation is to increase their competitiveness. The result of the reduction in wages of the middle class is the decline in consumption power, which ultimately leads to the economic recession of the society. The film repeatedly emphasizes that higher education is the basic pillar of economic development. Germany’s investment in higher education is huge. This is an important reason for its economic success. The film believes that the United States economy needs to be revived and increasing investment in higher education is the focus. I have heard different from other information about social class in America, I studied in America for 3 years. I can see their economic development is faster. Also, different states have different economic development. For example, In Nebraska, although they are mainly based on agriculture and oil production, they are developing very fast. Besides, Seattle’s Economy development speed is not bad. It’s just that their main development is different. The economy in Seattle is like a city developing a country with high technology. This is what I found in different states in America.

In this film, most relatable to the content found in our course is to tell the economic development problems that the society is facing. There is also a difference from the economic development that began in the 20th Century to what it is now. This is the part I think this movie is closest to our course. The filmmakers presented the topic in a manner that is fair to all sides. According to Robert Reich ‘We’re in the biggest economic slump since the Great Depression, and we can’t seem to get out of it. So much of the nation’s income and wealth are going to the top, that the vast middle class doesn’t have the purchasing power to keep the economy going. I’ve spent most of my working life concerned about what’s happening to American workers – their jobs, their wages, their hopes, and fears.” This is what the filmmaker says about changes in the economic development of the United States over the past few years and also the economic advantages and disadvantages in the United States. Also, this economic advantages and disadvantages can make them change a lot about their life. On the other hand, there have some jobs let them feel fear and they don’t want to get this job. Because the wages of these jobs are not proportional job so he wrote this set of film to express his own feelings and economic development in the 20th century to the present.

Nowadays, that is economic starts depression. the United States can discuss the future of the middle class and expand income inequality, but it is not a purely partisan issue. I think we have had enough. Because the government always need middle-class people to pay a lot of tax and fall into debt. This has been a vicious circle that has always existed in most American middle classes. I want to give you one example, In the United States, between 2008 to 2019 the economy starts to be the economic downturn and rise. The economic fluctuations in recent years have been very large. That is because the United States president Trump has promoted many factors that ignore the economy. I want to talk about one example, according to Chafuen, ‘Where is the economy heading in 2019? Changes in economic growth are much less volatile than the performance of stock markets. To forecast what will happen in an economy, it is better to focus on the fundamentals, which is to say, examining causes rather than effects. In my forecast for 2018, I included as a factor of my optimism the increase in the value of U.S. stocks during the first years of the presidency of Donald J. Trump. This year I include in my analysis the bumpy downward ride of stock prices in late December.” I think free companies will only cultivate and release the enthusiasm of all the entrepreneurs who still exist. We are already very strong. From the perspective of growth rate, we are easy to be the financial market is distracting. Relative back to inequality for all, during that time, there are many financial storms during this period. Make many people feel guilty. In contrast, I feel that the current economy is starting to turn better than before.

I will say this film talk about is communism. Based on a more stable and mature society, society has begun to enter the stage of free development, that is, the stage of entering the free world. When the public ownership world has sustained and stable development, the free world has taken shape, that is, there are no classes, countries and the government; the government’s functions are almost consumed in all areas of society. The so-called communism refers to the advanced stage of communism, that is, the free world of communism. Also, almost all the middle class of American need to pay the government and the government can be averaged to each person. This way it’s fair for some people. In contrast, it’s unfair to people who have given the government a lot of tax and money.

