100% Secure Payment
© 2025 Copyright:
BoutEssays. All rights reserved
Forensic Entomologists apply their knowledge of entomology to provide information for criminal investigations. Species succession may also provide clues for investigators. Some species may feed on a fresh corpse, while another species may prefer to feed on one that has been dead for two weeks.
Get original essayInvestigators will also find other insect species that prey on the insects feeding on the corpse. Species succession may also provide clues for investigators. Forensic Entomology is used to determine time since death (the time between death and corpse discovery) This is called postmortem interval or PMI). Other uses include movement of the corpse manner and cause of death association of suspects with the death scene, detection of toxins, drugs, or even the DNA of the victim through analysis of insect larvae
First documented forensic entomology case reported by Chinese lawyer and death investigator Sung Tzu in the 13 the century A case of stabbing of farmer solved by use of insects (adult flies) detected blood on the killer’s sickle first application of forensic entomology in a modern courthouse was in 18th-century France where entomological data was admitted as proof for acquitting the current occupants of the residence from where the skeletonized remains of a child were found. In the 18thcentury Yovanovich and Megnin’s evaluation of the insect succession on corpses established the science of forensic entomology.
Not as large of a biomass as bacteria – but run a respectable second! Unifying Characteristic – hard exoskeleton Most insects used in investigations are in two major orders: Flies (Diptera), and Beetles (Coleoptera).
Class Insecta includes bees and wasps (Order Hymenoptera,) flies (O. Diptera,) butterflies (O. Lepidoptera,) dragonflies (O. Odanata,) beetles (O. Coleoptera,) etc. “True Bugs” are Order Hemiptera. No hemipterans have any consequence for forensic science – so erase “bugs” from your vocabulary
As soon as death occurs, cells start dying and enzymes start digesting the cells inside out in a process called autolysis. The body starts decomposing. Bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract start destroying the soft tissue producing liquids and gases like hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen.
Insects mostly involved in the forensic investigations are true flies or Diptera. The predominant species in this order are Blow & Green bottle Flies (Calliphoridae), Flesh Fly(Sarcophagidae), House Fly (Muscidae), Cheese Skipper (Piophilidae) Calliphoridae (blow flies), Sacrophagidae (flesh flies) may arrive within minutes following death. Muscidae (house flies) delay colonization until the body reaches bloat stages of decomposition. Calliphoridae adults are commonly shiny with metallic coloring, often with blue, green, or black thoraxes and abdomen. Sarcophagidae is medium-sized flies with black and gray longitudinal stripes on the thorax and checkering on the abdomen.
The adult Muscidae are 8-12 mm long. Their thorax is gray, with four longitudinal dark lines on the back. The whole body is covered with hair-like projections. Usual areas of oviposition or egg-laying are the natural body openings and wounds. When they hatch, they produce a larva called maggot. They are small peg-shaped organisms with a pair of mouth hooks on the anterior end for feeding.Maggots grow rapidly passing through the three stages or instars, reaching the full size. Once the full size is reached feeding stops and they migrate to drier areas and they begin pupariation (pupa formation). At this stage, the outer skin of the maggot becomes hardened and forms a protective encasement eventually emerging as a fly.
As indicated by the examinations done by K. Tullies and M. L Goff on uncovered flesh in a tropical rainforest, it was discovered that the disintegration procedure was best separated into five phases based on physical appearance of cadavers, interior temperatures, and trademark bug populaces:
Steps in estimating the postmortem index with insect larvae Ventures in evaluating the after death file with creepy crawly hatchlings. The bug hatchlings introduce on the dead body can give proof for the estimation of PMI up to one month. Remedy species distinguishing proof is the underlying advance. Unique species contrast in their development rates and development. For assessing the PMI, the age of the hatchlings must be resolved. By estimating the length or dry weight of the most seasoned hatchlings furthermore, contrasting it and the reference information, the age of the hatchlings can be assessed.
The rate of advancement of the hatchlings is reliant on the encompassing surrounding temperatures. Each phase of improvement has its temperature necessity consequently every species has its own characterized number of aggregated degree days or amassed degree hours to finish its advancement. Once the warm history of the hatchlings is gotten, it can be contrasted and temperatures at the passing scene and PMI can be evaluated.
The original grown-up flies can likewise be utilized to decide the age. They can be recognized by the wilted wings and small midriff with dull dim color. When bugs colonizing the remains in a specific zone is known, a bug colonizing progression model can likewise be utilized to assess the PMI. Utilizing bug information for deciding the site of wrongdoing There are accounted for contrasts in the types of bugs included with the breaking down cadaver in various natural surroundings what's more, surroundings.
A watchful examination can uncover species variety, as species related with one sort of natural surroundings show on a carcass is observed to be unique in relation to those when the cadaver is transported after death. DNA investigation for species distinguishing proof Distinguishing the right species is the imperative beginning advance for assessing the age of the hatchlings.
The morphological examination is typically utilized for species recognizable proof which requires unique ability and is regularly tedious. So as to beat this trouble species recognizable proof should be possible by polymerized chain response enhancement appropriate districts of the hatchlings genomes and looking at it with reference data.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.
Get custom essayThe hatchlings of the flies which eat the remains can gather drugs ingested by the perished individual. Bodies which are in cutting-edge phases of disintegration or which are skeletonized are hard to inspect for toxicological substances. In these cases, the hatchlings bolstering on this body can be macerated and dissected with strategies like thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography or potentially mass spectrometry. Poisons can impact the phases of improvement of the hatchlings. Cocaine and heroin in the cadaver can quicken the larval improvement. Toxic substances like malathion in the carcass can defer the creepy crawly colonization.
When I attended a sitting of Cork District Court, I witnessed an offender who was pleading not guilty to threatening to murder his partner. The man was found to be not guilty due to a hung jury (6 believed he was innocent and 6 believed he was guilty). This case led me to argue the difference in the length of a sentence received by an offender with psychopathic traits versus an offender with a mental disorder and the role of a juries’ opinion of the offender and how it affects the length of the sentence. When I witnessed this case it firstly made me consider how an offender with psychopathic traits may use their confidence and strong social skills as a way of manipulating the jury into swaying in their favour. Take for example the trial of Ted Bundy, due to the fact Bundy was a law student he decided, even though he had a lawyer while in court, to represent himself to the jury and judge. His elaborate speeches, his charm and his good looks made many girls in their late teens and early twenties feel attracted to him, this was also aided by the fact that this was the first ever murder trial to be broadcast on television. Bundy believed he could manipulate the jury with his intelligence especially on the topic of law, but to no avail as they found him guilty on all charges and ultimately sentenced him to the death penalty. This is one major instance in which we can begin to agree with the thesis that has been stated as the sentence Bundy received was the highest possible sentencing in America, death row. It also proves to us that Bundy did attempt to skew the opinion of the jury.
Get original essayLet us consider the actual traits that a psychopath may have. In an article written by Robert D. Hare he described psychopathy as a “socially devasting disorder defined by a constellation of affective, interpersonal, and behavioural characteristics” some of these characteristics that Hare included was irresponsibility; lack of empathy, guilt or remorse; egocentricity; impulsivity; pathological lying; manipulativeness; and the persistent violation of social norms and expectations (Hare, 1996). Though this research was undertaken over 20 years ago we can still agree with the points he is making. Similarly, American sociologists William and Joan McCord in 1964 wrote that a psychopath could be seen as an asocial, aggressive and a highly impulsive figure that feels little or sometimes no guilt and is unable to form any lasting bonds of affection with other human beings (McCord & McCord, 1964). In an article called Forensic Psychology: Violence Viewed by Psychopathic Murders they believe that as well as the traits we have already mention psychopathic murders can be adept at lying and creating the sense of the emotion they are lacking at such a time. With this the researchers found a test that allows them to show that psychopathic murderers have abnormal cognitive associations when it comes to violence. The test they used was the Implicit Association Test. With the information they obtained they were able to show the cognitive responses that would underpin their actions which would provide us with an important insight into the criminal mind (Gray & al., 2003). Research also shows that many psychopaths have an above average IQ. This can lead us to further agree with our thesis as this allows them to obtain the knowledge that they could use in their favour during their trial. Take for example, if their victim made a statement recalling what the perpetrator had done to them, the psychopath could claim they never made those statements and try and get the jury to believe them over the victim. Another element that may aid the perpetrator in court would be whether or not they had any prior convictions. Sometimes lesser known convictions may not be known to the jurors as they may not be related to the present case of which they are being prosecuted for. There is also a possibility that the offender could create an alibi just to use to his/her own advantage against the prosecution. This again leads us to using Ted Bundy’s case as an example. He simply claimed he was the man who fitted the description who also had a similar car to the one that was seen at the scene of the crime. One can see that in a way he was trying to manipulate the jury into thinking that it could all just be coincidental and not confirmed fact.
