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Table of contents

1. Nations Have Become Westernized
The Perspective of IranWesternization in IndiaNegative Prejudices that are Presented by GlobalizationRacial Pride Causes ConflictsReligious Beliefs Often Create Tension Between Different Nations
2. Conclusion

Culture is something considered sacred by some, and worthless to others. It gives people something to identify themselves as, but at the same time causes them to be subjected to many negative prejudices that follow their ethnic backgrounds, religious beliefs, and traditions. Pietrse (2009), notes that the most significant change has been the rise of the global south as a major driver of the world economy and global change. The change that is currently being influenced by globalization has witnessed cities becoming clones of each other as well as people changing into stereotypes. Furthermore, the fancied history and culture of these cities are slowly being wiped away. It is evident, that globalization has eliminated several of our cultures. Despite the political influence of western nations being reduced in the Middle East, the influence of western culture has greatly changed the traditions of these nations. Hooper (2007), states that several countries in Asia have become more westernized as a result of wanting to be recognized by Americans. Nations that become westernized also do so as to make profit and be able to compete with other countries across the globe.

Nations Have Become Westernized

The Perspective of Iran

Iran begun to be influenced by westernization in the early sixteenth and seventeenth century, this was as a result of the establishment of the Safavi Empire. The first elements to change in Iraq as a result of Westernization were the traditional arts. It is true, to state that by the end of the eighteenth century, the old traditional miniature painting in books that was typical of Iran begun to diminish away, as well as the interior decorations of buildings. The resulting architecture was a replica of the European patterns. European style painters took the place of the artistic self expression of the Iranian society. Surprisingly, even the mosque that started up conformed to the design and architecture of western countries. The acceptance of sculptor, however, was retained largely by the artist in Iran though this was in a slow and reluctant manner.

The society of Iran started to do away with the traditional tale as well as apologue and turned into the western discourse of modern literature. The other aspects that have been changed in Iran with the coming of globalization are in clothing. The army in Iran is now characterized with wearing the European style for both men and women.

Westernization in India

Can we claim that India has not been influenced by westernization? The answer is infinite. A close look at the democratic space evident in India will most likely determine how the western concept has influenced India. Furthermore, the law that governs India is written in English language signifying the legal framework that was imposed by the British colonial rulers. It is true, therefore, to assert that the western culture has influenced the set of laws present in India. Majority of immigrants from India can be seen scattered all around the United States, Britain as well as Australia and they will rarely be found building homes in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and even China.

Negative Prejudices that are Presented by Globalization

There are several advantages that have been generated as a result of globalization. However, much has been limited by the negative impact it has had on people religious beliefs, traditions and cultures. In developing nations, multinational companies as well as corporations that had earlier focused on commercial activities are now concentrating on influencing the political decisions of these given countries.

Globalization and Conflict Creation: Globalization has been noted to have been generated as a result of the developments of internal social theory. The changes that are a result of globalization create a lot of conflict in several development countries in terms of labor. A perfect example illustrates the emergence of technology for mass production which leads to several people remaining unemployed. As a result there are several social crises that emerge and which lead to social conflict. Cultural and economic problems might be the result of globalization whereas the former might prove difficult to resolve.

Racial Pride Causes Conflicts

Pashtuns can be termed as the largest and most powerful ethnic group in the Afghan society. The other factions of Muslims are the Hazaras who are the largest predominant Shia group in the country and the distinct ethnic groups have been in conflict with one another for quite some time. The racial conflict that have existed between these tow factions have been as a result of Pashtuns being Caucasian while the Hazara are mostly Asiatic and a composition of Caucasian.

The Mongols were largely responsible for invading and plundering the Afghan nation. Hence the Pashtuns likened the Hazaras as having had a relationship with the Mongolia and as a result, brought about the hatred between the two functions. The Pashtuns regard the Mongolians as having conquered their land and therefore regard them as enemies. Most of the Pashtuns view the Mongol empire as having negatively influenced a tragic period in the history of Afghanistan.

Religious Beliefs Often Create Tension Between Different Nations

Globalization is as well being propelled by technological changes and as a result, continue to take root in the society. Most of the world’s population today follows the five basic denominations of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism. We can therefore assert that religion lies at the core of various cultures. As a result, a fragmented world of diverse religions will emerge due to their historical antagonisms.

There have been hostile and violent confrontations between religious groups due to their positions on certain aspects brought about by globalization. Hostilities continue to exist at the interfaith as well as intrafaith levels. Westernization has brought with it different form of dressing that are not acceptable in the Muslim world. They hence view the spread of Christianity as having brought with it changes that now threaten to ruin its dominant culture. The loss of distinctiveness among the Muslim community has caused several leaders within the community to fear the result of a crisis of identity among the laity. These changes that have been brought by global changes leave leaders feeling adrift which prompts them to take caution with immigrants. The spread of pluralism continue to change the administration of religious elites. Several tradition within the African society, for instance, believe that the spread of westernization has changed the way people associate with their cultural beliefs and hence the conflict.

Conclusion

The presentation has highlighted the development of westernization and the outcome on several dynamics in the society. It is therefore imperative to indicate that globalization has had great influences on the social as well as the cultural values of several societies. Furthermore, several nations view globalization as having led to the loss of identity while the religious factions believe that it has caused an increase in immoral values within the society. Tension continues to mount between religious groups who support the spread of westernization while others strongly oppose it due to the negative impact it has had on the society. Globalization cannot be wholly wished away as having had a negative bearing in the society, however, there are some positive values that have been cultivated within the community. People continue to acquire western way of life like in dressing, architecture and in the food we consume which are all full of western composition.

If you were planning to move into a new home, which would be your choice? A multi-family house or a single-family residence? The answer will depend on your situation and what you require. People typically want to move into single-family homes when they are searching for a new place to live. This is because these properties consist of only one unit. They can house only one family. When they care more about investment, they choose multi-family homes. These homes hold multiple units and can accommodate multiple families.

There is a lot more to discuss when it comes to evaluating the differences between the two types of homes.

Financing:

The rules and regulations of funding vary from banks to lenders. However, it is commonly agreed upon that single-family homes are much easier to finance. They have lower interest rates as compared to multi-family dwellings, and the loan-to-ratio value is a lot higher. Furthermore, single-family homes are much more affordable in comparison. Therefore, investors are more likely to opt for purchasing with cash instead of looking towards financing options.

When it comes to multi-family homes, lenders are more concerned about the potential income a property can earn. They are interested in whether the collected rent is sufficient for the mortgage repayment or not. Most of the time, commercial financing is necessary for massive structures with more than five units.

Leasing:

Concerning tenancy, multi-family properties offer lesser risk. If any single unit is vacant, income is still received by the landlord from the other tenants. So, total economic loss decreases for the investors. Single-family properties are risky because if the tenants leave, the house remains vacant and the income stops. Furthermore, single-family properties generate a single monthly income whereas multi-family homes offer multiple sources for revenue. Landlords can choose to live in one unit and rent out the rest. This would result in a consistent income which can be quite helpful if you are thinking of retirement. The terms of leasing, for both types of homes, are more or less the same and are dependent upon the state laws.

Maintenance:

Single-family homes are simpler and cheaper to maintain. This is because they are comparatively smaller, so you do not have to take care of many things. Multi-family dwellings, on the other hand, are a lot more challenging to take care of. The difficulty increases with each extra unit because you are spending more time and money on maintenance.

At the same time, if a homeowner were to rent a single-family home, tenants would be more conscious of taking care of it. This is because they would consider the place a proper home. Due to this, tenants stay in contact with the landlord frequently and keep discussing the condition of the house. Tenants might even perform some repairs by themselves! In contrast, multi-family homes are treated more as temporary homes. Landlords may not get the same type of commitment towards maintenance from tenants.

Insurance:

The insurance of a homeowner covers a single-family home that the homeowner will occupy. Multi-family properties require protection that would be sufficient to cover all the units owned. This means that insurance is both cheaper and easier to obtain for single-family homes. The cost of insurance for multi-family properties is dependent upon the size and the value. It also depends on any extra coverage that the homeowner may require. For example, wanting additional coverage for floods because the location for the multi-family home is near water. Typically, multi-family landlords recommend their tenants to acquire renter’s insurance. This would allow them to protect all of their belongings.

Affordability:

For a homeowner, single-family homes are comparatively more affordable. The price of investing, along with maintenance and down payment, is much lower. Single-family dwellings require a down payment of about 10-15%. Multi-family properties can cost up to 20-25% which can be quite heavy on the pocket.

Concerning rental agreements, tenants usually pay for the majority of the utilities in single-family homes. This also includes any landscaping costs that may present themselves. Ultimately, it would help you reduce long-term maintenance costs. In multi-family homes, the same thing follows regarding utilities. However, the landscaping costs might not be paid by the tenants.

