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Some episodes in this play have changed points by comparing the present, it is a generation gap. Also, it has different points when it compared with other countries. The point of this essay is the difference and diversity. To express the difference, it shows the conflicts between characters whom in the same house.- what the decision is right or wrong between mother and daughter, grandfather’s mind for a grandchild who does not try to be a self-made man, a couple has different ideas about the use of the dining room. The diversity is to compare the purpose, culture, and etiquette in the dining room of Americans with Korean. Based on the characters’ lines in this play, it analyzes what the dining room of America is, how people should behave in the room is, and what they should not do on the dining table. Also, it shows Korean cultures, rules, and etiquette in the dining room with some quotations. These countries are compared for the diversity in the essay.
Get original essay“The Dining Room” is composed by 18 scenes from different American households and the play shows different ideas about the dining room through the lines of characters. The author, Gurney, of this play requests casting various actors with different gender, size, race, and ages, no focused on one character. There are various humans, cultures, and traditions in the American country. Through the episodes that usually happen in the dining room, it can be compared with generation gab in the same country and different points between the two countries. Almost humans have gradually changed their thinking about the meaning of something because of time. For example, there are many traditional rules in the dining room like no leaning back in their chair and no working on the dining table. The central conflict in several episodes of this play is between old and new ones, those characters inheriting a tradition and breaking the tradition. Moreover, the purposes of the dining room can be different from Korea. Both countries have differences such as etiquette, traditional rules, and purposes. According to environment and geography, the cultures of one country are decided and rules are naturally decided by the cultures.
Even family lives in the same house, they can think of different ideas of something as the environment is changed and technology is developed over time. It is called by “Generation gap” and it has a lot of conflicts. From on pages 18 to 21, Grace and Carolyn have a conflict about her decision in the dining room. Carolyn wants to meet her aunt instead of going to dancing school. But Grace, her mother, wants she goes to a dancing school as she thinks going to dancing school helps to be able to use a good time on Saturday night. She quite enforces dancing school whenever Carolyn chooses the theatre with his aunt. She thinks that Carolyn doing something, not the dancing school, is a waste of time. “You are obviously not old enough to make an intelligent decision,” the mother said. “I knew you would not let me decide” she answered. Although the mother recommends the better decision she thinks, her daughter decides what she really wants. The mother thinks if you do not follow the way everyone follows, your life will be messed up. However, the daughter is a challenging character as she definitely knows what she likes or dislikes, she wants to go to the way she really likes.
Moreover, from on pages 33 to 37, there is a conversation with Nick and Grandfather. He went down to the club to meet his grandfather and he asked for pay about his education, and boarding school. The grandfather asks many questions to Nick. Where is the university, why does he want to go there, is not he interested in here. His question is to ask if Nick has confidence in his choices. Also, he criticizes why Nick tries to be a self-made man. “While no man is an island, it is not external help or special relationships that make the crucial difference in the self-made man’s rise.” In the grandfather’s time, he had to work it himself without any help for succeeding. In the present time, however, children want to get parents' or grandparents’ finical support. It is also the generation gap. In addition, from pages on 15 to 18, Howard cannot understand why Elie, his wife, types on the dining table. He thinks the dining table is used to have a meal and conversation so he said it is not designed for it. But Elie does not understand why she cannot work it on the dining table. Even though this episode does not mean the generation gap as they were born in the same time, they have two differences about the dining room.
“The dining room” play has many episodes and all characters appear in the dining room. The common purpose of the dining room is eating a meal, and detailed taking with family or friends. A family sits down around the dining table, they eat a meal, and have a conversation at the same time. These purposes are the same in every country but they have completely different another purposes about the dining room. In “The Dining Room” book, some character argues the dining room is for an eating and talking place so it is impossible to do others on the dining table. “I’ll tell you one thing. If there’s war, no one gets cream. If there’s a war, we’ll have to settle for top of the bottle.” This quotation shows why American people significantly think the dining room- the war. They used to talk with children about education, table manners, and religion in the dining room. If the war would happen, it is hard to be a leisurely meal and conversation with family.
On the other hand, Korean people think it is possible to work on something in the dining room. The history, the Joseon Dynasty (14th century till 1910) of the Korean dining room has two different points by comparing Americans. Firstly, almost people lived a life eating, sleeping, talking, and studying everything in one room. In the Joseon Dynasty, the structure of the house, especially the dining room, was decided by home economics. Almost houses in Korea had one kitchen, one or two rooms, external extra room, a bathroom, and a small garden. The external room was usually for guests but often there was no extra room. They did not have special purposes about the dining room, unlike Americans. But, the high-class house was totally different from the middle-class houses as well as the dining room. They ate alone in one’s room when a servant brought food on the small table. The room is like the dining room for them, they talk and eat some dessert. Secondly, Korean citizens have a more special meaning of the living room than the dining room as the living room image to them is a talking place like the American dining room. After eating dinner in the kitchen, they eat some dessert or have a conversation, watching TV in the living room. Nowadays, the concept of the dining room to Korean people is a small home party or relaxing place with family.
Everyone knows putting an elbow on the table, burping at the dining table, and talking with a mouth full of food are wrong table manners (etiquettes). The table manners are almost similar to every country but it is a different priority of those manners with each country. On pages on11 to 14, the father, one of the characters in the play, a precise, finicky man emphasizes it to his children. “I said, PROVIDED you sit quietly, without leaning back in your chairs, and don’t fight and argue.” The line emphasizes behavior when sitting on the chairs in the dining room. “Father sits at the head of the table; mother is at the opposite end. They're flanked by their docile children” Sitting on a fixed seat is also the manner for Americans. It can be guessed they are seriously concerned about their attitude toward others in the dining room.
As well as Korea, it is important to think about the attitude in the dining room. Korean people significantly think it as much as the popular account is that study etiquette starts from the attitude on the dining table. American table manners focused on their attitude but, Korean table manners focused on people. Korean people should not eat before an elderly person, also they cannot get up on the dining table before he finishes eating a meal. Joseon (the ancient f Korea) was changed with a lot of cultures because of Confucian ideas that were spread to Joseon from China, one of changing cultures is table. “Another central pillar of Confucianism is that the moral harmony of the individual is directly related to cosmic harmony”. The theory emphasizes moral harmony between humans, family, friends, and neighbors, humans should respect the household at each house due to work for the family. So, it is fixed as an ideology of the gender role and the table manner in which the elder person has to eat first, and the man is second, and his children and wife should wait for them.
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Get custom essayThe play has a lot of meanings into several episodes. Even though it has a good meaning or special meaning that follows to deeply think it, it can be different ideas that the author wants to say it to readers bypassing the time. “Everything changes with time. You can't predict where you're gonna be next year; you have no idea, you know what I mean?” The quotation is to tell about why the generation gap is formed. Everything has changed with time, a sense of distance between old and new ones naturally emerges. This research essay reports on the generation gap in the same country and the diverse cultures between the two countries with a story of episodes in “The dining room.”
Electric Vehicle refers to the vehicle which is powered by battery power supply, converting the power, driven by motor, and conforms to the requirements of traffic safety regulations. Electric vehicles are now being seen the alternative to the conventional vehicles. Electric cars are commonly known not only to be environmentally friendly, but also to be very quiet. While a quiet car is generally a good thing, safety concerns have been raised that Electric Vehicles (EVs) may cause more frequent accidents involving pedestrians than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) cars, as pedestrians may not notice an approaching EV. The specific standards are established by regulatory authorities for noise emission of electric vehicles. This paper describes different aspects of noise related to electric vehicles. Also, different methods and experiments conducted by researches for better understanding of noise from electric vehicles.