On the other hand, it can be seen in many instances that perpetrators who show both psychopathic traits and commit violent crimes are quite usually convicted and are incarcerated for a number of years. In data provided by the Irish Prison Service we can see that the gender most likely to receive a life sentence for a violent crime is male with 22 of them receiving life sentences in 2017 (no women were given life sentences that year) (Irish Prison Service, 2017). This could possibly lead us to believe that males could be seen to be more violent than females and that there could be a higher chance of a male having psychopathic tendencies than a female. This is how it is mainly portrayed in mass media for example in movies such as Silence of the Lambs (Hannibal Lector) or in television shows such as CSI. With such prevalence of the ‘psycho male’ in modern day television it does lead the mind to believe that only males can possibly have psychotic traits as that is all we witness and if we do see a woman murder someone it is usually made out to be in either self-defence or due to a mental illness rather than it being due to actual psychotic traits. There is no official academic evidence written as of yet to agree or disagree with the statement but it is something to keep in mind when referring to the thesis in the opening paragraph as in the modern world we live in today the media plays a major role in people’s opinions of many topics and this could lead a jury member to have a possible bias if they become too opinionated on a topic they may have witnessed in the media.
The nature of the crime committed and how violent it is does play a major part in the decision of the jury and the possible sentence that can be handed down to the offender. In Ireland the mandatory sentence for murder is life imprisonment. It is said that death can be seen as the ultimate victimisation. Many criminals use murder as a way of gaining excitement and arousal that can them take away the boring humdrum that is happening in their lives. Bizarre and irrational murders are what help us to identify danger signals including; who murders, who gets murdered and where they murdered. A sense of curiosity also plays a major part in how the crime could be committed. In many cases the person may be insensitive to the suffering of others, this is similar to the characteristic of lack of empathy shown by a person with psychopathic traits. They seek to create their own excitement by torturing and murdering others. This led to the creation of two common laws that would be used in court with regards to murder. These laws are Actus Reus which involves the unlawful killing of another person and Mens Rea which is when the defendant must have intended to kill or cause serious injury or harm to another person. These two laws may be altered slightly in courts across the world for example in England the term grievous bodily hard is used to describe serious bodily harm or injury. This leads us to consider whether law and psychology can be linked. In an article written in the book Applying Psychology to Criminal Justice the authors wrote that both law and psychology can be seen to be fundamentally concerned with understanding, analysing, explaining, describing, predicting and also the shaping of human behaviour. It also deals with the fact that some lawyers may come to assume that crimes are predicted upon as offender have free will and can decide whether or not they actually commit the crimes. But on the other hand, psychologists argue that there is emphasis on certain factors that indicate that the ‘decision’ is constrained or even determined. This then allows lawyers to consider that there could have been pressure in the individual cases that could mandate the legal defences or mitigation but they still insist that offenders would have had the ability to choose to act differently (Carson, Milne, & al, 2007). With this information it now allows us to agree once again with our thesis as there is proof that the court system will more often prevail and the perpetrator will receive the sentence that is appropriate but as written by Carson, Milne, & al, if a lawyer does take a psychological stance on the case it leads the jury to contemplate the state of mind the offender may have been in when committing the crime. This then leads us on to distinguishing the differences between offenders who prove to have psychopathic tendencies or traits versus offenders who may have a mental disorder or a mental illness both of which will have an effect on the jury’s decision on the length of the sentenced that will be handed down to the offender.
As I have said in a previous paragraph, psychopathy is considered to be a personality disorder rather than a mental disorder as even with the psychopathic traits they possess, they are seen as sane as they have the ability to tell the difference between what is right and what is wrong. There is a belief in the modern world today that people who suffer from mental illness could possibly be violent and dangerous. Now when we consider the theme of human nature, this is where law and psychology split as they have different ways of viewing it. For the law mental illness is not acknowledged as a technical term and but to the jury they understand what it means and can make the decision of whether to apply it to the individual the case is against. Under the Irish Legal System, the level of criminal responsibility is judged on the level of the individual’s factors as it is the individual who is responsible for their behaviour. The only way an offender is excused from any legal liability is only if they were not in the mental state to be fully aware that they are committing the crime. Even with this it does not mean the perpetrator is seen as fully innocent and is free, they instead may be subject to obtain psychiatric help so as to prevent them from repeat offending. This can be seen with regards to a number of cases where a crime may have been committed out of a delusion the offender may have had and because they could not see sense and chose the morally right thing to do then the jury could be subject to giving a lesser sentence to allow for the offender to get the help they need so as to prevent them from re-offending. The case of Daniel M’Naughten was one of the first cases where the offender was found to be innocent on the grounds of insanity. The crime which M’Naughten committed was that he assassinated Edward Drummond in 1843 while suffering from paranoids delusions which he then later claimed that the Tories had forced him to do it. The Chief Justice at this time told the jury that if they found him not guilty on the grounds of insanity then he would be provided with proper care to aid his mental well-being and discourage him from reoffending. The aftermath of this trial then lead to the establishment of the legal test for insanity. In an article written in the Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology it explains how the offenders who are found to have been acquitted of a crime on the grounds of insanity will be placed in the custody and care of a local psychiatric hospital. Once the offender is deemed to have recovered from this state they are then released into the prison system if they still have time to serve and those who’s sentences have expired can possibly be released into the public as long as they are found to be sane enough. Within this article Dr. Flint also discusses how if an offender is acquitted on the grounds of insanity but is considered to be dangerous if released then a habeas corpus can be drawn to decide on their overall release. Habeas corpus is a written command that requiring a person who is under arrest to be brought before either a court of a judge as so to secure the person’s release unless it is lawfully proven that they should remain in detention (NorthWestern University Pritzker School of Law, 1911).
Before 2006 the law stated that to create a defence on the grounds of insanity it must be clear that the offender, at the time of committing the crime, was acting in such a nature due to a disease on the mind and was not fully aware of the crime they were committing at the time. But from 2006 onwards it was decided that these ‘mental disorders’ that were being experienced by a cohort of offenders included mental illness, mental disability, dementia and any other disease of the mind but it does not include the possible delusion and loss of memory that may occur due to intoxication. Many offenders who do offend while being mentally unstable or unwell commit the actual act while in a delusion. A delusion is a fixed false belief that the person believes to be wholly true despite numerous factors that proves it to be false. Some of the most severe mental disorders an offender could possibly have includes schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. These impact a person’s cognitive functions for prolonged periods of time and can cause the person to lose overall contact with reality and experience both hallucinations and delusions. This is often when a perpetrator may commit a crime because they are so unwell in their own minds, they just genuinely have no concept of what they are committing. With this vulnerability that these offenders have they are more likely to give false confessions as they may believe they committed a crime they might have never been involved in. This is similar to the main story line in John Grisham’s true crime novel The Innocent Man which has now become a Netflix documentary series. In this novel Grisham documents how a man from a small town in Oklahoma who is serving time on death row after being accused of both rape and murder. While in prison he begins to believe that he never committed the murder. He was a failed sports star and suffered from a drinking problem and depression. The vulnerability that was brought on by his depression was, in a way, exploited by the police when he was being questioned as they lead him to believe he had done it in a delusional state as he was either high or drunk at the time. Being on death row caused his mental health to deteriorate even further with him being diagnosed with manic depression, personality disorders, alcoholism and mild schizophrenia. With this diagnosis it was deemed because he was that mentally unwell, he should have never been there on death row the first place. He was exonerated after serving 11 years after new DNA evidence and other materials were found by the Innocence Project and he was then released from prison (Grisham, 2006). This furthermore allows us to agree with the thesis statement we made in the very beginning of this essay as it proves that offenders with mental health issues can obtain shorter sentences of imprisonment as they are instead sent to psychiatric institutions, it also proves our other theory that the jurors can also be influenced by the sanity levels of the perpetrator as they can be swayed to perceive that they are guilty when there could be the actual possibility that they may not have even been involved in the crime but their mental state is so fragile they begin to believe that they were involved.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.
