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Prejudice and racism are used interchangeably, but have totally independent meanings. Prejudice was the preconceived idea that is grounded on observations of facts or experience. Cultural racism was defined as the belief of the superiority of Europeans. Racism has been explained through evolution by Darwin, biologically, and culturally. Humans have lived in exclusive groups and inadvertently promoted racialized approaches. From a cultural-psychological perspective, racism is shaped by our culture, and our culture is formed by racism. From this perspective adopting these behaviors deflected any attempts at intervention. Evolutionary psychology claimed that the reasoning behind the notion that certain traits survival was because those genes were elected by evolution. This perspective suggested that racism was established, because it was favorable for our ancestors to deny other races. Darwinism stated that evolutionary progression transpires because of the destruction of the feeble in “survival of the fittest”. Racial classification started about the 1500’s, and these ideas about race was employed, so veritable injustices was justified.
Get original essayKeywords: Racism, cultural racism,, prejudice, Evolutionary Psychological Perspective
Racism has occurred throughout our culture. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, racism is the “belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race” (Racism, 2003). It is the belief that one race or group is more superior than the others. This hatred is based on differences between skin color, language, or colors. This has been a pervasive and persistently complex social problem. Racism is not just feelings or a reaction, nor is it totally derived from prejudice. One study suggested “Racism is often defined as individual prejudice, but racism is also systemic, existing in the advantages and disadvantages imprinted in cultural artifacts, ideological discourse, and institutional realities that work together with individual biases” ( Salter et al., 2018). Racism affected every different type, class, and groups of individuals. In this paper I discussed the different sociological aspects of racism, and the evolutionary theoretical perspective of this ideology. This paper prevent the points that need to be settled, in order to suppress racism in the future.
Since the 1930’s in social psychology it has been a prominent subject when discussing the issue of racism. Individuals claimed racism is biological or evolutionary. Researchers noticed that racism is immerse in everyday living. To this day we still perpetuate racialized environments through our selection and proclivities. We reside in cultural places that encourages these behaviors (Banton, 2018). We can see racism intertwined and connected in our everyday living. In the19th century racism was a religious argument, grounded in the written works the Bible. From 1850 to 1950 it became a biological dispute, that was established in natural science. The historical disputes was based on the idea of that racism is inherent in our history. Studies discovered that now that White Americans make up less than 50% of the population, ethnic diversity and racism increases. Researchers suggested that change of the population going from majority to minority was responsible for some beliefs. One article declared “we offer a framework for understanding and predicting the effects of anticipated increases in racial diversity that highlights the competing influences of intergroup concerns, such as relative group status and power, and more interpersonal experiences, such as positive contact, on intergroup relations (Craig et al., 2018).
Evolutionary scientists outright disagreed with the race being determined by phenotypes. An American scientist hypothesized that populations are distinct amongst each others by the alleles in the blood. An anthropologist, C. Loring Brace, concluded the certainty that phenotypic-found illustrations of the races disregard significant traits, because they don't tie in highly. Another researcher employed the anatomization of skulls, to sunder the ethic groups. Samuel Morton took this theory to furnished confirmation on his claim, that interracial intellectual disparities are shown by the internal capacity of one's skull. Colonialism and slavery were justified by the belief in “scientific racism". Galton, founder of Eugenics, tried to engage the masses in the ideology that there racial groups with desirable traits, are more superior than the groups with lesser traits. Galton was a huge supporter of Darwin's work, and the theory of evolution. He created the argument of natured versus nurtured, because of the discord between the two. One feminist scientist who translated Darwin's worked stated “Superior races are destined to supplant inferior ones ... One needs to think carefully before claiming political and civic equality among people composed of an Indo-European minority and a Mongolian or Negro majority” (Darwin, 1862).
Racism is described as a systematic issue that is ingrained into our history. This ideology exists in our culture, history, artifacts and “ institutional realities that work together with individual biases” (Salter et al., 2018). Researchers have tried to describe racism from an evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary psychology portrayed this ideology from a scientific reasoning for superiority of certain groups of people (Moule, 2009). Individuals aren’t born with the ideology of racism, they are taught these notions of bigotry. Some suggested that individuals learn these attitudes and beliefs starting in childhood. “Theory and research in cultural psychology highlight the need to examine racism not only “in the head” but also “in the world.” (Salter et al., 2018). Scientists have debated if racism is culturally perpetuated, biological, or from other theories. What everyone agreed on was the ramifications of racism, and detrimental effects. One study stated “This version of race is defined by social and historical forces and is used to create and justify many of the divisions that exist among people of varying religious, ethnic, or geographic backgrounds” (Anderson et al., 2004).
Through an evolutionary perspective scientists suggested that tribes interacted with each other frequently through marriage alliances and to switch tribes. Supposedly, there was no record of hostility based on race. Anthropologists suggested “both social and spatial boundaries among hunter-gatherers are extremely flexible with regard to membership and geographic extent” (Burch & Elliana, 1994). Some psychologists claimed that the possibility of how you think about race, is not you, it’s the culture around you. Studies have suggested that people believe that Blacks are more prone to be violent, old people have a tendency of being forgetful, and women are emotional (Nauert, 2016). These behaviors towards women, the elderly, and Black Americans was the result of racist beliefs, ideology, and culture. Scientists were led to believe that racism is a learned ideology, after being repeatedly exposed to these types of ideas daily. During the 1930’s until 1950’s, racism was considered a expected behavior. The Civil Rights Movement emerged protesting the injustices of racism. The racist practice now had a new theory, and the main obstacle was culture. Some believed that the issue of inequality will diminish over time. The practice of racism continued under the guidance of this new theory, which actually denied the relevance of race.