Get original essayIn the 21st century, EVs saw a resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on renewable energy. Government incentives to increase adoptions were introduced, including in the United States and the European Union. Nowadays, the tendency towards the more electric cars is obvious. But Electric (EV) or Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) bring new noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) challenges such as: high frequency electric motor generator noise, power control unit high frequency switching noise, power-split system gear whine and engine start/stop noise and vibration. The intensity of noise from some of these components depend on the speed of the car, electrical components used and body structure of vehicles. In addition to this when the speed of the electric car is low the noise from tyre/road, wind and other noises from EV are not sufficient to signify the presence of car to road users including pedestrians, cyclist, or visually impaired peoples. The regulations for sound of EV have been set by most of the countries for safety of road user. Some consideration is then given to the methods by which Interior Noise Targets may be set for hybrids and EVs, and how they are cascaded to components around the vehicle, before focussing on some specific issues arising on quiet vehicles with high power traction motors.
Classification of Noise Generation from Electric Vehicles:
Existing noises that become audible on hybrids: gear whines, electric machine noise and driveline booms resulting from a new degree-of-freedom in the driveline. The noises generated in the electric vehicles can be classified into two types: (1) Interior noise, (2) Exterior noise.
Interior noise consists of high frequency noise of electrical motors, Power control unit high frequency switching noise, power- split system gear while and noise because of Engine starting and Stopping. These pose new NVH challenges such as road noise and powertrain noise as they become more noticeable.
In the Internal Combustion engine, the start event can be described in two clearly discrete phases: (A) the initial application of torque by the starting machine, and (B) the firing of the engine as it accelerates.
Electric motors will generally provide maximum torque at low speed, which is precisely the opposite of what the NVH engineer would like. Ideally, torque should be applied progressively, rather than with a harsh initial step. This characteristic is infeasible with a standard, low-cost starter motor with minimal control electronics. A significant challenge for the NVH engineer is to provide a sufficient approximation to the ideal characteristic by either modifying the existing start system at minimum cost or utilizing the traction motor present on all hybrid vehicles without compromising other attributes, or by employing some alternative start device.
The technology used in electric and hybrid vehicle concepts is significantly different from conventional vehicle technology with consequences also for the noise and vibration behaviour, which is dramatically different from conventional vehicles. NVH refinement is an important aspect of powertrain development and the vehicle integration process, being often critical to satisfy customer expectations. Particular attention should be paid to the NVH performance of the vehicles, especially in relation to the subjective perception by driver and passengers.
Second, the extensive use of electric drives and actuators brings different sound than in the former cars. Especially in EV or HEV, where the conventional combustion engines are replaced or doubled by electrical motors, new types of components are introduced in the cars. These components often generate noise of higher frequency. At the same time, the masking effect from the engine noise is lost for EV and random for HEV, meaning that noise from these new components will be more dominant.
At low and medium vehicle speeds, the electric vehicle is about 10 dBA quieter, i.e. about 25% of the noise. At higher speeds, the shares of wind and tire noise (which are independent of the powertrain concept) are increasing, causing the difference to be reduced.
Mechanical noise can be produced by unbalanced rotors, overall rotor condition, rubbing and rolling bearing motions, and mechanical resonances of the stator core and end shields. Stator cores, end shields and fan covers may respond in two ways to the internal transmitted noise. First, they act as an acoustical enclosure, reflecting the noise energy back into the system. Secondly, they act as an acoustic
transmitter and radiator, converting the noise energy to airborne noise radiation or to structure-borne vibrations. EM forces generated by electric motors are generally lower than the combustion and reciprocating mass forces of an IC engine, and significantly, they are at a much higher frequency. As a result, the rubber isolation systems used to mount the electric motor to the body can be tuned more efficiently and achieve a much higher level of isolation than with an IC engine. Also, the noise radiated directly from the motor is generally quite high in frequency (>1000 Hz), which is easier to block and absorb with conventional acoustical materials than to lower frequencies.
There are drastic differences that are seen in people who are born in different generations. One may argue that the younger generations are more impressionable and naive while the older generations are very hardheaded and assertive. By creating characters like Sheila and Eric with a large age gap between Mr. and Mrs. Birling in the play An Inspector Calls, tension is created through their differences clashing. This essay analyzes how J.B. Priestley uses the tension of older vs younger generation in An Inspector Calls to communicate the theme that one must take into consideration the consequences of their actions and take responsibility for them.
Get original essayThe Birling’s children, Erica and Sheila, are presumed to be very naive and still listening and agreeing with their parent’s words due to their ages. Yet, thought the play both Eric and Sheila prove to be mentally mature and responsible while directly reflect the inspector’s message. Eric Birling was caught up in the complicated situation relating to the death of Eva Smith through his role in impregnating her. Although he is ashamed, he steps up to the plate and confesses his actions and even admits to the fact that “I wasn’t in love with her or anything”, yet he understands that his actions did produce consequences and he takes responsibility for them. He insists on giving her enough money to keep her going, even though it included stealing money from his father (Priestley 50). This action was done unjustly, yet it shows how determined Eric was in order to fix his mistake and take responsibility for his actions- exactly what the Inspector teaches. Sheila Birling, the sister of Eric, also starts out by admitting to her role in the death of Eva. She expresses her sorrow and regret for her actions stating how “It was my own fault… and if I could help her now, I would” right away. Even though she did not take action like Eric did, she still takes responsibility for her actions and shows that she really does care about the consequences she was unable to attend to. As the play continues and everyone finds out that inspector Goole was a fake, the parents of Sheila and Eric both start to downplay the events of that evening. Suddenly the tension starts to rise as soon as the children speak directly against their parents stating “if you must know it’s you two who are being childish”. Sheila is so disgusted by the actions of her parents, that her character takes an unpredictable turn and she evolves into a brave young woman annoyed enough to scold her own parents. Even Eric states directly to his parents that “well, I don’t blame you. But don’t forget i’m ashamed of you as well. Yes- both of you”. The characters Sheila and Eric create tension in the play through their differences regarding their view on taking responsibility that contrasts greatly with their parents. The fact that the younger generation is standing up to the older generation and doing unconventional actions like scolding them, the main theme of the novel is clearly represented.
The older generation in the Berling family consists of strong characters: unlikely to sway in their ideas easily, hard headed, and arrogant. Arthur too is confronted about his dealings with Eva Smith, but immediately states that “the girl has been causing trouble in the works. I was quite justified. Here, he is seemingly ok knowing that she was forced to kill herself all because of something that started out with him originally and a sign of regret is not to be found. The younger generation, prominently Sheila is verbally pointing out her contrasting viewpoint directly saying (to Mr. Berling) “I think it was a mean thing to do”. Tension is created as a result of her comment, but in a way she forces her father to re-examine at his actions by him hearing an opposite viewpoint and internally contemplate her and the Inspector’s message. Another situation that increases the tension overall is when Sheila hears her father describe Eva as cheap labor, and automatically she jumps in stating “but these girls aren’t cheap labour – they’re people” clearly showcasing the differences in the mindset of the two generations. Lastly, Mrs. Birling gets confronted with her mistake and does admit to her actions. Her arrogance shows through when she plainly lays out her thoughts to the inspector that “if you think you can bring any pressure to bear upon me, Inspector, you’re quite mistaken. Unlike the other three, I did nothing I’m ashamed of or that won’t bear investigation... You have no power to change my mind” and like Mr. Birling does not have a hint of regret in her. Sybil Birling is blinded to the problems within her household and herself, and therefore tension is created when she directly contradicts the viewpoints of her children. The theme of the play is brought out because of this, when the children start to argue their point about accepting responsibility for their actions’ consequences.
