Our Previous Samples

The Hewlett Packard company (commonly referred to as HP) was an American Multinational information technology company head quartered in Palo Alto, California. It developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components as well as software related services to consumers.

Green energy nothing but the energy that is from the natural resources such as wind, water, solar, etc .It is very useful and doesn’t cause any negative impact to the environment. So adapting green computing is important.

The following diagram shows the green intiatives in HP

OVERVIEW:

• Reduce costs, manage risk, and support business growth while reducing environmental impact.
• Achieve carbon reduction goals and meet your environmental compliance requirements.
• Increase energy efficiency, dematerialize processes, and better manage technology assets.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OF ASSETS:

The technology devices your employees use to communicate and run your business can be steady contributors to your corporation’s energy consumption. It is imperative to employ technology assets that drive greater efficiencies while impacting the environment less. We incorporate recycled materials in the manufacture of our products, design them to be energy-efficient during use, and make sure that the products can be easily retired—passing along significant energy savings and environmental efficiencies to you. In addition to these benefits, incorporating sustainable assets into your operations may also provide enhanced business opportunity in the near future with the emergence of new government procurement incentives and requirements.

Some examples include:

• HP ProLiant and Blade servers, which help consolidate to reduce server footprint cutting greenhouse gas emissions, materials, cost, and energy consumption. HP ProLiant G6 includes many energy-saving features, such as: HP Sea of Sensors, which automatically tracks thermal activity across the server through a collection of 32 smart sensors. The sensors dynamically adjust system components such as fans, memory, and input/output processing to optimize system cooling and increase efficiency. – Common Power Slot design, which helps reduce power waste by allowing customers to choose from four power supplies to match their specific workload. Customers can achieve more than 92 percent energy efficiency in the majority of real-world configurations.
• HP Asset Recovery Services, which obtain the highest return on your older technology by helping you derive any remaining value from unwanted equipment, while maintaining the highest standard of data security.
• HP StorageWorks 4400/6400/8400 EVAs, which enable you to achieve up to 24 percent
• performance improvement and improve capacity utilization by more than 50 percent, with Dynamic Capacity Manager and automated provisioning.
• HP Thin Clients, which provide an alternative ”lower power device” for reduced maintenance costs, minimal application updates, and a higher level of security than other desk-based products can offer.
• HP modular switches, which enable up to 45 percent cost savings and HP fixed-port switches enable up to 38 percent savings compared to industry averages.
• ProCurve Manager Plus (PCM+) management software, which helps you remotely schedule shutdown of idle PoE devices such as VoIP phones during the off hours—saving up to 73 percent in energy costs.

ENERGY-EFFICIENT INFRASTRUTURE:

Energy expended from information technology throughout your organization represents significant opportunity to operate more efficiently, reduce carbon, and save costs. So, it is imperative that the infrastructure in which your products operate is energy-efficient. We deliver value in three areas that help make this happen. The first is Energy Efficient Data Center Design services, which help you drive the greatest energy efficiency possible, by designing or retrofitting your data center to enable low PUE/high DCiE results. Our multi-tiered hybrid designs reflect the different infrastructure and availability requirements of businesses to reduce energy use and capital costs. The second area is power management software. By utilizing embedded technology such as Thermal Logic in your server products, you can ”cap” the amount of power allocated to an enclosure, enabling dynamic power provisioning to servers as and when the business requires capacity. Also, HP solutions can help you manage your power more effectively to prevent outages and regulate resource allocation, based on IT workload needs and uptime objectives. The third area involves employing next generation, energy-efficient data centers from HP, using the shared infrastructure option with IT outsourcing.

Examples of energy-efficient infrastructure include:

• HP Thermal Zone Mapping, which helps you see a three-dimensional model of exactly how much and where data center air conditioners are cooling, so that you can arrange and manage air conditioning for optimal cooling, increased energy efficiency, and lowered costs.
• HP Critical Facilities Services, which offer a range of expert, customizable assessment and site planning services to help you evaluate your environment and develop more effective and efficient power and cooling strategies for better utilization. HP designs data centers to meet international standards and often we are part of authoring those standards. For example, HP consultants will design a data center to meet the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), which provides a suite of standards for environmentally sustainable construction. We also use BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), which is a widely used environmental assessment method for buildings.
• HP Virtualization, which helps combine the workloads of several underutilized servers on to a single server that is utilized more fully—reducing power footprint with fewer servers needed to do the same amount of work.
• HP Lights-Out remote management, which delivers total remote control with an energy-efficient management software that delivers centralized control, reliable security, and energy savings for HP ProLiant and HP BladeSystem infrastructure.

TRANSFORMED BUSINESS PROCESSES:

In addition to assets and infrastructure, technology now also offers the opportunity to make significant strides in energy efficiency and cost savings across key business processes. Operations that drive the business can be re-designed and streamlined to enable you to remove materials, reduce costs and waste, and improve efficiencies in areas of your business that offer the greatest shareholder value. We transform your business processes with solutions such as:

• HP Halo and HP SkyRoom virtual meetings, which help reduce airfare expenditure and greenhouse gas emissions associated with business travel by bringing people from across the globe into an environment that looks, sounds, and feels as if they are just across the table.
• HP Output Management Solutions, which capture and deliver documents digitally to speed document-based workflows, virtually removing the need for faxing and paper use—while also enabling reliable, time-critical document delivery.
• HP Retail Marketing Automation solutions, which offer a flexible and cost-effective collaboration application that speeds creative execution, lowers costs, and helps you produce compelling promotional material. With this solution, your organization can reduce labor costs by automating processes and decrease waste with customized material. You can also reduce shipping with on-demand printing of material.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Synthesis of Ag-nanoparticlesCharacterization techniquesPhotocatalytic activityResults and discussion
3. Conclusion

The present study reports an eco-friendly, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous flower extract of Cassia angustifolia (Ca-AgNPs) for the first time. Preliminarily the synthesis of Ca-AgNPs from the flower extract was visually confirmed by color change. Further, synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and Zeta potential analyser. SEM and TEM microscopic observation showed that the synthesized Ca-AgNPs were spherical shape with average size of 4-60 nm. XRD studies revealed FCC crystallite phase of synthesized Ca-AgNPs. The photocatalytic activity of green synthesized Ca-AgNPs was evaluated by the degradation of crystal violet (CV) cationic dye under UV light. Synthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant enhanced degradation of CV. After, 25 min of UV light irradiation more than 95% of CV dye was degraded.

Introduction

A reliable, eco-friendly and non-toxic synthesis of nanoparticles is a key step in the field of nanoparticles synthesis. Among the metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have much focused due to their varied applications such as photocatalyst and biocidal agent. There are number of synthesis methods are available to synthesis AgNPs such as phase transfer process, microwave assists process, electrochemical, sono-chemical, and more. Most of these methods are extremely hazardous and also uses toxic chemicals, which may leads to potential health and environmental problems.

In this study, we have used phyto-compounds as reducing and capping agents to synthesis AgNPs due to their non-toxic, eco-friendly and simple facile synthesis process. Literature reports suggest that the removal of cationic dyes using AgNPs is a better choice than the other common dye removal techniques. Photocatalytic degradation of cationic dyes by AgNPs synthesized using plants such as Cocos nucifera , Cordia dichotoma , Coccinia grandis and more has been reported.

In this paper, we have demonstrated the synthesis of AgNPs using flower extract of Cassia angustifolia for the first time. The catalytic performance was evaluated by photodegradation of crystal violet dye in aqueous solution under UV light irradiation.

Materials and Methods

Synthesis of Ag-nanoparticles

Plant material were collected from Botanical garden, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore and identified at Botanical survey of India division (BSI). About 20 g of dried flowers were extracted with 100 mL of purified distilled water using soxhlet extractor, and the synthesis of AgNPs using C.angustifolia flowers (Ca-AgNPs) was carried out according to the method of Bharathi et al.. Briefly, 90 mL of AgNO3 was taken into a conical flask and 10 mL of flower extract was added and kept at room temperature for synthesis, and color change. After the synthesis, purified Ca-AgNPs were obtained by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 10 min. Extra impurities were removed by washing the synthesized Ca-AgNPs with distilled water followed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 min and then purified nanoparticles were dried at 60?C.

Characterization techniques

Formation of Ca-AgNPs was monitored by UV-Visible spectroscopy (JASCO-V-670). UV spectral analysis was studied in the range from 300-800 nm at a resolution of 2 nm. Surface morphology and average size of synthesized Ca-AgNPs was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Model-JEOL JSM-6400) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM 2001, Japan). Presence of elements in synthesized Ca-AgNPs were identified using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) attached with SEM. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out for the determination of crystalline structure of prepared Ca-AgNPs. X-ray diffraction recorded in the 2? range from 20-80 at 40 kV/40 mA current with CuKa radiation (SHIMADZU, XRD-7000). Zeta potential value of the synthesized Ca-AgNPs was measured using dynamic light scattering instrument (DLS, Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, UK).

