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Martin Scorsese, an American-Italian filmmaker produced and directed “The Wolf of Wall Street” that was released to the public in 2013. This film tells the story of Jordan Belfort, who was a stockbroker living a luxurious life on Wall Street in the late 90s. Belfort ended up being unemployed due to the crash of all stock markets, but then lands in a company where penny stocks are sold through a small brokerage where Jordan was able to gain 50% commission at the end of each sale. He was able to rapidly convince many clients with his charming ways he learned back at Wall Street. Jordan became so good at his job he immediately formed his own company, Stratton Oakmont where he was able to gain all his wealth. He continued to manipulate the stock market and persuaded many potential investors to purchase his stocks with false information. Although the result of his unethical stock sales were resulting in many people’s loss of investments it was still fully legal, until he lost control and ruined it all. Through Belfort’s riches, he became addicted to the money he was acquiring, along with drugs and alcohol, which led him to start committing federal crimes. Also, throughout the film, many scenes portray and reinforce gender stereotypes along with the human desire for wealth.
Get original essayFor instance, women are constantly being objectified while men hold all the power. In the opening scene, it is obvious that the females in this movie are only being portrayed as objects in and are only seen to exist about men. To emphasize this point, Naomi Lapaglia who is one of the main actors appears to be pleasing Jordan Belfort orally while he drives along in his Lamborghini at the beginning of the film. This shows the audience how the masculinity desire is to have sexual interactions with females along with the power of wealth. It is also important to realize that there are very few dialogues exchanged between both Naomi and Jordan throughout the film. When Naomi becomes Jordan’s fiance she seems to have no life of her own. She is caught mainly talking about maintaining the house and is most definitely portrayed as just a sex object. To demonstrate this point, there are many scenes where she is fully naked and mainly seen to be in only tight short dresses to of course dominate the male gaze. Along, with a very significant scene where Belfort gets punished for having cheated on Naomi. As he is punished she is ultimately holding sex against his will, saying things like “Mommy is just so sick and tired of wearing panties”. This shows the audience how
Moreover, the concept of reinforce gender stereotypes portray through this film are abstracted through all the feminine characters who are all primarily all hookers and strippers, who are naturally ranked by Jordan by status and quality. After Jorand starts becoming more successful we see how money can instantly change people’s point of living drastically. Before Belfort’s riches, the audience can see how much love he had for his fiancee, Terressa and how he always denied any drug of any kind offered to him. However, as his wealth started increasing with his penny stock market business he ultimately continued to sell and manipulate his clients, which landed him in a pile of millions of dollars. Throughout this process, we can see how Belfort becomes unrecognizable and energized by the power of the wealth he has acquired. He starts to abuse his power and starts consuming a large amount of drugs daily as the money piles up and starts hosting huge parties at his house filled with drugs, alcohol, and females. This is where we see how wealth can successfully lead people to lose control and start to embrace the addiction of drugs and alcohol.
Above all of Jordan and his stockbrokers show no sign of guilt for selling their consumers’ awful stocks in which they can potentially lose everything. All they seek to value is their hunger for wealth and prove throughout the film that they will do anything just to overcome their fortunes. He lets his hunger and drive for money get in the way of his morals and even lies to legal authorities who are investigating Jordan for his illegal transactions in the stock market. Above all, I can relate many aspects of this film to today’s world and how in society there are expectations on how males are supposed to act. In a way where males are constantly being driven by masculinity and how they always have to be stronger than the other male. This is why this film is a perfect example of how gender portrayals depict a patriarchal society since females in the movie are associated with femininity. Even though Jordan’s company, the audience can see that the ratio of male employees is significantly way higher than the ratio of females that are employed at Stratton Oakmont. This is because society puts a stigma on women because they are seen as weak and are treated as less than male. It is seen that men hold all the power in our society and is why Naomi can live such a luxurious lifestyle throughout the film. If it weren’t for Jordan’s financial earnings Naomi would have been seen differently and is why she is dependent on Jordan. These gender stereotypes of masculinity and femininity have become naturalized to society.
Nevertheless, many scenes portray and reinforce gender stereotypes along with the human desire for wealth and it is clear how money can influence a person into direct evil. The audience has seen the result of Jordan’s hunger to obtain wealth and how it directs him into the addiction of drugs and alcohol. This is the case in many incidents, but traditionally seen in men since they have a lot more opportunities available rather than women. However, Jordan’s success allows him to give into pleasurable activities like blowing all his money on drugs and alcohol. This film succeeds in portraying Jordan’s masculinity impulses as still feels the need to search for sexual interactions from other women even though he is happily married with a family of his own. Also as stated, Naomi is treated as an object throughout the whole film and is why she had denied Jordan to sexual activities to represent how females are presented as nothing more than sexual objects in today’s society. However, she does succeed to break away from these stereotypes and decides to divorce Jordan and take full custody of their child. Additionally, he is sentenced thirty-six months in security prison, due to his illegal frauding resulting in the downfall of Jordan Belfort’s life. In conclusion, Jordan Belfort demonstrates what a life with money and power can lead to if you let yourself be driven by it. The Wolf of Wall Street shows how history continues to repeat itself and shows how gender stereotypes are reinforced through our society.
Gender stereotypes are ideas about appropriate and inappropriate behaviours for males and females. Gender stereotypes is the topic for this essay where we will see how this kind of stereotyping promotes gender inequity and may lead children to believe it is ok to have a power imbalance between the sexes later in life. Common gender stereotypes can include: that it's not ok for men to cry; that men are naturally aggressive; that females should be submissive and be told what to do. Adolescents are conscious of gender stereotypes by this age and have begun to just accept a few of these as universal truths.
Get original essayLets just take one example of a true gender difference that adheres to all the above. 'Men don't cry' we all know that men do have emotions which means they're capable of crying and do so. We also know that men aren't as emotional as women and don't cry as easily. So then we know that men and women's emotional centres are different and it's reasonable to infer that there would be a difference in emotional makeup and altogether likelihood the behaviour of crying.
Crying has almost been completely destigmatized across the genders. Men know they can cry as much as they can wear the colour pink. But do they allow themselves to tear without viewing themselves as weak or inferior? Tragically, not often. If men weren't made to cry, they wouldn’t have tears. Men can cry, they can cry when mourning the death of a close friend or family member, they can cry if they are hurt. This hardened view is what makes many men hurt silently inside then the hurt gets manifested in harmful ways on others. it's okay to be human. Find your corner, cry sometimes. find solace in your woman, breakdown in her embrace sometimes. it'll assist you to heal and live. As stated in ‘The Drover’s Wife’ by Henry Lawson “One day she sat down to have a good cry”, sometimes it’s good to sit down and have a good cry.