In my opinion, this world there is a problem of inequality. This world has three Steps of things to start to change the world before they have an inequality problem. First, society is formed and there is a difference between the rich and the poor. After the first stage, this is the second stage. The rich rob the wealth of the poor to expand their wealth, and the poor have to be rich with the rich to survive. The rich swindle the poor to make social contracts, use so-called laws to protect the rights of the rich to defraud the poor, and politically and legally establish the rich to the poor rule. The final stage is the way the law and severely trampled. This is how the creation of the world from the beginning to the present has become an unfair treatment. After these three Stages, it will become an unequal society. I think American’s tolerance is almost to the limit. Also, I think if we need to solve this problem. I think only can use this method. It is believed social contract should be established, from the equality of nature to the inequality of society, and then to the equality of society. Such a cycle is the clue and driving force for social development. In my opinion, I feel inequality and democracy only have each one at the same time. Inequality treatment is annoying and tried for all the people. When people feel that they are being treated unfairly, they will start fighting for democracy. Therefore, inequality and democracy are impossible together. Democracy is only the result of unfairness. This is the relationship between inequality and democracy.

I choose the job work in a restaurant. I think was the most difficult choice I had to make it in my car and my children the activity. This gave has made me unable to make a mess of money because if I spend any money, I will go bankrupt at any time. When the game progressing, the most surprised that I will spend a lot of money for each money. I did not ask any friends any friend. Because I think I can use self- sufficiency. What’s more, I think everyone has their own problem to solve, so maybe my friends may be helpless. If I need to make this decision under actual circumstances, I will be very worried. Because I think this is just a time bomb. I think this is a time bomb that can make me feel depressed. I am in this game, I learn the importance of money. If we don’t have money, we can live in this world. Also, this game lets me learn how I can make good use of money. 

Works Cited

1. Ferguson, C. J. (2011). Video games and youth violence: A prospective analysis in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4), 377-391. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9610-x
2. Reich, R. B. (2013). Inequality for all [Documentary film]. 2081 Productions.
3. Chafuen, A. C. (2019). Where is the economy heading in 2019? Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/alejandrochafuen/2019/01/07/where-is-the-economy-heading-in-2019/?sh=68eef6896e75
4. Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848). The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Classics.
5. Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Harvard University Press.
6. Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The price of inequality: How today's divided society endangers our future. W. W. Norton & Company.
7. Krugman, P. (2015). The age of diminished expectations: US economic policy in the 1990s. MIT Press.
8. Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2016). Wealth inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from capitalized income tax data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 519-578. doi:10.1093/qje/qjw004
9. Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). The great divide: Unequal societies and what we can do about them. W. W. Norton & Company.
10. Reich, R. B. (2015). Saving capitalism: For the many, not the few. Knopf.

The essay “Stuff Is Not Salvation” is about the author, Anna Quindlen, trying to explain unexplainable habits. But guess what ? Stuff is salvation for some people, like ones who don’t have nothing. In the essay “On Dumpster Diving” is about the author, Lars Eighner explains the life of a homeless dumpster diver who find things as his salvation. I? would love to say that I? agree with “Anna Quindlen” But I? don’t because after reading “Lara Eighner” it shows that stuff is salvation for him, and many other homeless people.

Homeless people live off other people garbage , as “Lars Eighner” stated on page 277 “Yes, we ate from them. Except for jeans, all my clothes came from dumpsters. Boom boxes, candles, bedding, toilet paper, a virgin male love doll, medicine, books, a typewriter, dishes, furnishing, and change, sometimes amounting to many dollars—I? acquired many things from the dumpster.” Because someone wanted to over shop it left this homeless man with a boat load of things.

One thing I agree with “Anna Quindlen” is on page 428 “ The happiest families I know aren’t the ones with the most square footage, living in one of those cavernous houses with enough garage space to start a homeless shelter” she is absolutely right because “Lars Eighner seem to be just as happy with nothing, instead of having a million and one things he do not need , he learned the value of important things.

So after me stating facts, and opinions you can obviously see that stuff is salvation to others. To ones who don’t have nothing. I can’t speak for the ones who don’t have nothing. But you never know what was their main and soulful purpose for buying all things. Stuff may be salvation to them to. So you can’t judge all shoppers , or dumpster divers cause you never know the struggle of one persuite.