Get custom essayOverall, with the information I have provided in the above paragraphs it proves to us that the thesis I made in the opening paragraph regarding a juries view of an offender and how it can be both be influenced on their view of the sanity levels of the perpetrator and whether or not they are manipulated in any way by both the offender and their own biases is in many ways through. There is also proof of how the difference in sentencing between mentally ill offenders and offenders who have shown psychopathy in any way.
Skill
Legal Process - complete understanding of the role of forensic science within the law. They need know how to collect evidence properly so it is not damaged. They also need to understand that there are state rules so that way they can properly transfer evidence. Paperwork is handled properly when giving processed evidence to the police detectives or attorneys.
Get original essayLaboratory Equipment - They use microscopes to look at evidence such as hair, fibers and bullets. They use lab equipment to pull out DNA from blood collected at the scene of the crime. They must be skilled at using computers to input data and to use databases to compare DNA, fingerprints and ballistics data.
Critical Thinking - Forensic science technicians walk away from a crime scene. They will have a lot of evidence that is need to go through. For an examples like blood splatter, fingerprints, footprints, blood samples and shell casings. Back at the lab they have to go through all of the evidence piece by piece. Then they must then put all of that data together to form a picture of what happened at the crime scene. Then they have to figure out what actually happen and like where the attacker was and what he used to kill them with.
Communication - Forensic science technicians need to communicate well and very clear. During an active crime scene they need to communicate with other fields. For example, if a poison is found in a blood sample they will need to go to a toxicologist to determine how the poison will affect the person. In some cases, they may appear as witnesses at a trial. And must explain to a judge and jury how evidence was collected and processed and what the evidence shows about the crime.
A Day in a Life
Duty - Analyze crime scenes to determine what evidence should be collected and how. Take photographs of the crime scene. And evidence. Make sketches of the crime scene. Record observations and findings, such as the location and position of evidence. Collect evidence, including weapons, fingerprints, and bodily fluids Catalog and preserve evidence for transfer to crime labs Reconstruct crime scenes.
In the Lab - Perform chemical, biological, and microscopic analyses on evidence taken from crime scenes. Explore possible links between suspects and criminal activity using the results of DNA or other scientific analyses. Talk with experts in specialized fields, such as toxicology.
Education
Graduate from high school in order to set yourself up for success. Forensic scientists are advised to graduate from high school, ideally with high marks in classes such as biology, chemistry, physiology, statistics, and mathematics. Also, some students choose to volunteer or intern in relevant agencies such as police departments, fire departments, medical laboratories, hospitals, or other organizations. Then you enroll in a forensic science program (2-4 years). For prospective entry-level forensic science technicians, there are some associate degree programs available. Admissions requirements for two-year programs in this field generally call for a high school diploma. You need a competitive GPA; a personal statement, experience in a police department, crime laboratory, or other relevant setting (1-3 years). At this stage, many students of forensic science programs choose to some professional experience in medical and diagnostic laboratories, police departments, local governments, federal agencies, hospitals. Optional: Enroll in a graduate program in forensic science (2-4 years). For mid-career forensic scientists seeking to upgrade their knowledge and credentials, pursuing a master’s or doctoral program is an enticing option.
Salary Range
In 2016 the average salary for a Forensic Science Technician was $56,750. On the low end, forensic science technicians 25 percent of people earned $42,710 meaning 75 percent of people earned more than this amount. The 75 percent of people will make a salary of $74,220.
Job Prospects
Laboratory technician
Type of work:
A relevant Master’s degree or PhD can improve your employment prospects as competition intensifies for jobs. However, it is worth considering that courses can be difficult to fund and demand a higher level of academic ability. Some skills are transferable, such as: team work and working independently; presentation skills, as you need to be an verbal and written communicator, e.g. court reports. There are personal qualities that may be useful, such as a resilient outlook, as some work is upsetting or unpleasant. You could be asked to work unsocial hours, so a flexible approach is helpful.
Work Environment
Forensic science technicians had about 15,400 jobs in 2016. The largest employers of forensic science technicians were:
Forensic science technicians may have to work outside in all different types of weather, and spend many hours in laboratories or offices, or do some combination of both. They often work with specialists and other law enforcement people. Most of the forensic science technicians work only in laboratories. Crime scene investigators may need to travel to cities, counties, or states.
There work staggered day, evening, or night shifts and they may have to work overtime because they must always be available to collect data or analyze evidence and they need to be always on alert. Technicians are sometimes working in laboratories and usually work a standard workweek although they will get called outside of the standard work hours, too. And if they are needed they might need to go to work immediately to go work case.
The first chapter of Remembering Babylon contains the introduction young boy, Gemmy, and his first encounter with the white settlers of Australia. The exposition foreshadows characters' actions and potential conflicts, establishing later events in the novel and Gemmy's eventual rejection from society. As Gemmy finds, violence and conflict are conditions of life - or at least of his life - that prove nearly inescapable.
Get original essayIn the exposition of Remembering Babylon, future conflicts are foreshadowed through the characters' initial reactions to Gemmy's entrance to their society. Upon Gemmy's entrance to the society, Lachlan's first reaction is, "A black! That was the boys first thought. We're being raided by blacks. After so many false alarms it had come" (2). This initial reaction characterizes the conventional societal view of the aboriginal people in the eyes of the white settlers. By revealing that the setters viewed attack as inevitable characterizes a negative, distrustful, and violent relationship early in the text. Establishing the context for for later conflict between the cultures and the eventual rejection of Gemmy from society, which Gemmy then leaves to return to the aboriginal people. The way the people regard Gemmy as not fully assimilated in their culture in the later town meeting as they "faced the black white man" (10) also foreshadows the conflict and rejection of differences in society. The town cannot look past the fact that the boy was raised by a different culture and thus regard him as something else altogether. This foreshadows Gemmy's later return to "black" society as he cannot return to white society, and is openly rejected. All of the conflict foreshadowed in the exposition, the hostility between the white and native people in Australia eventually leads to the conclusion of the story, in which Gemmy is slaughtered along with some aboriginals in "too slight an affair to be called a massacre" (189). The commonplace violence in the society, established in the exposition, foreshadows the inevitable violence and death of aboriginal characters, and by extension, Gemmy.
The exposition also establishes Gemmy's character and role in society, with the introduction alluding to how he sees himself in society and how he will be treated. Gemmy's first words are "Do not shoot. I am a B-b-british object!" (3) as he runs up to the McIvor household. While this can be seen as simply a matter of Gemmy's limited vocabulary having been separated from society for so long, it also establishes his eventual role within the white society. He is treated like an object to be traded around by the white people, with little care to his opinion and his own status as a human. He even sees himself as an object to be used as he continually attempts to please everyone in hope for some recognition of his worth and humanity. In the exposition, Gemmy is also described as having a look as if he is wondering "how he had got there or where he was" (8). This establishes Gemmy's confusion with the new society and his attempts to assimilate despite his confusion, a situation that can only result in failure as seen as the novel progresses.