In conclusion, to create a healthy culture for men to express emotions better, they have to feel safe expressing them in the first place. Crying must not be related to gender roles. Men don’t cry because they're weak, they cry because they have been strong for too long, they cry because crying—like other emotions—is a normal expression for all people. Confronting and processing emotions is what makes us human and crying is a fundamental emotion for all sexes. It’s time to alter how society perceives emotional responses in men. This macho view of masculinity is primitive and should be abandoned.
Sheryl Sandberg once said, “We cannot change what we are not aware of, and once we are aware, we cannot help but change” (Sandberg). Equal employment opportunity is a government policy that states that employers do not discriminate against employees and job applicants. Certain characteristics include age, race, color, creed, sex, religion, and disability. The equal employment opportunities shown positively provides training, guidance, development and even job shadowing or mentoring. People regardless of gender should have equal employment opportunities. Across the world, a common obstacle that keeps occurring is typically women face this particular issue. Even though some jobs are better suited for a particular gender, they should be open to both genders at a workplace because women receiving unequal pay, unfair treatment, and being held to different standards.
Get original essayFew individuals believe that certain jobs are better suited for a specific gender. One study shows, “In the United States, only 6.6% of women worked full-time in male-dominated occupations in 2017” (Catalyst). In today’s world, people perform jobs that are best suited to their abilities whereas an individual in a position of authority gets the same respect, regardless of gender. The gender stereotype displays disadvantages to women to become future leaders in the workplace. Therefore, a job should not determine if either gender is more capable of doing a particular job better than another.
In particular, women are still not receiving equal pay for equal work compared to men. As claimed, “Indeed, according to data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, women on a minimum wage earn roughly 10% less per hour than men on the minimum rate” (The Gender Pay Gap Stretches To Minimum Wage Workers Too). This affects women’s spending power and their retirement security. Besides, women are well educated in their job field, which is unfair because education is pushed onto people so they have a good job with good pay. Unfortunately, being a woman in the workplace has its downfall with the wage gap that implies women lose more than $10,000 per year in their earnings. According to Lahle Wolfe a writer for The Balance Small Business, “The Equal Pay Act of 1963 made it a federal requirement that pays scales for identical work be the same regardless of whether the employee doing the labor is male or female” (Wolfe). It is clearly shown that fair pay and economic opportunities are critical challenges women face. In spite of the laws that were created to end unequal pay, there needs to be stricter laws or new ones enforced to give everyone the same opportunity in the workplace. Lastly, the pay gap is across all racial and ethnic groups, found in every state, and practically every occupation.
Most importantly, in a working environment everyone should be treated fairly, respectfully, and maturely no matter the gender or race. As provided by CNBC News, “The poll, which surveyed more than 1,000 U.S. adults, found that 52 percent of Americans say men do not treat women equally in the workplace while 61 percent of women say that their male counterparts fail to treat them as equals” (Carter). Unfair treatment at work usually deals with discrimination, such as gender, ethnic, or being pregnant. The unfair treatment is mainly towards women than men at work. Women feel degraded, humiliated, and offended. Employers expect all women to be good at multitasking because apparently, they’re better at it than men. According to a nationwide survey, “Twenty-five percent of female workers have experienced discrimination or unfair treatment in the workplace, and 17 percent said they have felt sexually harassed by a fellow employee or manager” (25% of Women Report…). For example, cutting off women as they talk in meetings. Even using gendered language to characterize an individual’s work ethic. However, this makes it harder for women to succeed at work, plus causes women not to work at particular jobs/professions.
Specifically, gender-based standards tend to be much higher for females than males in the workplace. In addition to this, “Four-in-10 survey participants said women are expected to do more than their male counterparts to prove themselves” (Staff). Some people strongly believe that women portray the role of taking care of things, while men are considered to be taking charge of a situation. Nevertheless, women still receive lower rewards for doing numerous amount of work compared to a male coworker. Clearly, men outnumber women in everything, especially in the workplace. As a clear illustration, “Women surpass men on education attainment among those employed aged 25 and over: 37.1 percent of women hold at least a bachelor’s degree compared to 34.9 percent for men” (Gender Inequality and Women…). This evidence highlights that women are less likely to be hired into entry-level jobs. Therefore, this is a negative impact on women and companies which leads to losing employees in a business. Without a doubt, work standards are higher for women, and for this reason, it is more likely to believe that gender has played a role in missing the opportunity on a promotion or raise. Considering everything, women want to be given the same opportunity, workload, and level of respect in the workplace to fully succeed in their job/job title.
Without a doubt, people regardless of gender should have equal employment opportunities, which indicates that employers should be open to both genders at a workplace because women in this case, especially, receive unequal pay, unfair treatment, and being held to different standards. First and foremost, women in the workplace receive unequal pay constantly. Secondly, women get unfair treatment at work which makes them uncomfortable at their job. The final point is women being held to much higher standards than men even if the pay does not match up. If each gender does not receive the same pay, then equal employment opportunities will never give individuals to strive in businesses. Therefore, you should start a protest with no hesitation to inform people who are not aware of this current situation people are facing on a day to day basis. Without delay we should set goals, track and report on progress, and reward success, which can increase diversity, to have equal pay, plus to ensure that hiring and promotions are fair.
Internet has revolutionized various sectors of economy. And with its rise, it has become indispensible for smoothly carrying out day to day functions. Prevalent times are often termed as ‘Age of Data’ which often leads to parting of personal data while using various internet services. With the exponential rise in users incidents of identity theft, unauthorised access and other such breaches have increased. Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information or other sensitive information is collected, stored, used and finally destroyed or deleted in digital for or otherwise. The challenge of data privacy is to utilise data and at the same time protecting individual’s privacy preferences and their personally identifiable information.
Get original essayThe Right to Privacy is a highly developed area of law in Europe and all the member states of the European Union are also signatories of the European Convention on Human Rights. An important part of EU privacy and human rights law is the data protection directive. It is a European Union directive adopted in 1995 which regulates the processing of personal data within the European Union.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which was adopted in April 2016 will replace the Data Protection Directive and will be enforceable from May 2018. GDPR is a regulation by which the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission intend to strengthen and unify data protection law for all individuals within the European Union. It will also look into the export of personal data outside the EU. The GDPR aims primarily to give control back to citizens and residents over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying the regulation within the EU. It does not require national governments to pass any enabling legislation and is thus directly binding and applicable, unlike the current directive which needs legislations to be passed. GDPR extends the scope of the EU data protection law to all foreign companies processing data of EU residents. It also brings a new set of digital rights for EU citizens in an age when the economic value of personal data is increasing in the digital economy.
The GDPR is the most significant piece of European Privacy legislation in the last twenty years seeking to unify data protection laws across Europe. Under this regime companies must keep a thorough record of how and when an individual gives consent to store and use their personal data. When somebody withdraws consent at any point of time, then their details must be permanently erased, and not just deleted from a mailing list. GDPR gives individuals the right to be forgotten.