Darwin classified individuals based on skin, eye or hair color. He believed that evolution was progressive notion, and that the white races were more evolutionarily ahead than the others (Rose, 2009). This advantage constructed the contrasts between hierarchy and social classes, and allowed the justification of this ideology. Recent findings from a study supported the established evolutionary theory, and led to the explanation of racism in humanity. The study claimed “As a consequence, evolutionary theory predicts that organisms will often discriminate, because helping similar partners and harming dissimilar ones increase the fraction of the discriminating party's genes in future generations” (Krupp & Taylor, 2015). Some individuals utilized Darwin’s theory of evolution as validation for Eugenics. One scientist divided up groups and declared that non-white people was a result of degeneration, and the thought that white was beautiful. Social psychologists have expressed how the current way of thinking has become complicated, and inconsistent. This perspective has manufactured the notion of racial supremacy, and bolster consistent inequalities.
Mueller suggest that ignorance is a valid excuse for the wealthy class (Mueller, 2018).There are various solutions to start fixing the ideologies of prejudice and racism. We must start with education, because we need to try to counteract the disinformation that is being told about certain races. For instance, most white Americans think that the black community is violent. Education, intervention, and being held accountable for these injustices against humanity will help in stopping racism. Consequences and legislation would help in eradicating these notions that any one group is more superior than others. Social and cultural market needs to be made to prevent racism.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, even though evolution was claimed a elucidative science, it does not measure morality. Individuals will still use Darwin's work, Galton’s Eugenics and flawed genetics to scientifically support their ideology. The Genome Project and other studies has proven that race is non-existent, but slavery, the Holocaust, and The Civil Rights Movement provided evidence that racism does. The history of racism in the world can be difficult waters to waters to wade through. Finally, racism is not innate from evolutionary psychological perspective. Dr. Krupp created a new model that suggest through a biological framework using inclusive fitness theory, describing our behaviors is dependent on the successful procreation of our community, and ourselves (Krupp & Taylor, 2015). We need to prevent racism by coming together socially and culturally, and have the uncomfortable conversations. The world is changing, but people's ideology has stalled. It is necessary to reteach the misinformation that been perpetuated by history, science, and society.
One of the major challenges that today’s business experience is how they can understand the needs, requirements and concerns for their customers so as to create as well as generate products and services that can allow them to attain a competitive advantage. Strategic management in a business plays a crucial role in terms of ensuring that the business will be capable of surviving in the long-run (Barnes 3). Long-term survival for an organization means that it can realize successes that can allow it to meet its objectives by making sure that it realizes a competitive edge over its rivals, as well as follow the appropriate business level strategies (Beer and Nohria 15).
Get original essayA business level strategy targets the overall competitive theme that a business chooses to allow it lay emphasis to the manner in which it is positioned in the market. This allows a business to realize competitive advantage as well as position different strategies that an enterprise can adopt in various business environments. For instance, business level strategies or competitive strategy serves as a vital subsystem of corporate strategy (Barnes and Norris 15). It refers to a set of coordinated and integrated activities that help in the exploitation of core competencies and in the realization of competitive advantage. In this case, it is true that a business adopts coordinated and integrated actions to allow it exploit core competencies and realize competitive advantage (Barnes 5).
Competitive advantages are the ones that determine whether a business will succeed of rail. It is dependent on the capabilities, resources and core competencies of an enterprise. This is possible due to the fact that it is the role of the manager to control and implement support activities that create room for competitive advantage (Barnes and Norris 17). An organization is said to have realized a competitive advantage once it portrays traits that make it to appear different from its competitors, which then allow it to realize high yields in a sustainable manner. Therefore, a competitive advantage serves as a good image for a company, and an additional feature to a product or services that an enterprise provides to its consumers, as well as a prime location and a lower price than competitors can offer (Beer and Nohria 18). This paper will explore the role of competitive advantage in allowing ASDA to succeed in Manchester.
ASDA Stores Ltd was set up in 1965 at Yorkshire, England by J.W. Hindel. During this time, the company engaged in the sale of a wide range of food and non-food items at a significantly low price. It started boosting its operations by increasing the number of stores that it hand in the UK. By 1978, ASDA had approximately 60 stores, and its stores had managed to make sales amounting to 1 billion pounds by 1980 (Thompson and Martin 54). Later, the company added furniture and carpets to its product portfolio by engaging in mergers and acquisitions. However, the company incurred huge debts while entering into these deals, and this issue caused significant strain to the financial resources of the company. ASDA de-merged in 1987 when it sold its MFI state to MFI managers. After engaging in the sale of MFI and Allied carpet, the company changed its name to ASDA Group plc (Robertson and Caldart 65).
ASDA opened its first store in south Britain in 1989. In 1990, it started its own private clothing label referred to as George, and distributed it to its 65 stores to allow it strengthen its clothing segment, and also allow it to compete effectively with Marks & Spencer. In the following year, the company acquired Gateway stores for 705 million pounds, which later put severe strain to its financial resources (Robertson and Caldart 24). Analysts believed that this issue resulted from the overpayments that ASDA made to these out of town outlets and other second-class sites. When the company started realizing strains in the profits that it was making, it started to raise the prices for its products, and started shifting away from its low price strategy, which its earlier success was based upon (Thompson and Martin 22). This is because the company was encountering challenges with respect to coping with the intense cuts in prices, and the tough competition that was being posed by other dominant market players such as Sainsbury and Tesco.
Early in 1991, ASDA appointed Archie Norman to help turn the falling company around. Norman reverted the company to its initial version as a food retail chain, as well as made its products more affordable that its competitors by laying emphasis on low process as opposed to loyalty schemes (Harrison 13). It raised company by going public both in 191 and 1993. By 1999, ASDA realized profits amounting to 405 million pounds after making sales of 8 billion pounds (Khosrowpour 21).