Gemmy's initial reaction to society in the exposition establishes him as a confused, eager to please boy, rejected and ostracized by white society. The exposition also establishes the papers as objects that have great meaning to Gemmy as he thinks they have taken his magic, setting up later events. The first thing the townspeople have him do is write an account of who he is, to assess his intelligence. However, through this, the deeply ingrained aboriginal views Gemmy has is revealed to the reader as immediately "he began to plot…how to steal it back" (20) because he believes the words have magic. He admits he feels drained without them, also revealing that in this society he is not healthy and not living his best life. In the conclusion of Gemmy's tale he is "leaving the schoolhouse…the papers safely in his pocket" (180), having decided to rejoin the aboriginal tribe and leave the white settlers behind. The initial establishment of Gemmy's discomfort in white society and his aboriginal views of words as power and magic reveal that Gemmy is ultimately not cut out for the conflict and society he has just joined, thus foreshadowing his eventual departure.
Foreshadowing in Remembering Babylon plays a key role in the conflicts that come to dominate the text. Through the foreshadowing of potential conflicts and events Malouf asserts and conflict between cultures and the unknown is near inevitable due to fear and isolation in society. Moreover, through these foreshadowed events, Malouf reveals that conflict in life will always be present.
The foreshadowing of events in Kurt Vonnegut's 'Slaughterhouse Five' is as much a subtle indication of things to come as it is an expository technique whereby the major plot points of the story are blatantly spelled out as facts, leaving us to proceed through the novel and watch helplessly as each of those points is hit, in turn, as promised. In addition, however, foreshadowing is more than just a structural technique used by the narrator: it is also a defining aspect of Billy Pilgrim himself - it is a part of his character, as his knowledge of future events influences his behavior throughout the story - and, on a grander scale, foreshadowing is woven into the very fabric of the narrative, for this is a story in which past, present, and future intersect and all events that occur are known before they take place.
Get original essay"I've finished my war book now," announces the narrator - perhaps Vonnegut himself, though we cannot be sure - in the opening section of the novel, and already the end is in sight, for we know now that the story is told in flashback, and that the chronological sequence of events concludes with the writing of the very novel that we are reading. The narrator continues:
The next one I write is going to be fun.
This one is a failure, and had to be, because it was written by a pillar of salt. It begins like this:
Listen:
Billy Pilgrim has come unstuck in time.
It ends like this:
Poo-tee-weet?
And sure enough, we turn to the next page to see the novel proper beginning with the words: "Listen: Billy Pilgrim has come unstuck in time," and when we turn to the last page we see the novel ending with the chirping of a bird: "Poo-tee-weet?" Combined with the circular effect of the song of Yon Yonson, which ends as it begins and goes on forever into eternity, and with the narrator's observation that "Somebody was playing with the clocks... The second hand on my watch would twitch once, and a year would pass and then it would twitch again" - we see that this is most certainly a novel structured somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfamadore.
But what exactly is that supposed to mean? On the very first page of the novel, before the story even begins, we are told of the planet Tralfamadore as if its nature should already be known to us, yet only when we are informed that it is "where the flying saucers come from" are we then able to infer that it is a place with a civilization that is of some consequence to the story - for we infer also that if the flying saucers are coming from Tralfamadore, they must also be going to another place, presumably Earth; but still, these inferences and impressions are as much as we can deduce from this abrupt introduction to Tralfamadore. Similarly, we see that the novel is subtitled "The Children's Crusade" - why, we do not know. Neither of these things has any significance to the story the first time they are brought to our attention, but later, when they are explained - as the planet on which the 'fourth-dimension' aliens reside and as the title that the narrator promises his friend Mary he will use for his book, respectively - in retrospect, their significance becomes great. In addition to the method of foreshadowing already discussed, the novel's foreshadowing now also takes a form more subtle than the spelling out of certain events, based upon assumption of knowledge already held rather than the exposition of knowledge not yet attained. In this instance, instead of candidly telling us what will happen in the novel, the narrator speaks of things that have already happened, thus foreshadowing their eventual occurrence later in the story. Vonnegut's dual use of both major, precognitive foreshadowing and of minor, retrospective foreshadowing is not a common technique to use for foreshadowing in particular or for fiction in general - unless you happen to come from Tralfamadore.
"The most important thing I learned on Tralfamadore," Billy Pilgrim writes in a letter, "was that when a person dies he only appears to die. He is still very much alive in the past. ...All moments, past, present, and future, always have existed, always will exist. [The Tralfamadorians] can see how permanent the moments are, and they can look at any moment that interests them." The style of the novel, therefore, reflects the perspectives of the Tralfamadorians, telling us about future events in one instance and then presuming that we have already been told about them in another; sometimes specifically stating what will take place in the future - a more 'active' foreshadowing technique - and sometimes assuming that events that will take place in the future have already happened and that we know about them, and proceeding from there to talk about them as if they were familiar to us - a more 'passive' foreshadowing technique. The effect of these two types of foreshadowing is a general feeling of ambivalence toward the future, largely empty of any kind of emotional connection to events that have yet to occur.
"His name was Howard W. Campbell, Jr. He would later hang himself while awaiting trial as a war criminal" the future is written, and is inevitable, and so it goes. "Billy predicts his own death within an hour. He laughs about it, invited the crowd to laugh with him. 'It is high time I was dead,' he says. 'Many years ago,' he said, 'a certain man promised to have me killed. ...Tonight he will keep his promise'" and he does, and Billy goes down just as he said he would, and his death is expected, planned, premeditated, inevitable, and so it goes. We infer this not only from the words Billy uses, but from the change in tense on the narrator's part: Billy says "It is high time I was dead," but he said "Many years ago, a certain man promised to have me killed"; we move from the present into the past within the space of a single sentence. Other instances of foreshadowing rest on a similar level of subtlety: "Billy has gone to sleep a senile widower and awakened on his wedding day" and "Billy sat down in the waiting room. He wasn't a widower yet" - not yet, but now we know that he will be, and, when the time comes that he is a widower, we expect it to happen, and the event is once again imbued with a sense of inevitability, and is therefore drained of the emotional power that spontaneity would otherwise bring. "So it goes," notes the narrator anytime anyone or anything dies. Death is not a significant event but is instead a mere formality, and this thinking reflects not only the thoughts of the Tralfamadorians, but also those of the confused and bewildered and desensitized American soldiers who, like the narrator, were - are - will be caught by surprise in the bombing of Dresden. Except one.
"Billy, with his memories of the future, knew that the city would be smashed to smithereens and then burned in about thirty more days. He knew, too, that most of the people watching him would soon be dead. So it goes." Yet as Billy marches through the streets of Dresden, he is part of a "light opera" - or more than that, "Billy Pilgrim was the star [of the light opera]." Earlier - or later - during his time in the Tralfamadorian zoo, Billy asks the Tralfamadorians why they don't have war on their planet. "Today we [have peace]," a Tralfamadorian tells him. "On other days we have wars as horrible as any you've ever seen or read about. There isn't anything we can do about them" - once again, emotional detachment from an inevitable future influences the behavior of this character and the narrator's attitude towards him (or it) - "so we simply don't look at [wars]. We ignore them. ...That's one thing Earthlings might learn to do: Ignore the awful times, and concentrate on the good ones."