Table of contents

1. Infant and Children's Oral Health
Birth to 6 months of age6-12 months of age12 to 18 months of age18 months to age 5
2. How to Prevent Oral Injuries and Handle Dental Emergencies
Birth to 6 months of age6 – 8 months of ageAge 4-10
3. Ways to Ease Hospital Anxiety for Children

Infant and Children's Oral Health

Birth to 6 months of age

It is important to care for your child's teeth and dental (oral) health from birth.Practicing healthy habits can prevent or reduce tooth decay (cavities) in infants and children.Always clean your infant's gums after feeding:Cradle your baby with one armWrap a moistened washcloth around the index finger of your free handGently massage the gum tissuesDo not put your baby to bed with a bottle, prop it in their mouth or allow your baby to feed "at will".Infants normally begin teething between four and six months of age. His/her gums may be red and swollen and saliva flow may increase. To ease these symptoms, give your infant a clean teething ring or cold wet washcloth. Cold temperatures are soothing, so you may want to chill the teething ring.Remember, dental decay is an infectious transmissible disease. Avoid testing the temperature of the bottle with your mouth, sharing utensils (e.g. spoons), or cleaning a pacifier or a bottle nipple by putting it in your mouth. These practices can help stop the transmission of bacteria that cause tooth decay (cavities).

6-12 months of age

Between the ages of six to eight months, your baby will get his/her first tooth. It is important to care for his/her teeth right from the start. Practicing healthy habits can prevent or reduce tooth decay (cavities) in infants and children.Continue to clean your infant's gums after feeding. Once a tooth comes in, start to use a child's soft bristled toothbrush, with no toothpaste, in addition to massaging the gum tissues.To relieve the symptoms of teething, give your infant a clean teething ring or cold wet washcloth. Cold temperatures are soothing, so you may want to chill the teething ring.Begin to wean your baby from the bottle as your infant begins to eat more solid foods and drinks from a cup. Gradually, begin to offer a cup for water or juice. By age 12 to 14 months, most children can drink from a cup.

Promote healthy habits now by limiting the frequency and amount of sweetened beverages and foods you give your child. Do not allow your baby to walk around with his/her bottle.Be familiar with the normal appearance of your child's gums and teeth. Regularly, lift your child's lips to check for suspicious small white or brown spots on his/her teeth. If you see these white or brown spots, which may indicate dental decay (cavities), schedule an appointment with your dentist right away.Schedule your child's first dental appointment. Your child should have an exam by a dentist before his/her first birthday or within 6 months after the first tooth comes in.If your drinking water is not fluoridated, talk to your pediatrician about infant fluoride supplements.Remember, dental decay is an infectious transmissible disease. Avoid testing the temperature of the bottle with your mouth, sharing utensils (e.g. spoons), or cleaning a pacifier or a bottle nipple by putting it in your mouth. These practices can help stop the transmission of bacteria that cause tooth decay (cavities).

12 to 18 months of age

By the age of one, your child should have an oral examination by a dentist.Continue to brush your child's teeth twice a day with plain waterRegularly, lift your child's lips to check for suspicious small white or brown spots on his/her teeth. If you see these white or brown spots, which may indicate dental decay (cavities), schedule an appointment with your dentist right away.If your child has not seen a dentist for their first dental exam, schedule an appointment.Continue to take steps to avoid passing decay-causing germs to your child.

18 months to age 5

By 30 months of age, all of the primary (first) teeth should have come into the mouth. By age 3, most toddlers should have stopped using the pacifier and/or sucking his/her thumb. At age 2, begin brushing with a pea-sized amount (small smear) of fluoridated toothpaste. Teach your child to spit out the toothpaste. Observe to ensure that your child does not swallow the toothpaste.Begin to teach your child how to brush his/her teeth. Generally, children will need help with brushing until they have the hand coordination to clean their own teeth effectively. Children should be able to brush unsupervised by the age of six or seven.

Continue to regularly lift your child's lip to check for suspicious small white or brown spots on his/her teeth. If you see these white or brown spots, which may indicate dental decay (cavities), schedule an appointment with your dentist right away.Bring your child to his/her dentist for a regular checkup.Talk with your dentist if your child is over age 3 and regularly sucks a pacifier or fingers or a thumb.Fluoride protects teeth from tooth decay (cavities) and helps heal early decay. Fluoride is in the drinking water of many towns and cities. Regular and frequent exposure to low doses of fluoride is the best way to protect against dental decay.When fluoride is added to community drinking water, it provides an effective, inexpensive and safe way of reducing dental decay.