Different Markets:

The market is significantly different for each type of property. Single-family houses are more in demand when the sales market is doing well. When the need for rental property is high, investors are more likely to opt for multiple multi-family houses. This is because they want to cash in on the opportunity and rent out the units to as many people as possible.

Furthermore, single-family homes appreciate more in comparison. There are various reasons for this, but mainly, it is all about the value of an investment. For instance, the value of multi-family homes depends upon the condition of the property along with the level of rent earned. Single-family homes, however, are assessed on the basis of an available tenant pool and how much they demand the property. If the property is in an excellent location and is well-maintained, it will be heavily desirable.

Self-Evaluation is Key:

Each type of home has some positives and negatives. Truthfully, it is more about purpose. You, as a buyer, should be clear as to why you want to purchase either type of home. As long as you know why, selecting one should not be a difficult choice.

Romeo and Juliet are widely regarded as one of the greatest love stories ever told. In this paper, we will research in more detail how is love presented in Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare tells the story of two young people who are so in love that they would rather die than live without each other. The theme of love is interwoven into every scene in the play, the different forms of love are also explored by Shakespeare. Shakespeare presents love as complex and everchanging through his use of oxymorons. He contrasts the purity of first love with the passionate and uncontrollable force of the emotion, and further, thoughts and feelings of infatuation against long-lasting love and marriage. He uses existing conventions, as well as his own elaborate language and imagery, to further present love as unrequited, elevated and holy, physical, and linked with violence and death.

Unrequited Love is portrayed through Romeo's infatuation with Rosaline; instead of bringing him joy he becomes depressed as his love is one-sided and she doesn't feel the same way. In Act 1 Scene 1, Romeo uses a range of oxymorons to express his emotions about love. ‘O brawling love, O loving hate’. The verb ‘brawl’ is used as an adjective here and has connotations of fighting, which emphasizes the conflict within the play. The oxymoron between ‘brawling’ and ‘love’ represents the contrast between Romeo and Juliet's love with the quarrelling and violence of the family feud. It also foreshadows the amount of violence that will occur throughout the course of the play between the families, and links with the important theme of the coexistence of love and hate. The unending list of Romeo's oxymorons from ‘feather of lead,’ ‘bright smoke,’ ‘cold fire,’ to ‘sick health,’ suggests Romeo's inability to comprehend what is in front of him and his overall confusion on love. In addition to this, it strongly alludes to Romeo's immature and inexperienced character, and his tendency to make rushed decisions. This is reinforced when Juliet says in Act 2 Scene 2, ‘too rash, too unadvised, too sudden, too like the lightning', the asyndetic listing builds to the simile which encapsulates Romeo's character as someone who is reckless and impulsive. Furthermore, whilst we may see the relationship between Romeo and Juliet as one of reciprocal love, each of their own inabilities to clearly discuss their own relationship without the use of oxymorons contrasting their speech makes their love seem unrequited.

Religious love becomes more of an apparent presentation of love as we progress through the play and events such as the marriage between Juliet and Paris becomes increasingly relevant to the plot. The pure and chaste religious imagery when Romeo and Juliet meet is contrasted to Act 5 Scene 3 where the imagery becomes sexualized. In many cultures, sex is a way of consummating a marriage and thus completes the unification of a couple. In the play, the couple is unified in death and the sexual imagery is symbolic of the consummation of their unity in the afterlife. Romeo drinks to his death from a round vial which in Elizabethan times was an allusion to female sexuality. This combines with the action of Juliet killing herself with a dagger, a phallic symbol that could also be seen as representing a re-consummation of the marriage. This highlights how they had a love that was transcendental and able to connect them across three levels; physically, mentally, and spiritually. The fact that the two lovers die together also cements their eternal devotion for each other, and further presents their relationship and further the theme of love, as one which is wholly based on religion.

Emotional and physical love is heavily contrasted by Shakespeare and the concept is exemplified in various places throughout the play. In Act 1 Scene 4, Mercutio says that if ‘love be rough with you, be rough with love’ . This alludes to the sexual nature of love which is physical and not pure. This also suggests that love can also be ‘rough’ emotionally which is evident in the way that Romeo is suffering from unrequited love. In Act 2 Scene 1 Mercutio subverts the convention of romantic poetry when describing Rosaline's body. He lists her body parts saying; 'conjure thee by Rosaline's bright eyes, by her high forehead and her scarlet lip, by her fine foot, straight leg, and quivering thigh'. This shows Mercutio is reducing what was previously a love-filled romance for Rosaline to nothing but a sexual description of her body. Later, the Friar shows his lack of emotional understanding in this scene as he says that ‘Young men’s love lies not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes' , essentially disregarding the idea that love can be something from the heart. This could be seen as Shakespeare shining light on the superficial nature of love, perhaps cloaking the whole play in irony and showing a fresh view of love, which contradicts the more romantically idealized conventions of the time. This idea is further explored as the Friar says that Romeo was only ‘doting’ for Rosaline. This sexual form of love is not just focused on by men. The Nurse checks out Romeo's body and comments that his ‘leg excels all men’s'. The Nurse's sexualized view of Romeo contrasts with the emotional attachment Juliet feels towards him. This could be viewed as Shakespeare stressing how Romeo and Juliet's love transcends the conventional ideas of love that we see from Lady Capulet, the Nurse, and Mercutio. As a result of this, Shakespeare's presentation of love seems to be not just emotional, but physical and highlights the impulsiveness of Romeo's actions in the play as he quickly moves on from Rosaline to Juliet seemingly due to their physical attraction.

The passionate love of Romeo and Juliet is unsettled by the violence and conflict that takes place in the play. However, while some might think that the conflict corrupts their love it actually fuels it and makes it more powerful. The amalgamation of love and violence is what characterizes the drama as a tragedy. Love is also linked with violence and death in many other ways within the play. In Act 1 Scene 1, Sampson and Gregory describe acts of violence and rape with the use of a ‘naked weapon’. The word ‘naked’ fills the description with both sexual ideas of intimacy but also highlights an idea of truth. The juxtaposition of this with ‘weapon’ which has connotations of violence again highlights how there is an overlap between love and hate. It is said along with desires to ‘thrust Montague’s maids to the wall' and to rape the women. Rape can be seen as violence infiltrating what is supposed to be an act of love and intimacy. The use of sonnet form which was conventionally used to depict love is used by Shakespeare to describe death and feud. He uses blood-filled imagery of ‘civil blood makes civil hands unclean’ which highlights how this play is contained within ideas of love but is just as much to do with hate and fighting. The marriage of Romeo and Juliet is described as a ‘violent delight’ by Friar Lawrence. This use of oxymorons emphasizes the difference between the two ideas but also highlights a connection between them. The use of the adjective ‘violent’ echoes the fighting that has gone on within the novel. However, the use of the verb ‘delights’, rather than love also puts emphasis on how the violence occurs within the indulgence rather than the relationship. The almost prophetic words of Juliet that her ‘grave is like to be her wedding bed’ again highlight an intersection between violence and death with love. The image of a wedding bed suggests the consummation of a marriage and finality which has links to death which is also final. Moreover, Shakespeare further presents love as a theme that deeply correlates with violence and is essential to fuel the desirable, forbidden relationship between Romeo and Juliet.

In Conclusion, Shakespeare's presentation of love varies greatly throughout the play, and the attitudes to love differ from each character. Shakespeare's use of oxymorons expresses the dichotomy of love, as while it is pure and ‘beautiful’ it can also be the exact opposite. Further, we are able to see other presentations of love through the Prince and his love for his community and in many ways, the amicable love between Romeo, Mercutio, and Benvolio. However, we can surmise that love holds one of the greatest powers in the play, so strong that it transcends expectations, tradition, and through the combined suicides of lovers who cannot live without one another. Shakespeare depicts what may seem to be a beautiful confession of love on the surface, yet underneath has undertones of impending death and arrogance. Despite its power throughout the play, we could argue that this violent and unrequited idea of love that Romeo and Juliet hold and die for is more of a loss due to their childless and impulsiveness rather than a beautiful sacrifice as it is often interpreted to be.

Cogito ergo sum connotates to “I Think there for I am” from the famous philosopher named Rene Descartes, human beings are the most magnificent creation of God – superior amongst others, blessed with capability of rational thinking and making choices with the study of the human person, psychology allows to brings up the unfolded truths and discover new knowledge regarding the nature of a human person(s). According to Cherry (2018) Psychology is a broad field that encompasses the study of human thought, behavior, development, personality, emotion, motivation, and more. Gaining a richer and deeper understanding of psychology can help people achieve insights into their own actions as well as a better understanding of others. In this paper, we will research how is psychology used in everyday life.

Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain how people think, act, and feel. Psychologists strive to learn more about the many factors that can impact thought and behavior, ranging from biological influences to social pressures. Applications for psychology include mental health treatment, performance enhancement, self-help, ergonomics, and many other areas affecting health and daily life. It is difficult to capture everything that psychology encompasses in just a brief definition, but topics such as development, personality, thoughts, feelings, emotions, motivations, and social behaviors represent just a portion of what psychology seeks to understand, predict, and explain. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, or soul. The field of psychology started in the mid-1800s by defining itself as the science of consciousness. The primary technique was intro­spec­tion: looking within. Intro­spection suffered from one major problem: there was no way to resolve differences of opinion. This proved to be a fatal flaw when people reported different introspections under similar conditions. 

By the 1920s psychologists were more likely to define their field as the science of behavior. Behaviorists argued that truly scientific psychologists should study only observable behavior. Although behaviorism appears to constrict the subject matter of psychology by leaving out the mind, Hilgard pointed out that behaviorism also broadened psychology. It allowed psychologists to study those unable to make introspective reports, such as animals and babies. The behavioral era dominated psychology in the United States from the 1920s through the 1950s. Partly as a reaction to behaviorism's neglect of subjective mental processes, humanistic psychology emerged as an alternative approach during the early 1960s. Computer technology led to the resurgence of cognitive psychology in the 1970s. Computers provided a new metaphor for discussing mental processing as well as new tools for research on human information processing. Another change in the 1970s and 1980s was the emergence of neuroscience as an important source of information about behavior and mental processes. Aided by new technologies such as brain scanning, scientists could now document which areas of the brain were activated by cognitive processes. Today, the different approaches to psych­ology coexist. Each provides a useful perspective, and they can be combined when more than one approach is relevant to a topic (“Psychology : An Introduction” by Duwey, 2007-2018). In the arising conflict in the society of today in the Philippines where the abundancy of lack of insights towards socials issues and etc. are prevalent and the many misconceptions regarding what psychology and its benefits can do are still not given any proper credit, the localization of the science of psychology could settle disputes and give better understanding for the people of how essential it is for the country.

Citizens of today just see psychology in its medical use but little do they know that psychology has it purpose of providing concrete truth and knowledge and why it is considered a science, The validity of Psychology as a branch of study can be classed as a science as it Relies on objective and systematic methods of observation and one greatest advantage of the scientific method is in its objectivity. The validity of psychology as a branch of study is acceptable for Knowledge is acquired with scientific methods not just acceptance of facts, Is able to establish cause of behavior through use of methods that are both empirical and replicable, it relies on determinism. The central idea is that the techniques used to generate and collect the data are replicable, which means that the research can be repeated and that, if it is, it will yield similar results and An advantage of applying the scientific method to psychology is that researchers have increased control over the variables and can have standardized procedures, which increases the researches' reliability and replicability. the Research conducted using scientific methods are controlled, which means that every effort is made to remove all variables, except for those under study. One or more factors is then varied (the independent variables), and the effect that this has on the dependent variable is observed. This allows researchers to establish a causal link (if any) between these two sets of variables. (discussion on the advantages of the use of scientific method in psychology , 2010). In the localization of the science of psychology here in the Philippines society are able to uncover truths about the nature of humans – the root of their actions and the consequences of the decisions of the society today and how we shape the growing industries around us, in the term indigenize means that to make people particularly aware of and would’ve allow the mass to better understand the aspects, ideals and importance of this today; in addition, there are many occurring misconceptions when it comes to the field of study in Psychology and these are the few many reasons why people should devote time and analyze the importance of this branch of study today, Psychology is not just an occupation that treats people for the betterment of their welfare, how this is not validated for people that just has lots of insights when it comes to personal experience and how this is not is just common sense and giving proper advice. 

Psychology and the advancement of its study helps us mend the conflicts we face today - Psychology and researches founded by the study are working to address issues such as protection for children, support people with health concerns, reduce workplace stress, eradicate discrimination and promote inclusion, reduce crime within the society and help create effective propagation of laws for our society. The branch of study contributed to the greater goods of the society in various fields, some of its contributions such as Medical, Work, Business, Safety, Educational, Safety, Educational, and Society. These are some of how we citizens unconsciously benefit from psychology in to our society : Psychology helped the school system to improve student's success and well being through an understanding of their behaviors and psychological needs , this would offer a standard shift in of health care, medical education and health research emphasizing patient-centered care , Research on how consumers interact with products and services offered and this often helped companies better sell their products and their services , It helped improve productivity in the workplace by cultivating the wellbeing of employees also it could Helped individuals pick the right career for them and also improved the talents by accepting and promoting diversity in the community ,Psychology can also promoted social justice and tried to preserve human rights of every member of our society and where It could also lead to both crime prevention and crime reduction, in this brief identification of how important the localization of Psychology in our country could help the society to achieve lasting and powerful social progress , avoid the tendencies of stigmatization and be able to settle personal and social disputes.

The hit Netflix series titled “Sex Education” tackles the issues about sexuality, homophobia, preferences, juvenile delinquency, peer pressure and etc. which is astonishingly abundant to our society today --- the show gained attention and praise for the normalization of such concepts and how bright the people behind the show to address the issues as a natural phenomenon and of how this could be use as a platform of empowerment but little did we know that tv series like this are some of the products of psychology of where we are able to be educated and understand the depths of human nature; the need for localization of psychology in the Philippines allows the mass to incorporate its teachings in daily life functions and where this could allow better understanding of complex situations and how this could lead us to better decision for the society today. Psychology doesn’t just deals with the study of mental processes and behavior at the same time, It can also be applied in our daily lives and in many things. How we act and how we perform are all related with psychology. That is because psychology studies our nature, the article about “the importance of psychology in health and in our everyday life, (2012).

It is actually very complicated because unlike the study of disease processes and the physical body, studying the human mind is very complicated and it is hard to study in an unbiased way. Its importance in the society has grown significantly over the years. Psychology is used to study various kinds of mental and life threatening diseases such as in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and many other types of neurological disorders. Psychology is also used to better understand and help those with pervasive developmental disorders such as autism. The study of psychology in these disorders and diseases has helped medical professionals in developing cure and treatment for certain diseases. With psychology, we are able to learn about ourselves. To fully understand ourselves we have to know about the causes of our own behaviour and our perspectives in life. By knowing ourselves and learning our own personality, we can develop goals for ourselves. Also, by learning about ourselves, we are able to learn about other people and their differences. Gaining an understanding of oneself and of others can help improve the way relationships and communications work. 

These are only some of the common uses and the importance of studying psychology. The career field in psychology is one of the most challenging and interesting fields today. Psychologists are the professionals who are experts in the field of psychology and they study the mind and the behaviour of people through observation, scientific method, and principles. They apply their knowledge and skills in different areas such as in education, law, health, and sports. They can specialize in various areas such as in clinical psychology, counseling psychology, school psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, developmental psychology, forensic psychology, and experimental and research psychology. Because they work and perform a wide variety of tasks, psychologists work in a variety of settings. There are psychologists who work in hospitals, psychiatric institutions, mental health facilities, as well as in research and academic settings. Because of the importance of psychology and its sub-areas, more and more psychologists are needed by the society these days. By 2012 and the next coming years the employment for psychologist is expected to grow as fast as average over all occupations as it will be seen as something more than an occupation that deals with personal health.

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In conclusion, The localization of psychology in the Philippines would allow further advancements in knowledge in different fields and understand the complex nature of the human being and set forth to a better functioning government through the analysis of current disputes in the country, in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs --- the need for growth does not stem from a shortfall of something, but rather it is from the desire to grow as a person. Once these growth needs are established and have been reasonably satisfied, and through this could attain the highest level called self-actualization, progress is often disrupted by a failure to meet lower-level needs and in connection with the need to localize science psychology in the Philippines, people fail to see the importance of the advancements provided by psychology in everyday life that’s why it hinders us from growth and where we could develop the parts of which we lack of or the understanding in; lastly, Philippines as a developing country with its current advancements in different fields needs localization of psychology because it has a broad scope of knowledge of which could allow different avenues for opportunity and formation of new knowledge that would be useful for this country and remove the stigma from the mass about psychology of just having medical benefits and use for the people. Psychology being broad branch of study in science allows the formulation of concrete answers and theories that would answer most of the questions people of this society have.  

Pseudoscience is exactly what the name implies: fake science. In other words, it is an “investigation” that is backed by unscientific evidence, has conclusions that were achieved not through the scientific method, or seeks to answer a question science cannot answer, such as a question of faith. Pseudoscience claims can usually be identified by their sheer outrageousness. Science is a slow process, and scientists do not usually make sweeping claims that are completely different from accepted theory. For example, in 2013, a scientist claimed to have found evidence of alien life from microbial fossils on a meteorite. While this news spread like wildfire among the public, the scientific community was completely shocked at such an outrageous claim, and quickly investigated through the lens of skepticism. They found that the conclusion drawn by the scientist claiming alien life was unbacked by evidence.