Photocatalytic activity

The photocatalytic activity of Ca-AgNPs was assayed by evaluating the degradation of CV under UV (300W, UV lamp: ??420 nm,) irradiations as described by Arunachalam et al. [10]. About 25 mg of synthesized Ca-AgNPs were added to 100 mL of CV dye aqueous solution (0.1mg/100mL). Prior to irradiation, the suspension was stirred for 60 min in dark conditions to achieve adsorption/desorption equilibrium between the dye and catalyst. After the addition of Ca-AgNPs, the suspension was subjected to irradiations. Control setup was maintained without adding Cd-AgNPs to the test dye. At different time intervals, 5 mL of suspension was taken and centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 5 min and the absorbance spectrum was measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The degradation percentage was calculated from the formula, E (%) = (C0-Ct / C0) × 100, Where E is the degradation efficiency, C0 is the absorbance before irradiation, and Ct is the absorbance at different time (t).

Results and discussion

After the addition of C.angustifolia flower extract into 1 mM AgNO3, the change in color was observed from yellow to brown color within 2-3 min (Fig. 1a). The brown color change in the reaction samples confirmed the formation of AgNPs and the color change may due to the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in Ag reaction mixture. Phytochemicals present in the flower extract may responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs. The formation of Ca-AgNPs was monitored by UV-Visible spectroscopy and the strong UV- absorbance peak was observed at 452 nm (Fig. 1b), and consistent with other’s reports.

SEM and TEM microscope observation was performed to determine the morphology, size and shape of the Ca-AgNPs. SEM and TEM microscopic observation showed the shape of the synthesized Ca-AgNPs were mostly spherical shape with varied size range from 4-60 nm (Fig. 1c-e). Similar to our study, Aloe arborescens coated AgNPs exhibited spherical shape with varied size range from 40 to 50 nm [11].

EDX spectral analysis from Fig. 1f represents the signal from Ag along with Cl and O. Signal from 3 keV shows that, Ag has been correctly identified [5]. Another absorbance speaks of Cl and O in spectrum was most possibly due to the excitation of X-rays from bio-organic phase of existing minimal trace phyto-compounds in Ca-AgNPs.

Figure 2 shows the XRD pattern of Cd-AgNPs. From the XRD pattern, 2? peaks observed at 32.81º, 46.95º, 64.84º and 77.18º which corresponding to 111, 200, 220 and 311 planes, respectively. The obtained peaks indicate the face centred cubic (FCC) crystallite phase of formed Cd-AgNPs. These planes were matched with JCPDS, file no. 4-0783 values for Ag. The extra peaks (*) in the given XRD data may due to the crystallization of trace phyto-organic compounds in the AgNPs. The mean average crystalline size of Ca-AgNPs was calculated using Debye-scherre’s formula:

D = 0.9? / ? cos ?,

Where “?” is the wavelength of X-ray, ? is FWHM in radians and ? diffraction angles. The average mean crystallite size was determined to be approximately 12 nm from breath of the refraction (111). Zeta potential value for the synthesized Ca-AgNPs was found to be negative values (-9.1mV) (Fig. S1). Negative potential values from zeta results supported the high stability and dispersity of Ca-AgNPs due to negative repulsion.

The photo catalytic activity of Ca-AgNPs was assayed for CV dye under UV light irradiation. The UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of CV dye was tested at different time interva. In order to determine CV dye degradation, a maximum absorption peak of CV at 590 nm is noticed and the light exposure time is monitored. The plot of C/Co versus time interval presents a gradual decrease with the increase of time interval in the presence of Ca-AgNPs, indicating a rapid decomposition of CV under UV light irradiation. Synthesized Cd-AgNPs exhibited more than 95% of dye degradation activity within 25 min for CV cationic dye. The synthesized Ca-AgNPs was found to be active for five cycles without any major deactivation, and more than 95% degradation activity was achieved in all the five experiments. This reusability test also supports the stability of synthesized nanoparticles. Similar to our study, AgNPs synthesized from plant compounds showed time dependent photo catalytic performance. It was reported that the photo catalytic activity can be strongly depend on the shape, size of the nanoparticles and process of generation, transfer, and consumption of the photo generated carriers.

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Conclusion

In this study, we have demonstrated the simple eco-friendly green synthesis of AgNPs using C.angustifolia flowers. The spherical morphology and average size of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by SEM and TEM. Furthermore, green synthesized Ca-AgNPs exhibited significant enhanced photocatalytic activity for CV cationic dye. Overall, our finding suggested that eco-friendly green synthesized AgNPs can be used as a significant dye degradation agent for cationic CV dye with a good reusability feature.

Table of contents

1. How to cure acid reflux with green tea?
2. Why is green tea the best remedy for heartburn?
How to use green tea to treat and prevent heartburn?
3. Tips and precautions

How to cure acid reflux with green tea?

When the lower esophageal sphincter does not contract properly, it allows digestive acids to move from the stomach to the esophagus, causing burning sensations in the chest and throat. This is what is commonly known as heart burn, or in more severe cases, acid reflux. Unhealthy eating habits, changes in lifestyle, stress and damaged sphincter are the most common causes of acid reflux.

According to studies, 60 million Americans experience this condition at least once a month. There are several commercial medications for acid reflux or burning in the stomach, but their effects are short-lived and often have unwanted side effects. If you are looking for a natural alternative that is quick, simple and affordable to cure acid reflux, try green tea. You are about to discover why it works and how to use it exactly. Let us begin!

Why is green tea the best remedy for heartburn?

Green tea contains polyphenol antioxidants that promote proper digestion and restrict the flow of acid to the esophagus .It is anti-inflammatory, which makes it one of the best home remedies for heartburn .It promotes the adequate contraction of the esophageal sphincter, avoiding the regress of the digestive acids.

Green tea contains L-theatine, an amino acid that reverses the effects of caffeine and calms the nervous system.It contains active compounds called catechins (EGCG): an antioxidant that helps repair the damage caused to healthy cells.

Green tea contains theobromine, tannins, theophylline, all of which prevent heartburn

How to use green tea to treat and prevent heartburn?

Green tea can be used alone or in combination with other natural ingredients that prevent and treat heartburn and acid reflux. Try all the methods mentioned below until you find the one that works best for you:

1. 1. Green tea

Green tea bags can be found at most supermarkets or can be ordered online. Follow the package preparation instructions and make sure to drink green tea at least 3 times a day.

1. 1. Green tea and lemon

Lemon juice fights bacteria and vitamin C in it strengthens the immune system.

Boil 4 cups of water and pour them into a jar with 2 bags of green tea.Let stand 20 to 30 minutes. Add freshly squeezed lemon juice to taste. Sweeten with raw honey.

Drink 3 times a day.

1. 1. Green tea with almond milk

Almond milk soothes irritated stomach and esophageal coatings.

Prepare the green tea from a bag. Pour into a large cup and fill the rest with cold almond milk. Mix well and drink slowly to reduce acid reflux.

Drink 3 times a day.

Note: You can use coconut milk instead of almond milk.

1. 1. Green tea with aloe vera

Aloe vera calms and helps repair damaged stomach tissues.

Prepare a cup of green tea. Cut and squeeze an aloe vera leaf to extract its juice. Mix ½ teaspoon of aloe vera juice in green tea.

Drink 3 times a day.

1. 1. Green tea with pure honey

Pure honey is an excellent sweetener that soothes irritated stomach and esophageal coatings while protecting the body from bacteria that can aggravate heartburn.

Prepare the green tea from a bag. Add 1 teaspoon of honey.

Drink 3 times a day.

Note: You can mix with 1 teaspoon of lemon juice for additional benefits.

Tips and precautions

Green tea has several properties that promote proper digestion, however, some believe that green tea causes acid reflux. Actually, it is the caffeine in green tea that triggers the symptoms. Studies show that those who drink tea with caffeine are 1.5 times more likely to have acid reflux. Therefore, for the remedies listed above, always use decaffeinated organic green tea.

For best results, use the following tips when using green tea to treat and prevent heartburn and acid reflux.

Replace juices, sodas and other beverages with herbal infusions and decaffeinated green tea.

Consult the doctor if you have symptoms of acid reflux more than once or twice a week, as it is a serious health condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease or ERG.

Before using green tea to treat acid reflux, ask your doctor if it will interact with anticoagulants, blood pressure medications, heart conditions, stomach ulcers and depression, or any other medication you may be taking.

Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day to stay hydrated.

Maintain a healthy diet, including fresh fruits and vegetables.

Avoid excess sugar and carbohydrates.

Exercise regularly.

Reduce stress through meditation, yoga or breathing exercises.

In today's world, achieving green transportation does not seem easy. However, green transportation is slowly sneaking into life. The literal meaning of transmission is to transfer an object to another place. Green is an environmentally friendly way. Carpooling can be called as “green transportation” or as a transportation option in which a group of people who are traveling to the same destination share a ride in one vehicle. Within carpooling essay this idea of eco-friendly ways of transportation, the idea of sharing a ride is discussed. With carpooling the group can save money on gas, reduce the number of cars on the road, and decrease traffic congestion and pollution. Carpooling can be organized informally among friends or colleagues, or through a formal carpool program. Carpooling can also be done using ride-sharing services like Uber or Lyft, where a driver can pick up and drop off multiple passengers along their route.