Through tension between the characters, the main theme that we don’t live alone, are members of one body, and are responsible for each other is revealed. Sadly for this to be revealed, tension is built greatly dividing the Birling family - the younger vs the older generation. The children desperately try to get their parents to accept what they believe is the inspector’s lesson and purpose for visiting, yet Arthur and Sybil are set on the idea that they are just “the famous younger generation who know it all. And they can’t even take a joke”. Although it may be true that the inspector is not real and the older generation will never learn, the main theme is being communicated successfully to the audience. By looking at Mr. and Mrs. Berling and the way they instigate an attack on themselves by their children, the audience feels disgusted by them and the theme reaches the audience.
Generation Z is what they are calling those who have been using technology and social media since a young age. Technology has changed the game of high school romance. Snapchat, Instagram, and all other means of media have consumed today’s teens. When it comes to romance and students how exactly do they interact with one another? Health and Medical Sciences junior Rosa Ramos says, “Technology has become involved a lot because before we didn’t have anything, so you could obviously see them in person but now you can facetime them, call, and message.”Now having constant communication by messaging them or even talking face to face through a screen changed how we communicate. Online dating has taken a considerable ration of those who are actually dating. The Pew research center calculates around 8% of teens report dating they first met online.
Get original essayThere is an uncertainty that technology puts into a relationship. When having a significant other there is a possibility that the will be sharing of photos to please one other. Some studies estimate that about 50% of teens have engaged in sexting at one point or another. Health and Medical Sciences junior Xochitl Sawyer says, “I feel like sending those types of pictures it turns into what the relationship is and they are always asking for them.” It has become normal with the atmosphere that teens are in now. Teens today are exposed to more sexualized content than any other generation from music videos to advertisements. Social media has opened the possibilities to meeting someone to an endless pool of potential interests. Not only are they able to interact with students in their school but with everyone around the world, increasing the potential danger of a predator getting in contact with them. These predators often take several months gaining their trust and pretending to be an age they are not.
There have been several cases in which this has happened. BBC News reported Amanda Todd as one of the many victims. After the fifteen-year-old was convinced to share a nude photo, the man cyberstalked her and bullied her for years due to that photo. Which lead to her suicide not being able to deal with the constant bullying. The digital world has revolutionized teenage romance. And there is no doubt the digital age is here to stay.
In multiple studies, at both transcript and protein levels, increased expression of biomarkers Rrm1, Rrm2 as well as Tyms were observed in NSCLC patients and suggested for their implications in cancer therapy (Grossi F et al. 2015, PMID: 26663950, Maus MK et al. 2013, PMID: 23470290). Silencing of Rrm1 and Rrm2 markedly enhanced the tumor-cytotoxicity of the camptothecin (CPT), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, which might be exploited in chemotherapeutic strategies (Zhang YW et al. 2009, PMID: 19416980). In addition, in cellular response to DNA damage, up-regulation of RRM2 transcription in human cells involves an ATR/ATM-Chk1-E2F1 pathway for the cell survival. Accordingly, in PLACs, Rrm1 and Rrm2 genes were identified with TF-binding sites for E2F1 in promoter analysis (see supplementary table of composite module) and transcript expression of E2F1 was slightly increased. This suggests E2F1 transcription factor is involved in regulation of c-Myc responsive Rrm1 and Rrm2 genes in PLACs. Furthermore, expression of RRM1 and RRM2 was reported as a novel prognostic marker in advanced NSCLC receiving chemotherapy (Wang L. et al. 2014, PMID: 24155212).
Get original essayAn important finding of the present study was nearly 15-fold strong up-expression of arginase-1 in lung tumor of c-Myc transgenic mice, which suggests arginine-dependent tumor growth. Arginase-1 is expressed primarily in liver cells and plays an important role in the urea cycle. Besides microarray analysis, overexpression of Arg1 was obserevd in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and conformation of its protein expression in western blotting. Furthermore, induced expression of Arg1 is associated with poor survival in human lung cancer patients. It is the topic of intense research to target arginine-dependent cancers. In this regard, arginine deprivation via induction of arginine-degrading/reducing enzymes such as arginine deiminase will regulate the arginine metabolome in cancer; thereby, it shows a novel strategy against metabolites for the treatment of arginine auxotrophy in lung cancers (Phillips MM et al. 2013, PMID: 24453997).
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a key metabolic multienzyme (multifunctional protein) that catalyzes the synthesis of the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid palmitate from the acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the presence of NADPH. Fatty acids are integral components of pulmonary surfactant, which is comprised of phospholipids and specific proteins and essential for normal functioning of lung. In PLACs, c-Myc responsive Fasn expression was induced by >3-fold. In earlier research, overexpression of FASN gene was observed in alveolar type II cells of pulmonary adenomas for producing pulmonary surfactants (Voelker DR et al. 1976, PMID: 10854) and was regulated by hormone, one of the possible regulators, in type II alveolar epithelial cells of human fetal lung (Wagle S et al. 1999, PMID: 10444533). Additionally, FASN is overexpressed in multiple cancers including lung cancer and is a promising target to selectively inhibit its activity for treatment of cancer (Orita H. et al. 2007, PMID: 18056164). A recent study reported that FASN promote NSCLC growth and chemoresistance by inducing expression of PKM2 and enhancing aerobic glycolysis, i.e. the Warburg Effect.
Spermidine synthase is a part of polyamine-biosynthetic pathway and using decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM), it catalyzes the conversion of putrescine to spermidine in the final step of spermidine biosynthesis. Gene codes for spermidine synthase (Srm) was up-regulated by >5-fold in PLACs. This significant finding of Srm is growing evidence for c-Myc in regulating genes of polyamine metabolism as reported earlier in our research article (Ciribilli Y et al. 2015, PMID: 26427040). The intracellular concentration of polyamines is tightly regulated and metabolism of polyamines is frequently dysregulated for tumor cell growth; induced expression of enzymes involved in biosynthesis of polyamines has been associated with many cancers including lung cancer and has implications for chemotherapy and chemoprevention (Luk GD et al. 1981, PMID: 6264474, Nowotarski SL et al. 2013, PMID: 23432971,). In addition to arginase 1 and spermidine synthase, other polyamine metabolic genes such as L-ornithine decarboxylase 1 and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 & 2 were significantly (P < 0.001) up-regulated by nearly 2-fold, nevertheless did not qualify the threshold criteria (3-fold) set for Table 1 of Publication III. Additionally, the renaissance of polyamine metabolism inhibitors in cancer treatment was highlighted in a perspective article of lung cancer research (Gautschi O. 2010, PMID: 20199972). Apart from targeting ornithine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase that is up-regulated in Myc-induced cancer is a promising target for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas (Forshell TP et al. 2010, PMID: 20103729, Gerner EW. 2010, PMID: 20103728).
Importantly, induced expression of Arg1, Fasn, Hk2 and Shmt1 were also observed in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and conformation of its protein expression in western blotting. This confirms the significantly induced expression of these four genes in PLACs of c-Myc transgenic mice.
c-MYC transcriptionally regulate the RNAs and protein components of ribosomes for protein synthesis, gene products essential for the processing of ribosomal RNA and the nuclear export of ribosomal subunits (van Riggelen J et al. 2010, PMID: 20332779); thereby, c-MYC is a regulator of ribosome biogenesis and dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis may play an important role in tumorigenesis (van Riggelen J et al. 2010, PMID: 20332779). Accordingly, several genes code for ribosome and associated with ribosome biogenesis were significantly up-regulated in lung tumors of c-Myc transgenic mice. The ribosome biogenesis is the target of interest for several chemotherapeutics based cancer treatments (Bruno PM et al. 2017, PMID: 28263311).