Privacy by Design and Default is the cornerstone of the GDPR. Privacy by design is a fundamental component in the design and maintenance of information systems and mode of operations for each organisation. This mandates that from the initial stages onwards organisation must consider the impact that processing data can have on an individual’s privacy. This means that every new business process or product that could involve personal data or impact the privacy of an individual must be designed in accordance with data protection requirements.
Article 25 of the GDPR codifies the concept of privacy by design. According to this, a data controller is required to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures both at the time of determination of the means for processing itself in order to ensure data protection principles such as data minimisation are met. The concept of privacy by design promotes compliance with data protection laws and regulations from the earliest stages of initiatives involving personal data. It puts more strain on the conception and development of new initiatives, following privacy by design principles can be used as a mean to help ensure full compliance with data protection principles issues being identified at an earlier and less costly stage and to the increase of awareness of privacy and data protection related matters throughout an organisation. Under the current regime no specific requirement to implement privacy by design by default exits but under GDPR which will come into force it’s inherent.
The data controller while implementing privacy by design needs to take into account the state of the art, cost of implementation and the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing as well as the likelihood and severity of risks of the rights and freedoms of natural persons posed by the processing of their personal data. Privacy by design is a technical approach. While the incentives and will to invade privacy may be social problems, the actual ability to do so is a technical problem in many instances. Thus, dealing with it at technology level is necessary.
An Aircraft Electrical System is a self contained network of components that generate, transmit, distribute, utilize and store electrical energy.
Get original essayAn electrical system is an integratal and essential component of all but the most simplistic of aircraft designs. The electical system capacity and complexity varies tremendously between a light, piston powered, single engine GA aircraft and a modern, multiengine commercial jet aircraft. However, the electrical system for aircraft at both ends of the complexity spectrum share many of the same basic components.
All aircraft electrical systems have components with the ability to generate electricity. Depending upon the aircraft, generators or alternators are used to produce electricity. These are usually engine driven but may also be powered by an APU, a hydraulic motor or a Ram Air Turbine (RAT). Generator output is normally 115-120V/400HZ AC, 28V DC or 14V DC. Power from the generator may be used without modification or it may be routed through transformers, rectifiers or inverters to change the voltage or type of current.
The generator output will normally be directed to one or more distribution Bus. Individual components are powered from the bus with circuit protection in the form of a Circuit Breaker or fuse incorporated into the wiring. The generator output is also used to charge the aircraft battery(s). Batteries are usually either of the lead-acid or NICAD types but lithium batteries are becoming more and more common. They are used for both aircraft startup and as an emergency source of power in the event of a generation or distribution system failure.
Some very simple single engine aircraft do not have an electrical system installed. The piston engine is equiped with a Magneto ignition system, which is self powering, and the fuel tank is situated so it will gravity feed the engine. The aircraft is started by means of a flywheel and crank arrangement or by “hand-proping” the engine. If an electric starter, lights, electric flight instruments, navigation aids or radios are desired, an electrical system becomes a necessity. In most cases, the system will be DC powered using a single distribution bus, a single battery and a single engine driven generator or alternator. Provisions, in the form of an on/off switch, will be incorporated to allow the battery to be isolated from the bus and for the generator/alternator to be isolated from the bus. An ammeter, loadmeter or warning light will also be incorporated to provide an indication of charging system failure. Electrical components will be wired to the bus-bar incorporating either circuit breakers or fuses for circuit protection. Provisions may be provided to allow an external power source such as an extra battery or a Ground Power Unit to be connected to assist with the engine start or to provide power whilst the engine is not running.
More sophisticated electrical systems are usually multiple voltage systems using a combination of AC and DC buses to power various aircraft components. Primary power generation is normally AC with one or more Transformer Rectifier Unit (TRU) providing conversion to DC voltage to power the DC busses. Secondary AC generation from an APU is usually provided for use on the ground when engines are not running and for airborne use in the event of component failure. Tertiary generation in the form of a hydraulic motor or a RAT may also be incorporated into the system to provide redundancy in the event of multiple failures. Essential AC and DC components are wired to specific busses and special provisions are made to provide power to these busses under almost all failure situations. In the event that all AC power generation is lost, a static Inverter is included in the system so the Essential AC bus can be powered from the aircraft batteries.
Deep web refers to all web pages that Search Engines cannot find, It is where more things lie that cannot be reached by anyone to access. Deep web is used for legal transactions. The software named The Onion Router network (TOR), virtual private network. TOR is used to access a section of the deep web, not only hidden from search engines and also encrypted data. Most of the information we access in the internet requires authentication which can be stored in deep web. Deep web has capacity to provide more number of security services.
Get original essayDigital Banking means cashless transactions. Digital Banking is transformation of all bank related activities through online which is happening inside the bank. The activities includes deposit, withdrawals, getting loan, etc. It provides users to access financial data through ATM’s, Mobile, Desktop. The digital banking has revolutionized the banking sector and modified the entire procedure of simple bank transfers. Through digital banking we can check our bank account details and we can pay the online bills and also we can transfer money from one account to other in a faster way.
The invention of ATM’s and credit cards paved the way for the digitization of the banks. In 1990’s banking sector introduced the world to the online banking services.
The digitization of banking has brought the joy of luxurious banking from anywhere, any time. Some of the benefits are
Through online banking has best owned us with heaps of benefits but it has a flipside to it as well. They are:
Surface web is the portion of World Wide Web on internet that is being pointed by search engines is known as surface web or visible web. In surface web the internet is compared with icebergs. The search engines like Google, yahoo etc are called surface web. It contains the static web pages and fixed pages, doesn’t depends on the databases for matter. The surface web doesn’t involves unregistered sites without domain names. It is possible to store the data of surface web is 4% of World Wide Web. The surface web contains 19 Tb of text. Linked content in search engine scanner can find. Internet Searchers are searching one in 3,000 of the web pages accessible to them today.
Dark web infrastructure is created in 1970’s. Dark web is present after deep web. The crimes that takes place over the internet are not visible within the deep surface to which is fixed. These web is mostly used for illegal activities, which includes pornography, gambling, buying and selling of information etc, these are obtained by special web browsers like I2P, Free net as dark nets. It consists of stolen statements, unofficial matters. It is a piece of internet isn’t indexed by search engines. These can be used to encrypted online content that is not indicated on normal search engine. Dark web has become an online marketplace for illegal goods.
The deep web is a invisible web or hidden web used to store the collection of sensitive data available in the website (In the form of html). It is very safe compared to dark web. Retrieving the data on deep web is safe. It is also a part of World Wide Web. It is same as the search engines such as Google, yahoo, etc. Deep web is surfing that can bring up with Google search engine including everything from private source of media profile, medical, scientific, banking databases. Mostly deep web is used in online banking. Deep web is a dynamic web pages. Any page can get from the actually URL and the permission to read it. The unauthorised persons don’t receive the content present in deep web. Even the authorised persons will enter through the virtual private network (VPN) to access the content.