In 1999, Walmart was looking for ways in which it could expand its venues, and decided to penetrate British retail market, and it purchased ASDA for 220 pence for every share. This acquisition was anticipated to allow the company to have a significant impact both on the UK retain industry and financial markets (Addy, http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk). Since ASDA had adopted a low price strategy by then, it was able to attract a significant number of British consumers. As a result, the post-acquisition process did not witness problems since Walmart was also pursuing a low-price strategy (Khosrowpour 22).
Today, ASDA is regarded as the second largest retailer in the UK. It is also the largest subsidiary of the Walmart family of companies. The scale of ASDA is appreciated based on the number of stores that it runs, and the people who work for it. For instance, ASDA has approximately 321 stores across the UK and Northern Ireland, 29 depots and about 148,000 colleagues. These establishments are the ones that allow the company to realize a turnover of more than 15 billion pounds (Addy, http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk).
In the recent years, most of the colleagues from ASDA depots and stores are tending to be more involved with the community in order to help raise funds for charities (Ashley-Roberts, http://www.simplydigitalmarketing.com). This initiative has allowed the company to become more involved with the community, and allow it to improve the manner in which it addresses its mission, vision and purpose (Brinkman, Navarro and Harper, 87).
Additionally, the supermarket sector in the UK is becoming highly competitive. It is the contests that prevail among these competitors that allow the company to keep its prices down. The company also ensures that it makes those products that are in high demand in the market, and which the consumer have deep taste for (Harrison 65). However, with so many stores to buy from, estimates reveal that customers are becoming less loyal. Moreover, price competition is pushing customers to try out new stores (Ashley-Roberts, http://www.simplydigitalmarketing.com).
Most customers prefer price competition since it allows them to purchase goods at a relatively lower price and save money. The strapline that is associated with ASDA price has allowed customers to link with the store at the low price that the company offers. However, whenever modern consumers make a decision on where to buy their products, there are a wide range of motives that influence their choice (Brinkman, Navarro and Harper 54). Therefore, in order for ASDA to address these objectives in an effective manner, it should come up with a business strategy that can allow it to distinguish its stores (BusinessCaseStudies, http://businesscasestudies.co.uk). This can allow it to realize a clear competitive advantage. In the modern business environment, ASDA mostly embarks on price competition, though it also embarks on other forms of non-price competition, as well as its interest in the community in order to create a positive image in the minds of its customers (Brunn, 34).
The managers of a particular enterprise are supposed to lay emphasis on its mission, vision and values in order to influence its route. This is the way in which ASDA does it in order to boost its competitiveness in the market. The statements that the company makes are aimed at allowing the company to help its stakeholder to understand the direction that the company is following. A mission statement is aimed at setting out the overall long-term direction that an organization is following. The mission of ASDA is ‘to emerge as the best-value retailer in Britain, which goes beyond the needs of the customers always’ (BusinessCaseStudies, http://businesscasestudies.co.uk).
Also, apart from having a mission statement, ASDA has a statement of purpose. This allows the stakeholders of the company to gain a better understanding of the reasons as to why the business exits. The purpose of ASDA is ‘to make and services more available to everyone’. In addition, ASDA adopts a series of values, which serve as the moral statements that allow it to encapsulate its beliefs, which then determine the actions and decisions that it takes while in the market. The values of the company are respect for individuals, strive to excel and provide customers with high quality services (Researchomatic, http://www.researchomatic.com).
In order to ensure that the new colleagues at ASDA gain a better understanding of the company’s mission statement, purpose and values, they are provided with a 25-hour introduction program known as “Best Welcome”. Through the intranet, the company is able to undertake a survey which helps it to determine how colleagues, departments, teams and managers follow the mission, purpose and values while making decisions within the company (Researchomatic, http://www.researchomatic.com).
Being the second largest company in the United Kingdom, ASDA is adopting a new era. Its market share is 16.9 percent behind Tesco at 30.5 percent. Like its parent company, ASDA commits itself to adopting everyday low prices (EDLP) strategy as opposed to adopting the traditional high-low price mechanism that is adopted in various other stores in the grocery market. It is this commitment to EDLP that allows the company to realize the success in the market (Monaghan, http://www.theguardian.com).
ASDA was the first retail company that provided its clients with a price promise by introducing its ASDA Price Guarantee of 2010. Here, the company made promised that it would beat the prices that its rivals charged by 10 percent. Since then, Waitrose and Sainsbury have introduced initiatives that can allow them to match prices of branded goods. Tesco later followed by introducing its Price Promise that allowed it to match own-label and branded products (Monaghan, http://www.theguardian.com).
Since most of its competitors are moving in to adopt its low-price strategy, ASDA is supposed to adopt new strategies that can allow it to cope with the highly competitive market. There are two major challenges that ASDA faces with respect to marketing. These include communicating effectively with its ELDP positioning in the highly competitive market, and internal team structure in order to take advantage of those who are highly talented within the enterprise (EssayUK, http://www.essay.uk.com).
The challenges that the company is facing have evolved at a rapid pace for the past year. The major issue in this case is communicating EDLP to allow it break through in the clustered market. Therefore, it is crucial for the company to market its EDLP structure to ensure that it goes through successfully in the market (EssayUK, http://www.essay.uk.com).
ASDA has adopted a differential strategy to allow it beat the prices that its rivals set in the market. However, its competitors, such as Waitrose, Sainsbury and Tesco compete with the company by matching with the lowest prices that prevail in the market (Dransfield 35). However, the major challenges in this case prevails in terms of creating significant personality in the case of EDLP message and build more storytelling with respect to communicating the strategy (John, http://community.businessballs.com).
Most of the creative campaigns that ASDA practices in the past used to be successful. However, they have left a bridge that demands crossing in order to engage those people who do not shop at ASDA as well as develop an emotional understanding regarding the brand of the company (John, http://community.businessballs.com).