Although some people prefer to travel in private cars, the choice of green transport has become popular. Green transport is one of the ways to achieve green transportation. Traffic travel is an indispensable part of the daily lives of urban residents. People slowly have the awareness of green travel. For example, reduce public transportation, carpooling (referring to several people by car), cycling or even walking, and strive to reduce carbon emissions. Sustainable use of environmental resources and sustainable development of transportation through individual strength. Carpooling is a very helpful way. Carpooling is when more than one person rides in the same car to save money per person. There have been 40 systems in North America implemented since 1994—28 runs in 36 urban areas. The authors conclude that expanded car-sharing training, policy support strategies and including popularizing car-sharing as a transport technique, will assist in the ongoing growth and creation of this option to private car ownership. This study mentions that many years ago, North America had owned and implemented carpooling policies until now. This proves that this method of carpooling is feasible in North America and is likely to continue. Carpooling can maximize resource utilization; moreover, reduce environmental pollution. With human innovation, not only create carpooling, but also bicycle sharing. With the classical bicycle's creativity, we have created a new mode of public transport: bike-sharing. It gives fresh air to the city in the first application of major cities in Europe, more importantly, it hopes to decrease the environmental footprint of commuting as well as make it possible for residents to become healthier through practice. It is a viable option in Europe, why don’t give a try in North America. Sharing bicycles with low carbon and environmental protection can also play a role in exercising. Its popularity is the epitome and trend of green living and low-carbon travel. Finally, the public is urged to use public transportation to travel, which can not only exercise their bodies, but also help develop green transportation.

Today, green transport camouflage solves many problems. For example, global warming brings a healthy lifestyle and so on. Saving and reducing carbon emissions has become a common goal of the international community. Citizens living in cities seem to be too dependent on oil and some non-renewable fuels. Advocating for a green transportation lifestyle can enhance people's awareness of environmental protection. Many countries in the world have adopted the transportation system of green transportation and achieved results. Even though some people think that green transportation will destroy people's modern lifestyle in North America, it is a viable way to bring unexpected changes to citizens and the environment because it will reduce environmental pollution, promote green transportation and reduce the burden of natural resources.

Some citizens think that environment pollution will not have a great impact on human life; however, environmental pollution is likely to affect human health and some studies shows that reducing environment pollution is one of the important methods to implement green transportation. Clean air is the basic standard for human pursuit of high-quality life. But, with the development of industrialization, environmental and ecological damage has become more serious, making this high-quality standard farther away from the public. Serious environmental pollution has been brought to humans beings. There are a few ways wherein home, office, outdoor and transportation conditions pose threats to human health (e.g., people breathe in poor ambient air involuntarily). The impact of air pollution on both public health and the environment is high and therefore deserves a holistic perspective and comprehensive policy strategies to address the issues concerned. That is why we emphasized what benefits of carpooling as one of the green transportation methods can be. Moreover, carpooling is achievable for anyone who drives a vehicle and can be useful for those people who don't. 

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Greenwashing in advertisements
TeslaSimple Green
3. Conclusion
4. Works Cited

Introduction

Introduction: Many people have never heard of the word greenwashing until recently. The word greenwashing “is the practice of making an unsubstantiated or misleading claim about the environmental benefits of a product, service, technology or company practice” (Rouse). It gives a perception that the company is pushing a product that is claimed to be more eco friendlier than it actually is. Many strive for an lifestyle to be more green, and hoping to have greater health benefits by purchasing an item that is advertised as environmentally safe. Advertisements are sly by using buzzwords to help sell its product. Many consumers associate the color green with sustainability. This is a natural thing to assume since many peoples first thought of the word green are recycle or nature. Thesis statement: Although there are benefits to going green, some may cause negative environmental effects. Some may even go to the extent to sell a product claiming certain things that are not true as “Marketers not only could create new products and services, they could also reposition existing ones to appear more environmentally friendly” (Corbett 141). Consumers would like to go green, whether it be for their own benefits or to be socially acceptable and be seen to help the environment. In an ad Simple green, it appears to be selling a product for cleaning purposes but is claiming to be biodegradable and the only thing a consumer would ever need. Tesla's advertisement shows that the car is environmentally conscious. The American culture has evolved to buying products that are advertised as eco-friendly, however, it may not always be the case.

Greenwashing in advertisements

Tesla

Topic sentence: Tesla is known to produce cars that aim to be a zero emission vehicle. It is much cheaper to maintain a car like this due to new and current technology. There would be a great amount of savings because there is no amount of gasoline being put in which is the point of sale. Teslas are fueled by electricity since the company is aware about the current situation of global warming. Global warming happens because of pollution in addition to the amount of burning fossil fuels from other cars from daily transportation. Cars that are zero emission have engines or motors that release no waste products that pollute the environment or harm the climate. Because there is no gas being used, it is considered as health benefit since Tesla produces no pollution. Evidence & citing: In this quote,“The environment per se is not for sale, but advertisers are depending on qualities and features of the non-human world to help in the selling message. When the natural world is so depicted, it becomes a convenient, culturally relevant tool to which meanings can be attached for the purpose of selling goods and services” (Corbett 142), it shows that it confuses consumers morals. Commentary: It makes consumers think they are helping the environment, but in reality the advertisements are just selling points. Evidence & citing: In 2018 many have thoughts of purchasing an electrical vehicle, “Among those who said they plan to purchase an EV, 80 percent cited the environmental benefits as their primary motivator” (Barry). It is for the company's benefit and to persuade the consumer with an image of a perfect environment of no pollution and global warming.

Topic sentence: In this image of the Tesla advertisement, it seems exceptionally minimalistic. The car is sleek black with a grey gradient background, making it appealing to the eyes. The key symbol presents a branch with many bright green leaves placed onto where a gas tank is supposedly located. This is a great placement since it resembles that the car does not take up gas and is cautious about the environment in which we can easily see it being promoted. Evidence & citing: The audience presented is to those who want to make changes to their car and have a better lifestyle, as being said “Automakers can confidently target millennials, who have an early adoption attitude and broad tech knowledge” (Kiser, Essery). Commentary: It’s visible that many Americans, especially millennials, want to contribute to a better environment with new technology given.

Topic sentence: The emotions set by the advertisement are happiness because it shows that Teslas are eco-friendly and will give the urge to get this car. Evidence & citing: In this ad, there is a text that reads “Green never looked so good” which appeals to how the green leaves are which brings the connection of nature and the beauty of it. Commentary: Seeing that a car is sustainable, it creates a feeling that you would be contributing and helping out planet earth by owning an electrical vehicle. This conveys that Americans should buy this Tesla since it is environmentally friendly and it would show others they care about the earth.

Simple Green

Topic sentence: Simple Green is an all purpose cleaner, being advertised as an environmentally friendly product. It is a powerful cleaner and degreaser to use in and out of the house, making it practical for deep cleaning. It promotes being nontoxic and biodegradable which makes consumers kill two birds with one stone by believing it can benefit their health and be environmentally safe. Although it may sound like a great product, however, it contains “2-butoxyethanol, a solvent absorbed through the skin that damages red blood cells and irritates eyes; and a secret blend of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants, some of which are banned in the European Union” (EWG). Even with the ingredients in the label which are undoubtedly not the best, it is contained in a plastic bottle with a spray nozzle. Plastic is known to create pollution for nature, people, and wildlife as it can kill plants that give us oxygen or harm animals who do not know what it is. “Some green cleaners may have mislabeled ingredients and the third-party “eco labels” they tout may be dubious. They may, in fact, contain some of the toxins you don't want to use” (D'Alessandro) which goes to show that its main purpose is to sell rather than actually being what it advertises as. Commentary: Americans are being manipulated through the advertisement by assuming that it would be useful as an everyday product.

Topic sentence: In this ad, the main color scheme is green, including texts and images of the product, with a background of nature. This advertisement gives you the context of nature just by a glance. Behind the texts, there is a man sitting on a lawn chair in the background enjoying the outdoors, giving context that by using the product, it is fast, easy, and harmless to the surroundings. This targets those who clean but are still conscious about the ecosystem with intended health benefits.The emotions we would feel thought this ad would be calm and refreshed, from the color 'Green, which is Nature's colour, is restful, soothing, cheerful, and health-giving' (Cherry). The product’s name “Simple Green” is the brand and logo of the all purpose cleaner and also what promotes the intended purpose, to be both green and simple. Green implies that it is eco friendly and simple concludes to easy, no harsh ingredients. Another thing that is eye catching is the bottle. It is a spray bottle with green liquid with the brand name. The layout of the ad is the product is placed to the left, the brand and some texts on the other right half, and a background of a man sitting outdoors in a vivid green scenery that gives just enough information consumers need to know about this product. It is easy to see how it is placed for your eyes to wander, intended for the audience to observe the product longer. The image and text all ties in together since it says “The only cleaner and degreaser you will ever need. Non-toxic and biodegradable” (LLC) which implies that it's best in the market and the only product you’ll commit to. The word non-toxic means its harmless, it doesn't have anything in the product that can do harm in anyway. There are always natural ways to clean and much less toxic such as using vinegar and hydrogen peroxide which are all common household items that can do the job the same.