To find out if your public water system is fluoridated, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website, My Water's Fluoride.When there is not optimum fluoride in the water, fluoride drops, fluoride tablets, or a fluoride rinse may be given to your child. Be sure to talk to your dentist or pediatrician about fluoride supplements.It's up to you to ensure that your child will grow up with good, strong teeth.Injury PreventionInjuries to the head, face and mouth are common among infants and children. Infants and toddlers will fall when crawling or walking, bump into furniture or a wall when running. Protect your child from facial trauma and injury by safeguarding your surroundings and practicing safety habits.

How to Prevent Oral Injuries and Handle Dental Emergencies

Birth to 6 months of age

When changing your baby or when they are in high places, protect them with one hand Do not use an infant walker at any ageAlways use a safety seat when traveling in a car. Be sure it is installed and used correctly at all times.

6 – 8 months of age

Protect your baby with one hand when they are in high places and when changing diapers.Do not use an infant walker at any ageAlways use a safety seat when traveling in a car. Be sure it is installed and used correctly at all timesInstall gates at the top and bottom of stairs and safety devices on windows. Closely monitor your child when he/she is on the stairs.Keep pet food and dishes out of reachChildproof your house. Use safety locks on cabinetsProvide your child's caregivers with emergency phone contact numbers including your dentist's number. Ensure caregivers are familiar with handling oral health emergencies.

Age 4-10

Ensure your child is wearing a safety belt while driving or riding in the carEnsure your child is wearing a helmet when riding a bicycle, skateboard or in-line skates.Ensure your child wears appropriate play and athletic protective gear (i.e., mouth guard, face protector, helmet) when participating in sports or activities that could result in an injury to the mouth.AdolescenceEnsure your child is wearing a safety belt while driving or riding in the car. If your adolescent is driving, insist that their passengers also wear safety belts. Follow the speed limit.Ensure your child is wearing a helmet when riding a bicycle, skateboard, in-line skates, motorcycle or an all-terrain vehicle (ATV).Ensure your child wears appropriate play and athletic protective gear, including mouth guards.

Ways to Ease Hospital Anxiety for Children

For patients of any age, a trip to the hospital can be uncomfortable. However, for pediatric patients, it can be especially traumatic. In addition to the reason for their visit, which is likely stressful on its own, they’re introduced to an environment full of unusual sights and sounds. Depending on their age, they may have unpleasant memories of previous hospital visits. Not to mention, television shows and movies don’t exactly portray hospitals as a bright and cheerful space.As you’ve likely experienced, when a pediatric patient becomes anxious, administering treatment can become especially difficult.

The situation can become emotionally stressful for not only the child, but his or her parents and, often, for the nurse and staff providing care.

In order to reduce hospital anxiety in your younger patients, consider the following 7 tips:

- Practice Calmness Anxiety is contagious. It’s easy to become frazzled during a busy shift, but, when you become tense and stressed, it’s usually evident in your voice and body language. A healthcare provider who shows anxiousness only serves to enhance the nervousness of young patients and their parents. They count on you to remain strong and composed, no matter the situation.Luckily, calmness is also infectious. By breathing evenly and speaking confidently, you can help your patient to relax and feel at ease.

- Talk Through the Experience Many times, pediatric patients are anxious because they don’t know what to expect. Will you be giving them a shot? Is it going to hurt? Will they have to stay overnight or be separated from their parents? The best way to assuage their fears is by recognizing and communicating with them. Instead of talking only with the parents, include children in the conversation as much as is appropriate for their age and level of understanding.