Deep web is a middle web which is in between surface web and dark web. The internet is only a small part of a much larger online information space called deep web. Online bank accounts, passwords, collectively form this deep web. It is very difficult to hack the data, Because of high security. It is impossible to determine that how big the deep web is. In Deep web data can be stored in somewhere. It can store the files in different servers through peer-to-peer networking. Remaining is 96% of information is stored on the net is deep web. Internet is compared with the iceberg with deep webbing huge and vast you can see below the surface such as corporate secret. According to 2001, university of California deep web has a 7.5 Pera bytes of data. In 2014 study, deep web is increased up to 1 million Hexa bytes.
The deep web holds safe data and initialized records. For example, the account details on the deep web which is very valuable for criminals. When one person login into bank account, email, social media or anything else login with someone can access by having link to deep web. When the password is strong it is difficult to hack. The strong password is the combination of letters, numbers and special characters. Then it is hard to find the password.
Virtual Private Network encrypts the connection from an endpoint to a network. A remote access VPN uses IPSEC or Secure sockets layer to authenticate the communication between device and network. Through VPN you can exchange the data security to the private network directly. VPN provides security and data privacy.
VPN Advantages:
Deep web is open to public as a part of the web. Whenever you search about deep web we can saw the matter about TOR network. TOR is a free tool. TOR is nothing but The Onion Router, it will permit you to route the web traffic through other systems in TOR network, so that the party on the other side of connection cannot trace the traffic back to you. When a client connect with TOR website, the data can be encrypted before reaching its destination. TOR is used to encrypt and decrypt the data. TOR browser is specifically a medium to approach the .onion sites on the deep web. Makes it hard to follow where users are located and what data are retrieving. TOR networks are the group of services that improves privacy security. TOR users are more means your Information will be protected. TOR 4.0 is the latest iteration of TOR browser. It was released on October 2014.
Deep web and Dark web were having most of the headlines recently. The Dark web occupies only a fraction of the deep web. The Deep web is not having all bad things, dark web has all these illegal things. Some serious researchers loves the volumes of archives found in the Deep web.
Generally the search engines will find web pages through three steps i.e.
Crawling means constantly looks for new web pages to add to its list through a Process. Indexing means Studying and Categorizing the content images and video embedded on web page. Serving is used to responds the user query.
When you look over the deep web, it is safe to provide device with security software that is VPN. The deep web helps to protect the data that is possible want to stay private.
Computer security, also known as cyber security or IT security, is the conservation of information system from injury of hardware, software and to the data. It requires controlling physical retrieve to the hardware.
There are four main security concerns. They are:
Avoiding the data robbery such as bank account numbers, credit card information, password, documents etc are crucial in now-a-days communication, that is depends on the security. Data present in the computer can be misapply by unauthorised instructions. Vengeful hackers may crash the computer system to produce data loss. So the computer security arises. To prevent these we use firewalls. Firewalls are the security purpose software. It is a security guard between the internet and Local area network. Firewalls block uncertified access to the network.
Network security is a task developed to save the usable and integrity of system and data. It helps to secure copyrights information from attack. There is a staff to stop people from forwarding and uploading negative information in unsafe manner.
Type of Network Security
Online security is a issue covering security for transactions over the internet standards for protecting data that gets sent through the internet. This involves different kinds of encryption such as Pretty Good Privacy, a secure web setup includes firewalls. It avoids the unwanted traffic.
Online Security Products
The people who apply laws, study crimes and make arrests. Law enforcement may be must worried with the stoppage and correction of faults.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
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Get custom essayDeep web is mostly used for legal activities. This consists of lot of sensitive information which requires more security, so persons can use VPN to protect the data in the deep web. By this one can avoid hacking sensitive and valuable information.
Migration theories can be classified according to the level they focus on. Micro-level theories focus on individual migration decisions, whereas macro-level theories look at aggregate migration trends and explain these trends with macro-level explanations. The meso-level is in between the micro and macro level, e. g. on the household or community level and can explain both causes and perpetuation of migration.
Get original essayThe neoclassical macro migration theories explain migration as part of economic development. Internal migration occurs as a result of geographical differences in the supply and demand of labour, mostly between the rural traditional agricultural sector and the urban modern manufacturing sector, according to Hagen (2008). The basic model (Lewis, 1954 and Ranis & Fei, 1961) that grew out of trade theory, assumes perfect markets and a labour surplus in the traditional agricultural sector that is absorbed by the modern sector.
The modern sector grows through capital accumulation and by poaching labour from the traditional sector. Rural workers are attracted by the positive wage differential and migrate to the urban sector, i. e. they are pulled to migrate. In these models migration occurs until wage equalisation has occurred.
Todaro and Harris (Todaro, 1969 and Harris & Todaro, 1970) augmented this model to account for the significant urban unemployment that was found in many less developed countries. Migration is not completely risk-free, because the migrant does not necessarily get a job upon arrival in the city. Migration may increase if urban wages increase or the urban employment rate increases (ceteris paribus).
The authors (Todaro & Harris) show that it can be perfectly rational to migrate, despite urban unemployment, due to a positive expected income differential. This model has clear predictions and while the significance of income differentials is undisputable in labour migration decision, it is probably not as excessive as Harris and Todaro describe it. The model assumes that an equilibrium will take place, which we do not find in the real world and some of the other empirical predictions e. g. wage equalisation, have also not been found.
The dual labour market theory (Priore, 1979) explains migration as the result of a temporary pull factor, namely strong structural labour demand in developed countries. According to this not purely economic approach, there is economic dualism on the labour market of developed countries and wages also reflect status and prestige. There is a primary sector providing well-paid jobs and a secondary sector, for unskilled jobs, e. g. manufacturing.
The demand for migrant labour force stems from several factors. This model is important because it explains some of the post-war migration trends in Europe and the United States, but the focus is too narrow with only one pull factor being analysed and with no deeper analysis of migrant decision making. Another macro-level model explaining rural-urban migration in less developed countries is Mabogunje’s (1970) migration as a system model, in which he explains migration as a dynamic spatial process. Aggregate migration flows and interactions are modelled by starting with a pool of rural potential migrants that is affected by various factors in the decision to migrate.
The rural control sub-system controls outflows (e. g. family or community norms), the urban control sub-system controls inflows (e. g. through employment agencies), feedback is channelled back to potential migrants and the background environment also affects migration flows (social & economic conditions, government policies, transport & communications infrastructure etc. ). The environment and sub-systems are constantly changing, also as a result of the migration flows, which makes the system open and dynamic.