Topic sentence: In similar nature, American values to be environmentally friendly as a lifestyle. Commentary: Both these advertisements claim to be eco-friendly and green products, although they are not what it seems. They convey messages with the color green while using the buzzword “green” to grasp consumers' attention. They are both associated with nature as Tesla uses leaves to implement its purpose while Simple Green’s ad is predominantly green with a natural background. Digging deeper, both these products acquire something that isn't actually environment friendly. The reality about Teslas are not what consumers think, “it runs on lithium-ion battery which can actually harm the environment” (Mws) giving information that even though it is promoting the good, it also has a bad side of creating pollution and harming habitats. Simple Green has some ingredients that are known to harm both the environment and body while being contained in plastic. In an article “The language of Advertisement”, O'Neill states, “Advertising both reflects and shapes our perception of reality" which is true and could manipulate a person's mentality of the way products are seen and how they are supposed to be.

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Conclusion

Conclusion paragraph: The American culture is known for buying products that are advertised as eco-friendly even though they are presumably not. It gives an illusion to consumers that the products are beneficial if purchased or used. Tesla's advertisement makes it intriguing for consumers to think that by purchasing this vehicle, it's easily associated with giving back to the environment by not polluting. Similarly Simple Green had the same emotions by the texts, it's persuading consumers to purchase it to feel empowering by not harming the earth. This value impacts the American culture since it enforces others to be aware of the outside even though there is much more harm being unnoticed. In this society, consumers are easily influenced by these messages and images even though it is strategically thought out by marketers. It creates impacts through emotion, associations with colors, and by being current with today's day and age. As Baumgartner said, products that consumers buy shows who they are and what they represent by their choices.

Works Cited

• Barry, Keith. “More American Drivers Want Electric Cars, AAA Survey Says.” Consumer Reports, 8 May 2018, www.consumerreports.org/hybrids-evs/more-american-drivers-want-electric-cars-aaa-survey-says/.
• Baumgartner, Jennifer. It’s All in the Details. 2012. English 101C. Spring 2020, edited by Julie Ashmore, pp. 82-88
• Cherry, Kendra. “How Does the Color Green Impact Mood and Behavior?” Verywell Mind, Verywell Mind, 24 Sept. 2019, www.verywellmind.com/color-psychology-green-2795817.
• Corbett, Julia B. “A Faint Green Sell: Advertising And The Natural World” Enviropop. 2002.
• D'Alessandro, Nicole. “5 'Green' Products That Aren't As Eco-Friendly As You Thought.” EcoWatch, EcoWatch, 27 June 2016, www.ecowatch.com/5-green-products-that-arent-as-eco-friendly-as-you-thought-1881912896.html.
• EWG. “Simple Green Concentrated All-Purpose Cleaner Cleaner Rating.” EWG, EWG, 19 June 2018, www.ewg.org/guides/cleaners/1545-SimpleGreenConcentratedAllPurposeCleaner
• Kiser, John, and Mark Essery. “Is There a Target Market for Electric Vehicles?” IPSOS, www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2017-04/ipsos-marketing-target-market-electric-vehicles.PD__0.pdf.
• Mws. “Tesla and the Environmental Impact of Lithium-Ion Batteries.” Technology and Operations Management, Alumni, 13 Nov. 2017, digital.hbs.edu/platform-rctom/submission/tesla-and-the-environmental-impact-of-lithium-ion-batteries/.
• O’Neill, Charles. “The Language of Advertising.” Business Advertiser, 2011 English 101C. Spring 2020, edited by Julie Ashmore, pp. 77-81
• Rouse, Margaret. “What Is Greenwashing? - Definition from WhatIs.com.” WhatIs.com, TechTarget, 19 Sept. 2007, whatis.techtarget.com/definition/greenwashing.

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Background

Provides a foundational overview, outlining the historical context and introducing keyinformation that will be further explored in the essay, setting the stage for the argument to follow.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

Harvard anthropologist, Dr. James Herron, defines racism as “Racial ideologies are fundamentally judgements about who is worthy, who is decent, who belongs, and who doesn't. Inclusion and exclusion.” (Fieseler, Baran, & Herron 2017) Most people do not want to be defined as racist as for majority of people agree it is a negative label. What if I told you that you, your parents, and our government are subconsciously racist. A little absurd but not far off from the fact of the privilege of being born white and that you are already 100 steps ahead of those who aren’t by doing nothing. This essay will be examining how social class, society, education, policies, and our political system have prejudice beliefs within them.

In ?Gregory Mantsios work, Class in America,? the author discusses within his article about how there is no middle-class in America. By providing strong evidence for his argument he is able to convey to his audience the distinct separation between the poor and the rich class. In this argument he mentions how Americans do not normally mention how they recognize class amongst themselves. It is more of a taboo subject to talk about. In today’s society it is much easier for people within the lower class to obtain designer clothing due to the mass production of clothes at a cheaper rate. (Mantsios 382) Due to this happening, amongst other factors, contributes to the facade of a middle class in America and making it harder to discern whether someone is lower class. When we are unable to make out someone’s status based off appearances, this leads us to judge other aspects including race, ethnicity, location, and gender. Mantsios presents multiple profiles of people that include: their parents occupation, education, activities, care, past and current jobs, and incomes. Through analyzing these 3 profiles he comes to the conclusion that what you are born into usually is where you will stay your whole life. For example, being born into the top 1%, 323,000 Americans, making more than 1 million in salary you hold 36% of the nation's wealth while the wealthiest 20% holds 90%. (Mantsios 380) That being said, this will result in the opening up of abundant opportunities. Compared to being born into one of the 42 million people that are low class or in poverty which will not have access to these types of opportunities in their lifetime. All of these factors, most of which are uncontrollable, can negatively affect one’s lifestyles, materials, physical and mental health, health care, death rate, and/or housing. As a result, what you are born into will determine what opportunities and abilities you will have in this life. You can be born into privilege or be struggling for bare necessities your whole life.

It has been almost 60 years since the US Supreme Court ruled segregation within schools was unconstitutional. Being that those were public high schools, kids are districted based on their geographic location of their house to decide what school they go to. Along with schooling zones, this is how the districts for voting for representatives in Congress are decided. There are states that practice gerrymandering, which is when the one manipulates the boundaries or “district lines” to favor one group over others. For example, say there is a section of a city that is generally democratic in a red state. This unfair practice is accomplished by drawing the zones right in between the blue area and grouping each part with larger republican areas. This will then lead the area to have two sections more likely to have republican representatives win in elections.

We see the evidence of this ingrained racism in American policies in districting for public schools by deciding who goes to what school. By deciding what neighborhoods and groups of people go to what school determines the quality of education children will receive. As we learned from the research of Mantsios, this will in turn affect the rest of the expected quality of life, well-being, and success of a person before they even have a chance to change it. There is deep-seated prejudice in not only primary education and state redistricting, but in a multitude of American political policies that most have normalized.

In a Harvard published article, Dr. Baran refers to a study done by the Yale Child Study Center showing how early prejudice within the school and the education system starts. The conclusion of this study states, “even preschool teachers expect and watch for problem behavior more from black boys. This leads to more discipline, more suspensions and expulsions, and exclusion from all the benefits of education.” (Fieseler, Baran, & Herron 2017) This supports the idea that limited resources earlier in life affect many other things later in an individual's future. This quote mentions exclusion and the loss of the benefits of education because of racism within teachers as early as age of 2. Most resources are structurally geared towards white Americans over minorities through policies and laws for example. We learn to think humans are separated by groups at a very young age. Do you remember as a kid if your parents sat you down and gave you a talk about racism and how it is wrong but it is something out there in the world? Most, if not all (whites), will not have had this talk. Now families of the minority are more likely to sit their kids down and talk to them about this, along with the subject of police brutality. Parents will teach their kids how to not get killed at young ages from police for doing nothing.

The policies and laws are once again pushing most of our resources in favor of the majority, which as a result end up harming the minorities. From ?Class in America ?it is said that when taxes are cut it seems like a good thing to hear, but usually these are cut disproportionately between classes. For example, the lower taxes could be made up in public transportation, which is mainly used by people of lower classes who are now making up for the tax cut. (Mantsios 394) This could also be made up in college tuition prices, the high price of tuition is easily overcome by privileged white kids with successful parents but makes college an even farther away goal for most minorities. All of these examples and data discussed in the articles and studies mentioned give hard evidence supporting how the system makes it harder and more unfair for people of minority groups to prosper in our current society.

In conclusion, there are many more ways that the deep-seated prejudice against minorities in today's society could be examined and brought to light. Americans do not need to be “colorblind” to people with different ethnicity or skin color but rather acknowledge that resources and opportunities are not a given and that the privilege of being white is very real. The work of many who research and write about this gives windows into examining our social system, normalized policies, unfair opportunities, and society as a whole.

Table of contents

1. Her Work and Efforts
2. Timing
3. Social Media to Spread the Word
4. Her Followers and Supporters
5. Speech On Climate Summit at UN
6. Setting an Example
7. Her Parents
8. Greta Thunberg Quotes
9. Criticisms for Her
10. Amazing Fact to Conclude
11. Works Cited

A teenaged girl from Sweden, she has propelled herself towards the cause of climate change, with a momentum and focus worthy of a seasoned, successful and strong activist. At a young age of 16, her drive and fearless activism, to the extent of staging a demonstration alone, have made her a youth icon. She is now formally an environmental activist, winning honours and attending UN meetings. Although she had been trying to raise her voice for saving the environment previously as well, one incident provided the thrust and put the spotlight on her in the international arena. In August 2018, failed persuasions to involve others did not deter her, and when nobody was ready to accompany her, she herself staged a demonstration outside the Swedish Parliament, proclaiming the need for stronger and more urgent action to save the climate. With this event, she began her first ‘School Strike for Climate’ in front of the Swedish Parliament, which is now an international movement against climate change.