Nucleophosmin/B23 (Npm1) codes for protein that participates in various cellular functions, including ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis, DNA replication, centrosome duplication and cell proliferation. In addition to this, NPM1 together with several ribosomal proteins are transcriptional targets of MYC (Zeller KI et al. 2001, PMID: 11604407, Grisendi S et al. 2006, PMID: 16794633). As another function, up-regulation of nucleophosmin 1 has been observed to inhibit p53-mediated cellular senescence in colon cancer (Wong JC et al. 2013, PMID: 23536448). In PLACs, a significant 4-fold up-regulation of nucleophosmin 1 (Npm1) was identified and predicted as one of the seven potential master regulators. In regards to function as ribosome processing and assembly, this nucleolar phosphoprotein acts as a molecular chaperone and preventing the aggregation of proteins within the nucleolus (Grisendi S et al. 2006, PMID: 16794633). However the Npm1 protein is frequently up-expressed in various solid tumors, but translocations are specifically observed in leukemias (Grisendi S et al. 2006, PMID: 16794633, Jeong EG et al. 2007, PMID: 17504301). Notably, a recent report demonstrated that YTR107-mediated targeting of NPM1 reduces DNA double-strand break repair is a promising radiosensitization approach for NSCLC therapy (Sekhar KR et al. 2014, PMID: 25035215). c-Myc DNA binding activity at gene specific promoter of Npm1 and Npm3 was supported by various experimental techniques data, which includes the strong EMSA bands and independent ChIP-seq results (Supplementary Table S7 of Publication III).
Another gene codes for ribosome biogenesis is nucleolin/C23 (Ncl), a nucleolar phosphoprotein up-regulated in PLACs and was predicted as a master regulator, was reported as a transcriptional target of c-Myc (Greasley PJ et al. 2000, PMID: 10606642). Over expression of nucleolin is observed in various cancers, and a research reported that expression level of nucleolin positively correlates with DNA damage repair (i.e. DNA-dependent protein kinases); therefore, nucleolin could serve as a promising treatment target as well as a prognostic factor for human NSCLC (Xu JY et al. 2016, PMID: 26846099).
Suggests c-Myc influences DNA- base excision repair (BER) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) of DNA double-strand breaks. In this regards, genes coding for DNA-BER enzymes were up-regulated including apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Apex1) and replication factor C subunit 4 (Rfc4). In addition, genes codes for base excision repair enzymes such as Rfc5, flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (Fen1) and DNA polymerase delta interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) were significantly (P < 0.001) up-regulated by nearly 2-fold, however did not pass the threshold criteria (3-fold) set for Table 1 of Publication III. Besides BER, in support of angiogenesis and tumor progression, Apex1 also increases the DNA binding activity of several transcription factors and it could be a potential target for the consolidation of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in NSCLC patients (Wang D et al. 2009, PMID: 19324449). Importantly, the gene code for DNA topoisomerase II alpha (Top2a) is strongly up-regulated in PLACs by > 10-fold and 7-fold in small and large tumors, respectively. It is well known nuclear enzyme that catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of double strands of DNA and permits alteration in DNA topology. Importantly, high expression of Top2a is frequently detected in highly proliferative cells including NSCLC (Giaccone G et al. 1995, PMID: 8547322) and promising targets for anticancer agents (such as anthracyclines) that binds and blocks the activity of TopII?. In addition, a positive correlation between the expression of cell-proliferation markers TopII? and Ki67 has been reported in NSCLC patients where TopII? expression can be used as a prognostic biomarker for chemotherapy (Yan S et al. 2010, PMID: 21067592). Accordingly, genes code for Ki67 protein (Publication II) and Ki67 interacting protein were strongly up-regulated in PLACs (Table 1 of Publication III). Furthermore, in response to DNA double strand breaks, gene code for and NHEJ repair enzymes such as double strand break repair nuclease Mre11a, a member of Mre11-Rad50-NBS1 complex, and ATP-dependent DNA helicase II 80 KDa subunit (KU80 or Xrcc5) and 70 KDa Subunit (KU70 or Xrcc6) were significantly up-regulated in PLACs.
Furthermore, the altered expression of genes for the structural changes in nucleosome and altered access to nucleosome-associated DNA for replication, transcription and repair were observed, and includes up-regulated linker histone H1fx and the down-regulated core histone H2b1. Induced expression of Smarcc1 was also observed and coded protein shows helicase and ATPase activities and due to chromatin remodeling, it participates in transcriptional activation and repression of genes. Contrary, special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1) that is a nuclear matrix-associated protein participates in chromatin remodeling and tissue-specific gene expression (Cai S et al. 2003, PMID: 12692553), and a leucine-rich acidic nuclear protein (ANP32A) that is a tumor suppressor and inhibitor of histone acetyl-transferases (Seo SB et al. 2002, PMID: 11830591) were down-regulated at the transcript level. Note, it was reported earlier that lost expression of SATB1 is a promising marker of poor survival in lung cancer (Selinger CI et al. 2011, PMID: 21597389) and siRNA mediated silencing of SATB1 inhibits the proliferation and invasion in lung cancer cells (Huang B et al. 2013, PMID: 23379909). Likewise, ANP32A is targeted by microRNA-21 (Schramedei K et al. 2011, PMID: 21317927). Altogether, in response to c-Myc-hyperactivity, altered expression of SATB1 and ANP32A will affect chromatin remodeling to initiate undue expression of genes.
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Get custom essayIn promoters of up-regulated genes in PLACs of c-Myc transgenic mice, the construction of composite module was defined by the genetic algorithm that significantly discriminates between normal and oncogenic c-Myc activity. Moreover, a search for identification of co-occupied TF-binding sites including c-Myc and its neighboring partner(s) in gene-specific promoters was performed; as re result, we propose c-Myc cooperativity with E2F1/E2F3-TFDP1 for up-regulated genes in PLACs, therefore defining molecular rules for transcriptional responses in c-Myc-targeted promoters. Notably, the proposed composite module majorly regulates genes associated with metabolism including nucleotide biosynthesis and DNA metabolism (see Supplementary Table S5 in Publication III). In this support, a study surmised that the DNA replication machinery as well as nucleotide pool regulation was transcriptionally regulation by both the factors i.e. MYC and E2F (Liu YC et al. 2008, PMID: 18628958). These two transcription factors contain different binding sites in promotes of same nucleotide genes
John Milton's Paradise Lost is an epic that has influenced the Christian perception of God, Satan, sin, and the origin of mankind for centuries. His poetic account of the creation story, though, clearly expands on several aspects within the most fundamental Christian version of creation, the Genesis story. Milton's development of Genesis particularly addresses the questionable equality between Adam and Eve and the concept of free will versus that of predestination and their role in the ultimate fall from Eden. There is an unprecedented focus placed on the nature of Adam and Eve and on their inherent qualities in Paradise Lost and it is through this focus that Milton expands the Genesis account. As a result, he presents readers with an interpretation of the creation story that both reflects the gender attitudes of his time. In addition, his emphasis on free will enables Milton to justify God's casting of Adam and Eve from Paradise, while also moving readers to recognize the presence of the choice between good and evil in their lives. The epic is not simply a longer and more elaborate version of the origin of humankind, but a revision of Genesis that has ramifications involving the Christian doctrine of free will as well as the foundation of gender roles.