Other authors (e. g. Kritz & Zlotnik, 1992) have also emphasised the importance of viewing international migration as an interdependent dynamic system, with own but interlinked systems for sending and receiving countries and feedback and adjustment coming from the migration process itself. It can also be linked to the world systems theory, discussed above. It is important to take note of interactions between different actors and to emphasize the dynamic nature of migration. Nevertheless the migration system models are vague and do not allow concrete prediction of migration trends.
Politics matter in migration theory, as migration laws and thus the right to cross a border legally directly influence migration flows. These laws of nation states are the result of the relative power of different interest groups. They are influenced by profits (thus linking up with Priore’s dual labour market theory), national identity, considerations of national security and the extent of multiculturalism in the state. In a historical analysis it is important to point out that acquired rights, laws or existing institutions will always influence migration flows, irrespective of economic considerations, like the business cycle (Hollifield, 2000).
Globalisation not only affects the demand for labour or facilitates migrant networks, but also leads to loss of border control. Zolberg (1981) argues that it is not just the economic factors that matter in making the structural setting of migration, for example some of the countries that would be considered peripheral in the world systems theory (the Communist countries) chose to do so due to political reasons and political motives also influence migration flows (e. g. of refugees).
The political setting is thus an important structural factor in migration decisions. Zelinsky’s hypothesis of mobility transition (1971) argues that migration is part of the economic and social changes inherent in the modernisation process. It is part of the wider range of functionalist theories of social change and development, which try to link theories to past empirical trends. He argues that patterns and rates of migration can be closely linked to the stage of modernisation (e. g. industrialisation) and demographic factors (e. g. high birth rates).
He emphasizes that the preference for more personal freedom is part of the modernisations process. While his theories broadly make sense when looking at past migration patterns in industrialised nations, it is vague and does not allow differentiation of different types of migration and it does not consider the individual migration decisions.
Lee (1966) was the first to formulate migration in a push-pull framework on an individual level, looking at both the supply and demand side of migration. Positive and negative factors at the origin and destination push and pull migrants towards (non) migration, hindered by intervening factors, e. g. migration laws and affected by personal factors, e. g. how the migrant perceives the factors. He makes a number of predictions, for example that greater diversity among people leads to more migration and for this reason there are high rates of migration within the United States. This theory is barely a theory, it is more a grouping of factors affecting migration, without considering the exact causal mechanisms.
The human capital approach is the neoclassical micro-level migration theory. Based on the work of Sjaastad (1962) migration is treated as an individual investment decision to increase the productivity of human capital, thus again focusing on the labour market, but at the same time explaining the selectivity of heterogeneous migrants. Individuals make a rational cost-benefit calculation of the expected discounted returns of migration over future time periods, migrating only when the expected returns are positive.
Wolpert’s stress-threshold model (1965) describes a behavioural model of internal migration, similar to a cost-benefit analysis, but assuming individuals that intend to be rational ex-ante, but are not necessarily so ex-post. Individuals have a threshold level of utility they aspire to. They compare place utilities to this threshold in order to decide whether to migrate or not and to which place. Place utilities for the current position are based on past and future rewards, whereas place utilities for possible destinations depend on anticipated rewards. Knowledge is based on the subjective and 11 incomplete knowledge that individuals have in their personal action spaces, so rationality is bounded.
Action spaces depend on personal characteristics, the variability of the environment and life-stage of the individual. Migration flows thus occur as a consequence of these individual place utility evaluations and are not necessarily optimal according to rational and perfect information standards. This model leaves out some of the unrealistic assumptions of the human capital approach, but it is even more difficult to test. In a way Wolpert only changes the terminology, compared to the human capital approach. Another behavioural model, the value-expectancy model (Crawford, 1973) is a cognitive model in which migrants make a conscious decision to migrate based on more than economic considerations.
The potential migrant’s strength of migration intentions depends on a multiplication of the values of migration outcomes and expectations that migration will actually lead to these outcomes. Values are specific goals, e. g. wealth or autonomy. Values and expectations depend on personal and household characteristics (e. g. education level) and societal norms. These values do not necessarily need to be economic, for example security or self-fulfilment can also be important to potential migrants.
Migration depends on the strength of migration intentions, indirect influences of individual and societal factors and modifying effects of constraints and facilitators. It is similar to the place-utility approach of Wolpert and again it shows that migration choices are subjectively made. There are also other similar micro-based individual behavioural decision making models, e. g. work by de Jong & Fawcett (1981) or the adjustment-to-stress approach of Ritchey (1976). The behavioural approach also considers non-economic factors and societal influences, but it is very vague and rational decision making is still assumed. Complimentary to the dual labour market theory is Hoffmann-Novotny’s approach of explaining migrations as a theory of social systems (Hoffmann-Novotny, 1981).
According to this theory migration is a result of resolving structural tensions (power questions) and anominal tensions (prestige questions). Migrants hope to achieve their desired status in the destination country, but often tensions are transformed instead of reduced. How successful they are depends on the global distributions of the different systems (for the different countries) among “status lines”. A migrant coming from a country with a low rank is unlikely to achieve a high internal rank at the destination.
“Undercasting” of migrants takes place, which means that migrants take on the lowest position in society, whereas lower stratum natives experience upward mobility, at least in terms of power/ income. This theory does not exclude economic push factors for migration, but instead places them in a wider context of other societal push factors and also considers what happens to migrants at their destination. The theory broadly makes sense and furthermore includes structural factors, which most micro theories neglect.
The more traditional migration approaches focus either on aggregate migration movements or individuals making migration decisions. They thus assume that individuals independently make the decision to migrate. Some of the migration literature includes a seemingly wider decision-making framework, for example Harbison (1981) paper is entitled “Family Structure and Family Strategy in Migration Decision Making”.
However, the migration decision is still not seen as a strategic family decision; the paper only acknowledges that families can influence the individual migrant’s decision, e. g. through the demographic structure. When looking at migration from a gender perspective, family structure can influence the migration decisions of women in particular.
As Morokvasic (1984) points out, women migrate not only because of economic motives, but also to get married, due to social constraints, low rights and lack of protection against domestic violence. Sandell (1977) and Mincer (1978) on the other hand view migration as a family decision. The family as a whole migrates if their net gain is positive. If only one partner finds a (better) job at the destination, the family only migrates if gains of one family member internalise the losses of the other family member.
The family migration decision is thus in essence an aggregation of individual migration utilities. Bigsten (1988) also considers migration a household decision in which a family allocates labour to the urban or rural sector depending on the marginal products of combined wages. The New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) goes one step further. According to this approach decisions are often made by household members together and for the wellbeing of the family as a whole1. Households also do not migrate together (as in Mincer, for example), but rather send of one or more household members off as migrants.