Her Work and Efforts

Thunberg in front of the Swedish parliament, holding a School strike for the climate sign, Stockholm, August 2018. Bicycle in Stockholm with references to Thunberg: ‘The climate crisis must be treated as a crisis! The climate is the most important election issue!’ 

She had been sensitive to, and aware of, the issue of climate change, and won an essay competition, organised by a Swedish newspaper called Svenska Dagbladet, on climate change in May 2018. Winning the essay shows how keenly she understood and felt for the issue. In the essay, she termed the climate situation as the biggest crisis in human history that made her, and her generation, feel unsafe. Simultaneously, she had followed the actions of some students in United States of America – Agitated by shootings in schools in USA, a lot of students, in February 2018, had declined to go to school and organised a march to demand stricter gun control. This inspired Greta to have the idea of mobilising students to go on strike! She wanted students to refuse to attend school in protest of climate change.

Her prize-winning essay was published by the newspaper and that brought her in the notice of some people and organisations. Fossil Free Dalsland, a group working towards saving the climate, invited Thunberg to participate in some of their meetings. This brought her in some contact with how other like-minded people were working and she made her first attempts to mobilise people to participate in a strike. Her idea did not gain much popularity, but undaunted, she decided to go ahead anyway. This is when it all began, and then there was no turning back, either for Thunberg, or for the world! Thunberg could not be ignored anymore!

Timing

The pertinence and relevance of her act, when juxtaposed on the environmental situation and climatic events then, was magnified manifold. Summers in Sweden that year, in 2018, were marred by heatwaves and wildfires. They were also the hottest in more than 250 years, stressing the extent of damage to the climate and an urgent wake-up call. The Swedish general elections were also about to take place and Thunberg wanted the government to take strict action to reduce carbon emissions as per the Paris Agreement. Hence, the timing of her three-week protest during school hours every day, was very apt.

She continued her protests outside the parliament even after the elections, staging them once a week, on Fridays, instead of everyday. This kept the momentum going and was a constant reminder for the government.

Social Media to Spread the Word

Being aware of the power of social media, Thunberg used this method also to try and mobilise people. She posted her photo of protesting outside the Parliament on Instagram, Twitter and other platforms. Her hopes for outreach were soon answered and lots of users recognised her act, began following her and themselves shared her photos further on the internet, maximising outreach. Some NGOs, activists, journalists and photographers reached the site of her protest, met her, and shared more photos and write-ups about her work and demands. This brought much more attention and recognition for what she was doing. A company called We Don’t Have Time (WDHT), whose founder had met her at the site, posted her video on their website. This video had as many as 88,000 viewers in a short span of time. Thunberg’s own Twitter account had reached 200,000 followers.

Local reporters too published stories on her, which were internationally distributed. Her idea of protest and school strike, which was earlier not supported by others, now was recognised as a powerful method. They now wanted to join her!

Her Followers and Supporters

By December 2018, her school strikes had reached 270 cities with over 20,000 students participating in them! This data shows the wildfire support she received after the initial hitch. It was her determination to pave the road alone anyway that ultimately won the battle! Students across the world were now participating in school strikes and knew the name ‘Greta Thunberg’.

Besides these strikes, she was now invited on international and powerful forums, to talk about the issue of climate change and her demands. She gave public speeches across Europe and thus mobilised even more people. Even the Secretary-General of United Nations supported and recognized her cause. 224 academicians signed an open letter that supported the school strikes, recognising that students had a right to make their voices heard, especially when adults had failed them in securing a safe and clean future for them. This was a turning point, where her protests shifted from highlighting the issue to actually getting something done regarding the issue. The support had reached the centres of governing bodies, that could make international decisions and strategies to safeguard the climate. All this had happened by February 2019.

In June 2019, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez who had submitted the Green New Deal to the U.S. House of Representatives, and Thunberg had a discussion through a video link. Two like-minded icons were now connected to each other. They both felt the lack of representation of voice of youth, and they discussed strategies for outreach.

Speech On Climate Summit at UN

‘You Have Stolen My Dreams and My Childhood’: Greta Thunberg Gives Powerful Speech at UN Climate Summit. The most recent of her efforts was an impassioned and strong speech at the United Nations during the Climate Action Summit on September 23, 2019. The jist of her speech was that adults were at fault for the current situation of the environment and now they had no right to appeal to the youth and children to save the world for them. Repeating the words “How dare you?” four times, she implored the adults to urgently do something themselves instead of coming to young people for hope to correct the faults of adults.

Her speech was not just based on feelings and emotion, it was also backed by clear scientific data, with more than 30 years of research used to make her point about the causes and effects of global warming. She made it clear that it was the prerogative of the politicians to work on this, especially when they were well aware of the facts. She informed all the high-profile people present that all young people knew that adults were to be blamed for the situation and that the adults were not doing anything about it.

Setting an Example

Although she is telling the politicians and all adults to do their duty towards the environment, she herself is not backing out from walking the talk herself. She is going to travel to the United States of America, not by flight, but by a sailboat, one of the most non-polluting and energy-efficient modes of travel over such long distances. Through her actions she wants to make a point and provide solutions for the current predicament regarding global warming.

She is popularising another concept – ‘Flygskam’ i.e. ‘shame of flying’. Yet again she is using social media and Google trends informs us that it is working well. People are catching on to these words that Thunberg is adding on as hashtags. Another one is ‘Tagskryt’, which implies ‘being proud of using the train’.

She needs to travel to the US for her address at the UN, and this is the mode she is using, trying to be most carbon-neutral, even packing freeze-dried vegan food, that can be prepared easily. With her food choice, even young people may take it as a message to make responsible choices. Her boat is designed to have engines, but they will be used only in the case of an emergency, otherwise using the power of wind on the sails of her boat. Hence, no motor will be used unless there is an emergency. Moreover, the backup engines will not be powered by fossil fuels. All aspects of the journey, such as safety measures, backup vessels, docking etc. have been planned in such as way that are as carbon-neutral as possible. There will be no backup vessels, only backup engines, which too will not be powered by fossil fuels. It is expected that this journey itself will attract a lot of media attention, and she would have made her point even before her actual address at the United Nations!

Her Parents

Her mother, Sara Magdalena ‘Malena’ Ernman (born 4 November 1970) is a Swedish opera singer as well as an actor, hence of an artistic and creative nature. She has been good in her field of work, representing her country at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2009. However, her daughter’s convictions were strong enough to motivate even her to support her daughter and leave her prolific career of the world of opera, as the aviation involved negatively affected the environment.

Her father, Svante Thunberg (born 10 June 1969) is a Swedish author, arts manager and producer, and actor, hence, like her mother, also of creative and artistic nature. He too has joined his daughter in her efforts and will be sailing with her to the US.

Greta Thunberg Quotes

Narrating what she is doing, sharing her stories, is powerful, but not as powerful and moving as listening to or reading her own words! Following are some of her quotes, clearly driving home her message:

1. ‘I will instead let them know change is coming whether they like it or not.’
2. ‘For 25 years, countless people have come to the U.N. climate conferences begging our world leaders to stop emissions, and clearly that has not worked as emissions are continuing to rise. So I will not beg the world leaders to care for our future’
3. ‘For way too long, the politicians and the people in power have gotten away with not doing anything at all to fight the climate crisis and the ecological crisis’
4. ‘We need to get angry and understand what is at stake. And then we need to transform that anger into action and to stand together united and just never give up.’
5. ‘I don’t see myself as a leader, or icon, or the face of a movement.’
6. ‘Many people say that Sweden is just a small country, and it doesn’t matter what we do, but I have learned you are never too small to make a difference.’
7. ‘You don’t listen to science because you are only interested in solutions that will enable you to carry on like before. Like now. And those answers don’t exist anymore.’
8. ‘You lied to us. You gave us false hope. You told us that the future was something to look forward to. And the saddest thing is that most children are not even aware of the fate that awaits us.’
9. ‘For way too long, the politicians and the people in power have gotten away with not doing anything to fight the climate crisis, but we will make sure that they will not get away with it any longer. We are striking because we have done our homework and they have not.’
10. ‘We showed that we are united and that we, young people, are unstoppable.’

Criticisms for Her

By August 2019, Scientific American was reporting that Thunberg’s detractors have ‘launched personal attacks’, ‘bash (her) autism’, and ‘increasingly rely on ad hominem attacks to blunt her influence.’ Swedish opinion writer Paulina Neuding invoked mental health issues to question the idea that Thunberg should be leading climate change activism.

Writing in The Guardian, Aditya Chakrabortty said that columnists including Brendan O’Neill, Toby Young, the blog Guido Fawkes, as well as Helen Dale and Rod Liddle at The Spectator and The Sunday Times had been making ‘ugly personal attacks’ on Thunberg. As part of its climate change denial, Germany’s right wing Alternative for Germany party has attacked Thunberg ‘in fairly vicious ways’, according to Jakob Guhl, a researcher for the Institute for Strategic Dialogue. British businessman Arron Banks released a post on Twitter appearing to wish harm upon Thunberg as she began her transatlantic voyage warning that ‘Freak yachting accidents do happen in August’.