- Play MusicThe power of music as an anti-anxiety agent has been studied for decades. Research proves certain types of music has elicited a wide variety of physical and emotional responses. For example, slow tempos can relax muscles and soothe the mind. By playing soft, relaxing music—either in the exam room or through headphones given to the patient—you can offer fast anxiety relief to a fearful child.

- Employ Distractions. Nurses who have spent a great deal of time on the pediatrics floor know a little distraction goes a long way. Take patients’ minds off their concerns by asking questions about their interests.Engage them by asking about school, their favorite TV shows, their pets and their friends. Encourage them to share stories. The more they concentrate on these subjects, the less they’ll dwell on their fears.

- Offer a Treat. Few things can help children switch gears faster than the presentation of a reward. Some hospitals offer lollipops or other sweets, but this isn’t the only option. Instead of a sugary snack, which could make pediatric patients hyper and restless, provide them the opportunity to choose a small toy from a treasure chest.

- Be Educational. One of the best ways to change a child’s perception of the hospital is to pique her interest. Take time to explain various instruments and machines. Allow her to listen to her own heartbeat through your stethoscope. In addition to feeling pride in her new knowledge, she’ll feel more comfortable with her surroundings.

- Make Physical Comfort a Top PriorityOne of the primary reasons children fear the hospital is because they’re afraid they’re going to feel pain. Even if the reason for their visit is causing them a greater amount of pain than any discomfort caused by an injection or blood draw, the idea of being stuck with a needle can be alarming.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Applying an instant topical anesthetic will not only help improve patient comfort but knowing they’ll feel less pain can help calm your patients’ nerves.When it comes to children and hospital anxiety, no one tactic is a surefire solution. The patient’s age, prior hospital experience, personality and the reason for their visit, can all factor into how they’ll respond to anxiety-reducing tactics. However, by combining a variety of solutions, you can help improve your young patients’ hospital experience.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the early death of an infant that is less than a year. Sudden infant death syndrome is important to all the domains of development because is tell us some factors that will put infants at extra risk. it is the most common type of death that has happened during the infant’s first year of life. It occurs quick and unnotified and the cause of death is considered one of the most mysterious disorders in medicine. Sudden infant death syndrome has been a major problem. I am interested in this topic (SIDS) because it tells us some factors that might put babies at extra risk. For example, from the article sudden infant death tells us that, maternal risk is one of the ways SIDS can occur because the mother might be a teenager that is less that than twenty years of age, it also says that if the parents have low education, lower socio-economical status, poor prenatal car maternal smoking during pregnancy and after birth use of illicit substances it can lead to SIDS. If also identified measures you can take to help protect your child from SIDS. One of the Example according to the article Poli, Md, &Michelle,

Msn, and Rn, (2014), in the 28 volumes of their, stated that, “sleeping practice: the spine position should be used during every sleep by every caregiver until one year. side sleeping should not be advised because it is not safe (AAp,2011)”. It is very important to place your child back when they sleep. As an early childhood educator. It is important to learn and understand SIDS because you have to know how to take care of children that are in your care and to avoid SIDS. The term “sudden infant death syndrome” it is used to describe all such deaths. It is estimated that among cases of sudden infant death, the incidence of infanticide due to intentional suffocation is less than 5%. Although intentional suffocation with a soft object (e.g., a pillow) is virtually impossible to distinguish from SIDS at autopsy, the likelihood of such a cause may be suggested by the death of an infant over the age of 6 months, a history of recurrent life-threatening events in the infant under the care of the same person, and a history of a previous death of an infant with the same caretaker.

A causal role for mild infection in sudden infant death is suggested by reports that in approximately half of SIDS cases, the infants have a seemingly trivial infection around the time of death, as well as mild tracheobronchial inflammation and altered serum immunoglobulin or cytokine levels and the presence of microbial isolates at autopsy. In infants who die unexpectedly of infection, the given organism may precipitate a lethal cytokine cascade or toxic response. If all specific causes of infant death are delineated, the designations SUID and SIDS will no longer be needed. The term “sudden and unexpected infant death” (SUID) is used to describe all such deaths, regardless of cause. Cases of SUID that remain unexplained after a complete autopsy and review of the circumstances of death and clinical history are classified as SIDS. Thus, SIDS is one of the causes of SUID and accounts for 80% of such deaths.