What we have in Billy Pilgrim, then, is a character who is foreshadowing incarnate, who, with "memories of the future," is able to look at a soon-to-be-decimated city with a smile on his face while acting like a "star" instead of taking the opportunity to warn the citizens of that city about the inevitability of their fate. The actions of this character are then related to us by a third-party observer who earlier described himself as "a pillar of salt," alluding to the Biblical tale of Lot's wife and therefore painting himself with the same brush as one who cannot help but look back and reflect on the past. This then equates to a structure in which we have, firstly, the observation that in addition to being a novelistic technique on the part of the narrator, foreshadowing is also a character trait that impresses itself upon the very essence of Billy Pilgrim, whose knowledge of what will take place is an influence on the things he does and does not choose to do; and secondly, a comparison between those individuals who look at the world the way the Tralfamadorians do, and those who do not: the narrator, a figure in the present, forever concentrates his thoughts on the past, and he is contrasted against Billy, a figure in the past, whose "memories of the future" allow him to concentrate his thoughts not on Dresden, even though he is there when it is about to be bombed, but on the good times, and the light opera is a good time, and this ability to choose which events to concentrate on allows him to smile and act like a star even though he knows what this city has coming to it. With events being foreshadowed in Billy Pilgrim's actual personal chronological timeline in turn influencing the essence of his character, as well as events being foreshadowed in terms of the order of events in which the narrator introduces us to his character, Billy is able to escape from the misery of Dresden into happier times while on the other hand the narrator, even though he lives in happier times in the present with his old friends, still cannot, nor will ever be able to, escape the misery of Dresden, and the misery of the past.
The past, by necessity, defines the entire novel and gives it a framework around which it is structured, and moreover, it allows for foreshadowing in general: future events in a novel of this sort are meaningless without some past indication of the importance of their occurrence; otherwise, it would be nothing more than a straightforward account of 'real life,' and the story of a man who has "come unstuck in time" is anything but realistic. The very first chapter, for instance, outlines the novel as a whole, with a vague, 'passive' reference to "the slaughterhouse" - given the way the subject is treated with such familiarity, the narrator assumes we have made at least some acquaintance with the subject, and because we know we have not yet, we expect to be acquainted with it later on - and the specific, 'active' statement that "One guy I knew really was shot in Dresden for taking a teapot that wasn't his," which doesn't pay off until the very end of the novel: "Edgar Derby was caught with a teapot he had taken from the catacombs. He was arrested for plundering. He was tried and shot." The first chapter also contains a throwaway line that forecasts the appearance of a significant character: "Another guy I knew really did threaten to have his personal enemies killed by hired gunmen after the war." Consider also the way that characters, too, are introduced almost as arbitrary plot elements whose only apparent function is to flesh out the story with more background detail - the writer Kilgore Trout, for instance, and the actress Montana Wildhack - yet they metamorphose into major players as the story progresses. But aside from gimmick value or simple evidence of design, what purpose do such introductions and such throwaway lines buried in the prose contribute to the overall effect of the novel?
Consider now the way in which a Tralfamadorian novel is written and read: "Each clump of symbols is a brief, urgent message - describing a situation, a scene. ...Tralfamadorians read them all at once, not one after the other. There isn't any particular relationship between all the messages, except that the author has chosen them carefully, so that, when seen all at once, they produce an image of life that is beautiful and surprising and deep. There is no beginning, no middle, no end, no suspense, no moral, no causes, no effects. What [Tralfamadorians] love in [their] books are the depths of many marvelous moments seen all at one time."
The plane crash in Vermont of which Billy is the only survivor is foreshadowed, referred to first simply as "the plane crash" and expanded upon later. Billy's encounter with Montana Wildhack in the Tralfamadorian zoo is foreshadowed retrospectively when we realize that the words etched on Montana Wildhack's necklace are the same as those that are printed and framed and hung on the wall of Billy Pilgrim's optometry office many years later, even though the first time we encounter them chronologically is in that same office. Billy's public speeches on the subject of Tralfamadore are all foreshadowed in his letters, even if not explicitly: we know they are coming, or that they have already occurred and that we are about to have the blanks filled in. Billy can see all of these events, which is why none of them surprise him and he always plays by the rules of time: "I didn't think the time was ripe," he tells his daughter when she asks him why he has never spoken about Tralfamadore to her. But the narrator - and we, ourselves - cannot see all of these events at one time, which is why this is a novel only somewhat in the style of the tales of Tralfamadore. Billy, however, plays along with the demands of time and fate, which is why he understands that the events he later encounters are not only inevitable, but are necessarily inevitable: things cannot happen any other way.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.
Get custom essayIf Slaughterhouse Five is indeed "a novel somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfamadore" then, with its myriad of throwaway lines and seemingly-insignificant characters, each of which has a pay-off later in the book although not necessarily later in the chronological sequence of events that constitute the story, Slaughterhouse Five itself might also be read in the way of Tralfamadorian novels, to "produce an image of life that is beautiful and surprising and deep" by concentrating the potency of each "brief, urgent [scene]" and the rhythm that is established by the interweaving texture they produce - to the point where every significant event in the novel is, by its very nature, an instance of foreshadowing. By necessity they must all be, for they are seen through the eyes of a man for whom past, present, and future intersect, whose story is told by another man - "a pillar of salt" who spends his days forever reflecting on the moments that have led up to his present life: moments that, had he but seen them in the way Billy Pilgrim was able to, would have been revealed to him as the foreshadowings of fate and the antithesis of the Earthling-only conception of 'free will' that they are.
The n??d f?r hum?n? t? interact actively w?th ???h ?th?r ?n ?n ?ff??t?v? ?nd f??t manner is one of the m?j?r ??h??v?m?nt? ?f th? internet. The ??t??n of th? m?nn?r ?f the ??mmun???t??n ?? a n?w f??t?r ?ntr?du??d b? the d?g?t?l revolution. W?th th?? n?w technology, ?nd?v?du?l? ??n ??nd messages ?v?r l?ng d??t?n??? w?th?n ????nd? ?nd ?t w?ll b? received instantly ?t th? other ?nd, ??r??? th? gl?b?. The ?l??tr?n?? m??l w?? the f?r?t ??ur?? of ?nt?r??t??n ?nd since then, many m?r? ?th?r interactive platforms were ?ntr?du??d as w?ll. Th? d?v?l??m?nt of a new f?rm ?f interaction th?t d??? n?t ?nv?lv? one ?nd?v?du?l with ?n?th?r but ?m?ng?t groups ?f ?nd?v?du?l? ?t?rt?d w?th the establishment of social m?d?? ?l?tf?rm?. Th??? ?l?tf?rm? have so m?n? ??t??n? f?r ?nd?v?du?l? t? ?h?r? th??r thoughts ?nd those of ?th?r? ?n?lud?ng h?v?ng th? ????rtun?t? t? l?k? ?th?r ????l?'? actions. This ?r?j??t?d ?n ????rtun?t? f?r internet u??r? t? ?h?r? their d??l? th?ught?, l?v?? and activities thr?ugh th??? ?????l ?nt?r??t??n n?tw?rk?.
Get original essayTh? F???b??k ?l?tf?rm is ?n? of the most ??w?rful ?????l m?d?? networks ?n the w?rld. It's ?nflu?n?? h?v? gr?wn ??n?? ?t? ?ntr?du?t??n ?n 2004 from M?rk Zu?k?rb?rg. The ?nflu?n?? ?t h?ld? ?n b??ng ?bl? t? r???h t? other ????l? through g??dw?ll ?nd ?n??ur?g?m?nt m????g?? is unassailable. In 2018, the Facebook m?mb?r b??? has r???h?d 14 b?ll??n ????l? ???t?ng millions of messages ?v?r? ?th?r m?nut? and attracting m?n? m?r? reactions fr?m r??d?r?. The ?????l media ?l?tf?rm ?? a ?tr?ng t??l u??d b? g?v?rnm?nt? of the w?rld f?r elections and government t? ????l? ?nt?r??t??n?. Th?? ??ntr?l?z?d method ?f ?????l?z?ng ?nl?n? w?? ?nd??d a tremendous success. Today, w? h?v? others l?k? wh?t????, Twitter, In?t?gr?m ?nd m?n? m?r?. I??u?? with C?ntr?l m?d? ?f Social M?d?? The fact that ?nd?v?du?l? u?? ?????l m?d?? ??m? ?t a huge ?r??? unkn?wn to th? u??r?. Th? users g?t access t? th? ?l??k features ?f these ?????l n?tw?rk? wh?l? ?n return h?v? th??r ??nt?nt hoarded ?nt? huge ?t?r?g? silos ?f th? ?????l networks ?nd used f?r ??nt?nt ?dv?rt?. Th?? operations ?r??t?? hug? r?v?nu? f?r th? platform ?t the d?tr?m?nt ?f their u??r?. This m??n? that th? U??r Generated C?nt?nt ?f th??r u??r? becomes th??r ?r???rt??? from wh??h th?? m?k? loads of r?v?nu? fr?m. Th?? ?r??t?? a parasitic ??????t?m f?r ?ff??t?v? interaction b?n?f?t?. To solve th?? huge d?v?d?, th? F?r??t?ng ?r?j??t w?? established t? get r??l value f?r u??r? ??nt?nt?.