Pseudoscience actually has roots in human biology. In fact, it is really by a product of evolution that humans succumb to pseudoscientific claims. Most forms of life are evolutionarily predisposed to assume false positives in the environment, rather than to assume false negatives. For example, it is safer for a forest creature to always assume that the rustling in the bushes is a predator, rather than the wind -- a possible false positive, than to assume that there is no predator, and that it is simply the wind creating the sound -- a possible false negative. The animal will, more often than not, go on the defensive as a reaction to the rustling in the bush. This makes sense, as if there is actually a predator in the bush, the animal may have just avoided becoming lunch. However, if there is no predator, and the bush is simply rustling as a result of the wind, there is no real harm done in assuming otherwise. Similarly, humans will “reach” for the false positive claim pseudoscience provides, rather than risk being wrong with the false negative. After all, isn’t it just safer to assume that aliens are attacking us, and prepare the bunkers and war machines, than to risk it and assume that these claims might simply be wrong? (Fig 1) (Shermer)

The difference between pseudoscience and science is that pseudoscience seeks to make an unfalsifiable, or untestable, claim, while science seeks to create falsifiable, testable claims. The term falsifiable does not necessarily mean that the claim is false, rather that it can be disproven. Scientific theories can be disproven by further evidence, whereas pseudoscientific claims are painted to be absolute. Science’s predictions are useful to society, whereas pseudoscientific claims do not actually advance their fields. The biggest way to tell the difference between pseudoscientific claims and actual scientific claims is how they seek to prove themselves. A pseudoscientific claim typically works by disproval. For example, a pseudoscientist might claim “we have proven that the flying object in the sky is not a bird, a plane, a helicopter, or an optical illusion, therefore it must be a UFO.” Not only does this ignore several other cases that could explain the phenomenon, it also can only be true if the pseudoscientist assumes that UFOs exist, which is circular logic. A scientist would approach this problem differently, working to gather data about the incident, and attempting to identify what the object was without assuming that it was a UFO before starting.

According to a paper by a self-proclaimed UFOlogist, the term “flying saucer” was coined by a private pilot, who claimed to have seen “shiny, crescent shaped objects” travelling at over 1,000 mph. This launched the “flying saucer craze.” In 1949, a US Air Force report on the phenomenon coined the term “UFO”, standing for Unidentified Flying Object, to replace the term “flying saucer.” After that, UFO sightings would typically come in waves every few years. These sightings are correlated with news reports. Typically, one sighting would be reported locally, and as news spread, reports of UFOs would increase. In 1966, a book was published detailing the claimed abduction of the Hill couple by extraterrestrials. The Hills claimed to have been abducted on a desert road late at night while driving. While they claimed to have “lost time” during the incident, Betty Hill claimed to have nightmares of an abduction experience. When they approached a hypnotherapist for help, they were able to “recall” the event in a hypnotic state. This story began the transition from UFO sightings to extraterrestrial abduction reports, a craze which continued into the 1990s, and seems to have a correlation with both entertainment and news media. In the 1980s, a book published about the “Roswell Incident” -- the supposed crash of an extraterrestrial spacecraft, and subsequent government cover up, in 1947 -- embedded the issue into popular culture. In fact, almost no books on UFOs mention Roswell before this publication. Throughout these reports, the idea that the government was behind a cover up or conspiracy grew more popular. Some even claimed that the government might be behind the UFOs themselves, or might be communicating with extraterrestrials! The fear and mystery of the subject gouged it wide open for exploitation by pseudoscientists.

“UFOlogists,” the name given to those who “study” UFOs, use many arguments with varying ranges of solidity. The most common, and probably weakest, argument is that the number of people reporting UFOs is so large, that they must exist. In fact, there are entire organizations that have dedicated themselves to tracking these UFO sightings. Websites are now available to map out sightings near a location. Similarly along this vein, some people claim to have personal encounters with UFOs and extraterrestrials. Like the Hill couple, some describe experiences of abduction by extraterrestrials into these UFOs. Some of these individuals have taken psychiatric and polygraphic exams to attempt to prove the legitimacy of their claims. UFO supporters also claim to have physical evidence. It is hard to go online these days without seeing an image of a “REAL LIFE --- NOT A HOAX” image of a UFO. While many images are admitted hoaxes, some groups are using their photos to claim the existence of UFOs.

With modern technology, UFOlogists have created crowdsourced “UFO sighting” maps online (Image: UFO Stalker) Likewise, with the advent of the personal camcorder, many groups claim to have captured video of these craft. Some are using video from NASA space shuttle missions to show the existence of these craft in space, and even claim that the government may be communicating or collaborating with these aliens from the space shuttle. This idea, that the government is aware of, and is even working with extraterrestrials, is a common theme in UFOlogy.

The term Area 51 refers to a base in New Mexico where it is claimed that the American government is capturing aliens, and is testing their technology. Testimonials from “government scientists” and anonymous sources claim that the government is holding aliens in this base, has clandestine negotiations with alien races (such as the claim that the government allows aliens to abduct humans as long as the aliens allow the government to study their technologies), and that the government is involved in a planet-wide cover up. Some UFOlogists claim that this is why it is so hard to obtain physical data, because the government has its hand in scientific endeavours, altering lab results to prevent the public from realizing the presence of UFOs.

There is a small amount of non-photographic physical evidence. One man claims to have found a fragment of a UFO, and claims that lab analysis shows that it is formed of an extraterrestrial isotope. Others claim that they have had “alien implants,” and many have surgeries to remove them. However, due to the unpredictable nature of UFOs, it is hard to gather physical evidence of them.

The scientific community, while not expressly against the existence of UFOs, is very staunchly opposed to the methods used by “UFOlogists” to prove their claims. UFOlogists rely heavily on the use of refutation to support their claim. In other words, UFOlogists spend their time attacking the claims of skeptics rather than supporting their own claims. Likewise, UFOlogists also ignore any evidence contrary to their argument, rather than acknowledging it. They also make heavy use of testimonial. While testimonials can be used as evidence, UFOlogists ignore the fact that the human memory can be deluded. To prove that a testimonial is “true,” it is common to have a psychologist evaluate the “witness” for mental instability or insanity. However, a person does not have to be insane to suffer from a delusion. Perfectly normal people are deluded every day. Likewise, polygraphic tests are not helpful in this endeavour, as they only test whether or not a person is knowingly lying. If they truly believe in a false memory, they will pass this test.

The biggest criticism of UFOlogists is their reliance on logical fallacy to prove their argument. They typically use a type of reasoning called argumentum ad ignorantiam. It relies on disproval to counter an argument. For example, a magician might say that “nobody can disprove that I used magic to pull a rabbit out of the hat. Therefore, I must have used magic.” Obviously, this reasoning is flawed. Just because the evidence to prove that magic was not involved in the hat trick is not readily available does not automatically mean that the magician used magic. What a UFOlogist using this reasoning might say to prove their argument is that “no scientist can think of a more reasonable explanation of the phenomenon, therefore UFOs must be responsible for the phenomenon.” Another area where this logical fallacy is employed is to say that “because no evidence has been found to disprove UFOs, UFOs must exist.” Just because a scientist has not found evidence to disprove something does not mean it is automatically true.

Scientific investigations have so far been unable to find evidence for UFOs. A US Air Force investigation dubbed “Project Blue Book” worked for 22 years to find evidence for the existence of UFOs that “threatened national security.” In a report released at the end of the program, the Air Force stated that, of the UFO sightings investigated, none posed a threat to national security, implying that conventional explanations were found. Likewise, a University of Colorado commission on UFOs found that in 21 years of investigation, there had been no addition to scientific knowledge. Many scientific groups have found conventional explanations for sightings and abduction experiences. For example, a reasonable explanation for an abduction experience might be sleep paralysis. Likewise, the descriptions of alien faces given by those “abducted” closely matches the default face used by newborns to recognize their parents.

Another problem is that UFOlogists typically disseminate their findings through mass media. While scientific researchers use peer-reviewed journals, UFOlogists prefer commercial outlets. This can lead to exploitation. For example, a UFOlogist backed NBC program actively falsified information in order to grow the viewing audience, and therefore, profit. Likewise, many UFO shows feature people without formal education in the fields they are discussing. For example, Dan Aykroyd may be a trusted celebrity and icon, but is he really an expert on aviation? Additionally, most UFO sightings are made by untrained skywatchers. Almost no astronomers, professional or amateur, report seeing UFOs, even though they spend a disproportionately large amount of time watching the sky. Unless UFOs select their audiences, aren’t these people more likely to see them than the random observer? Lastly, while most UFOs investigated are laid to rest as hoaxes, and a small minority remain inconclusive due to a lack of evidence, no UFO investigation has found clear evidence of extraterrestrial activity.