Most of those people who shop at ASDA are usually loyal to the brand. For instance on December 2012, a number of people were complaining about the sexist for portraying a mother who did all the work during the seasonal period (Corporate Watch, http://www.corporatewatch.org). This issue was highly criticized over social media, and it attracted about 620 complaints, though the campaign was cleared eventually. However, the public relations and communications team at the supermarket to bring down the fury since most of its loyal customers defended and offered the message pertaining to the supermarket support (Dransfield 32).
Any group, organization or group that is influenced by the activities that the business engages in is referred to as a stakeholder. Internal stakeholders are usually found inside an enterprise such as managers, directors and colleagues. Conversely, external stakeholders are usually found outside an organization. Each of these groups are affected by the actions that ASDA embarks on (Corporate Watch, http://www.corporatewatch.org).
For instance, ASDA customers demand for quality goods that fetch cheap prices. Most customers today usually have high expectations for an enterprise, and they welcome them to participate in the activities of the local community. This allows them to gain a better idea about them and the operations that they embark on. Most of ASDA depots and stores have community noticeboards as well as a monthly magazine that features the activities that take place in the community. This makes customers to become more attracted to the company and portray their loyalty (Ruddick, http://www.telegraph.co.uk).
Most colleagues love to address the needs of the community where they undertake their business operations. The retail industry does not get high payments, and customers demand for low prices, and the operations require a large number of colleagues (Baker, http://www.marketingweek.co.uk). This means that working with the community plays an essential role in terms helping in the motivation of colleagues. In order to help motivate the other members of the community to participate in this initiative, ASDA holds events that are shared in a monthly newsletter that caters for in house needs (Ruddick, http://www.telegraph.co.uk).
All shareholders usually demand for a good return on the investments that they make towards a particular organization. They also believe in addressing the interests of the community, since they like to witness the company that they have invested in acting in a positive manner towards the environment. This means that as ASDA continues to remain a profitable company in the market, more people will invest in it, and this will help to build a reputation for the business, which will in turn help to boost its client base significantly (Baker, http://www.marketingweek.co.uk).
At a national level, suppliers serve as the largest suppliers to ASDA. They always look for avenues that can allow them to sell gods to ASDA in a large volume to allow them realize economies of scale. As a result, ASDA has worked quite hard in order for it to develop links with local suppliers. By working with both small as well as medium sized enterprises, ASDA finds it possible to offer products to small groups at those terms that are appealing to them (Ruddick, http://www.telegraph.co.uk).
ASDA adopts its community program to help it address its mission, purpose and values in an effective manner. The company does this to allow it remain unique from its competitors as well as motivate its colleagues. This program has been ongoing for a period of seven years, and it is at the center of the depots, stores and the head office. The actions that they engage in are determined by five criteria, which include health, people, education, big events and the community (UKEssays, http://www.ukessays.com).
Each of these criteria serve as a point of focus for the yearly program activities that the company engages in. The local events coordinator is the one who is endowed with the task of setting up each store when the activities approach. For instance, under the health criteria, ASDA depots and stores involve themselves in raising money to help support Breast Cancer campaigns and Breast Cancer Care (Addy, http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk). The customers and colleagues are the ones who served as the blood donors. In order to facilitate this initiative, ASDA encourages blood donor vans to set up in their car parks, and to ensure that the services are available to each person from the community, and provide them with nutrition and dietary advice (UKEssays, http://www.ukessays.com).
The community program allows ASDA to meet its mission, purpose and values, as well as attain a competitive edge in the market place. This program allows the colleagues to participate in the activities of the local community, since they live there too. The process of working together with other people illustrates the value that the company allocates to its stakeholders. This then gives them a moral focus, which allows them to plan a direction for the enterprise (UKEssays, http://www.ukessays.com).
While under ASDA community program, the customers are able to experience a wide range of benefits, especially those that are focused on the local needs. The colleagues in this case get involved in order to help raise funds for the company. A major example is the Brake Walking Bus, which is a road safety charity that teaches school going children about road safety and helps them to walk to school safely. ASDA allowed this initiative to break a world record when more than 50,000 children participated in it in 2012 (Gregory and Willis, 67).
Moreover, ASDA participates in local product sourcing in order to meet the needs of customers and suppliers in specific areas, and also helps in campaigns related to local product recycling. Most of the ASDA’s colleagues spend a significant number of hours outside the stores and assisting the community in areas that they need help. Other benefits that are associated with this initiative target wider causes such as those that are related to Pakistan earthquake appeals and Tsunami (Gregory and Willis, 68).
As a result of being allowed to participate in this initiative, ASDA colleagues feel highly appreciated. For instance, based on a We’re Listening survey, it was evident that this practice was a reflection of how they really felt towards the organization. While working in the community, the colleagues have been able to realize high motivation (Kay 101). There are various issues that have played a vital role with respect to motivating ASDA colleagues. Firstly, with respect to action, the colleagues feel that their role is not just about heading to work and earn money, but it also serves as a way of assisting the community (Gregory and Willis, 70).
In terms of recognition, the stores are graded based on the initiatives that they undertake towards the community. Every year the ASDA colleagues embark on making improvements to community programs so as to allow the stores to get higher grades. In the case of portraying initiative, the colleagues are encouraged to set SMART goals. This means that the targets that they set should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely to facilitate for effective participation of the community (Kay 103). The colleagues are encouraged tom devise the most effective way that can allow them to realize their targets. This means that they are not ordered on what to do, but they have the freedom to use their own ideas so as to allow the community to realize benefits and make appropriate choices on what can address their needs in an effective manner (Wood, http://essentialmarketingplanning.blogspot.com).