Th? Foresting Network ?? a decentralized ??lut??n to the issue ?f unf??r d?t? h??rd?ng fr?m centralized ?????l n?tw?rk?. This ?? ??tu?l?z?d thr?ugh th? v?lu? d??tr?but??n ?f all ??nt?nt? generated b? u??r? on th? n?tw?rk. P???l? ??n ?h?r? th??r d?? t? d?? ??t?v?t??? ?nd coordinate ?t ?n ?u?h a w?? th?t they g?t r?w?rd?d f?r ??t?v? interaction. Th? F?r??t?ng Network ?? d?v?d?d into 3 equal but d??t?n?t ??rt? to ?r??t? ?n ?ff??t?v? and useful ecosystem. Th??? parts ?r?: #1 F?r??t?ng blockchain r?w?rd?ng S????l Media #2 Foresting B?nk #3 Foresting L?b Th? Foresting S????l Media Th?? is a ??rt of th? F?r??t?ng ecosystem th?t ?? b??ng ?u?t?m?z?d t? h?l? r?w?rd u??r? ?f th? Foresting ?l?tf?rm through their participation ?n g?n?r?t??n ?f content thr?ugh th??r ?????l m?d??. Th?? will create a w?b ?f n?tw?rk? wh?r? u??r? connect ?nd ?nt?r??t w?th ???h ?th?r while ?t the same t?m? g?tt?ng r?w?rd?d in ???h f?r doing so. T? ?u??k?n the whole process, the F?r??t?ng ?l?tf?rm w?ll ?r??t? a fast m??h?n??m th?t w?ll integrate w?ll w?th ?????l m?d?? t? ?ff??t ?n ???n?m?? l?b?r?t??n f?r ?ll ?t? social m?d?? u??r?. This implies th?t ?n?t??d of u??r? relying ?n a central m??n? to ?x?r??? th?m??lv??, they become ??rt ?f th? ???t?m ?nd g?t ?? mu?h value r?w?rd as th?? can.
The Foresting ?l?tf?rm ?nv?lv?? a r?w?rd process for u??r? in the ?r????? ?f th??r ??nt?nt generation ?n th? Foresting S????l m?d??. Th? reward ?r????? f?r ?????f?? ??nt?nt ?r??t??n ??t?v?t??? wh??h ?n?lud?? ?r??t?ng, l?k?ng ?r ?v?n sharing h?v? th??r own ????gn?d r?w?rd f?r ?v?r? ???r?t??n. U??r? can ??tu?ll? focus on a particular action th?t they ?r? good ?n but are ?n??ur?g?d t? ??rf?rm much b?tt?r to gain more r?w?rd? f?r th??r ??nt?nt creation activities. Th? F?r??t?ng credit system is b???d ?n ??????m?nt of all th? ?th?r participants ?f th? F?r??t?ng ?l?tf?rm. The Foresting Lab Th? Foresting L?b is th? department wh?r? all u??r? of th? F?r??t?ng ?????l m?d?? g?t the t??l? f?r th? analogy ?f th??r ?r??t?v?t?. This department comprises ?f tools l?k? effects, backgrounds, f?nt? and ?th?r touches th?t w?ll br?ng ?ut th? best fr?m their ??nt?nt ?nn?v?t??n. The L?b ?ff?r? u??r? the ability to get to use the common t??l? n??????r? for th??r ?nt?r??t?v? w?rk? th?t th?? w?uldn't normally ?ff?rd ?n ?r??t???. Th?? alleviates th? burden ?f h?v?ng t? w?rr? ?b?ut affording th? t??l? and h?n?? ?xt?ngu??h?ng th? fl?m?? of creativity ?n th?m. Th?? completes th? wh?l? ??nt?nt creation ??????t?m for Foresting u??r?.
Th? ?ff??t ?f having social media ?n the l?v?? ?f ?nt?rn?t users ?? m?gn?n?m?u?. It'? ?u????? can n?v?r b? denied but ?t t?k?? a fair ?h?r? of th? huge revenues of th? ??????t?m to ?n??ur?g? more ?r??t?v?t? from ?nd?v?du?l?. This ?? the vision ?f the F?r??t?ng platform, where ????l? ??n ?h?r? th??r l?v?? ?nd g?t r?w?rd?.
The Interlopers by Saki shows many different challenges, from Man vs Man to Man vs Nature. This is a short story that begins with Ulrich Von Gradwitz. A man who was watching out for his forest hoping to find his “enemy” or the man he hated Georg Znaeym. The Gradwitz family and the Znaeym family had a feud that had been carried over for the last three generations because of some forest land. Ulrich grandfather had ended up suing and winning the ownership of the land in court which was being illegally owned by the Znaeym family.
Get original essayOn one cold night Ulrich went out hunting with some men, but they weren’t looking for any animals they were looking for a human. But Ulrich was hoping to find Georg Znaeym in the forest as well. This part of the story taught me what hatred is like. Ulrich has won ownership of the land that the families been feuding over, but still feel the need to kill this man. Right now Ulrich heart is filled with hate and this is no longer about land it has become personal to him.
Next both men are face to face and both are armed with a rifle and with the mindset to kill. But before either of them could say anything or shoot their rifle a beech tree fell and pinned them both down to the ground. But one even that stood out to me during this is while they both were pinned down helpless under the tree Ulrich offered Znaeym a hand during their struggle to get out. This stands out to me as friendship. Now we are starting to see the hatred decrease and start to become more of a friendship. They both need each other right now and at this point the feud shouldn’t mean anything to them. This is a matter of life and death, and if a piece of forest land is more important than their life that’s the saddest thing ever because no land is worth or more important than a life. But the too men finally come to an agreement and forgave each other. They agreed on treating one another as neighbors, instead of as enemies. The men’s forgiveness towards each other wasn’t easy at all they both had to weigh the pros and cons of ending the feud. But it was either they make peace between each other and work together to get freed, or they could stay angry at one another and never get rescued from under the tree. But at the end of the day in my opinion they have made a huge jump from where they started. They went from hating each other and wanting to kill each other to becoming friends and agreeing on treating each other like a neighbor to forgiving each other and trying to help each other escape from under the tree.
I think the purpose of the author making this story was to show that friendship and forgiveness over powers hatred. No matter how long or how much hatred you have it can always be resolved by forgiveness and friendship.
In this essay I will discuss on forgiveness in 300 words. Forgiveness is a complex concept that is often misunderstood. It is important to understand what forgiveness is not in order to fully grasp what it truly means. Forgiveness is not forgetting, pardoning, justifying, excusing, denying, asking for God's forgiveness, telling others that you have forgiven someone, approving of what someone did, or seeking justice or revenge. It is not based on an apology or restoration, and it is not reconciliation. Forgiveness is an act of mercy, grace, and justice combined.
Get original essayReacting to someone's mistake in the right way is crucial. While taking revenge or fighting only makes the situation worse and can damage one's self-respect. On the other hand, forgiving someone shows maturity and brings peace between individuals. Forgiveness is also important because holding onto anger and frustration can destroy one's personality and cause harm to others. Forgiveness is vital for personal growth and peace.