I personally do not believe in the existence of UFOs. I didn’t before my research, and I don’t know. However, my mistrust stems primarily from the disingenuous methods in which UFOlogists attempt to gain a following. For example, in one UFO documentary I have seen, an informant submitted a tape of an “interview of an alien at Area 51.” Not only did the informant submit the tape, but he also agreed to appear anonymously on the television show. Why would an informant, who is afraid of the government, risk identification in any way? Also, the speech during the “investigation” seemed forced, and the “interview” of the informant seemed extremely well rehearsed. It seemed like a fake documentary designed to make a quick buck off of fear. In another documentary, a UFOlogist goes on an almost ad hominem assault on a PhD holding astronaut who denied the claims of UFOs. While anyone, including a PhD, can be incorrect, to call them ignorant in a field they have devoted their life to studying is not only disrespectful, but weakens the argument of the UFOlogist. Likewise, the UFOlogists often misrepresent their expertise in the “field.” UFOlogy is not a recognized field of science, and there is no standard of education set for it. A so called“UFO expert” is most likely just a charismatic person with a pair of binoculars, a fancy suit and tie, and a few UFO photos.

I also do not trust the “evidence” that UFOlogists use to support their claims. Most people in this group rely heavily on photographic evidence. However, as every user of Photoshop knows, it is not hard to fake a photograph. In fact, developers are now designing apps to insert UFOs into pictures taken using a smartphone camera to create realistic looking “documented sightings.” Similarly, data that could be considered somewhat scientific. such as lab results, are often withheld, with only vague descriptions of the results released. Because there is no oversight, and there are really no peer-reviewed scientific journals on the subject, this speculation makes its way into the public eye through the profit-hungry methods of mass media.

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My final objection to the presentation of UFOlogy as a science is its use of propagandistic techniques to gain “believers.” UFO websites often cite the claim that “by the time we know they exist it will be too late,” or that we need to find out what the government is doing with aliens, in order to protect society. While scientific issues may be pressing, science should not be a threat. The argument that “it is more dangerous to not believe in UFOs, therefore we should believe in them” is not scientific reasoning, and goes back to the biological roots of pseudoscience discussed earlier. If a claim is valid and backed by strong evidence, there is no need to use threats or logical fallacies -- the theory will stand on its own. And, the fact is, UFOlogy does not stand.

How is Telemedicine impacting patients and providers? As a fast-growing field in the healthcare sector, telemedicine shows a lot of promise in solving various difficulties that health professionals and patients are facing today. Supplying a range of advantages for both patients and medical providers, it offers:

Pros of Telemedicine

Adopting the latest telemedicine initiatives can help your practice achieve numerous benefits.

1. 1. More Convenient and Accessible Patient Care

According to a recent Cisco global survey, 74% of patients prefer easy access to healthcare services over in-person interactions with providers.

1. 1. Healthcare Cost Savings

Remote analysis and monitoring services and electronic data storage significantly reduce healthcare costs, saving money for you, your patients, and insurance companies.

1. 1. Extended Specialist and Referring Physician Access

With telehealth, patients in rural or remote areas benefit from quicker and more convenient access to specialists. These patients go through longer appointment travels and have trouble accessing lifesaving consultations for specific illnesses or chronic care plans.

1. 1. Increased Patient Engagement

When patients are committed to improve their healthcare goals, it aims to lower costs and better healthcare service.

1. 1. Better Patient Care Quality

Telemedicine offers ways to improve patient-centered approaches. This is critical to patient care quality. Patients can address healthcare issues quickly with real-time care consultations and learn about treatment alternatives quickly. A new study shows that telemedicine patients score lower for depression, anxiety, and stress, and have 38% fewer hospital admissions.

Cons of Telemedicine

While telemedicine shows no limit to its growth over the upcoming decades or so and has clear benefits, it still poses some technical and practical difficulties in the health sector.

1. 1. Technical Training and Equipment

Restructuring IT staff responsibilities and purchasing equipment cost demanding. Training is crucial to building an effective telemedicine system. Physicians, specialists and other medical staff require training on the new systems to ensure a solid ROI. On top of that, your staffing requirements may decrease.

1. 1. Reduced Care Continuity

Keeping up with patients’ records and visits will be difficult due to patients using telemedicine services from a variety of medical specialist. This makes it hard for specialists to provide health services as maintaining patients’ details is the primary core for any health institution.

1. 1. Fewer In-Person Consultations

Keeping in touch and regular patient visits to the clinic is a common activity in health institutions. This is a recent development in the industry and it will take time to adjust. Although telemedicine is a good alternative and the way to go.

1. 1. Tricky Policies and Reimbursement Rules

Laws and policies always tend to take lots of time to be implemented. Such as the healthcare laws and rules may lag and take time to come into place. Hence this delays technological advancements in the health sector as technology continuously evolves very fast as compared to the implementation of the relevant policies.

Although set in Messina, Italy, the conventions in Much Ado About Nothing are those of Elizabethan England, where marriage was seen as a business transaction and family stability was vital. This idea is explored through the fate of Hero, who has little say in who she marries because her life is dictated by her father, Leonato, “It is my cousin’s duty to make curtsy, and say, father, as it please you” (Beatrice - Act2, Sc1, L39). Shakespeare also makes his views on courtly love clear - Claudio falls in love with Hero without saying a word to her but is permitted to wed her by Leonato, only for Claudio to leave Hero at the alter because he mistakenly thinks that she has been unfaithful. Beatrice on the other hand, is subject to no such conventions: she is a rebel. Her uncle, Leonato, says “By my troth, niece, thou will never get thee a husband if thou be so shrewd of they tongue”. She is the opposite of her cousin and best friend, Hero. These are characteristics which make her relationship with Benedick fiery and very unusual for the time. As it is a play, the opening scene needs to draw the audience in, hence the quick introduction of this entertaining relationship. Beatrice and Benedick’s past is intriguing and the audience is forced to keep watching in order to find out what happened, as not all is revealed at first. Their banter is fast, furious and comical, making the opening scene a great start to the play.

The first clue to their relationship and Beatrice’s first line comes very early in Act 1, Scene 1, by line 23. A messenger has come to inform the people of Messina of the arrival of Don Pedro of Arragon, who has just won a war fought against his brother, Don John, over their inheritance. Don Pedro is portrayed as the “goody” and Don John quickly emerges as the antagonist of the play, as the illegitimate son. Leonato and the Messenger are discussing Claudio’s feats in the war, when Beatrice interrupts, again showing how unconventional and bold she is, “I pray you, is Signor Mountanto returned from the wars or no?” The “Signor Mountanto” she refers to, is Benedick, another soldier who fought in the war. She uses “Signor Mountanto”, meaning “fencer”, in a sarcastic way but the fact that Beatrice enquires about him and uses this nickname shows her possible affection for Benedick and that there is some sort of past between them. His nickname also reveals how she views him, perhaps as sharp and potentially dangerous.

Beatrice continues to ask after Benedick, “How many hath he killed? – for indeed I promised to eat all of his killing” Even though she is mocking him, Shakespeare is showing that she is thinking about him a lot. The word “promised” suggests that they have met before and at least spoken. The messenger defends Benedick, saying that Benedick is a good soldier, to which Beatrice responds: “And a good soldier to a lady, but what is he to a lord?” This implies that Benedick is good with women but not at fighting. The way Beatrice delivers the line suggests that she finds the way Benedick is with women disgraceful and that she may have been victim of this in the past.

We see early signs of Beatrice’s quick wit when she challenges the messenger over Benedick and again how she does not fit the mould of an Elizabethan woman, something which could result from the absence of her parents. On line 45, Leonato tells the messenger that the verbal fighting between his niece, Beatrice and Benedick is a “Merry war”. This is an oxymoron that hints that their fighting is good-natured and not too serious.

Don Pedro, Claudio, Benedick and John first appear at line 70 of Act 1, Scene 1. Don Pedro and Leonato – the governor of Messina - greet each other like old friends and it appears that Don John has been forgiven as he is welcomed into Leonato’s home. Don Pedro sees Hero and asks Leonato, “I think this is your daughter?” to which Leonato responds, “Her mother hath many times told me so,” but Benedick then interrupts: “Were you in doubt, sir, that you asked her?” Leonato says: “Signor Benedick, no, for then you were a child”. His interruption of the governor and the Prince in their conversation shows how cheeky Benedick is and the governor’s response backs-up what Beatrice has hinted at about him being a “ladies man”.