Banks’ comments outraged a number of MPs (Member of Parliament), celebrities and academics. Tanja Bueltmann, founder of EU Citizens’ Champion, said Banks had ‘invoked the drowning of a child’ for his own amusement, and noted that most of those attacking Thunberg ‘are white middle-aged men from the right of the political spectrum’. Writing in The Guardian, Gaby Hinsliff, said Thunberg has become ‘the new front in the Brexit culture war’ arguing that the outrage generated by personal attacks on Thunberg by Brexiteers ‘gives them the welcome oxygen of publicity’. British philosopher Julian Baggini said ‘thuggish’ personal criticisms of Thunberg are indicative of ‘a moral and intellectual bankruptcy’.

Essayist Steve Silberman, writing in Vox, points out that being on the autism spectrum enables Thunberg to be fearless in her rhetoric. In an interview with Suyin Haynes in Time magazine, she addressed the criticism she has received online saying: ‘It’s quite hilarious when the only thing people can do is mock you, or talk about your appearance or personality, as it means they have no argument or nothing else to say.’

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Amazing Fact to Conclude

At 16, she would be the youngest recipient of the $930,000 award won by the likes of Nelson Mandela, Jimmy Carter and Mikhail Gorbachev. She would be the first to win the prize for environmental work since former U.S. vice president Al Gore shared it in 2007 for raising awareness of climate change.   

Works Cited

1. Thunberg, G. (2018). Winning the essay competition: On climate change. Svenska Dagbladet.
2. Chakrabortty, A. (2019). Greta Thunberg has become a pin-up for leftists and neurotypicals alike. The Guardian.
3. Silberman, S. (2019). Greta Thunberg speaks fearlessly about autism. Vox.

Growing Gulf Between Rich and the Rest of Us

Although race and gender have always been hot topics in this country, causing various protests and debates, lately a new issue has been rising in the ranks: Social Class. Many people think social class is a thing of the past, a problem that feel with the British empire, a difficulty that does not exist in a country with an economy as rich as the United States, but unfortunately it exists and is becoming an increasingly growing concern. In her essay, Growing Gulf Between Rich and the Rest of Us, Holly Sklar describes the current socio-economic climate in the United States. Although the United States is far from the hierarchies and caste systems of other countries, Sklar contends that since we do live in a downwardly mobile society, we are becoming more similar to the caste systems in other places.

My tendency is to agree with Sklar who proves her point quite accurately with her opening sentence. “Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20 percent of households.” If this does not sound like a distinct class system, at least in the financial sense, than what is? A country that bases your success on not what you do, but who you are, what your background is, and what your “pedigree” is sounds like the very thing we fought against in the American Revolution is coming back to haunt us. When the Americans fought for independence from Great Britain they were fighting for equal opportunity for all, freedom from injustice, and freedom from the rule of a King. But this equal opportunity for all was never just that. It was equal opportunity for all, as long as you were a white male who owned property. And the white men who owned property tended to be the wealthier Anglo-Saxon Protestants, from well-to-do backgrounds. They had “pedigree” and their pedigree has carried on through the past couple centuries and is still used today to exclude people of less than desirable backgrounds.

Furthermore, Sklar points out that a country as rich as ours should not have a distinct caste system. More and more people are living below the poverty level, with the middle class becoming thinner and thinner, verging on nonexistent. She compares the infant mortality rate in the United States to that of third world country Malaysia! People in our prosperous country cannot afford the basic necessities such as food, clothing, or healthcare and yet more and more tax cuts are being passed in order for the billionaires who run this country to be able to afford a private jet or helicopter!

In conclusion, it seems that what Holly Sklar says in her article Growing Gulf Between Rich and the Rest of Us is very true. Year after year, the gulf between the rich and the poor is increasing exponentially and if something is not done to correct this trend, very few Americans will be able to provide their families with the basic needs for survival, let alone give them the opportunity to achieve the “American dream”. As the middle class fades away, we are becoming more and more a country like India or historical Britain, or other countries with caste systems in the sense that once you are a part of a select group it is very hard to travel amongst them. It is easy to lose everything and move in a downward spiral, but if you are born at the bottom it is next to impossible to reach a higher class, regardless of how hard you work!

Joyce’s and Bennett’s writing have become synonymous with the arduous process of becoming an adult, and, despite the large gulf in time between their works’ publication, use some similar techniques to describe the process. However, Bennett’s ‘The History Boys’ focuses primarily on educational and partially sexual development of students, while ‘Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’ concerns the spiritual and moral growth of one protagonist, Stephen Dedalus. The differences between these works emerge especially in concepts of ‘baptisms of fire’ and ‘rites of passage’, both of which prove integral to the development of the authors’ themes. Both of these terms have seemingly ambiguous connotations and are often subject to misinterpretation, particularly in the case of the latter. They have nonetheless been granted simple definitions: for the former, “a painful new undertaking or experience” and for the latter, “a ritual or event marking a stage of a person’s advance through life.” These definitions, despite their euphemistic aura, are undoubtedly applicable to the two pieces and are typical of the bildungsroman genre, to which the two pieces, arguably, belong; but are dealt with in different ways by the two authors.

Within Joyce’s ‘Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’, many ideas coalesce in order to achieve the two solid aforementioned techniques. The majority of these ideas centre on the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, and his journey into adulthood and the tribulations the journey creates. Joyce certainly has no qualms about reinforcing this and exhibits it from the very beginning: “Once upon a time…there was a moocow that was coming down along the road and this moocow met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo.” This unconventional technique mimics the pure simplicity of a child’s mind and thought processes. It also gives the reader a starting point from which Stephen’s mind will mature: it is as if the author wishes for us to witness the whole process of growing up, therefore, building a link between reader and protagonist. This is the first significant stage of a wholly episodic, staged, novel and the first ‘rite of passage’ displayed by Joyce. This idea is continued throughout the first chapter of the novel, with Joyce presenting the significant passages of Stephen’s life: school, family and friends which are, later on in the novel, juxtaposed with other, more mature, priorities. This means that due to his young age, Stephen is merely a listener and observer in these opening pages and the text is dominated by the voices of his family, who argue about religion and politics and, ultimately, introduce Stephen to the themes that will blossom in later chapters. An example of this is Stephen Dedalus’s introduction, albeit a methodical one, to religion: “Say his own prayers and be in bed before the gas lowered so that he might not go to hell when he died.” This quotation exhibits an injection of Stephen into a typically Irish rite of passage, religion, a theme that will reappear and torment the protagonist in later pages and, in Joyce’s eyes, was an integral part of growing up in 19th Century Ireland.

In contrast, Bennett chooses to begin ‘The History Boys’ at a more advanced time in a child’s life: he does not echo Joyce’s starting of the growing-up process from the very first rite of passage, but instead chooses to open his play with a monologue concerning events of which the reader is completely ignorant, which is in the manner of a frame tale. However, Bennett does imply the whole context of the play: “School. That’s all it is. In my case anyway. Back to school.” This quotation, with its short statements, injects a sense that the character speaking, Irwin, has been greatly affected by the school and that it has become an integral part of his life, which could be construed as him having been involved in the rites of passage involved in education: this is realised later on when the audience becomes aware of the subtle progression that takes place in Irwin. This heightens the contrast between the two pieces because, although ‘Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’ is partially set within a school, it becomes clear that ‘The History Boys’, will, unlike Joyce’s piece, centre around school and its exams, while Joyce focuses his piece upon religion and morality. This centering on key settings continues into the realms of rites of passage and baptisms of fire, with them being largely connected with their appropriate theme.

Within the first section of ‘A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’, Joyce chooses to introduce a defined, easily recognisable, baptism of fire for Stephen Dedalus, during which the protagonist is subjected to brutal treatment by a figure of authority: “A hot stinging tingling blow like the loud crack of a broken stick… scalding tears were driven into his eyes…a cry sprang to his lips, a prayer to be let off…his body shook with a palsy of fright and in shame and rage he felt the scalding cry come from his throat. It was cruel and unfair.” This sequence of events, conveyed aptly with a similarly brutal vocabulary, seems to act as a detrimental catalyst to Stephen’s emotional and moral progression: after this point he becomes confused about, and tries to ascertain, the true meaning of his punishment and starts to question his faith in both adults and God. This idea is shown in a later quotation: “His soul had arisen from the grave of boyhood, spurning her grave clothes.” This quotation shows just how momentous this event was in Stephen’s life and how, throughout the novel, he is oppressed by the memory of it. On the other hand Bennett chooses not to display a clear, original baptism of fire, opting instead for a multitude of episodes to evoke one, particularly in the Oxbridge interview process and the accompanying pressure placed on the pupils: “Look I’m s**t at all this. Sorry.” This defeatist comment from Rudge exemplifies the tortuous nature of an entrance into the adult world. It contrasts with the easy confidence of other pupils, and shows that Bennett, by utilising a spectrum of characters, is trying to induce a sense of realism into the play. This heightens the sense that the ‘History Boys’ involves a routine, organised struggle as opposed to the irregular one employed by Joyce. It also confirms Joyce’s novel is a singular experience, while Bennett’s play is a multiple one.