Furthermore, forgiveness is essential for the people around us. Refusing to forgive can lead to a cycle of revenge and ego-driven behavior, which ultimately harms those closest to us. It is important to change our mindset and treat others with kindness, even when they have wronged us. Forgiveness is not just about letting go of anger, it is about showing compassion and empathy towards other people.
In conclusion, forgiveness is a crucial component of personal growth and peace. However, knowing what forgiveness is not helps to fully understand its meaning. It is important to react to others' mistakes in the right way, and to never avoid forgiveness. Forgiveness is an act of mercy, grace, and justice that is essential for personal growth and for creating a peaceful environment for ourselves and those around us.
Students who cannot find a job in their chosen career should be able to obtain student loan forgiveness on a loan for that choice preparation. Student loan debt has surpassed $1.5 trillion in recent years, making it the largest type of consumer debt outstanding other than mortgages and credit card debt. The average student loan borrower graduates with nearly $37,000 in debt and increasing every year. Student debt has grown, and also the interests of private loans: the fixed interest rate is currently at 9.66%. The government and other loan holders recruit debt collectors to do most student loan collection work. These private collectors are doubtlessly to act very aggressively in trying to collect the payments from students. In many cases, they will not know about (or will claim not to know about) students’ right to cancel their loan or get an affordable repayment plan. Many of these problems stem from the government’s collector compensation system.
Get original essayThe federal government, states, organizations, centers, and foundations also need to make significant investments in college affordability to reduce the number of students who need a loan in the first place. Too many borrowers and defaulters are low-income students, the very people who would receive only grant aid under a rational system for college financing. Forcing students to borrow has turned one of America’s best investments in socioeconomic mobility (college) into a debt trap for far too many families. This paper focuses on student loan debt within the United States economy with student loan forgiveness.
Attending a college is a dream for many. It is a place where students, after graduating from high school, can learn valuable skills and knowledge to be useful within different job sectors of American society. High school students learn skills that enable them to work in entry- level positions within the ever-changing marketplace. However, high competition from those whom are already well established in many fields make it difficult to work in those positions that have higher salaries and wage levels. Students attend college and take full-time course loads that detract time from working. College students hope the opportunity cost of attending classes, doing homework and research worthwhile once their tassels are flipped at graduation. Since full-time students do not have the time to work at a living wage to meet necessary living expenses, such as food, housing, clothing, and transportation, students feel the need to take out student loans. Students are also attending college after starting a family in hopes that they can provide a stable future for their families.
Student loans cover costs of tuition and books, along with everyday living needs. Having enough income to live on and handing the energy to study is important. Students could opt out of full-time course loads, but that will delay graduation. Unless the students have family that can support them through college, it is often necessary to find other means of income. Pell Grants and scholarships are some ways that reduce the cost of college. Work-study programs are offered to assist students as well. Tuition is expensive, varying in cost from which college, university, or trade school is chosen.
Student Loan Hero is a service provider that provides information for consolidation options for student loans, financial analysis, repayment options, and student loan advice. It has an article titled A Look at the Shocking Student Loan Debt Statistics for 2016 on the Student Loan Hero website. It breaks down student loan debt portfolio, discusses Public Student Loan Forgiveness, and mentions other statistics.
Student Loan Hero mentions that the United States has currently 44 million student loan borrowers that total $1.5 trillion dollars. The delinquency rate is 11% for these borrowers. It is estimated that the average student loan payment for 20 to 30-year old’s is $351, and the median payment is $203 for the same group. Loan programs consist of Direct Loans (with $912 billion), FFEL Loans (with $343 billion), and Perkins Loans (with $8 billion). Stafford loans consist of Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans, totaling $690 billion dollars. Grad PLUS loans are at $50 billion and Parent PLUS loans are at $74 billion. The amount of loans that are consolidated are $439 billion. Within the Direct Loans program, $468 billion are currently being repaid, $101 billion are in deferment, $102 billion are in forbearance, $63 billion are in default, and $42 billion are loans that are within the grace period.
Student Loan Hero and Clive Belfield (2013) discuss about repayment options for the Direct Loan Program as well. Belfield states that $198 billion are being paid within 10 years, which is 11 million of the student loan borrowers, and $73 billion are being paid in greater than 10 years. The Graduated Repayment plan for less than 10 years is $69 billion, and greater than 10 years is 13 billion. Those whom are paying in the Income-Contingent plan have $23 billion, and Income-Based plan have $174 billion. The Pay as You Earn plan consist of $44 billion and the Revised Pay as You Earn plan has only $27 billion. Several servicers for student loans are AES-PHEAA, Great Lakes, Nelnet, Navient, and Not-for-Profit servicers.
Student Loan Hero mentions that over 400 thousand borrowers have been approved for Public Service Loan Forgiveness. However, in 2012, 71% of students that attended four-year colleges has student loan debt. 40% of the entire student loan debt was used for graduate and professional degrees, such as MBA, Master of Education, Master of Science, Master of Arts, Law, and Medicine and health sciences degrees. The article concludes with Student Loan Hero being available to help students to not be part of these statistics, which are growing burden for citizens in the United States.
Michael Wenisch (2012), whom received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the Catholic University of America, wrote an article titled The Student Loan Crisis and the Future of Higher Education for The Catholic Social Science Review. At the time the article was written, in the past seven years prior to it, the debt had doubled. Since the economic downturn in 2008, students had an increasingly difficult time with employment, making it ever more difficult to pay off student loans. The article mentions that only 56% of the 2010 graduating class had at least one job within a year, compared with 90 percent for 2006.
The article discusses a brief history of the student loan system beginning with the Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965, which extended federal loan guarantees to private lenders. In 1972, the Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae), which was a semi-private Government Sponsored Entity, was formed in order to provide a secondary for student loans. In 1996, Sallie Mae became privately held, publicly traded corporation. In 1998, the HEA was amended so that all federally guaranteed student loan debt be non-dischargeable in bankruptcy, and in 2005 it included private, non-federally-guaranteed educational loans.
Megan McArdle (2012) discusses “Peak Oil” and the inevitable decline in oil availability, specifically in how affects the student loan debt. In 2008, the price of oil reached $150 and in 2005, after a continuous increase in production, oil plateaued at 82 million barrels per day. Then in 2011, oil prices fell to $100 per barrel. This decrease in oil production rates, McArdle mentions, “renders any sustained economic growth, let alone the torrid rates necessary to service the European sovereign debt in any credible fashion, very unlikely.” The article declares that the collateral for guaranteeing current debts, specifically student loan debts, is resuming long-term future economic growth, and since oil production peaked, this would not happen.
Also, McArdle builds up a hypothesis that the student loan bubble will eventually burst, following a broader financial collapse due to loss of confidence in the economy as a whole. The European sovereign debt is viewed as a significant result of this loss of economic confidence. The article mentions that the confidence will be lost relatively sudden in higher education by prospective students and will result in the student loan bubble to burst, because college depends upon tuition that is mostly paid for by student loans, McArdle suggests that many of these colleges will go bankrupt before 2022. The article concludes with the importance of understanding the realities of the student loan crisis along with the ethical dilemma it creates, both for students, and for those employed in the institutions whom depend largely upon student loan money for their salary.
Robert Applebaum (2010), a J.D. in Law from Fordham University School of Law, wrote an essay for At Issue: Economy: Should the Federal Government Bail Out Private University? titled The Government Should Cancel Student Loan Debt. In the essay Applebaum relates forgiving student loans to the tax rebates from stimulus plans and bailouts that Wall Street financial institutions and auto manufacturers have received, and how they were not successful in stimulating the economy. Since the student loan debt is so high, Applebaum suggests that the government should cancel loan debt instead of focusing efforts on these other methods to improve the economy. The essay emphasizes how education should be the driving force in keeping the United States economy secure.