This is when Benedick and Beatrice launch into the first bout of their “merry war”. Benedick calls Beatrice “Lady Disdain” which is obviously unkind and disrespectful but can also be seen as a nickname that Benedick has for Beatrice, similar to Beatrice calling him “Signor Mountanto”. What follows is a kind of tennis match of insults, the words going back and forth between Benedick and Beatrice. They mirror each other’s language and use lots of metaphors, particularly relating to animals. For example, Benedick says, “You are a rare parrot-teacher” which could be a sexual stereotype, suggesting she talks a lot. Beatrice responds: “A bird of my tongue is better than a beast of yours”, meaning she would rather be a bird than an animal like him. Benedick retorts - continuing the use of animal imagery - “I would my horse had the speed of your tongue, and so a good continuer: but keep your way a God’s name. I have done.” Benedick is saying that he wishes that his horse was as fast as Beatrice’s tongue, he then says he is done. “You always end with a jade’s trick: I know you of old,” says Beatrice, “I know you of old” confirming the two have a history. In my opinion, the way that they bicker appears to be practiced and familiar, they seem to do it out of habit and it seems like a routine, which is, in a way, like many already-married couples.

Shakespeare scaffolds Benedick and Beatrice’s relationship from the start by incorporating hints as to their views on love and marriage, Benedick says, “If I do (fall in love) hang me in a bottle like a cat, and shoot at me, and he that hits me, let him be clapped on the shoulder, and called Adam”. Benedick’s conversation with Claudio in Act 1, Scene 1 is then mirrored in Act 2, Scene 1, when Beatrice outlines her ideal man. Both talk of how they will never fall in love and never get married, creating dramatic irony because the audience knows that Benedick and Beatrice are well suited. These clues successfully lead the audience into believing that Beatrice and Benedick will be together by the end of the play.

Even after Act 1, Scene 1, the comedy in Benedick and Beatrice’s relationship continues. For example, at the masked ball, Beatrice is talking to the masked Benedick and tells him, “Why is he the Prince’s Jester, a very dull fool.” She seems to take pleasure from Benedick’s reaction, as though her insults have had the desired effect. He believes that she does not know she was talking to him and Benedick tells the Prince that he is hurt by her words; “every stab wounds.” If he did not care for her then he would be less insulted by her insults.

Also in Act 2, Scene 1, Don Pedro asks Beatrice to be his wife. Beatrice responds, “No, my lord, unless I might have another for working-days, your grace is too costly to wear every day” showing that Beatrice thinks the Prince is too good for her but also that she may be waiting someone else, to ask her maybe Benedick. It would be very unusual for a woman at this time to turn down the offer of marriage from a Prince, especially if the Prince is the seemingly perfect Don Pedro. However, her reason is legitimate. Just before the proposal, she confirms that she and Benedick used to be together. She says, “He lent me it (Benedick’s heart) for a while, and I gave him use for it”. This implies that the couple once used to share each other’s hearts but the use of the word “lent” suggests that it was something that did not last long.

Benedick and Beatrice do eventually confess their love for one another, in Act 4, Scene 1, and while this is slightly predictable, it is a welcome turn of happiness for the audience who have recently seen Claudio tricked, Hero’s reputation destroyed “Sweet Hero, she is wronged, she is slandered, she is undone” (Beatrice), and Don John’s plan become a success. However, whilst resolving the issue of Beatrice and Benedick’s love, this scene raises another problem: Beatrice tells Benedick that in order to prove his love for her, he must “Kill Claudio”. After some convincing, he reluctantly agrees, “Enough, I am engaged, I will challenge”, revealing his devotion and love for Beatrice. Beatrice asking Benedick to kill Claudio shows that she is strongly against the masculine solidarity which can so easily destroy a woman’s reputation and also that she trusts Benedick completely.

In Act 1, Scene 1, when Claudio first confesses his “love” for Hero, he uses the idea of Petrarchan conceit when he says “Can the world buy such a jewel?” This is a Petrarchan cliché such as “Hairs like golden wires,” that Shakespeare shows he is opposed to through the success of the relationship of Benedick and Beatrice, and through Sonnet 130, that tell us that true love can see beyond faults whereas courtly love, which can lead to superficial unions that can be destroyed with something as simple a small trick, as seen through the story of Hero and Claudio.

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In conclusion, Beatrice and Benedick’s antagonistic relationship is a very successful way to open the play as their bickering is witty and comical, and their past is mysterious. Shakespeare successfully layers what will happen to Beatrice and Benedick by engaging the audience in dramatic irony, where they know Beatrice and Benedick will end up together but the characters themselves do not. The title can describe Beatrice and Benedick’s relationship, in the end it has been “much ado about nothing,” because they have fought for the whole play but eventually end up together and married. The title also has a double meaning, “Nothing” at the time of the play sounded very similar to “Noting” and when Claudio and Benedick discuss Hero in Act 1, Scene 1, both men talk of observing or noting her. Much of the play is based around “mis-notings” as well as “nothings”. Shakespeare suggests that the most successful relationships are based on compatibility and spark, a concept that seems decidedly modern.

One of Louis XIV’s main policies was to maintain his royal authority throughout his reign in order to effectively enforce his absolutism. During his reign, there were many successes including the fact that he managed to control the nobility to such an extent until his death where they would perform the lever and coucher. However, there were also a number of failures in maintaining authority including the fact that Huguenots (among other religious minorities) became an increasing disturbance to him to the point where armed soldiers were to be placed in their homes for them to convert.

One success in maintaining his authority was, as mentioned earlier, the lever and coucher. These were essentially ceremonies where the French nobility were made to watch Louis get out of and get into bed (morning and night, respectively). This demonstrates the grasp he continued to have over the nobility as they would vie for positions in these ceremonies in order to aid the king in going to bed and getting up. The positions held in these ceremonies would display how much favour a noble would have with the king and those who had the most important positions in the ceremony would often be the ones succeeding most through his system of patronage (rewarding nobles for being sycophants) which was incredibly successful.

However, one failure in maintaining his authority was his relationship with the Pope and the Papacy during the latter years of his reign. This is because not only was he being influenced by Madame de Maintenon in all of his religious matters/mind-set, but he also had to give up his own power and will through repairing his relationship with the Pope through the bull Unigenitus (used as permission to persecute the Jansenists) in order to exact his authority on those in his own country that dared to defy him. The reason why this is such a failure for Louis though is that he relinquished his own control over religious matters in his country by returning it from the power of Louis and the Gallicans to the Pope, a complete reverse of his original policy.

Others could argue however that Unigenitus was a success in maintaining authority since it legitimised his reasons for the persecution of the Jansenists by having the Pope perform as Louis wanted by calling them heretics of the Catholic faith, therefore meaning his will was exacted. It would have also meant that his relationship with the Pope had improved massively and that there would be less of a reason for the other Catholic nations to turn against him. However, this view is much less convincing.

Another failure concerning religion in failing to maintain authority was the issue of the Huguenots, whom became an increasing annoyance to Louis throughout his reign. Louis was initially successful in his policy of ridding of the Huguenots with his less radical policies such as paying them to convert (Casse de Conversions) which used the money gained from vacant bishoprics. He also made life generally difficult for them by not allowing them to join certain professions and by shutting down their churches and schools. During this period, 750,000 Huguenots converted, and it was thought that by 1800 they would be statistically insignificant.

However, Louis wanted to rapidly increase the rate of which they would be gone and revoked the Edict of Nantes, which made their religion illegal, leading to 200,000 fleeing the country and joining other Protestant nations such as the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch and the English. This is a massive failure because it meant that heresy still survived, the Huguenots now had the sympathy of other nations, leading to a damaged reputation and because they left for other countries it also led to France’s enemies gaining their abilities, skills and knowledge of France, therefore harming France economically (less workers), militarily (enemies gain knowledge of French tactics) and Louis’ authority since he was now being called a tyrant/despot by the Pope and other Catholic kings. This also hurt France in the long term since these were the same people to be leading the revolution in France against the Ancient Regime in 1789 against Louis XVI.

In conclusion, it should be said that Louis XIV’s authority after 1685 massively declined since he relinquished control over to both the Pope and Madame de Maintenon and also allowed a small religious group to be able to do this. However, it can be argued that in non-religious/foreign matters that Louis did maintain at least a certain degree of control since his people would at least fear him and continue to perform the Lever and Coucher.

Table of contents

1. Women's Power
2. Men's Power
3. Society's Power

The general understanding of Lady Lazarus is that it informs about suicide. A woman is the narrator who is addressing no one in particular. The poem is intricate, murky and fierce. Its tome is ominous and sarcastic. The title alludes to Lazarus of the Bible who Jesus brought back from the dead. The narrator attempts to commit suicide three times, each in a decade. She has done it again for the third time, one time being by accident and the other time being intentional. Her recovery from that third attempt is painted as a letdown while her attempted suicides are shown as achievements. Dying is artful and she is very good at it. Since death is depicted as an art, there are audiences to death and resurrection. She terminates her life as a form of punishment to the audience who drives her to do it. The zealous crowd gets an invitation but also get condemned for its morbid compulsion. The reader can be said to be part of the crowd. This is because he reads the poem to see her darkness. She makes a postulation that her onlookers are invested to an extent that they would part with large amounts of money to peek into her heart and scars.