In ‘A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’, Joyce focuses solely on the growing of one individual and conveys this by including the reader in Stephen’s interior monologue: “Through this image he had a glimpse of a strange dark cavern of speculation but at once turned away from it, feeling that it was not yet the hour to enter it.” In this quotation, the author portrays Stephen as regarding himself as immature, unformed, and, therefore, unable to tackle elements of thought and intellectualism, an insecurity which is an element of growing-up, a rite of passage. Through this use of a single character, it is clear that Joyce wished to create an ulterior, higher, level of reader involvement and empathy and thus humanising the protagonist: “The yellow dripping has been scooped out like a boghole and the pool under it brought back to his memory the dark turf-coloured water of the bath in Clongowes.” This quotation, which contrasts with the intellectual discussions of previous pages, adds a greater dimension of realism to the protagonist. Above all, Joyce wanted to portray the emergence of ‘the artist’, for example, as Jonathan Murooney states in ‘Stephen Dedalus and the Politics of Confession’: “Stephen’s portrait is at the same time the portrait, as Joyce conceived it, of the Irish artist’s attempt to navigate out of cultural subjection into a possibility of economic and intellectual freedom.” This, perhaps, relates to Joyce’s naming of his protagonist Dedalus (from Daedalus), who, in classical mythology, built the maze in which the Minotaur resided, which contrasts with the escapism of Joyce’s Dedalus.

Bennett’s play, set in more ‘enlightened’ times, the 1980s, instead uses no specific person with which the audience can measure the tribulations of the rites of passage undertaken. However, one character, Posner, does bear some resemblance to Stephen Dedalus. Throughout the play, the audience becomes aware of a very particular range of problems experienced by Posner: “I’m a Jew. I’m small. I’m homosexual. And I live in Sheffield. I’m f***ed.” This quotation exemplifies Bennett’s characteristic sense of humour, but also shows the author making a serious comment upon the class and social systems that the boys will have to overcome, which is also shown by Bennett’s full spectrum of characters: black, white, Jewish, Christian, Muslim and homosexual, a rather convenient ethnic mix for early 1980s Sheffield. His use of language in this extract is also reflective of its importance. He uses short, sharp statements one after another, which stick distinctively in the audience’s mind and which are then coupled with the humour of the last statement and prove to be very memorable. Using this technique, Bennett is able to explore the rites of passage particular to different groups of people: “Jewish boys often are, a role though nowadays that is more and more being taken over by the Asian boys, intelligence to some degree the fruit of discrimination.” This, ultimately, means that dealing with race is a very important rite of passage in ‘The History Boys’.

This multicultural theme is not prevalent in ‘A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’, due to its time and setting, but the theme of nationality is explored thoroughly by Joyce. At the beginning of the novel, Stephen Dedalus’s home is dominated by political discussion: “No God for Ireland! he cried. We have too much God in Ireland. Away with God!” This argument and its repercussions have a profound effect on Stephen, who, due to the conflict raging in his mind, then begins to mistrust his own race and country, but eventually reaches a conclusion: “I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.” This, with its usage of metaphor, shows that Stephen has finally become aware of his role in the world and, ultimately that he has finally reached adulthood and has now a sense of purpose, which contrasts with the ambiguous conclusion of ‘The History Boys’. Many have suggested that the tendentious opinions of Stephen reflect those of his creator and have even gone as far as to infer that his piece is semi-autobiographical – an idea shared with the ‘History Boys’ and one with doubtful foundations.

The ideas of religion and morality are of paramount importance to the two authors. In ‘The History Boys’, Bennett, with a great deal of satire, uses particular characters which are moral and immoral to heighten the entertainment value of his play and, more importantly, to illustrate the confused feelings of an adolescent pertaining to both himself and the adults around him: “Are we scarred for life, do you think?” This question from a pupil shows the profound effect and scepticism the strange array of adults has induced in them. And for the teachers, particularly Hector, for whom the process of the boys’ rites of passage is also a toll: “What made me piss my life away in this god-forsaken place? There’s nothing of me left. Go away. Class dismissed. Go.” This outburst is made even more poignant by the fact that the speaker is usually a sparkling inspiration to the boys and, therefore, implies a sense of contrast, almost of juxtaposition between Hector’s, and most of the adult’s, emotions. Also, the reader is struck by the unusual vulgarity of Hector’s speech, “piss my life away”, which suggests a sense of regression in his usually erudite use of language. It is a wholly realistic approach by Bennett. Joyce, however, chose to portray Stephen’s religious ‘awakenings’ and inclinations in the form of epiphanies, sudden manifestations of the meaning of life. The most blatant, and interesting, of these moments is that which occurs during a sermon on hell: “Every word of it was for him. Against his sin, foul and secret, the whole wrath of God was aimed. The preacher’s knife had probed deeply into his disclosed conscience and he felt now that his soul was festering in sin.” This, as well as exhibiting the profound influence the sermon has on Stephen as an unformed intellect, shows an idea of extreme guilt and the strength of the preacher’s words, symbolised as a knife. Joyce’s use of words such as “festering” and “wrath” confirm this idea. These thoughts of confusion and self-pity are typical rites of passage.

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Both authors are successful in recreating the process of growing up, with Joyce focusing mainly upon largely religious, earth-shattering moments and Bennett with the almost formulaic “tried and tested” methods (the university applications) pertaining mainly to the process the passing and acquisition of knowledge: “Pass it on boys. That‘s the game I wanted you to learn. Pass it on.” This quotation, appearing at the end of the play, is the perfect summary of the whole process of which the boys have been a part. These sometimes oblique ideas form an integral part of these works and are also presented in a similarly composed and, ultimately, successful way: a sentiment seconded by many critics and contemporaries of both Joyce and Bennett.

One, a story about culture, class, family, and love laws, follows the lives of a pair of twins in Kerala, India as they learn one fateful December day how drastically "Things Can Change in a Day." The other, a story about suicide and incestual desire, tells of the fall of the Compson family from four different perspectives. How can these two seemingly different novels - The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner and The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy - possibly be related? In both novels, the reader finds himself reading a childlike account of the events that come to pass through the course of the novels. The lack of insight, limited use of modifiers, and simplistic sentence structure of Benjy's section and the phonetic spelling, whimsical adjectives, and interspersed lines of children's songs of The God of Small Things both serve to present the reader with childlike descriptions of the stories. However, they differ not only in the level of insight reached by each of the narrators by the conclusion of the novels, but also in the purpose of the childlike descriptions. In contrast to Benjy's childlike narration that creates a sense of confusion within the reader that parallels his confusion, the childlike quality of Roy's narration sophisticatedly creates a lightheartedness that starkly contrasts against the heavy tone and serious nature of the material, thus representing the gap between innocence and corruption.

While Roy and Faulkner both present the reader with childlike renditions of the events, they approach and accomplish this task through differing methods. Faulkner chooses to tell the section "April Seventh, 1928" from the viewpoint of a mentally-challenged thirty-three-year-old-man. He writes simplistically: "Luster had some spools and he and Quentin fought and Quentin had the spools. Luster cried and Frony came and gave Luster a tin can to play with, and then I had the spools and Quentin fought me and I cried" (Faulkner 19). Within the span of two sentences, Benjy repeats the word spools three times, the verb fought two times, and the verb cried twice. There is no variation; he simply reuses the same word repeatedly when there are a plethora of synonyms that could easily have been substituted in its place. In addition, he only provides the reader with the bare essential facts necessary to formulate an understanding of the event. He gives the subject and the verb, but there are no adverbs and only a few adjectives. What color are the spools? What are they made of? These questions could easily be answered with the addition of a few adjectives, but adjectives are scarce in Benjy's section. The limited vocabulary, virtual absence of modifiers, and simplistic sentence structure of Benjy categorizes his writing style as being characteristic of a child, for it lacks the sophistication usually associated with the more mature writing of an adult. Consisting mostly of nouns and verbs, his account of the events that pass does not extend beyond the mere reporting of the actions he witnesses and experiences. The lack of proper punctuation serves to portray his narration as a report. Luster asks Benjy: "Ain't you going to help me find that quarter so I can go to the show tonight" (Faulkner 3). While the proper punctuation here should be a question mark, the end of the statement is punctuated with a period; this substitution flattens the speech so that there is no evidence of voice inflection or emotion. This flattening of speech shows that Benjy cannot distinguish between a question and normal speech - it is all the same to him. Thus, he is only able to report what he hears. Similarly, although he describes what he sees, he does not possess the capability to interpret the actions. For example, the novel opens with a scene in which the children are playing. Benjy describes: "Then they put the flag back and they went to the table and he hit and the other hit" (Faulkner 3). Although the word hit is a transitive verb, he uses it intransitively. Never does he mention what "they" are hitting - the direct object - or what the game is. It is only when Luster says "'Here, caddie'" does the reader know that "they" are playing golf (Faulkner 3). Because of Faulkner's decision to tell the story from the viewpoint of a mentally-challenged individual, the reader experiences the events as if he were looking through the eyes of a child.