Approximately 20% of SUID cases have a clear cause, including severe, unequivocal infection. In the past 25 years, two causes of death have been defined in a small but important percentage of the SUID population. These are inherited disorders of fatty acid oxidation, particular mutations in the medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) gene (accounting for approximately 1% of SUID cases), and genetic cardiac channel apathies” (accounting for 5 to 10% of SUID cases). In these disorders, metabolic or molecular testing in combination with autopsy provides the specific diagnosis. Some investigators have suggested that once a specific cause is identified, such cases should no longer be classified as either SIDS or SUID but, rather, as explained deaths.

It is estimated that among cases of sudden infant death, the incidence of infanticide due to intentional suffocation is less than 5%. Although intentional suffocation with a soft object (e.g., a pillow) is virtually impossible to distinguish from SIDS at autopsy, the likelihood of such a cause may be suggested by the death of an infant over the age of 6 months, a history of recurrent life-threatening events in the infant under the care of the same person, and a history of a previous death of an infant with the same caretaker. A causal role for mild infection in sudden infant death is suggested by reports that in approximately half of SIDS cases, the infants have a seemingly trivial infection around the time of death, as well as mild tracheobronchial inflammation and altered serum immunoglobulin or cytokine levels and the presence of microbial isolates at autopsy. In infants who die unexpectedly of infection, the given organism may precipitate a lethal cytokine cascade or toxic response. If all specific causes of infant death are delineated, the designations SUID and SIDS will no longer be needed.

Works Cited

1. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2011). SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: Updated 2016 recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162938.
2. Côté, A., Bairam, A., & Deschenes, M. (2018). Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): From epidemiology to physiology. Journal of Applied Physiology, 124(1), 251-262.
3. Hauck, F. R., & Moon, R. Y. (2017). Sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics in Review, 38(10), 447-457.
4. Kinney, H. C., Thach, B. T., & Krous, H. F. (2015). Sudden death in infants syndrome. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology, 18(4), 307-316.
5. Meadows-Oliver, M. (2018). Sudden infant death syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 32(6), 612-615.
6. Poli, M., Michelle, S. C., & Michelle, S. (2014). Sudden infant death syndrome. The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 28(3), 730-731.
7. Rognum, T. O. (2015). Sudden infant death syndrome: New insights into the breathing pattern disorders during sleep. Pediatrics International, 57(s1), 10-14.
8. Shapiro-Mendoza, C. K., & Kimball, M. (2019). Sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics Clinics of North America, 66(4), 683-697.
9. Tiruneh, F. N., & Huisman, C. M. (2020). The role of bed-sharing in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): An overview of key factors. Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation, 13(4), 555878.
10. Ungerer, J. P., & Henderson-Smart, D. J. (2016). Sudden infant death syndrome. The Lancet, 388(10049), 2952-2960.

Table of contents

1. Pathology
2. Response and Treatment
3. Epidemiology
4. Socio-Politico-Economic Considerations
5. Works Cited

In the early 1900s, New York state was a hotspot for outbreaks of typhoid fever. George Sober, a sanitary engineer, attributed these outbreaks to one woman, a cook by the name of Mary Mallon. Mallon was the first described case of a healthy carrier of Salmonella typhii, the bacteria that causes typhoid fever, and exhibited no symptoms but harbored the bacteria inside of her. Over the course of her career, it is believed that Mallon infected one hundred and twenty two people, and caused the deaths of at least five people. Her name was eventually associated with any person who willingly or not infected others with disease, dubbed as ‘Typhoid Marys’. Typhoid is only one of several diseases caused by the genus Salmonella, which will be outlined in this paper.