The NELM is a fundamentally different theory of migration that was developed by Oded Stark in the 1980s, in cooperation with David Bloom, Eliakim Katz, David Levhari, Robert Lucas, Mark Rosenzweig, and J. Edward Taylor. The NELM is the only migration theory that explicitly links the migration decision to the impacts of migration, with remittances being this link (Taylor & Fletcher, 2001).
According to the NELM a household maximises joint income, status and minimises risks. All three aspects contribute to the migration decision of the household. Each of those will now be discussed in turn. Basically, what this paper states is that if income and or status are low and or risks are high and there are market and government failures (so no other means of social protection), the household then makes the decision that one or more members of the household migrates to a labour market that is negatively or non-correlated with the local labour market.
They thus co-insure each other by diversifying their labour portfolio. Both the diversification of income and the investment-enabling character of remittances matter to the migration strategy. Households cooperate to achieve the income diversification and informal insurance and also benefit from intra-household specialisation (migrants/ non migrants).
Finally, the NELM should not be seen in isolation of the other migration theories. Stark includes the income differential approach to migration. Taylor (1986) points out that migration networks can be a source of information, thus increasing the certainty about returns in potential migration destinations.
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Get custom essayThe NELM extends the migration decision to also include risk and insurance considerations, household decision making and links the migration causes to the consequences. Therefore it is a more realistic and useful theory, even though it is still quite abstract and stylised and has some strong assumptions, like rationality. Unlike the sustainable livelihoods literature it is also quite vague on the combination of different types of activities. Like most theories of migration it is also vague about how migrants choose where to go specifically.
I made the decision to research and write about Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) because I have people close to me that could be affected by this in a rather mild way. I wanted to gain a better understanding about the causes, treatments, and also just generally how to improve the quality of life for someone who suffers from GAD. As seen in its name, GAD in more generalized, and it is so in the sense that it is not linked to 1 specific thing such as a phobia might be. This generalization I believe has a higher detrimental effect on the patient then someone who may suffer from a phobia, such as a phobia of heights. If you have a specific phobia, you can either avoid the thing that causes you fear or you can have a treatment that can take a specific track in order to really examine that single fear and how to overcome it.
Get original essayGeneralized Anxiety Disorder is characterized as “Excessive, ongoing anxiety and worry that are difficult to control and interfere with day-to-day activities” (Mayo Clinic Staff). GAD makes the sufferer have an over the top stress response to minor problems that arise or an over the top stress response to nothing in particular. The sufferer may find it hard to relax and experience difficulty dealing with any situation that they feel uncertain about. It also leads to overthinking in situations that may be seemingly simple. There is also an aspect of GAD that can make the sufferer feel threatened in situations where they otherwise should not feel that way. An accumulation of these symptoms can cause irritability and an inability to sleep along with feeling tired all the time.
There is also a possibility of a psychical response to GAD. These psychical symptoms can include “Racing Heart, dry mouth, upset stomach, muscle tension, sweating, trembling, and irritability” (Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School, Published June 2011). These psychical symptoms have a somatic relationship with the psychological effects of GAD. One thing that has been shown is that GAD is almost twice as prevalent in women then it is in men. The risk for developing GAD appears to be highest in late adolescence to middle adulthood but can appear at any time. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, “GAD is diagnosed when a person finds it difficult to control worry on more days than not for at least six months and has three or more symptoms”. The combinations of the psychological effects along with the physical symptoms make GAD a very disruptive and possibly debilitating mental health issue.
From a biological perspective, a higher likelihood of developing GAD has been found in those that have family members that suffer from it. Although it has yet to be determined why some family members will develop the disorder while others will not. A major biological consideration is the fight or flight response. Those suffering from GAD could have an unbalanced fight or flight response, and that stress reaction is a contributing factor in both what they think, and the somatic relationship that causes the physical symptoms. Another biological consideration is a possible imbalance in the hormones produced by the brain and the possibility of an over sensitive amygdala.
From a Sociocultural perspective, GAD can present a major problem. First of all, we as a society look at those with any mental health issue differently. People with GAD can experience others having a lack of confidence in them. They can also experience others possibly viewing them as a burden due to being hindered in their day to day life by their anxiety. On the other side, those with GAD might find it more difficult to interact with people. Social anxiety is one symptom with GAD that can be very prevalent. It can stop the sufferer from going out with friends or engaging in social functions that an otherwise healthy adult would participate in. This can lead to further depression and anxiety further perpetuating the cycle of negative thoughts and feelings.
The treatment modality I would choose to treat GAD is Cognitive Behavioral therapy. CBT has been used extensively for the treatment of GAD as well as a host of other disorders, such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and has been shown to be as effective if not more effective the drug based treatment both in the short term sense as well as in the long term. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy try’s to alter the unhealthy and unhelpful thoughts that people have creep in to their minds. It works to help people recognized their unhealthy habits and reactions they have to their thoughts and feelings. According to the American Psychological Association, CBT operates on the following core principles. “1. Psychological problems are based, in part, on faulty or unhelpful ways of thinking, 2. Psychological problems are based, in part, on learned patterns of unhelpful behavior, 3. People suffering from psychological problems can learn better ways of coping with them, thereby relieving their symptoms and becoming more effective in their lives”. (APA Staff 2018)
CBT wants the patient to recognize distortions in their thought patterns and work to find solutions to bring about meaningful change. Instead of letting a thought come in to their head and letting that thought then effect how they react, CBT works to have the patient stop, recognize that thought is occurring, and then address that thought. CBT also works to have patients recognize destructive patterns in their behavior and work to correct those patterns. This is where CBT works to instill problem solving skills. The techniques one can use in order to work through the problems that arise in their head is just one aspect of what makes CBT effective. This is an example of when CBT can be a useful tool to help someone who uses alcohol or tobacco to help with stress. CBT helps the person recognize that in response to their stress, they reach for those vises which wind up just hurting them more.
This comes in to play with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in several ways. First of all, the recognition of unhealthy and unhelpful thoughts is something that can greatly help someone with GAD. Being able to stop and realize the fact the patient is over analyzing a situation and that over analysis is causing a great amount of stress and pain, it huge steps in being able to face what’s wrong and find meaningful solutions to fix those thought patterns. Another situation is the patient’s reaction to those stress patterns. For example, if a patient who suffers from GAD begins to experience a high level of fear and anxiety about a social function that they are supposed to attend, they might shut down and refuse to leave the house. This can be one of the more crippling effects of GAD, social situations can be a huge stressor for anyone suffering from any of anxiety disorders. Utilizing CBT, a person suffering from GAD may be able to recognize the reaction they are having to their feelings and be able to work through their issues in a way that they have learned through CBT and be able to overcome their initial reaction.