In areas where colleagues feel highly motivated, their turnover goes down as well as the subsequent costs of training new ones. This also makes them to feel highly values and thus direct them to work so as to meet the mission, purpose and values of ASDA. This also plays a crucial role with respect to boosting the competitive advantage of ASDA (Wood, http://essentialmarketingplanning.blogspot.com).
Based on a survey that was carried out of UK retail market in 2004, the sales that this sector realized were able to reach approximately 246 billion pounds. This indicates that the retail industry is continuing to indicate positive signs pertaining to growth. Also, the retail industry in any country is highly active, especially since this sector is changing at a rapid pace. As a result, it comprises as one of the major sectors in any economy, especially with respect to turnover and transactions (Barnes 55). As a result, this sector is highly sophisticated and highly competitive.
Branding is highly crucial, especially in the case of the UK retail industry. Today, ASDA is adopting a strategy that it launched in 2010 after re-launching its mid-tier label range under the revolutionary “Chosen by You” brand name to allow it improve the perception towards the quality of food that it delivers to is clients. This new rang serves as part of the 100 million dollar investment that targets approximately 200,000 customers in the UK, especially with respect to benchmarking and testing of products (Brohan, http://www.internetretailer.com).
ASDA has also decided to launch its opticians business that adopts similar logos as well as using slogans that make indirect contact to the chain. To facilitate this initiative, ASDA undertook campaigns that featured two slogans. These include “Be a real spec saver at ASDA” and Spec Savings at ASDA”. These strategies are anticipated to allow ASDA to gain the satisfaction of its customers (Brohan, http://www.internetretailer.com). However, though ASDA is realizing continuous growth with respect to its diversification initiatives and existing stores extension, the retail market has become highly competitive, and has less share that can influence the overall ranking as well as positioning of the company in the international market. In this perspective, it is crucial to evaluate the strategic position of ASDA and compare it with other retailers in the UK in order to strengthen its position in this market, which is highly competitive to allow it realize sufficient satisfaction of clients as well as their loyalty (Brinkman, Navarro and Harper 89).
While under the same brand name, ASDA is offering its clients with financial services that comprise of insurance cards and loans, insurance, savings, energy supply, and motor breakdown cover. Based on a report that was carried out by BBC in 2010, ASDA was revealed to make plans to purchase Netto for 778 million pounds. Netto has about 193 stores in the UK, and they continued to operate under Netto until mid-2011 when the name came under ASDA (Management Paradise, http://www.managementparadise.com).
ASDA is promoting its brand on a continuous basis, and has made announcements to its customers that they will realize benefits from low prices in a broader range of products, and be complemented by a broad range of services that the company will offer at its smaller stores. For instance, ASDA brand “George”, which the company bought in 1995has grown to emerge as the largest clothing in the UK by volume. Walmart also trades this brand internationally (Management Paradise, http://www.managementparadise.com).
Organizational culture describes the manner in which beliefs, values, and assumptions are deemed as appropriate with respect to facilitating thinking as well as acting inside an enterprise. As a result of being shared by the elements that prevail within an organization, culture plays an essential role in terms of helping to solve as well as understand the extrinsic and intrinsic problems. Some of the major organizational rituals that are conducted within an enterprise every day comprise of rewards, staff meetings and evaluation processes (Management Paradise, http://www.managementparadise.com). This confirms that most of the activities that enterprises undertake are rituals based on proportion.
In the case of ASDA, the working environment is different from working in any other location because there are a variety of ways in which the organization makes its culture to remain unique. For instance, all the employees within the enterprise are supposed to wear a name badge, and they also have daily huddles with which they are supposed to remain up to date on the manner in which they are performing (Khosrowpour, 99). Also, the members of the business work as one team whereby, and put the needs of the customers first. Also, they offer care to their colleagues every day to ensure that they give their best while working within the organization. This has been one of the major reasons as to why ASDA has remained on the forefront with respect to performance of its employees and colleagues (Uni Assignment, http://www.uniassignment.com).
The colleagues at ASDA treat the customers as being at the heart of everything that the business undertakes. They believe that their major role is to ensure that the goods that they offer to them are as affordable as possible. Additionally, they follow a culture that makes all these initiatives possible. This is because the culture allows them to work as a single team so as to offer optimum support to their stores, gain from the strengths and expertise of colleagues as well as share successes that each individual realizes (Uni Assignment, http://www.uniassignment.com).
In the case of attitude, ASDA encourages its employees to develop a ‘can do’ and commitment attitude, which means that they can be able to implement great ideas within the enterprise quickly. This mostly targets the question of the way in which they can undertake tasks as opposed to looking for reasons to avoid them. Additionally, ASDA provides the employees within the enterprise with huddles, which serve as a way of keeping them informed about the manner in which the organization is performing (Haystack, http://www.haystackonline.com). This implies the way in which they outline as well as communicate their vital activities daily to allow them to remain focused on similar goals. This also allows them to acknowledge as well as celebrate the successes of the team and individuals in general.
All the members of staff at ASDA regardless of whether they work at the ASDA House, General Store or the Head Office, they are supposed to wear name badges. They engage in this initiative because they believe that a person is more approachable when being addressed by their first name. In this case, the staff can be able to communicate freely with each other, and the customers can also be able to address the employees without hesitation. As a result, the customers to the organization develop a positive image towards it, and tend to become loyal to the enterprise (Haystack, http://www.haystackonline.com).
ASDA holds The Big Lunch, which serves as the quarterly huddle at the enterprise. It is held at the ASDA house, and thus providing the colleagues with an opportunity to share crucial information in a manner that is regarded as being fun, relaxed and unusual, and hence ensure that every person in the enterprise is able to receive important news spreading within the organization (Haystack, http://www.haystackonline.com).