Get original essayThe question of equality between Adam and Eve in the creation story has always been debated, largely because it reflects the gender roles set forth by God to mankind. In Genesis, there are numerous references of equality between the sexes: "So God created man in his owne image...male and female he created them" (1:27). Both man and woman were created in God's image, indicating equality in the eyes of God. In addition, there is a sign of equality in Eve's creation from Adam's rib. She was not taken from his head, as if she was above him, nor was she taken from his feet, as if she was below him. Finally, God grants both Adam and Eve dominion over the earth: "And God blessed them, and God said unto them...replenish the earth, and subdue it, and have dominion over...every living thing that moveth upon the earth" (1:28). In the face of this Biblical evidence regarding the equality of the sexes, Milton explicitly writes Paradise Lost with Adam and Eve as the unequal caretakers of Eden. First, he structurally hints at the inequality between the two. In Adam and Eve's back-and-forth discussion of whether or not they should separate, Adam receives forty more lines of dialogue than Eve, though the number of replies they make toward one another is equal. Second, while Genesis calls attention to both Adam and Eve's equal creation in God's image, Milton gives particular emphasis to the difference in nature of the two. "Though both / Not equal, as thir sex not equal seem'd; / For contemplation he and valor form'd, / For softness she and sweet attractive Grace, / He for God only, she for God in him" (IV.295-299). Here, we see that God gave Adam a contemplative nature and a superior intellect relative to Eve, who is "inferior, in the mind / And inward faculties" (VIII.541). In fact, Adam is placed so far above Eve in intellectual nature that Eve is incapable of hearing or understanding the dialogue between Adam and the divine Raphael: "not capable her ear / Of what is high" (VIII. 49-50). God intended for Adam to be more contemplative than Eve; He intended for Eve to be less concerned with knowledge, and to acquire it not on her own power, but through Adam.
Such emphasis on the inequality of intellect and the general superiority of Adam over Eve is absent in Genesis. The implications of this are far-reaching, suggesting that Milton expands Genesis in order to present readers with what he perceives as God-given, and consequently inflexible, gender roles that were certainly prevalent in patriarchal England at the time. These roles also contribute to potentially placing the fault of man's fall on the shoulders of Eve. She implores Adam to separate from one another, in order to perform more work, eliminate distractions, and be more productive. This suggests that Eve is contemplating on her own, analyzing cause and effect, free from the direction of Adam though he warns her of the dangers of separation. Eve's contemplation leads sure enough to her encounter with Satan and the eating of the forbidden fruit. Milton therefore implies that although her intentions were good, Eve stepped outside of her role on earth and will inevitably bear the consequences of such actions. Among other things, this will contribute to portraying Eve as a tragic heroine.
One of the most essential and controversial issues regarding the creation story entails the concepts of free will and predestination and which of the two manifests itself in the fall of Adam and Eve. During his life, Milton had been a proponent of free will and it is evident in that the notion permeates Paradise Lost in a way that Genesis never comes close to doing. While the Genesis account makes no mention of the idea of free will, Milton refers to it directly: "Within himself / The danger lies, yet lies within his power: / Against his will he can receive no harm, / But God left free the Will" (IX.348-351). Within all individuals lies the ability to choose and with this power comes the ability to choose evil over good, but Milton makes it clear that no man can harm himself unless he chooses to. Five lines earlier, Adam claims that "best are all things as the will / Of God ordain'd them" (344-345). When mentioning human free will, Milton capitilizes the word "Will" yet ceases to do so when mentioning the will of God. This indicates that in this context and in this story, Milton perceives man's free will as even more important and significant than the will of God, and that whatever harm may come upon man will be the result of his will, not God's. While in Genesis the serpent merely guides and tempts Eve to taste the fruit from the forbidden tree---"Ye shall not surely die...ye shall be as Gods, knowing good and evil" (3:4-5), Milton makes sure to acknowledge the presence of choice in the temptation: "Goddess humane, reach then, and freely taste" (IX.732). As Milton was a proponent of free will during his time, he was also a supporter of free press, and the way in which it combated people's ignorance of what was good and what was evil. Through a strong emphasis on the presence of free will, he not only justifies God's punishment of Adam and Eve, but more importantly, he showed his readers that the choice between good and evil is there for them and that they need only to open their eyes in the face of temptation.
Kayley Eaton Period 71/5/18
Get original essayThe genes that we carry can often be a mystery to us but through genetic counseling our genes can be made known. There are many genetic disorders that we can have but they aren’t always visible on the surface. We may be carrying genetic disorders that can be passed onto our offspring which is one of the reasons why we should be screened for our genes before having children and marriage. Knowing the genes of an unborn baby can also be very crucial: if the child were to have a genetic disorder you can know before the child is born.
Some genetic disorders can be visibly seen while other disorders can not. By knowing our genes we can know what genes we will pass on to our offspring and if we or our offspring have a genetic disorder.Initially, through genetic counseling we can know our genes. Knowing our genes comes with many advantages being that doctors can know of illnesses or diseases that can make the carrier sick. Because the disorders can be identified easier, it makes diagnoses more accurate and treatments more effective for the patient. For instance, if you have fair skin opposed to dark skin you are at a higher risk for skin cancer differing from people with dark skin, this can be seen as a genetic disorder. Additionally, by knowing your genes you can know what genes you are most likely to pass onto your child.
If you wanted a child to have blue eyes and you were dominant for blue you would want to find a partner who is also dominant for blue eyes for the highest possibility of your offspring having blue eyes. Truly, knowing your genes can help you to know if you have a genetic disorder and what genes you’ll be most likely to pass onto your children. Furthermore, prenatal testing-the testing of the genes of an unborn child- can help parents to know if their child will have a deadly genetic disorder or will be at risk for diseases or disorders. By being able to know ahead of time parents can be prepared if their child has a genetic disorder. Women are usually offered a prenatal scan within their first trimester of the pregnancy.
Although there are monosomy and trisomy disorders, you can also pass on the cancer gene along with other disorders. Most genetic disorders are recessive disorders, meaning you and your partner have to be tested positive for the gene. However, even if you and your partner are tested positive as carriers, the odds of you passing that gene onto your child is only twenty-five percent. For one thing, if you test positive as a carrier for a certain disorder you can consider and egg or sperm donor to further ensure that your child will be healthy.
Overall, choosing prenatal testing before getting pregnant or even in the early stages of your pregnancy will truly have its benefits. Also, you should be required to have a genetic screening before marriage or having children. Again, this ties into the rest of the paper that being tested and knowing your genes can ensure that you have healthy and strong offspring. Being tested before trying to get pregnant can be very helpful to know if you will be passing on any harmful diseases and also gives you the time to consider a sperm or egg donor and even possibly adoption if needed-if the diseases are deadly.
Because different illnesses can come from even your ethnicity or family history it is important to get screened-certain ethnic backgrounds are at a higher risk for diseases that other may not. Being tested for your genes will not only benefit your future children but also yourself. Therefore, if you had a genetic illness that you were unaware of, being tested would make you aware of it and you might be able to stop it before it becomes too out of control. Overall genetic counseling and prenatal testing will best be able to be used to help prevent, diagnose, and treat genetic disorders.
Have you ever wondered why parents say things like, “The apple doesn't fall far from the tree,” “I don’t know where he gets his laziness from,” and “You act just like your mother”? They tend to avert the blame of a child’s behavior or personality on their parents or spouses. However, the reason children misbehave did not start with them; it started with their parents. A parent’s personality, through neurotransmitters and genetic predisposition directly has an impact on the child’s personality development. This genetic impact molded by home training determines decisions and outcomes for the rest of the child’s life. Through nurture and structure, a child can have the knowledge to fall back on when in the real world. Thus, when they start their families, the same parental guidance can transfer to the next generation.