Salmonella, a genus that is part of the non-coliform group of Enterobacteriaceae, are bacillus-shaped bacteria that are 2-5 ?m long and 0.7-1.5 ?m in diameter, arranged as pairs or singles. They have peritrichous flagella, flagella covering the whole of their body, making them a motile species. Salmonella is gram-negative, staining red during a GRAM stain test. Salmonella species are facultative anaerobes, capable of generating ATP whether oxygen is present or not. Salmonella are chemotrophs, organisms that obtain their energy through the use of organic materials in oxidation and reduction reactions.

It appears that the first marked outbreak of Salmonella happened in Germany, where the ingested meat of a sick cow caused 50 persons to become infected, and for one man to die. Salmonella typhimurium was found in the deceased man’s blood and spleen tissue, matching the same bacterium isolated from the cow meat. Foodborne outbreaks would continue to be the main cause of disease in Europe during the 20th century, but in the United States most outbreaks involved bacterium that had a reservoir species.

It wasn’t until 1969 that these outbreaks restricted to reservoir species would become rare in the United States. It’s believed that a major change in sanitation is the reason for the decline. Sewage disposal techniques were refined, drinking water began to be treated, and the hygiene of farms were improved. The typical clinical illness at the time, typhoid fever, was replaced by gastroenteritis, and most outbreaks began to occur in hospitals.

Going into the 1970s, the mode of transmission of Salmonella changed once again. Rather than being largely isolated to hospitals, large outbreaks were attributed to infected foods, primarily foods with animal origins that came from animals that were otherwise healthy but were carriers of Salmonella. In the 1990s, internally contaminated eggs from hens with infected ovaries caused Salmonella outbreaks to rapidly increase.

Pathology

Salmonella bacteria cause a host of diseases, including gastroenteritis, enteric fever, septicemia, and typhoid fever. Most bacterium enter the body through ingestion of contaminated foods, where they then infiltrate the ileum, colon, and intestinal epithelium. After reaching the epithelium, the organisms multiply intracellularly and spread to lymph nodes, where they can then reach the rest of the body through systemic circulation (Giannella, 1996). Multiplication within the intestines causes an inflammatory response and the hypersecretion of fluids. Salmonella can survive within macrophage’s lysosomes. A few Salmonella strains can produce an intoxicating enterotoxin.

Salmonella causes acute inflammation in the intestine, and may also create ulcers. Damage to the intestine may be caused by the release of proinflammatory cytokines synthesized by the epithelial cells.

A condition called salmonellosis, or gastroenteritis, occurs in a large number of the Salmonella serotypes, causing inflammation in both the large and small intestines, as well as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headache, and fever. Symptoms usually last a few days to a week. Salmonellosis is contracted from the ingestion of contaminated food, the handling of eggs and raw poultry, or contact with reservoir animals.

The typhi serotype causes typhoid fever, a more severe disease characterized by high fevers, abdominal pain, body aches, lethargy, and skin rashes. Untreated infections of typhoid fever result in mortality in as much as 10% of cases. The Widal test is an inexpensive agglutination test that is used for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, however individuals who have been exposed to other forms of Salmonella may flag as false positives and those with immunodeficiencies may flag for false negatives. It can also be diagnosed with an ELISA test and DNA confirmation. Some people may carry typhi but do not present with symptoms; these people continuously shed the bacteria from their feces, infecting others.

Response and Treatment

Salmonellosis infections are not usually treated with antibiotics unless the case is severe. It is usually treated with oral rehydration therapy, which involves the consumption of water with added sugars and salts to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea. Immunocompromised patients who require antibiotics are typically given fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and ampicillin; however, antibiotic resistance is a concern.

For instance, the typhi serovar has seen numerous drug resistances throughout its history. Isolated cases of chloramphenicol (which was the drug of choice for treating typhoid fever prior to the 1970s) resistance began to appear in Mexico in 1972, followed by reports in India, Vietnam, and Bangladesh. To combat the resistance, treatment was switched to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but by 1975 a case of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant typhi was reported in France. In present day, typhi has been defined as being multi-drug resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Preventative healthcare of Salmonella involves thorough washing of the hands after handling raw eggs or contact with reservoir species. All surfaces where raw eggs or poultry were prepared should be cleaned thoroughly. Vaccines are available for the typhi strains, primarily for people traveling to areas where typhoid fever is common.