Applebaum (2010) states that in order to stimulate the economy immediately, the government ought to forgive student loan debt. One reason that is given is that responsible people went to great lengths to get an education and therefore ought to be helped just as much as financial and auto institutions. Another reason is that it will enable a multiplying effect because the money that would increase tax revenues, unfreeze credit markers, and thereby create jobs. In response to the banking system collapsing or student loans becoming unavailable, Applebaum responds that financial institutions will receive $700 billion TARP bailout along with additional extra bailout money anyway. Since these other institutions will receive trillions of dollars, they will not be in danger of not having available funds for student loan borrowers. The aggregate amount of student loan debt, according to this essay, was under $600 billion, So there should be funds available to relieve students of their debt.
Kayla Webley (2012), whom graduated from the University of Washington and the Medill Graduate School of Journalism at Northwestern University, wrote an article titled Is Forgiving Student Loan Debt a Good Idea? for TIME. The article responds to the notion of cancelling student loan debt. It mentions a petition that has had 670,000 signatures urging the United Stated government to forgive all the past student loan debt. Robert Applebaum apparently has had $88,000 in student loan debt and started the petition in 2009 for the U.S. government to provide a one-time $1 trillion bailout for student loans to stimulate the United States economy.
Webley (2012), responds to the student loan bailout proposal with the Freakonomics blog writer Justin Wolfer’s thought that it would be better to give 50 poor people $1,000 each because the money would probably be immediately spent rather than forgiving a person with $50,000 in student loan debt, which would take a much slower time to get back in to the economy. Webley further mentions that most student loan debt borrowers have the ability to make their payments but realizes that some desperately do need assistance. According to this article only 1% of student loan borrowers owe over $100,000. Since the government already has programs, such as the Income Based Repayment program, there is no need for the United States government to cancel all student loan debt in a one-time bailout.
Sandy Baum (2012) in the article called STUDENT DEBT: Good, Bad, and Misunderstood, questions why current debt holders should be forgiven, since the United States citizens have been paying their debts off of years, and why tax payers whom never attended college should have to pay for this debt relief. Future generations may also take on extra student loan debt and just hope for a bailout. The student bailout is viewed as a temporary solution. This article suggests that the current higher education finance model is broken because every student can take out unlimited student loan without considering the likelihood of repayment.
Abigail Blanco (2015) an Assistant Professor of Economics at University of Tampa, whom earned her Ph.D. in economics from George Mason University, wrote Don’t Forgive Us Our Debts: The Case Against Student Loan Forgiveness for Inside Sources. In the article Blanco states that “prime the pump economics is fallacious” since the government is unable to manipulate the economy because of it being a complex system of financial interactions. Savings and innovation are the driving force for the economy, so handing out money to student loan debt borrowers will not grow the economy. One main argument against forgiving student loan debt is that it will only help those that have gone to college, and not future students. This will be an unwise solution and there is no guarantee that all future student loan debt will be forgiven.
Block D. Gene (2012) states that college tuition will increase, similar to other educational subsidies, because demand for education will increase. College will have higher costs and students will choose to attend schools that are costlier, which taxpayers will have to foot the bill. Students are also well informed on how students loan process works, and therefore should be responsible for paying off their debt obligations. Investing in education requires time and money, and with limited resources, students are in need of student loans to cover the cost of this investment. Financial institutions would probably not be required by the United States government to hand out loans to students whom would not be required to pay them back. This will affect low-income students.
Bill Fay (2017) mentions that there are private companies that can offer loans or other forms of financial assistance to meet the costs of education. These companies usually promote their products through direct mail, telemarketing, television, radio or internet advertising. However, the payment of university studies is a serious and long-term financial obligation; Therefore, it is very important to compare the costs of the different means of financing available to pay for education. Private loans tend to apply higher fees and charges than federal government loans. In addition, Sandra Block (2014) in the article called The Right Way to Borrow, she mentions that private loans do not offer the same cancellation or loan forgiveness opportunities offered by several federal loan programs. Therefore, before considering loans offered by private companies, it is reasonable and convenient to exhaust federal loan options (as well as grants and scholarships). Block concludes by recommending that encouraging students should incur fewer expenses, working at a job, and attending community colleges will reduce the amount of debt.
While it seems like a magical idea to forgive all student loan borrowers of their debts, and there are positive points for doing so, there is enough evidence to realize that is not a one-time quick fix for the economy. The United States economy is complex and student loan debt is just one factor that needs to be considered in improving the economy. Instead of focusing on relieving the burden of all student loan borrowers at one time, efforts should be placed on ensuring institutions of higher learning are more efficient in training students to have useful skills for the workforce. Instead of wasteful spending on projects that do to enhance the main goal of these institutions, which is adequate and useful education, they should work on being efficient. Becoming efficient in all programs is an ever-learning venture, which takes time and effort, but as long as efficiency is a primary focus, costs of education for students will decrease, therefore reducing the amount of student loans that are often required. Another way to decrease student loans is creating a college culture and degree programs that make it feasible to have time set aside for work and encourages students to do so. This will enable expenses to be paid without detracting from work-related educational endeavors.
The $1.5 trillion student loan situation in the United States impacts the economy because it is a large part of how worker-developing institutions of higher learning are paid for, which are a large force of economic activity. It is complex since student loans have to be repaid, which detracts from money being spent on consumer goods. Student loans keep the much-needed educational institutions funded, and cycles back into the economy through repayment. Students pay more to study and then, when they graduate, salaries are proportionally lower than they used to be, so that more and more people drag this mortgage until middle age. So, in many cases, such as the 2.7 million Americans who owe more than $ 100,000 for going to college, it's about choosing: either to carry this mortgage on your back for decades, adding interest, or directly incur default This is the fate of 22% of the borrowers. A historical record that can be small. According to the forecasts of the Brookings Institution, in 2023 two out of five borrowers will not be able to pay their debts. The size of the debt not only affects the individual pockets; its size, 1.5 trillion dollars, could explode in the face of the national budget. The consequences of student debt ramify throughout the economy: the inability to save limits the sale of homes up to 35% among young people, according to a study by the Federal Reserve of New York, and cuts, in short, the financial freedom in the medium and long term of millions of citizens.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.
Get custom essayAlthough forgiving student loan debt by providing a one-time bailout is not the best solution, the debate brings up discussion that will hopefully ensure college education will be affordable, efficient, and apply to the workforce of this generation. An economy where students are able to attend college and not be burdened for their choice for their entire lives will enable American society to be less stressed. Attending college is a great dream to turn into reality but paying for it for the rest of life should not be a nightmare. Ensuring that students are not setting themselves up for having too much debt to pay for their education is a socially responsibly policy.
The scope of this training program is to establish a procedure for the operation of all powered industrial trucks (P.I.T.) utilized at Aero Fulfillment Services. These P.I.T. include, but are not limited to; the forklift, walkie riders, order pickers, turret truck, scissor lift and reach truck.
Get original essayEmployers are required by OH Rev. 4167-3-03 Amending of existing standards for Power Industrial Truck Safety to ensure that all employees, both permanent and temporary, adhere to the laws set forth by this code.
This training additionally supports compliance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Powered Industrial Truck Standard, as found in 29 CFR 1910.178. This training applies to all Aero Fulfillment employees, permanent or temporary, who are required to operate material-handling equipment, including forklifts, reach trucks, order pickers and powered pallet jacks.
Responsibilities
Powered Industrial Truck Operators:
Operators are responsible for the following:
Who Requires Training
All personnel who operate forklifts, scissor lifts, powered hand trucks, order pickers, turret and any other PIT are required to have the following training.
Training shall consist of a combination of formal instruction, practical training (demonstrations performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee), a written test and evaluation of the operator's performance in the workplace. Someone who is authorized, qualified and determined to be competent shall conduct all training.
Training Overview
This training class will encompass the following:
The Need for Refresher Training
Refresher training will be on an as needed basis. The need for a refresher training course shall result from any circumstance listed below:
An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operator's performance shall be conducted at least once every three years. Employee training records shall be maintained for 5 years.
Program Activities
Equipment Inspection and Maintenance
Changing and Charging Batteries
Safe Work Practices
Traveling