Get original essaySome parents deny they had anything to do with their child’s personality, but the influences are definitely present. The genetics of personalities is where it starts. Personalities are 50-60% heritable regarding human character. Personality is not affected by one gene, but rather the actions of many genes working together. Common genetics are the foundation of unique behaviors that define the personality of our species. Genes in the neurotransmitter pathways are the main candidates. Dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline are three dimensions related to personality genetics. Scientists have researched their relations to neurotransmitter pathways. Dopamine receptors result in extroverts and positive emotions. Serotonin was related to anxiety and neuroticism, which consists of personality traits related to self-doubt, depression, and negative emotion. Noradrenaline affects hostility, impulsivity, and irritability. Adaptation to biological, social, and psychological stressors is also greatly determined by genes. Self-regulated traits, such as humility, empathy, memory, and ambition, are influenced mostly by interactions among seven hundred genes regardless of culture and environment. Humans are programmed to eat, drink, walk, understand language, etc. However, the strength of these traits differ. Rabbits are fearful, but some rabbits are more fearful than others. Some humans learn to read, write, and speak better than others do. Family studies are more important to my research. They determine the trait that runs in the family. A family study begins with one person that has a trait of interest and searches the family tree for a similar trait of interest. The trait’s existence is compared with the first-degree relative and second-degree relatives to analyze the extent of the shared trait.
Traits are trends of emotions and behaviors that show the habit to react in unique ways under circumstances. Therefore, naturally, research and experiments were conducted to test this fact. Polygenic, many genes working together, studies have shown genetic relations with personality, which reassures that the studies of genetics can assist the mysteries of regular traits to psychiatric disorders. Within early science theories, personalities were believed to be truly nurtured, learned. However, as time passed, scientists found that personalities are also undoubtedly genetic. This brought on the Nature v.s. Nurture debate, wondering if the environment or genes affect personality more. Nature is the environmental influence over someone’s personality, which can be friends, interest, circumstance, and more. Nurture is the genetic influence over someone’s personality including DNA, family history, and more. The answer scientists agreed upon was both. You cannot have genetics without an environment. Like a cake, the way a cake is baked and the ingredients are both equally important. Ninety-nine percent of every human’s genes are identical. Only one percent2 determines how we look and act differently. With science, we can discover how much of each trait, stubbornness or extroversion, is influenced by genes. A research article in 2010 analyzed the role of serotonin in human and mice behavior. Anxiety is also triggered by the disruption of serotonin, balance/peace. When there is an equal distribution of serotonin, anxiety increases without affecting motor behavior. Stress is a pathological emotion where a person resides between normal behavior and a breaking point. Anxiety is related more to the fear of an unwanted event happening in the future. There is a neuroendocrinological component that makes the brain interact with glands to produce responses to stress. These responses hinder task performance, which then triggers anxiety. Uncoordinated movement occurs and immune levels decrease, often dangerously. Many experiments, including the elevated zero mazes, were done to assess the mice’s behavior. Results always came down to the less serotonin, the more anxiety, aggression, lack of mobility, and stress. In diseases like schizophrenia, autism, depression, and anxiety disorders, serotonin was found to be irregular as well.
Personality results in a child’s behavior; thus, looking into the relationships between personality and behavioral genetics will help us understand the background more. Each behavioral trait correlates to many genetic variables, each of which contributes a small amount of influence to the expression of a trait. Chromosomes have genes that influence a person’s personality. They have DNA coiled around histone proteins. In behavioral genetics, genes play a role in a body’s development and physiology, and through this, behavior is created. Genes need to be expressed at a cellular level to influence personality. The inside of a honey bee suggests that messenger RNA is a predictor of personality transition. Human experiments have not been researched as of yet. Behavioral geneticists use the term heritability to describe the amount of genetically-influenced personality. For example, heritability tells us that twenty percent of the variability among people in stubbornness is genetic. Inevitably, a parent’s heritable characteristics determine a home environment. The environment someone is raised in influences genetically predisposed traits. This sets the pace for a child’s personality development. An intelligent parent will most likely create a home rich with education. It leaves an impression on their life outside of the house. They will naturally associate whatever they see with their problems faced in the real world. Behavior can also influence gene expression by activating and deactivating genes. Drug use, eating disorders, and exposure are all connected to gene expression. They turn off or on certain behavioral genes like addiction, desire, or curiosity to result in bad/good habits. Studies claiming parents have no impact on a child’s behavior look over the vital role of encouraging a child’s attributes and discouraging harmful behaviors.
Between parents and children, genes are, you might say, “contagious”. This contagious transfer of personality genetics is called genetic predisposition. Genes that carry traits are not in isolation. The sequence goes as the following: respond to social interaction, transduced neural signals processed through sensory pathways, processed in specific circuits of the brain, and the internal state that adds to behavioral activity. Then, the same sequence applies when the behavioral activity is executed throughout life. Identical twins share only fifty percent of personality traits. Fraternal twins share about thirty percent3 of identical traits. Regular siblings share an estimate of around twenty percent3. Even biologically unrelated children trained under the same roof share merely seven percent of personality traits. Children inherit physical genes just like they inherit personality traits. The University of Minnesota studied 350 pairs of twins on five personalities, openness (curiosity), conscientiousness (work ethic), extraversion (sociability), agreeableness (kindness), and neuroticism (anxiety). For most of these personalities, more than half of the twins’ influences were genetic. Hereditary traits were ambition, vulnerability, stress, risk-seeking, and respect for authority.
What are some more proven genetic and personality relations? Studies about behavioral and personality genetics are endless. For example, the ideals of Sir Francis Galton, a pioneer in behavioral genetics during the 19th century, are often referred to for further research. “Twins have a special claim upon our attention; it is that their history affords means of distinguishing between the effects of tendencies received at birth, and those that were imposed by the special circumstances of their afterlives,” says Galton. After Galton’s observation, twin studies became a common study in behavioral genetics. Scientists use twins to discover genetic connections of a variety of traits from aggression to intelligence to schizophrenia to alcohol dependence. Lead researcher Chi-Hua Chen believed that it is difficult to group genetic variables related to personality, even though it is heritable6. They collected about sixty-thousand genetic samples. Traits like intelligence for example resulted in a mix of environmental circumstances and genetics. Some genes are connected to extraversion versus neuroticism. Other genetic relations show a correlation with extraversion and hyperactivity disorder. Children with developmental delays have been scientifically proven to experience stress from their parents. During a current study from the Mindful Awareness for Parenting Stress Project, results of multiple trials showed that decreased parent-child frustration results in less troublesome behavioral outcomes in the child. High levels of stress within the parent transfer to increased parent-child relational frustration, which then leads to more problems with the child’s behavior.
Not only do these genes determine our personality but our mental health as well. Mental health starts from childhood and even traces back to the parent. Heritable personality disorders need to be brought to light for them to be prevented through parent-child relationships. Personality disorders, ways of acting, feeling, and thinking that are apart from cultural expectation, the stress in the family, or problem functioning, and lasts more time. The way of thinking about yourself and others, way of reacting emotionally, way of empathizing with others, and way of authoring your behavior can all be affected by personality disorders. Our environment triggers an unhealthy extreme of our genetic traits to then turn into psychological disorders. . Genetic epidemiological studies show that personality disorders are moderately heritable. Heritability is usually from 35% to 60%. Mood and anxiety disorders share genetic liability and with neuroticism, which correlates with numerous personality disorders. Life experiences are a part of the problem as well, which gives hope to parents worrying about their children developing anxiety. Family studies show that major depression shares familial risks. In a population based twin study of major depression, dimensional representations were all associated with an increased chance of major depression. Substance abuse shows genetic liability as well. Vulnerability was detected toward alcohol and drug dependence, because of the bloodline.