Programs throughout the world dedicated to identifying infected chicken populations have increased the likelihood of dealing with outbreaks in animals and animal products destined for human consumption (Gast, 2013). In Denmark, animal feeds are treated to kill Salmonella strains, reducing the spread of salmonellosis. Contamination can also be reduced by improving slaughtering methods to avoid cross-contamination, training employees who work with animals or food in hygienic care, and improving the storage and cleaning of animal products in plants, restaurants, and the home.

Epidemiology

Salmonellosis is a worldwide disease. Globally, there are an estimated 93 million annual cases, with 155,000 deaths, attributed to non-typhoidal Salmonella strains. In the US, cases have remained stable, with roughly 16 cases occurring for every 100,000 people. In the EU, the number is slightly higher at 20 cases occurring for every 100,000 people. Surveillance numbers are not available for developing countries.

Non-typhoid strains of Salmonella have a large animal reservoir covering numerous species such as chickens, turkeys, pigs, cows, and several wild species as well. Because of its large animal reservoir and its ability to survive freezing temperatures and animal products not thoroughly cooked, the most common mode of transmission is through infected foods.

Salmonella is frequently found in poultry and poultry products, such as eggs. Infected chickens and eggs are one of the main sources of Salmonella infections, due to the widespread consumption of the animal and its products throughout the world (Gast, 2013). In a study, Salmonella was found in 41% of California turkeys, 50% of Massachusetts chickens, and 21% of Washington frozen egg whites. Salmonella is also abundant in reptile populations, such as farmed alligators, snakes, lizards, and turtles. In 1996, it was estimated that reptile-specific infections accounted for 3-5% of the 2-5 million cases.

On the other hand, the typhi serovar of Salmonella does not have a stable animal reservoir, and instead is commonly transmitted from person-to-person. It is mainly spread through water that has been contaminated by feces, although transmission through the handling of contaminated foods is also possible. Approximately 3% of typhoid infected individuals go on to become chronic carriers, carrying typhi but remaining asymptomatic for weeks to years.

Socio-Politico-Economic Considerations

Salmonellosis lacks a nationwide program to control its spread. This, along with its significant animal reservoir and chronic human carriers, make it a major public health concern. Radiation treatment has been approved to reduce Salmonella contamination in poultry within the United States, but has not been widely accepted.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

In order to control the spread of Salmonella, education should be made more available about the US radiation therapy to make it more acceptable, as this treatment would greatly reduce the number of contaminated chicken and chicken products. All establishments that handle animals and animal products should have strict guidelines on how to handle and treat possibly contaminated animals and food, and how to clean possibly contaminated surfaces. And lastly, areas where the typhi serovar is abundant should have vaccines readily available to the public.

Works Cited

1. Gast, R.K. 2013. Salmonella Infections. In Diseases of Poultry. 13th edition. D.E. Swayne, ed. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa. p. 677.
2. Tauxe, Robert V. (1991) Salmonella: A Postmodern Pathogen. Journal of Food Protection: July 1991, Vol. 54, No. 7, pp. 563-568.
3. Mitchell, Mark A. & Shane, Simon M. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Vol 10, No 1 (January), 2001: pp 25-35.
4. Crump, J. A., Sjölund-Karlsson, M., Gordon, M. A., & Parry, C. M. (2015). American Society for Microbiology: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infection. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00002-15.
5. Giannella, Ralph A. (1996). Medical Microbiology: Chapter 21 (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
6. OpenStax College. (2018). Microbiology. OpenStax College. Retrieved from https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology.
7. Marineli, F., Tsoucalas, G., Karamanou, M., & Androutsos, G. (2013). Mary Mallon (1869-1938) and the history of typhoid fever. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3959940/.
8. Rovid-Spickler, Anna, Leedom-Larson, K. R. (2013). Salmonellosis. Retrieved from http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/factsheets.php