The members of staff at ASDA are not required to wear jackets. This is because the enterprise believes that jackets serve as barriers to approachability. As a result, whenever a person becomes a member of ASDA, he or she looks forward to saving the dry cleaning bills. ASDA also has a ’10 foot rule’, which most people regard as being mysterious. However, it is a simple concept, which implies that if someone is within 10 feet from them, regardless of whether he is a colleague, supplier or customer, the organization believes that they should always say hello to them (Micro Strategy, http://www.microstrategy.co.uk). This plays an essential role in building an atmosphere that is characterized by friendliness, respect and warmth.
ASDA has a strategic plan that fosters Health Safety & Care relations with the Community Health Improvement Plan. This plan also allows partners such as those who work at Forth Valley Health Board to make improvements to the health of the community, especially with respect to addressing issues related to substance abuse, mental wellbeing and smoking sensation. The Health Safety and Care Team also embarks on activities that target complementing the work that the Policy Unit undertakes in relation to the Falkirk Health Group and Community Health Partnership (Micro Strategy, http://www.microstrategy.co.uk). These initiatives play an essential role with respect to improving the overall health wellbeing of the community, and hence improving the agenda both at the operational and strategic levels.
The ASDA team operates both large and small services that are specific to safety and health events, which tend to be quite popular among its employees. This is because they are good in facilitating for team building as well as boosting morale of employees. These serve as the alternative forms of therapies available to them (Brohan, http://www.internetretailer.com). Moreover, ASDA offers additional wellbeing and health activities on a frequent basis. These are as follows
Look good, feel good. This is a course that is offered in line with Falkirk College, and it has been designed so as to offer employees a boost in their appearance, confidence and self-esteem. This makes them to be hardworking and improve the performance of the enterprise significantly.
Health Consultancy Service at Work. These services are offered to those teams who lay significant emphasis in promoting relaxation therapies and physical activities. Once the teams become relaxed, they manage to work appropriately in accordance with the organization’s expectations.
The other initiatives that the company promotes include offering healthy lifestyle cards. These are discount cards that allow employees to gain access to leisure facilities at a discount. Lifestyle 21C is a health and fitness program that goes for 8 weeks, and it is tailored to fit the individual needs of employees. Others include the Quit Program, which targets smoking cessation and External Counselling Service that is made available to employees based on self-referral basis (Brohan, http://www.internetretailer.com).
Most experts stipulate that measuring and diagnosis cannot produce effective change within an organization of its own. Change demands for time, effort and resources. Conversely, good diagnostics makes sure that resources and effort are properly channeled to facilitating in pinpointing accuracy as well as boost the likelihood of succeeding. Both corporate branding and organizational culture are inseparable in that both depend on each other to ensure that an enterprise remains successful (Lawson, http://www.retail-week.com). With the absence of these aspects, the competitivenes
A career is significant for each individual because of numerous advantages. A decent and stable career, for example, gives stability and genuine feelings of serenity throughout everyday life. Being guaranteed a stable income flow, we are spared a lot of stress and uncertainties that life brings in its wake without a career. Subsequently, individuals continually searching for a decent and stable career to work for the majority time of life, or even a good job, and keeping up it for quite a while. That is the reason, as distinct from Labour Law, the government enacted Employment Law to protect the jobs of citizens. The law has changed and adjusted to the monetary development around the globe. It has included new sections, rules and terminology to make it more relevant and practical to enforces and punishes those who break the law. In this paper, I will examinie the Canadian Employment Law by analyzing the case study of Haseeb v. Imperial Oil Limited in 2019.
Get original essayThe case is about an international student at McGill University who applied for an engineering job that would start after graduation in his final semester – Muhammad Haseeb. At that time, he was an international student with a student visa. Upon graduation, he would be eligible for a three-year 'postgraduate work permit' (PGWP) that would allow him to work full-time, anywhere, with any employer in Canada. He expected that within three years he would gain permanent residency status (Zacks, 2018).
On the other side, the Imperial Oil Limited, the company Mr. Haseeb was applied for, required graduate engineers to have permanent residency or Canadian citizenship and asked a number of questions throughout the application procedure regarding whether the applicant was eligible to work on a permanent basis in Canada, to which he answered 'Yes' repeatedly. He has been successful in the multi-step selection process of Imperial Oil and has been offered a job, subject to verification of citizenship documentary or permanent residency. The offer was canceled when he was unable to provide such proof (Zacks, 2018). According to Woloshyn (2019), Mr. Haseeb was Imperial Oil’s top-ranked candidate when he applied for a position in 2014, however, when the company learned that he was neither a Canadian citizen nor a permanent resident, they rescinded their job offer to him and he later brought a human right claim against them.
The Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (Tribunal) found that Imperial Oil had breached the human rights of Haseeb by discriminating against him based on his citizenship status. According to the Canadian Human Rights Act (Government of Canada, 2019), every person has a right to equal treatment with respect to employment without discrimination or harassment because of race, ancestry, place of origin, colour, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, record of offences, marital status, family status or disability. While the Code does not contain a definition of citizenship, the Tribunal determined that the Code contemplated that discrimination would arise where there existed a “requirement or consideration that distinguished among individuals on the basis of either “Canadian citizenship”, “permanent residency” status or “domicile in Canada with intention to obtain citizenship”.” Because of this finding, the Tribunal concluded that hiring practices and interview screening processes of classifying individuals as “eligible” and “ineligible” based on the ability to work in Canada on a “permanent basis” is discriminatory.
Therefore, despite his dishonesty, Mr. Haseeb supposed to be treated as a regular applicant without discrimination of his citizenship status. In the step of discovering the remedy he entitled to from Imperial as a result of the company’s human rights violations, the Tribunal applied this general remedial principle: “Mr. Haseeb should be put in the position he would have been in had there been no violation of his human rights” (Woloshyn, 2019). On the off chance that Mr. Haseeb was to be placed in the position in which he would have been if Imperial Oil had not asked him any discriminatory questions, he would not have lied, and therefore he would have been hired, in light of his top-ranking and the fact that the company actually offered him a job (Woloshyn, 2019).