The three disorders we’re going to explore more about are anxiety, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of illness; they have a heritability rate of 26%. Anxiety can consist of panic attacks, social anxiousness, and generalized uneasiness. These three symptoms are related to specific genes. When someone has anxiety, other family members likely have it too. Life experiences are a part of the problem as well, which gives hope to parents worrying about their children developing anxiety. In 2015, the RBFOX1 gene that can be passed down throughout a family was found to make someone more likely to develop anxiety. In a 2018 study, children with anxiety were three times as likely to have one parent with anxiety compared to children without disorders.
Bipolar disorder is one of the most inheritable disorders. It affects how someone thinks and acts; it is a mental illness. This illness causes people to act differently from their normal behavior, occurring in mood swings. A low mood, depression, is when someone with bipolar disorder cries, feels impatient, and is easily irritable. A high mood, mania, is when they feel like they can do anything with excitement and hope. Both moods are triggered by chemical imbalances. The strongest risk factor of bipolar disorder is family history, which is due to certain genes. A child of one parent with bipolar disorder has 15-30% of inheriting bipolar disorder. A child with both parents having bipolar disorder, there’s a 50-70 of inheritance. If there is a child with bipolar illness, there is a 15-25 chance their sibling will have it, too. If a twin has the disorder, there is an 85 chance of inheritance. Children tend to have unanswered questions about bipolar disorder. If it is in their family, it’s a secret no one wants to address, but vulnerability and peace-making can prevent bipolar disorder from being heritable.
PTSD comes from experiencing a traumatic event that affects one’s psyche throughout one lifetime. Recent research shows that PTSD can be inherited. Experiencing trauma leaves a chemical trace on someone’s genes, which can be passed down to later generations. It is labeled as epigenetic inheritance. For example, most children born around the Rwandan genocide had Post-traumatic stress disorder. Epigenetic inheritance with PTSD has also been shown in animals. For example, a rat who experienced an electrical shock had sensitive reactions to threatening situations. Although its offspring did not experience the same trauma, the little rat had the same effects, responding with high sensitivity. Although we may have not experienced trauma ourselves, we can experience epigenetic inheritance from our parents with PTSD. Transgenerational trauma is another word for PTSD passed through generations. A parent can pass symptoms and behaviors of trauma survival onto their children. For instance, childhood abuse can cause recurrences of anxiety and abuse for generations to come. Extreme poverty, deaths of family, crime committed against the family, parents who fought in the war, or a torturous experience of a family member are more examples of events causing transgenerational trauma. Historical trauma, an event in history affecting another generation, is not uncommon. The Holocaust, Trail of Tears, slavery, famine, natural disasters, and terrorism can affect the generation to come as well. The people who survived the Civil War were left with marks of trauma on their minds. This trauma had effects on their children and grandchildren as well. Sons of prisoners of war (PoWs) have an eleven percent13 higher mortality rate than sons of non-PoW veterans. When puppies smell cherry blossom, they become more jumpy and nervous than puppies whose parents have not been trained to fear them. Fear in one generation results in sensitivity within the next generation. Science is not sure how it happens exactly, but they are making progress. Unpacking and untangling your trauma with a therapist for support are some steps toward solving the transgenerational trauma. Taking your children to therapy without exposing your child too much could work to maintain open communication and transparency.
However, parents have an even greater influence, as the source, to stabilize or destabilize the impact of negative sources through interactions. A parent’s personality can influence a child genetically first. Children inhibit about 23,000 genes from their parents. The chemical signature left on these genes is caused by experiences. External experiences cause signals between neurons which then produce proteins. The gene regulatory proteins travel to the nucleus where they attract/repel enzymes that can cling to genes. Positive and negative experiences change the chemistry that encodes genes in brain cells as a child grows. Since the brain is more vulnerable in its early stages, experiences have a strong impact on the physical and mental health for the rest of the child’s life. Children are also born with temperament, which is an early sign of personality. Twenty to sixty percent temperament is genetic. Mobility, approach, adaptability, attention span, and mood are some entities that encompass temperament. A child’s temperament determines how they interact with people and situations. An easy temperament allows a child to make friends easily and handle new challenges with flexibility. A hard temperament can give a child long amounts of time to warm up to people and anxiety when challenged. A difficult temperament can be found in children who are fussy, see the world as negative, or have trouble adjusting to places like school.
As parental influence counts for a lot of a child’s behavior, how do these behaviors respond and mold themselves as a child independently moves through life? Knowing how to take care of kids comes naturally with the help of genetics. According to the American Psychological Association, genetics control about thirty percent of the negative and positive emotions that parents have with their children. Studies show that genes also play a huge role in how older people parent their children. Sometimes parents behave out of whack because they are intimidating the way they were raised. Parenting is not only a reflection of how the previous generation was raised but it is also these genetic influences that can help parents raise kids. The brain is flexible enough to develop traits influenced by biological guardians. When you are taught love from your parents, you can show it to others. Attentive and expressive parents affect how open the adolescent will be in the future. If a parent is neglectful, the child will crave more attention in adulthood. Once a mother or father becomes emotionally reserved, the child develops the same reservation in other relationships. Increasing philosophical attention has become prevalent and truly starts from parental vulnerability. It does indeed take precedence over child vulnerability because without the parent taking a step the child won’t have room to be vulnerable. A parent’s attachment to their child’s feelings creates massive vulnerability, which is essential for an intimate parent-child relationship. It can trigger fear, loss, grief, anger, depression, lack of self-efficacy, financial crisis, and loss of opportunity. Do not fight these feelings; share them. It’s hard for a parent not to transform their emotions into a strain on the relationship with their children. In a multimedia medically reviewed article, Nancy Colier details a real-life experience to prove how a parents’ personality burdens can affect generations to come. A dad named Dan was upset at his teenage daughter named Kim. In the morning, Kim took photos of her dad, and Dan, who is educated in photography, suggested his daughter change her frame to create a richer picture. Kim became irritated with her dad and did not listen to his suggestion. She told Dan to leave her alone so she can take photos however she pleases. Dan is tired of his daughter Kim not respecting him. He believes Kim does not value his opinion. In reality, Dan was the one who had felt like this his whole life, being invisible and underappreciated. His problems being triggered by his daughter Kim merely wanting her own creative space created an unnecessary wedge in their relationship. Kim feels controlled by her father, and he always had to teach her something she already knew. She felt her father was implying she wasn’t good enough because he wanted everything she did to be even better. Thus, Kim rejected her father’s suggestions so her craft could feel like hers. Everyone has been a troubled parent once in our life like Dan, and everyone has been Kim, feeling our parents’ burdens pressed on us. Dan refuses to let aside his ego using the “I’m the father” tactic and never took the time to look at his past to deal with his issues. Self-awareness and discernment are two ideal traits that need to be learned for parenting. If parents continue to have their egos and never admit to having personal burdens, confusing parent-child relations will be the result. Children’s preconceived notions of family chaos from ages nine to twelve and their school performance at age twelve were studied by more than 2,3000 twin pairs. Genetic factors that influence children’s experience of a chaotic home affected how well they did in school. Children who are successful in school tend to come from quiet, organized homes with a predictable routine, regardless of financial status. Children living in a confusing environment have lower expectations for greatness and tendencies to quit when facing a challenge.