She filters through the crowd's compulsion with severe criticism by comparing it with the unworried Germans who did nothing while the Jews were executed. Ultimately, it is apparent that the crowd is a burden and not an encourager as they are also present at her resurrection. She dislikes resurrection and the fact that people are present. Feminism views the poem as a depiction of the struggles of women in a largely patriarchal society. The formation of a male artist god by a woman proclaims the autonomous power of women. The poem denotes how male power tries to suppress female power but in the end, through her rebirth, is defeated. She knows that as soon as she resurrects, a man is going to claim her ownership. The society also views her as an object rather than a person. Therefore, suicide becomes a way of attaining autonomy.

Women's Power

Plath portrays women as people who want to be self-determined by the show of Lady Lazarus' resolve to die. This portrayal leads her to discuss real-world situations just like the suicide attempts she unearths. The death imagery portrays the historical evils of the society that the women want to be rid of. The fortitude and resilience that Lady Lazarus has display women in a positive light. They show that women have power. Plath takes the negative societal stereotype associated with women who are bold and want to be independent and spins it to the positive image of women who voice their opinions and know what they want. It depicts women as very powerful. To put forward the power of women, Plath makes use of ideas that are considered weak due to their association with an evil that is, suicide. Women have the power to turn a disadvantage into an advantage. For instance, the use of tarot cards instead of big guns shows that women are able to fight with the most limiting of objects.

The narrator of Lady Lazarus is a woman and that interprets to literary power. The narration shows the artistic nature of women even without the men. Her creativity is able to draw the attention of listeners who stay throughout her death and her resurrection. Lady Lazarus is a feminist showing the oppression that women face and men gladly take part. The poem also generally shows that women are walking miracle.

The brutal deaths that Lady Lazarus undergoes show her ability to survive. She lets go of her past which she does not talk about as she only talks about who she is currently, ash, flesh, bone. Her indifference when it comes to death is indicative of how she resents the society that pushes her to her death. Through death, she defeats it and wins. She becomes an independent person. Lady Lazarus' proclamation of her having nine lives shows resilience. No matter how much the society puts her down, she comes back up. She also defies societal norms that women are weak by that action of dying severally. She is determined to be free from the shackles of the negative connotation of women. By dying, she defeats men and society. She would rather die than submit. The fact that Lady Lazarus brings herself back to life shows the power she has. She was not brought back by anyone, just her. It tells us of the power that a woman possesses to reinvent herself.

Men's Power

Lady Lazarus refers to a man as Herr Enemy, Herr Doktor, Herr Lucifer and Herr God. This depiction serves to bring out the appalling environment which is patriarchy. Women are victims of patriarchy which is repressive and compares with the harsh conditions of the concentration camps where the Nazis threw the Jews. Men are presented as evil. However, Lady Lazarus cannot completely get rid of Herr Enemy because he needs him as a witness of her reincarnation in the future. Also, she threatens him to beware, hence, taking the path of the disobeyed futurist at the end. The warning asks the man to know that the woman can switch positions with him and he will become the oppressed.

Men are the oppressors. The reference of the Holocaust in the poem places Lady Lazarus as a victim, a victim of men's oppression. The men are so oppressive that their victims have become used to the oppression, to death. The men possess power over women. Lady Plath resents both God and Satan. They are her enemies. The doctor plays the role of a god, a good person who tries to help but below the face value lies a devil. In the final stanza, Lady Lazarus states that she eats men like air and that they are nothing. They do not threaten her anymore. The power that men have can come to an end and women can take over. However, the last stanza shows that women can destroy men as the men do women. It should not be the case since that is just the same thing happening, just to a different group of people now. The men evoke feelings of bitterness from the women who suffer from their oppression.

When Lady Lazarus dies, she is aware that the doctor will demand her body. Men are depicted as claiming possession of a woman. Even though a woman is a different and independent being, she is seen as belonging to a man who does not hesitate to reinforce that by claiming her. Lady Lazarus dies to escape from situations such as these. She wants independence. She wants to be her own. That is why she gladly kills herself. When she comes back to life, she sees her resurrection as a failed attempt at finding peace. She not only wants to escape the claws of men but also the society.

Society's Power

The society depicts women as weak and stereotypes the audacious ones as evil. The society looks by as men oppress women. It is entertained by it. Lady Lazarus is resentful towards the society which she describes as complacent. The society despite possessing the power to right wrongs stands by. In fact, the society pushes her to her deaths. The society is rotten and Lady Lazarus wants to defy it. That is why she kills herself as an act of punishment for it. She kills herself to escape the society which views her as an object and not as a human. This is depicted by the way she refers to herself as parts, away from her body as a whole that is, skin and bones.

The society is patriarchal and consists of people who put an act of kindness but really, are evil inside. "Beware" is a warning to them. There were people who were convinced that Hitler was a good person, that the Nazi were good people acting in the interest of Germany. However, Plath exposes that they Nazis were very evil. It was an organization built on lies. The warning that Lady Lazarus gives demonstrates her power. It asserts that in the end, evil will be defeated. The doctor pokes her to find what remains of her that he can profit from that is, make further advancements in psychological treatment but this act only hurts Lady Lazarus. The society does not take into account that it hurts somebody. It will just take and take from one until that person is destroyed. She turns and burns. That stanza shows the powerlessness that the society puts her though and she has no way out. The society has the quality of rendering victims of situations powerless.

Lady Lazarus mentions feeling like Opus, a musical artwork that the onlookers are getting entertained by. She has the value of pure gold. Here, the society clearly enjoys finding the best of the best for its amusement. Plath could have used that stanza to also show that women deserve happiness but the society is hell-bent on gaining entertainment from their misery. They are victimized by the society which tries to fix them. However, the women remain the same. The society can try to fix them but nothing is changed.

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The society stigmatizes, criticizes and misunderstands women. In contrast, it does everything to the benefit of men. Therefore, there is a power imbalance where men tower over women. The power imbalance makes a woman feel helpless, worthless even though she knows she is worthy, and completely dominated by men. It is the evils of the society that drives that little controlling voice in Lady Lazarus' head, urging her to commit suicide. It takes control of her thoughts and makes her drawn towards death. She fails at dying each time because people try to resuscitate her. It is not for them but rather so that they can keep the show going and keep entertaining themselves. The society loves her as a theatrical exhibition. This also shows the lack of independence of a woman that the society causes. She cannot even die in peace.

Table of contents

1. Executive Summary
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review
MethodologyResearch Findings
4. Discussion/Conclusion

Executive Summary

The article begins by introducing a personal experience which sparked the idea of investigating. It proceeds to state the purpose of preparing the article; that is the impact of education on an individual’s self-efficacy in the social or informal setting. The paper goes ahead to conduct a literature review on self-efficacy regarding the US region. Various links and attributes of self-efficacy with respect to education are investigated such as performance, values, fulfillment as well as socialization. Bandura’s work as well as other scholars in the discipline have been analyzed in the article through descriptive or qualitative research methodology to establish a link to social factors such as family, ethical behavior and democracy. The multiple links of education’s impact on self-efficacy in the social setting have also been demonstrated in the research findings section before finalization on conclusion and discussions. It is concluded that education has a strong effect on self-efficacy in the informal arena. An individual’s ability to handle social matters is stronger if he underwent through the process of education. The research has shown that education is a critical factor in influencing an individual’s self-efficacy in the social setting.

Introduction

After migrating from Africa to the USA, I had to confront the urge to self-develop myself. I knew two things were critical for the desired level of the self-development. First, USA has always been referred to as a land of opportunity where individuals are allowed to dream big. I understood that if hard work was a constant factor in any activity or situation I faced, the possibility of success was high; the intensity of the dreams or visions didn’t matter. Secondly, to succeed in any setting education is essential for an individual. For one to qualify for a particular job or be accepted in a particular field of expertise, he or she has to show the understanding of the field. My desire to shape my social life resided in education. Obtaining relevant academic qualifications needed to pursue a particular profession increases one’s confidence and ability to accomplish various social barriers such as the family, live in a better neighborhood or work in a dream job would be easily tackled.

Changing country and school system that year was a challenge for me. Once I found myself in a class of native speakers in an American school I felt less confident and shyer. I believe that education has been deeply influencing my perceived self-efficacy since the beginning of that year. Therefore, I asked myself: how can education shape an individual’s self-efficacy?