According to the evidence, if Mr. Haseeb had been recruited by Imperial Oil, he would have been employed by them from 30 March 2015 until 3 May 2019, when he left his job with Deloitte to pursue other opportunities, minus the 10-month duration of unpaid absence, it would be a period of approximately 39 months, which equates to more than three years. In order to calculate his lost income for this period, the Tribunal looked at what he did at Deloitte compared to the starting salary that Imperial Oil offered plus the average annual wage increases that the three engineers that Imperial Oil actually hired received (Woloshyn, 2019). Imperial Oil's total compensation owed Mr. Haseeb for loss of income would be more than 100,000 dollars. Moreover, add to that the $15,000 given him by the Tribunal as compensation for “injury to dignity, feelings and self-respect,” plus pre-judgment interest of Imperial Oil for the amount of $4,000, it ended up costing them more than $120,000 for an employee they never actually employed on August 23, 2019 (Keung, 2019).
The Employment Law was created as protection for both employer and employee with their rights and responsibilities. Employment Law functions as acts that cover your basic employment rights such as working hours, minimum wages, sick days, leave of absence, maternity leave, vacation and severance provisions, and so on. Furthermore, The Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA) forbids discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, age, and several other reasons. In the same area of discrimination, another piece of legislation – Employment Equity Act (EEA) was added under the Department of Justice Canada to protect the rights of four “designated groups” in particular: women, people with disabilities, Aboriginal people, and visible minorities (Swartz, n.d.). On the other hand, by profoundly understanding the Employment Law, employers will able to avoid lawsuits, fines, and legal expenses in the basics of unaware discrimination or other grounds. The Employment Law has been updated consistently to be more relevant to nowadays situations. Overall, with the existence of the Employment Laws, both employer and employee will be benefited from the high level of health and safety in the work environment, knowing that stability, discrimination-free and sexual harassment-free are maintained. As employees, the acts ensure that hiring processes, dismissal processes, and their workplace as a whole, are fair for every individual while employers will be profited from high-quality production and loyalty from their employees.
In conclusion, Canadian Employment Law has been incredibly enhanced to become more applicable to these days. After the case of Haseeb, Imperial Oil has eliminated the requirement of the candidate is “eligible to work on a permanent basis”, which opens up more chances for international students and workers as well as more talented from the wider variety of nations. With support from the Employment Law, it makes workers and laborers feel more secure and happy to get to work as well as eliminates the stressful working environment. However, there are still some circumstances that might not be covered by the Canadian Employment Law yet, which lead to changes in the law in the future that might be getting better or worse off.
In this assignment I will be analysing and explaining in detail the different factors of additional needs. There are two case studies that I will be examining, one of a child who suffers from being disabled so therefore the child has to be in a wheelchair. Another sufferer is of an adult who is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and down syndrome. I will explain the relevant diagnostic for these two cases and determine how they were diagnosed and who they were diagnosed by. Relevantly I will assess the requirements of one child and one adult with different additional needs in my case studies. I will explain these needs due to family circumstances with other factors. I will include the physical and health needs and explain them. I will continue to examine in detail the child and adults well-being, physically, emotionally, intellectually and their social state.
Get original essayThis will help me determine their actions. People who are diagnosed with additional needs are often carriers and inheritors of additional needs from birth due to genetics given by their parents but some can suffer from additional needs due to accidents or developing into it. Additional need is simply when an individual who is disabled or suffer from severe conditions that enables them to do a certain thing that others can do but they cannot do or cannot do as well others. So therefore those that suffers from different type of additional needs wither their conditions are severe or not they would need the help as they’re less capable to do things.
There are many type of additional needs some examples are: dementia and dyspraxia. There are different types of learning difficulties. People who are diagnosed with learning difficulties often need help as they’re working under the average rate of others who does not suffer from this condition. They acquire the help as these learning skills will help them reach their goals of normality. These learning difficulties include: mild learning disability, moderate learning difficulties and severe and profound learning difficulties. Mild learning disability is when the person is able to talk with others but cannot understand them this means the individual will have a hard time adjusting and socialising with peers. People with this condition will have a hard time expressing their feelings and ideas, other people will also notice the short slow speech of people who has learning difficulties and they will have problems with their language skills. They could also have a hard time adapting to a new environment. Moderate learning difficulties is more severe as people who are diagnosed with this are not able to grasped onto basic language skills and they find everyday activities extremely puzzling. Moreover, severe and profound learning difficulties are drastic than the other two as people with this condition can only use very basic language skills sometimes using gestures to help them get their words and idea’s through to others.
They need more assisting through multiple disabilities in order to be able to communicate with others thoroughly. Diagnostic procedures are use to figure out what kind of disability, medical conditions or illnesses the individual have in order to help and support this individual or diagnosed them with specific medical needs.
Dementia is a form of mental illness that cause people to have memory loss. These people will have a difficult time thinking for themselves, they may have regular change of moods and personalities. They will have a hard time adjusting to their languages. People with this case have a problem with their blood supply to the brain which does not allow them to complete tasks like problem solving. This is cause by a disease called Alzheimer’s which can regulate to small strokes. There is more than one type of dementia which classify different symptoms.