Let’s look more into the environmental influences on a child’s life that biological guardians can control. A healthy home environment is significant for the development of a child, while a toxic home environment has harmful effects on a child’s intellectual, emotional, and social development. Poor language skills, a lack of school readiness, and behavioral issues are the results of problematic parenting. Long-term outcomes of parenting environments can range from high school graduation to teen parenthood to adult employment and success in the workforce. The Urban Child Institute clearly explains that a troubled childhood can cause the brain to grow differently. Distinct patterns of brain development have shown to be directly associated with family income and socio-economic factors. Learning and memory, cognitive ability, etc. are some aspects greatly impacted by the environment. Substance abuse is a prominent issue. Whether it’s past trauma, financial status, or parental stress, many factors can influence drug abuse within the household. Based on statistics from 2009 to 20014 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, an estimate of 1 in 8 children seventeen or younger lived in homes with at least one parent struggling with substance abuse. Approximately 1 in 10 children18 lived in houses with a minimum of one parent who had a minimum of one parent with an alcohol use disorder. Children with these parents are at risk for direct effects, like abuse, neglect, or a recurrence of an unhealthy habit. Speaking of habits, addiction affects a child’s mental health as well. It transcends cultures and generations. Parents who are addicted to drugs have trouble effectively raising their children. Norms for a kid are learned early. If a child witnesses the effects of drug abuse, it becomes their view of an effective family/household. It can even affect a child’s physical health and stress levels in the future. Addiction can become a cycle in future generations as well. When children grow up in a household with drug addiction, it becomes hard for them to express themselves. Single parents have great effects on children. . Almost thirty percent of children were part of a single-parent family in 2006. Studies show white children suffer more than black children when it comes to single-parent homes. This is due to a higher percentage of black children being born into single mothers rather than white children seeing the divorce take place. Children born into single parents are more likely to experience unfortunate circumstances like being poor, being victims of crimes, or using drugs. People with single-parent families due to deaths are raised better than the children from other groups. Educational support and proper discipline are also lacking in single-parent homes. Since traditional family ideas are not present, single parents need to do all they can to raise their children right. Emotions need to feel accepted. Liz Hodgman released a qualitative, reviewed, journal article expanding on the emotional environment, as it is often overlooked. The emotional environment’s goal should be for one to accomplish emotional stability regarding emotional needs. A good emotional environment for children includes parents who understand feelings and show empathy, safety, and security that allows them to gain confidence and overcome trials, express themselves knowing they won’t be judged, give warmth from his/her family, practice inclusivity, and encourage independence. An adequate emotional environment determines whether a child is capable of achieving their greatest goals socially and career-wise as an adult. With positive emotional environments, a child can cooperate with others, flourish in public surroundings (learning or social), maintain polite behavior, and become independent. With a negative emotional environment, a child will struggle with forming outside relationships, lack academically, and increase the likelihood of a life of crime. Erik Erikson is a psychologist that invented the eight stages of psychosocial development. Success in all stages produces a healthy personality. Failure can bring about an unhealthy character. Trust versus mistrust is the first stage. For eighteen months, a baby only trusts their parents to care for them. If not met, anxiety and suspicion will develop. The next stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt. Between eighteen months and three years old, a child is concentrated on gaining personal control and independence. The third stage is initiative versus guilt. The child asserts themselves through directing forms of activities and social interaction first. If parents see this as aggressive, a child will become guilty in interaction and restrict initiatives. The fourth stage is industry versus inferiority. A child develops a need for approval from friends, teachers, and family. The next stage is identity versus role confusion. From about twelve to eighteen, adolescents search for an identity through beliefs, goals, and exploration. The sixth stage is called intimacy versus isolation. Between eighteen and forty years old, conflict is centered around intimate and loving relationships. Success results in commitment and safety. Avoiding intimacy can result in depression and loneliness. The seventh stage is generativity versus stagnation. The last stage is ego integrity versus despair. This stage is between sixty-five until death. Looking back on accomplishments develops wisdom. With feeling unproductive in our life or guilty about our past, dissatisfaction and despair is the result.
The response of the child to the environment needed to be studied further to complete the way a child is affected by a biological guardian’s personality. Genes can carry instructions to make you develop feelings related to physical or mental health. For example, Jennifer may not want to go to the gym because her obesity makes her feel uncomfortable. If Jennifer was raised in a rich and healthy home, she would not crave salty and sweet junk food. Since Jennifer was raised in a low-income household, frozen meals and packaged desserts were bought so they were carved as she got older as well. Family processes interact to influence child outcomes. Most family dynamics are similar but their differences allow each outcome to be different. Frustration in a child can translate to ineffective feelings within a parent. War/loss of homeland, family illness, bereavement, parental separation, and resilience are some environments that affect a child. Studies show that people who experience wars and terrorist attacks are more likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD caused disturbing thoughts or dreams lasting a long time. War and conflict trigger a stress response system. Maureen Fox in “The Journal of Social Work Practice” tells us that trauma overcomes the barrier that helps us cope with anxiety. Illnesses within the parents of a family require the child to fulfill the role of the adult and affect a child’s effective stress response. With depressed parents, the children may sacrifice their comfort to “rescue them.” Children depend on parents for emotional support, not the other way around. Behavior problems have been researched to stem from illness in the family as well. It can impact a child’s academic performance and future career earnings. Bereavement, meaning the death of a loved one, being robbed, or deprived of something valuable, causes individuals to suppress their feelings with tangible tasks. During mourning, a person’s psychic equilibrium is restored. It is typically accompanied by a loss of interest in the outside world and the capacity to make emotional investments. Obsessiveness with memories or other things can also be the outcome. Children of divorced or separated parents have difficulty adjusting to different stages of life due to experience with broken or detached attachment bonds. From parental separation, children sometimes carry that weight to romantic or platonic relationships. Resilience is adapting to adversity and being able to cope with problems to become stronger. Usually, people who have resilience use mental processes that support personal assets or protect themselves from potential negativity in people or circumstances. It’s being able to bear stress rather than the amount of stress. The more protective factors available, whether in one’s self or their family, the more resilient a young child can be. Young people need exposure to positive people and experiences to gain discernment. Studies show that prolonged exposure to negativity affects a young person’s life choices. To solve familial toxicity, taking responsibility is a way to teach the offspring to do the same, not find a scapegoat. Being available and eating meals are some of the strong ways to establish stability in a child. Every interaction with a child should be an opportunity to make connections.
Speaking of making connections, childhood emotional neglect is a subcategory under environmental effects that should be brought more to the surface. Researcher Daniel Goleman says that over the last two decades children stopped being taught the basic morals of the human heart. Emotional intelligence has so many benefits like health, wealth, relationships, longevity, and success. Emotion dismissing parents are action-driven and don’t want emotions. Emotions are seen as destructive. Emotion coaching parents accept and explore emotions in their child and others. It’s scientifically proven that emotion coaching parents produce kids that excel in environments including school. It starts with the parent being honest with their children about their emotions. Navigating through mistakes and always reassuring that emotions are okay advances the process of gaining this emotional intelligence for both the child and parents. Childhood emotional neglect is a failure of parents to respond to a child’s emotional needs. The neglect has long-term consequences. Unlike emotional abuse, neglect is often not intentional. The parent may still provide necessities but mishandle the key area of parental support. For example, if a child tells a parent about a rude friend and the parent brushes it off, the child learns that those emotional needs aren’t important. Depression, anxiety, apathy, failure to thrive, hyperactivity, aggression, developmental delays, low self-esteem, substance misuse, withdrawal, uncaring, or shunning intimacy are some symptoms of childhood neglect. Once they become adults, effects of childhood neglect include PTSD, emotional unavailability, eating disorder, feeling personally flawed, poor self-discipline, shame, anger, and difficulty trusting each other. Early exposure to neglect can interrupt healthy development and have lifelong effects. When an adult responds absent-minded, children learn and relate to others with difficulty. It activates the stress response. Opportunities for character development are diminished. Neglect is experienced by 78% of children. Physical and psychological childhood neglect interrupts the ways a child’s brain develops and retains information, increasing the risk for emotional disorders. The effects of neglect can be reduced through intervention. Dr. Mari Kovanen, a counseling psychologist, gave us an example