This paper examines the broad literature concerning the impact of education on self-efficacy. The paper will also consider extensively the implications of education on an individual’s view of his/her outside life such as the family, workplace, personal interests. It will further discuss the various self-efficacy concepts established within the US setting as well as analyze other secondary data concerning the research. Finally, the paper will also carry out discussions based on the empirical data of the impact of self-efficacy on individual’s interactions with the outside world.

Literature Review

This section examines the various literature pertaining to self-efficacy in the informal interaction with the society. The paper rests on insights and theories developed by Bandura in his social cognitive theory. His studies assert that individuals possess a ‘self-system’ that allows them to control their thoughts, feelings, and actions. Bandura defines self-efficacy as a belief of one’s self in his/her ability to perform a certain task that will lead to his/her success. Albert Bandura is recognized for introductory of the social learning theory in the discipline of education (Bandura, 1991, p229). He postulates that perceived self-efficacy of an individual can impact him/her in a positive as well as a demoralizing way. Individuals with self-efficacy possess a belief or a conviction of their ability to engage in activities that can lead to their success in life as opposed to those who don’t have it. On the other hand, education is defined as a set of organized socializations.

According to Bandura (1986, 1997), a person’s aspects concerning his/her performance are related to his/her motivation to achieve or succeed in life. In the American society, self–efficacy amongst the people is the basis of their prosperity in different social contexts such as sports, education, work as well as family matters. Per Meyer, Jain & Canfield-Davis (2011), education is a critical factor that shapes individuals’ mindsets who are in pursuit of their dreams and visions. Through education, a person acquires skills, attitude, and values that guide him or influence their image of the society. Most individuals in the society who have gone through an educational system are not only confident enough to handle life challenges or professional duties but also are more successful than those without an educational background. In light of this point, Americans’ views of social matters such as freedom of expression, right to privacy as well as their diverse views on sexuality and gender are spearheaded by impact of education on self-efficacy.

Research by Schwarzer (2014), portrays education as a catalyst to a person’s self-efficacy. This point rests on the grounds of early socialization in education, modern values, and orientations that enable individuals to realize their purpose sooner. The education system in the US as well as in other regions of the world allows individuals to develop key areas that they need to be competent that will lead to their success. The American education system orients an individual’s attitudes, values, and abilities to a specific direction. It would be hard for an individual to pursue a task if he/she is not conditioned to focus or look in a certain direction.

Meyer, Jain & Canfield-Davis, 2011, refer to the education system as an allocation theory whereby individuals are legitimately classified and assigned positions in the society. The social status in the society is apportioned on the basis of education, for example, medicine, law, and teaching. Unsal & Kasikei, 2010, assert that this is a matter of laws or rules in the education process. For example, to teach in a high school, an individual must have a diploma, certificate or a bachelor's' credential from a recognized institution. Thus, for that person to operate as a professional in any field in the society, an educational background is required. Without education, the self-efficacy to pursue personal goals such as seeking a formal employment, start a family as well as pursue a desired interest in life will be affected. Self-efficacy is born out of education; an individual cannot progress sufficiently with lack of education since rules about academic credentials are part of key requirements in most organizations (Rabren and Carney, 2014, p29).

Self-efficacy is about fulfillment. According to Unsal & Kasikei (2010) a key outcome of self-efficacy is recognition in the society as well as accomplishing one's goals and objectives. The relationship or link between self-efficacy and education is quite direct. Research by Rabren and Carney (2014), shows the relationship or effects of a person’s education on status and attainment. In the American context, the link between an individual’s transition from being under-developed to successful is straight forward. As a former resident in the USA, I have observed that access to education has been made possible for minorities, immigrants as well as natural citizens. Through understanding that education plays a crucial part in success of an individual as well as a promoter of social well-being, the Americans have been able to develop extensively their society.

Methodology

The paper primarily relied on qualitative research to investigate the impact of education on an individual’s approach to social arena. The paper explicitly focused on literature from the American context. Data from the UK and other developed countries played a primary source of secondary data to cover gaps within the US context. Peer reviewed articles on self-efficacy were also studied from online sources as well as other print copies in the library. The descriptive research allows the paper to develop deeper meaning from the established theories on self-efficacy. However, the topic, ‘effect of education on self-efficacy’ has limited content established by the scholars. This presents an opportunity for quantitative as well as qualitative studies to be conducted in the future.

Research Findings

Previous research has demonstrated that education facilitates socialization of individuals in the society (Raelin, 2014). Education is paramount when it comes to democracy. The leadership status in the American Society is built on strong value and respect for democracy. Democracy is the right of individuals to choose their leader. Exposure to education allows the individual to consider critical factors before electing leaders such as his performance records, any previous arrest and the reasons behind it, his/her friends as well as educational background (Raelin, 2014). The quality of leaders elected by an educated person is very different from one who is not exposed to education. Self-efficacy promoted by education enables the US citizens to handle social matters in most fair and equitable manner. The ability of individuals to recognize the rights of other individuals such as freedom of expression and other civil rights is impacted through education.

The second line of research shows that education impacts self-efficacy of an individual on the way he/she views social matters. The American society just like the UK, demands strongly the need for individuals to be educated in the society. An informed person's approach to social problems and life challenges is different from that of an uninformed person (Schwarzer, R. 2014). A key social area that education has a strong effect in the American region is the family setting. For example, a well-educated family is able to make informed decisions regarding the family issues such as household expense, healthcare, parenting, and family investment. Education also affect the crime levels within the society. For example, studies have shown that in US regions where uneducated population resides, criminal activities tend to be more frequent as opposed to regions of highly educated individuals.

Thirdly, research has demonstrated that education is a strong basis for integrity of individuals in the society as well as in the workplace. Ethics describes a set of codes for understanding and denoting what is morally right or wrong according to the society (Teo, 2011). In the US, ethical behavior in the society have been channeled through education. An individual can naturally practice ethics in the society as well as workplace without undergoing education. In such a situation, the decisions on what is right or wrong are informed by his/her cultural, religious, legal and philosophical principles. The foundation of various industries in the US such as financial institutions, the judiciary, education, and manufacturing are built on ethical grounds to protect the consumers/the citizens. Education helps an individual to be exposed to different perspectives. As a result, they become open-minded, use diverse methodologies when making judgment and develop tolerance towards diversity which is crucial to overcoming ethical dilemma. Such insights are acquired through the effect of education on self-efficacy, which strongly affect the behavior of individuals in the society (Selçuk and Valk, 2012).

The research has also demonstrated the relevance of education on an individual’s self-efficacy in matters to deal with religion. The American society is the most diverse in the world in terms of color, religion as well as personal views. The American constitution endows individuals with the freedom of worship as well as expression. Diversity is not only limited to the society but also crosses to the modern workplace that is full of people from different backgrounds. Education allows individuals to interact or associate with diversified persons in a respectful and civilized manner. For example; a learned person will be conscientious of a colleagues or other members of the society who are Muslim, Buddhists, Christian or Jewish. On the other hand, the tendency of an uninformed person to mock the individual hence lead to conflict is also high. Personal conflicts within the workplace are kept to the minimal due to the presence of educated workers in the organization (Mafakheri and Behzadi, 2013, p4).

Discussion/Conclusion

The effect of education on an individual’s self-efficacy is stronger in the workplace as well as the society. Hence most people get education in order to gain the confidence to pursue other vital areas of their lives that they need to be successful in. From the paper, it can be established that through education, individuals acquire skills, attitudes, and values that guide or influence their image of the society. Their ability to respond to challenges at the workplace as well as the social scene is improved tremendously as an efficacious individual is motivated by the knowledge gained through education.

The paper adds weight to the discipline since it helps understand why individuals pursue certain goals or objectives in life. The article has established that education has a profound effect on the level of success of individuals in the society. Education is a key variable to an individual’s self-efficacy in the social or informal setting. It allows people to gain knowledge that helps develop the society. Eradicating stereotypes and crime that are impediments to development can be attained if individuals valued education as a tool to impact their efficacy to solve social matters. Education can shape positively one’s self-efficacy and help to develop society but it is important not to blindly follow the Education Gospel (Grubb and Lazerson, 2007) that presents schooling as a solution to all societal problems. This belief that has been held in the USA over the past century but is still very popular to hear it nowadays.

From the research, it can also be established that education is a necessary factor in impacting an individual’s self-efficacy. However, it is not sufficient. This is because, in the absence of education, individuals are able to succeed in certain areas of their social life. Despite lacking education, they have self-efficacy to handle challenges or opportunities that present themselves. However, research in this area is limited to determine factors outside education that are contributors in self-efficacy in the informal areas of the society. For example; with lack of proper education individuals can make interest or careers in the society and become great musicians without enrolling in music school. This is an interesting area that future scholars ought to consider in the discipline.

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The findings prove that education not only affects self-efficacy in the formal setting but is also important at the community level. Hence it coincides with various researches relating to education’s impact on self-efficacy.