There are other aspects of CBT that can help with GAD. Gaining confidences in your own abilities is something I believe a GAD sufferer can come to benefit from greatly. I believe that one of many roots that can cause great anxiety is no being in control or not understanding what might happen with a situation. This to me is more of a confidence issue then some might make it out to be. If someone can develop confidence in themselves, when those thoughts of anxiety flood their head they can use that confidence to talk themselves back down and know in their minds that they are in control and everything will be ok. A lack of confidence can be crippling when it comes to dealing with one’s anxiety issues. Furthermore, According to the American Psychological Association “CBT treatment also usually involves efforts to change behavioral patterns”, these include “Facing one’s fears instead of avoiding them, using role playing to prepare for potentially problematic interactions with others, learning to calm one’s mind and relax one’s body.” (APA Staff 2018)
Facing ones fears instead of avoiding them is a huge step towards being able to correct ones unhealthy thoughts and feelings, especially when it comes to anxiety disorders. One must be able to take a good hard look at themselves in order to fix what ails them. Anxiety tends to make one retreat back to a place in their mind that makes them feel safe. The sufferer must be able to stop themselves from going to that place and instead face what they know scares them. Using role playing to prepare for potentially problematic interactions can really help someone work through social situations. The anxiety that stops someone from going in to social situations is what needs to be overcome.
Gaining confidence in oneself by going through the role playing process can do wonders in terms of bringing the anxiety level down by showing the patient that they can get through whatever is thrown their way. Seeing how social anxiety can be a crippling effect of GAD, this role playing process can be a very important aspect of CBT that can really help the patient. With a lot of things in life, practice can make perfect. Furthermore, the more someone does something the more comfortable that person becomes with it. Repeated exposure to something that can cause great anxiety can help teach someone the best way to deal with it. If someone always avoids something they are not good at, like how to act in a social situation, then they will never develop the skills necessary to ever do it.
Lastly, learning to calm one’s mind and relax one’s body can have huge benefits for overall wellness for a sufferer of GAD. This goes back to the benefits found in Somatic Psychology. Being able to have the mind and body work in unison in order to bring someone’s overall well-being to a place where it needs to be is one of the major goals of CBT. If a person can master how to relax the mind or the body then they have developed the ground work to being able to gain overall mindfulness which is something that GAD can really steal from someone.
CBT really focuses not on specific events in someone’s life that is causing them stress, but more the negative feelings someone will associate with those events. CBT really has the patient become their own psychiatrist, examining their own feelings and find ways to curb those negative reactions. GAD is really all about negative reactions to situations the person finds stressful. CBT can be an incredible useful tool to use to make the person examine why they have those negative feelings to certain situations, and really help to develop a strategy in order to deal with them.
I think a good field of study to use to really dive in to Generalized Anxiety Disorder is Biological and Somatic Psychology. I believe that a big part of GAD is how the mind and the body interact and create a toxic and stressful environment within itself. The mind over reacting to what it perceives as a stressful situation has a direct negative effect on the body and the hormones that are released over and over again can over time have a very negative side effect. However, this body-mind interface can also be utilized as an effective tool in order to combat GAD.
In Dr. Robert Sapolsky’s YouTube lecture “1. Introduction to Human Behavioral Biology”, he is explain the 2 main themes of his class which in this case is Bio 150 at Stanford University. He says “Sometimes the stuff going on in your body can dramatically influence what goes on in your brain”, he then later goes on to say “Sometimes what’s going on in your head will affect every single outpost in your body”. Those major themes of human biology can help us understand some of the effects of GAD. When you look at the hormones that cause the fight or flight response in the body, those stress hormones interact with both the mind and the body to achieve the goal of protecting the person. So a biological psychologist would see GAD as an issue encompassing the entire body and not just as a mental disorder.
The understanding gained by using Biological Psychology can help fuel how we might treat someone using the concepts in Somatic Psychology and it all goes back to stress and how we can mitigate stress and anxiety through both mental health practices along with physical intervention. We already have the understanding of one way to help a person from a psychotherapeutic perspective, in this cause Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, but Somatic Psychology shows us that we can also do things such as exercise or breathing techniques. The CBT helps the patient learn problem solving techniques and coping skills for when they are facing an anxiety inducing situation , but we can use things like exercise and breathing techniques to really bring the heart rate down which will have a profound effect on the stress response that makes GAD so crippling.
It has been shown that an activity such as lifting weights can positively effects the bodies regulations of emotion and hormones. Depression, which is a very common occurrences in those that suffer with GAD and can at times be one of the root causes of GAD, has been shown to be reduced greatly in those who spend some time each day engaging in physical activity. 30 minutes of exercise 3 to 5 days a week can have a very positive effect on both physical and mental health. Also, the breathing technique of in for 4 seconds, hold for 4 seconds, out for 4 seconds, hold for 4 seconds, and repeat has been shown to lower a person’s heart rate and instill a feeling of calm in to them.
Another theme within Somatic Psychology that can be used to at least understand what is going on inside the body can be found in chapter 3 of the book “The Body Remembers” by Babette Rothschild (2000). In part of the chapter, the Sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, which are both part of the automatic nervous system, are discussed. The book is taking an in-depth view at the systems as to how they relate to PTSD but does show what is going on in the mind of someone experiencing a stress response, which is exactly what GAD is doing.
The Sympathetic nervous system is aroused in times of stress, including during times of rage, desperation, terror, and anxiety. This is the system that is responsible for your fight or flight response and what contributes to the release of the hormones. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated during times of rest and relaxation. It is what brings the sympathetic nervous system back down and brings the body back in to a state of homeostasis, which the state that the body is always trying to stay in. In someone suffering from GAD, they experience an activation of the Sympathetic Nervous system more often than someone should. Sympatric Nervous System activation is accompanied by a faster heartbeat, faster respirations, in increase in blood pressure, increased sweating, and so on. This makes the parasympathetic nervous system try and work overtime to try and get the body back in to homeostasis. This is just one way of understanding the constant battle that is going on with in the mind and hormone levels of a person suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
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Get custom essayGeneralized Anxiety disorder can be crippling. The constant back and forth state of being hyped up and then trying to bring yourself back down can be exhausting. Millions of people are affected by either GAD or other forms of anxiety and stress disorders and everyday people are trying to find the best way to treat these conditions. Through my research, I believe the best course of action for most sufferers is to use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy combined with techniques found in Biological and Somatic psychology. I believe CBT sessions combined with physical activity and learning breathing techniques can go a long way in improving someone’s quality of life.
Big data can be generated in manufacturing sectors and automobiles by using Internet of things (IoT) technology where generation of myriad data is possible. Industrial IoT inspires the companies to change and adopt to new and emerging data-driven strategy. This paper explains about how IoT in manufacturing sectors and automobiles, will generate and store industrial Big data.