In contrast to Faulkner's choice of simplicity, Roy incorporates phonetic spelling, whimsical adjectives, and interspersed lines of song into the narration to give it a childlike quality. Phrases such as "Their Prer NUN sea ayshun was perfect" and "cheerful chop-chop-chopping" cue the reader that the narrator is a child (Roy 147, 121). But it is interesting that the childlike quality conveys the message more effectively than if it had been absent. For example, in "Their Prer NUN sea ayshun was perfect," the phonetic spelling of the word pronunciation emphasizes the pronunciation of the word, for it is only by saying "Prer NUN sea ayshun" aloud that the reader is able to realize that the broken group of syllables refers to the word pronunciation. By the time the reader finishes reading the word aloud, she has been forced to pause from the normal act of reading and finds herself engaged in a study of pronunciation of the word pronunciation, much like the manner in which they study pronunciation. Thus, the form in which the word is presented to the reader reinforces the content. And in "cheerful chop-chop-chopping," the lengthening of the word chopping into "chop-chop-chopping" creates a sing-song quality that portrays the act of chopping as being cheerful, thus reiterating the adjective that precedes it; in other words, the style reinforces the content. Roy also uses whimsical adjectives as well. When the narrator describes a tune that Mammachi plays on her violin, she describes it as "A cloying, chocolate melody. Stickysweet, and meltybrown. Chocolate waves on a chocolate shore" (Roy 174). This metaphor may seem like nonsense at first, for what can chocolate possibly have in common with a melody? But it is not nonsensical, for both are rich; one is rich in taste while the other is rich in sound. Furthermore, it is fitting to describe the sound as a chocolate "wave" not only because sound resonates when the perfect pitch is attained, but also because sounds physically are waves that travel through the air. And to further elaborate upon the metaphor, as chocolate melts in one's mouth, one can "melt" into the music as one relaxes and surrenders oneself to the swirling melodies that envelop its listeners. In addition, the interspersed lines of children's songs throughout the work contribute to the childlike quality of the writing. As Rahel climbs up the stairs with Baby Kochamma, she sings the song "Popeye the Sailorman" and fills in "Dum Dums" whenever there are pauses. The interspersed lines of children's songs, cheerful alliteration, and phonetic spelling that can be found throughout the narration all contribute to the formation of a playful, lighthearted, relaxed tone that portrays the innocence of childhood.

However, while both narrations are childlike in their own manner, the childlike qualities serve different purposes in each novel. Faulkner's decision to write Benjy's section in the form of stream of consciousness and the lack of transitions between the rapid switching of scenes creates a sense of confusion within the reader. As the reader tackles the first page of the novel, he encounters the following passage: "'Can't you never crawl through here without snagging on that nail.' Caddy uncaught me and we crawled through" (Faulkner 3). The two statements are obviously connected, for both are about Benjy being snagged on a nail, but the characters have changed. Where is Luster, and where does Caddy come from? The change in characters is the only clue that there has been a switching of scenes. That both scenes address the common topic of Benjy being snagged on a nail makes it difficult to notice that one sentence belongs to the narration of one scene while the other is related to an entirely different one - the switching of scenes is cleverly disguised. In reality, the first sentence takes place in the present, but the second takes place on December 25th, a day when Caddy and Benjy delivered a letter to Mrs. Patterson. Thus, the free association among the past and present experiences that Benjy makes confuses the reader so that the reader can properly focalize through the narrator by identifying with Benjy's confusion. Benjy's retardation prevents him from perceiving his surroundings as normal people do. Benjy blurs the boundaries between present reality and the past, so it is only fitting that the reader has difficulty distinguishing between the past and present, as Benjy does. Constantly throughout the novel, he lacks an awareness of his surroundings and of himself. Repeatedly, he doesn't realize that its cold and has to have others tell him to put his hands in his pockets. The reader finds out about Benjy from cues of those around him. For example, through the phrase "What are you moaning about, Luster said," the reader finds out that Benjy has been moaning (Faulkner 5). The reader is not provided with any information that Benjy himself does not have; she learns as Benjy learns. Since Benjy's understanding of the events around him is minimal, the reader is provided merely with disordered fragments of information with which he has to struggle to piece together to form an understanding of the situation. Thus, the writing style of Benjy's section creates confusion within the reader that parallel's Benjy's confusion that results from his diminished mental abilities.

Unlike Faulkner, Roy uses the childlike narration not to parallel a particular character, but to create a stark contrast between the playful lightheartedness of the tone and the seriousness of the material under discussion. The day that the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man molests Estha, Estha has difficulty sleeping at night because he feels nauseous. Roy describes: "Estha Alone walked wearily to the bathroom. He vomited a clear, bitter, lemony, sparkly, fizzy liquid. The acrid aftertaste of a Little Man's first encounter with Fear. Dum Dum" (Roy 113). Taken by itself, the phrase "Dum Dum" conveys a feeling of finality and portrays the seriousness of the situation. However, looking at the phrase in the context of the novel, the reader is forced to acknowledge that it is the same phrase that is in Rahel's version of "Popeye the Sailorman." Because of its origins in the song, the phrase carries with it a lightheartedness that starkly contrasts against the seriousness of Estha's situation. That this phrase that adds humor to the children's song is found at the end of this passage is unacceptable and cruel. It is a deliberate defiance, for its placement dramatically portrays the loss of a child's innocence after he has been exposed to the cruel world. Estha had gone outside of the theatre so that he could joyfully sing a song from "The Sound of Music" in peace without disturbing anyone, but instead of experiencing the expected joy and delight from singing, he encounters Fear. What was lost that day can never be recovered. Thus, it is a statement about the cruel, corrupt world that steals away the innocence of its children. It is in this word that Estha suffers, an unsympathetic world in which while a child vomits out of disgust and fear, his mother ironically is smiling from pleasant dreams a few doors down the hall.

The two narrators also differ in that while one grows in maturity and knowledge of the world, the other remains stagnant. The last paragraph of Benjy's section begins as follows: "Father went to the door and looked at us again. Then the dark came back and he stood black in the door, and the door turned black again" (Faulkner 48). The simple structure, limited use of modifiers, and limited vocabulary characteristic of the style of Benjy's section at the onset of the novel are still present in his narration at the end of his section in the novel. That his writing style has not changed shows that his level of maturity and knowledge of the world have not increased in any way.

In contrast, the changing use of language and depth of insight of the narrator in The God of Small Things signal to the reader that the narrator has matured as a result of the events of the novel. An example of the changing use of language and development of insight is in the use of the phrase "Dum Dum" to signal that a lesson has been learned. The first time the narrator uses the phrase outside the context of the Popeye song is when the narrator responds to Ammu's question of whether Rahel had learned her lesson yet. The narrator answers: "Rahel had: Excitement Always Leads to Tears. Dum Dum" (Roy 94). The first lesson learned is one of books, but as the story progresses, the "Dum Dum" phrases are encountered after life lessons are learned. For example, when the twins discover Sophie Mol is dead and come to the realization that they might go to jail, that realization is followed by a "Dum Dum." And again when they witness the bloody death of Velutha, they learn two lessons: one, that "Blood barely shows on a Black Man (Dum Dum)," and two, "It smells though, sicksweet. Like old roses on a breeze (Dum Dum)" (Roy 293). The shift in placement of the "Dum Dum" phrases from after book lessons to after life lessons shows that they are acquiring more knowledge of the world and are becoming more mature. Moreover, this growth can also be seen through a comparison of the interpretations offered by the narrator of the same scene at different points in the novel. Towards the beginning of the novel, the twins witness a scene where a policeman taps the breasts of Ammu with his baton. The narrator responds by saying that "Inspector Thomas Mathew seemed to know whom he could pick on and whom he couldn't. Policemen have that instinct" (Roy 10). The twins only see that the Inspector is humiliating their beloved mother, and so they think that the policeman is mean. However, when this scene is revisited later on in the novel, the narrator states:

Later, when the real story reached Inspector Thomas Mathew, the fact that what the Paravan had taken from the Touchable Kingdom had not been snatched, but given, concerned him deeply. So after Sopie Mol's funeral, when Ammu went to him with the twins to tell him that a mistake had been made and he tapped her breasts with his baton, it was not a policeman's spontaneous brutishness on his part. He knew exactly what he was doing. It was a premeditated gesture, calculated to humiliate and terrorize her. An attempt to instill order into a world gone wrong (Roy 246).

The later explanation conveys an understanding of society's views and rules concerning the relationship between the Untouchables and Touchables and how their mother had broken those rules, whereas before they had only seen the cruelty of the policeman's action. They are now able to see the action from the policeman's and society's point of view. This level of thought and insight are evidence that the narrator is more mature and knowledgeable of the way that society works. Thus, the narrator has changed from a naive, ignorant child to a person with a more mature mind and an understanding of society.

Trying to find the similarities and differences between these two seemingly different works reminds me of the following quote by Virginia Woolf: "It would be a thousand pities if women wrote like men... for if two sexes are quite inadequate, considering the vastness and variety of the world, how should we manage with one only? Ought not education to bring out and fortify the differences rather than the similarities? For we have too much likeness as it is..." Although this comment refers to the differences between the writing styles of men and women, its message can also be applied to the different cultural writing styles that exist as well. The ability of both authors to utilize the unique qualities of their writing styles to create distinctly different childlike narratives serving different purposes are evidence of their creativity and innovation. As we study the characteristics, purpose, and effectiveness of one writing style versus another, we should also take the time to celebrate the rich diversity and variety in the different language styles that exist around the world.

Works Cited

Faulkner, William. The Sound and the Fury. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.

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Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. New York: Harper Perennial, 1997.