Get original essayIn the fourth industrial revolution IoT and Big data plays a vital role as the manufacturing systems are transforming into digital ecosystems. IoT, the network of interconnected devices which exchanges data and thereby creating opportunities for increasing efficiency, reduce error and economic benefits. The exchange and storage of data in IoT will directly feed to big data which can be further used in a useful manner. Now a days many automobiles, machine components are equipped with IoT sensors to generate Big data. In modern and advanced industries, the data generated by IoT sensors is already being received in huge volume which is more than thousand Exabytes annually and its predicted to be even more in the upcoming years. These data-driven strategies will enable the companies to optimize their cost, errors and thereby increase the profit. The Big data generated will enable the company to work on predictive analysis and increase the competitive advantage in the market. This paper explains about how adopting IoT in manufacturing will generate Industrial Big data and how it can be further used in an useful manner with some suitable case studies and in addition to it cost optimized and non-disruptive IoT application for SMEs is explained by exploring the high volume of data which can be generated.
D. Mourtzis (2016) has explained about the use of Industrial IoT to generate Industrial Big data and briefly discussed about the pros and cons. He finally concluded and analyzed about the amount and size of data that can be generated and analyzed in a case study of a shop floor of hundred machines. He had also done Mapping OPC-UA to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model elaborated on it. J. Ben Naylor (2007) has used the Industrial Big data in a beneficiary way by using the lean principle and identifying the place and time where an error could occur by using predictive analysis.
Pramudianto F(2015) has done a work on using IoT in controlling Industrial Robot and also monitored energy consumption of individual robots and optimized it by using algorithms. STM32W node platform is used for monitoring robot motion. And they have concluded the application of big data which was generated by using IoT and further on how it can be used in a beneficiary manner, such as monitoring and optimizing the energy consumption.
Generating Big data by using IoT in manufacturing sectors: A survey by Batty et. al, had predicted that industrial big data has reached the total volume of size more than 1000 Exabytes annually. Comparing the big data generated from IT firms its very less however it tends to increase in the upcoming years. For this reason the data generated by using IoT in Industries are called “Industrial big data” not “Big data”. The ultimate aim of adopting IoT in industries initiate smart factories, in which the individual machines are interconnected with each other and connected to a network in order to achieve it the resource should be connected to internet directly or through external adapters.
As a result of it, the machine tool system will be converted and transformed into a cyber-machine tool system enriched with knowledge which was acquired from the data collected and analyzed. And the resource also contains human operators connected through internet by using mobile devices and thereby converting operators into cyber operators. And finally, the IT and business tools will be connected to network. The data collected from low level enterprises are very important as these data can be analyzed to get some meaningful information which are be used by the higher-level enterprise. A main challenge towards this transformation is the design and development of standard and secure communication protocols capable of interfacing existing systems and collecting and exchanging manufacturing data. An IoT application, supported by a WSN and designed upon a standard industrial communication protocol is described below, presenting how Industrial Big data can be generated.
A monitoring tool organized in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is presented. The monitoring tool consists of a data acquisition (DAQ) device which utilizes split-core current transformers (CT) as current sensors, a closed-loop hall effect current sensor, as well as a camera. These sensors are selected in order to create a non-intrusive and easy to install application for monitoring the status of machine-tools. The proposed tool is designed as an add-on for the commercial machine-tools, rather than communicating with the machine controller. This decision is mainly driven by the fact that the lifespan of the industrial equipment can reach the 50 years, hence old machinery often do not have the required capabilities for connectivity. Therefore, special effort is required to transform each legacy controller into an IoT device.
Implementation of IoTs in Two different studies cases have been discussed in this paper which uses IoT to generate Industrial Big data which can be further analyzed and used in a useful manner.
The IoT paradigm transform the industries into “cyberproduction systems” capable of being flexible and adaptive and fully aware on the production conditions. However, new way of filtering and processing the data should be considering in order to reduce the produced and transmitted data. At present, there are no systems which help to identify the exact mileage of the four wheelers and view them in an graph format. It monitors approximate usage of fuel by the vehicle and Mileage is not efficiently and accurately calculated. Cars can only tracks the speed and kilometre through meters but does not keep a record of it. It does not offer daily monitoring of the mileage. So in both the case studies we have discussed about the importance of IoT and Big data in manufacturing and automobiles and the ways that it can be generated are also explained, further more studies can be conducted on the efficiency and accuracy of these data.
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Get custom essayThe proposed work presents how the adoption of IoT paradigm in manufacturing will generate Industrial Big Data. Industrial Big Data compared with the size of Big Data reported by Google, or Cisco, is of lower volume, however, it tends to be increased the next years. Industries are facing a new era of IoT. New monitoring services and the concept of IoT that tends to transform the machine tools into “cyber-machine tools” and the human operator into a “cyber - operator” will generated high volume and variety of data. In addition to that, new industrial communication protocols, such as OPC-UA will empower the interface with existing IT tools and will enable quick and accurate communication. The proposed work shows how the IoT paradigm in a simple case of a company of 100 machine tools considering different types of sensors can produce data and can lead to Industrial Big Data.
There was this time when solar panels we meant only for buildings that provided for the energy consumption without having to borrow from power supply grids. The use of natural solar power to create energy is something that a lot of people have adopted. While these panels in the present times don't restrict itself to being positioned in a single place, it has become portable.
Get original essayPortable solar panels are something that is used by vehicles especially camping caravans that help out with providing energy when outdoors and not having to make use of non-renewable resources. While it is installed once to help you take its advantage in the days to come, it needs care from time to time especially when you take along your campervans on different terrain. Here are a few tips to help you care for the solar panels while you are outdoors as well as when it isn't put to use.
When it comes to the cables and cords that connect the panel to the appliances, it is a responsibility on your part to keep them safe and secured. Any loose wires can damage the panel and the connection, especially when exposed or entangled with other stuff in the van. Therefore, it is necessary to tie up loose and long wires just so that it doesn't come your way when you are cleaning the panels or probably going anywhere close to the appliances that it serves.
When you clean the panel surface using water and a cloth, there are chances that there can be water marks left behind. Such marks may damage the surface of the panel especially when you have invested a considerable amount of money in its installation. Whenever you clean the panels, ensure that you have both a wet and a dry cloth to clean. The damp cloth would remove the dirt while the dry one would ensure that there are no water stains left behind.
Both of these are known to leave behind an abrasive effect on the panel which is likely to affect the longevity. Dealers for portable solar panels in Queensland agree that scratches and damage to the films on the panel surface isn't something natural as that is what receives the solar energy and converts it for use later on. Making use of sponges and soft cloth would be perfect and in case the dirt is caked on the surface due to dusty roads, using a dishwashing soap would be sufficient.
Most caravans are known to affix solar panels on the head of the vehicle. When you are driving or have probably parked under a tree, it is likely that it may witness bird poop. Since it is known to be acidic in nature, it can cause staining as well as abrasion to the panel which may result in a damaged panel in the days to come. Do not let the poop stay and dry even if you have spotted it later. Clean it as soon as you see it.