Some examples are korsakoff’s syndrome and vascular dementia. Nevertheless, it all depends on how the brain is affected. Some cases may occur of certain individuals having mix dementia this means that they can have more than one dementia occurring at once. Dementia normally happens at old age or genetic inheritance. There are a few diagnostics that doctors are able to carry out, however this do depend on how the individual function in their day to day life, their change of behaviour and characteristic of the person. [2] Some tests that are carried out by doctors for this condition are cognitive and neuropsychological tests and also brain scans. These are needed to perform on individuals with this condition as it allow doctors to have a future understanding of the different type of dementia and help the patient to get better or support them if necessary. These specialists need to have a degree in clinical neuropsychology. [3] If things get serious people with dementia will be suggested by a GP to go see a specialist in this field, these specialists are called psychiatrist and geriatrician. To become a psychiatrist, you will need to study medicine and obtain a degree in that field. In order to become a geriatrician, you will also need a degree in medicine. Early symptoms may be that they are having regular confusions or they are not able to concentrate which causes them to loose memory of events that happened recently. Symptoms can grow over a period of time this means in some cases dementia can be so severe it can cause certain individuals to become aggressive or anxious quite easily. It could get as serious as not knowing how to feed themselves or being able to walk on their own. They may require help with daily routines such as taking a shower.
Dyspraxia is a disorder that affect a person’s practical abilities and capabilities to do every day activities or tasks such as sewing or having to perform specific skills at work. Developmental coordination disorder can take place in dyspraxia as a condition that individuals will have a troublesome time processing information or remembering things. This condition is very similar to dementia as signals are not able to be sent to the brain correctly. Early symptoms in dyspraxia can occur as early as infant stage which affects their motor skills.
These symptoms can be notice in a person easily, as people with this condition will have a lack of concentration. This means they will have a hard time focusing on certain things compared to other people. [4] More symptoms can involve low self-esteem, unable to pick up on new skills, and not being able to get things done on time. People with this condition can be very unorganised. So there are many early symptoms that can be notice if someone has dyspraxia but dyspraxia can get worst if people with this condition do not get the help they needed. It will get worst as they will be unwilling to coordinate with others around them which means they will not be able to learn progressively from other people. [5] People with dyspraxia is referred to a paediatrician for assessment and a paediatric occupational therapist by a GP. Paediatric occupational therapist needs a master degree or a doctoral degree. To become a paediatrician, you need a Bachelor's Degree. Paediatricians have to complete a four-year undergraduate degree in medical school. With these degrees they will be able to support and help people with this condition. These specialists are responsible for diagnosis and organising regular check-ups. Sometimes the symptoms can be severe which causes other specialist to get involved such as a neurodevelopmental paediatrician which specialised in the nervous systems.
There are a few diagnostics that are use depending on how severe the individuals condition is: one being which a child will have extra support during school hours and at home by parents and teachers so they can become familiar with their surroundings as well as gaining educational support this allows them to make decisions and get involve in activities as they grow. This will allow them to be able to learn skills such as communicating with others. Another diagnostic that can be use is teaching the child at a young age life and learning strategies so they are able to cope with their daily life and get used to it becoming a routine, so it can come naturally in a time of need.
Children with this condition should be taught in a quiet environment so they would able to maintain their concentration. Children with dyspraxia will have a hard time controlling their motor skills or adjusting to it so their less cable of performing sports skills such as throwing a ball or catching it, so therefore lessons need to be well schedule to suite these children with dyspraxia condition. [6] Diagnosis is the classification of finding out an individual’s illnesses or conditions through their specific symptoms.
In my case study 1 I introduce Rebecca Brown, a child who is disabled due to an accident. In her case she is urgently need of support as she had become a victim to additional need at such a young age. Her condition was so severe that she’s not able to make movement below her pelvis. This meant she has to be in a wheelchair in order to increase her chances of doing more things even if she is disabled, things like moving from one place to another with the help of her wheelchair. With Rebecca’s condition it is harder on her family to support her while working at the same time so her mum spends more time taking care of her than earning money and help out to pay the bills. Her parents do not have a well earn job especially her dad as he works at a factory and does not get paid enough. This can be hard on a child as they are beginning to develop into the world and is unfortunate to be in this situation.
Furthermore, Rebecca’s family are not welcomed in their own neighbourhood due to Rebecca’s disability. They also received nasty comments and rudeness occasionally. Which shows that people with disability is treated differently because they are unable or not capable to do a certain thing. Discrimination occurs often with people who suffers from additional needs. She was diagnosed by her doctors through procedures such as x-rays scanning. A radiologist performs these practical. In order to become a radiologist people will need to obtain a degree in health and care professional council. The x-rays allow the doctors to take future examination in order to help her successfully. She was given a wheelchair to help her with her daily activities. She also had to attend a school for additional need specifically as she would be offer more help compared to normal school. She is also provided with a teaching assistance that provide her with care during school hours. This allow her to increase her chances of working to her highest ability during school and at home as she is only physically disabled.
The prognosis for Rebecca’s condition is she will no longer be able to walk for the rest of her life as her condition is incurable. [7] She had fractured the spinal cord which is the most important part of our body as it allows the brain to send signals to the nervous system allowing movement to occur in our body to keep us upright so we would be able to stand and perform everyday actions such as walking.
For my case study 2 I will be discussing about an adult name Ben Grace who suffers from type 2 diabetes and down syndrome. [8] Diabetes is a life time conditions. People with this condition will need to be on medication for the rest of their life. Down syndrome is pass through family genetically. People with down syndrome has 47 pair of chromosomes instead of 46 so in this case they have an extra chromosome. The extra chromosome attach itself in another chromosome. [9] People who suffer from this cannot inherit it as it is a genetic mistake during contraception. Translocation can happen and this is when the chromosome is rearranging parts between chromosomes. In order to diagnose Ben for down syndrome there’s one procedures that he could attend in order to find out if he have down syndrome and this tests involve Chorionic villus sampling. [10] Chorionic villus sampling is when cells are taken from the placenta, this is use to analyse the fetal chromosomes. As Ben suffers from two conditions he would have to undergo another test that determined whether he is a sufferer of the type 2 diabetes or not. This test involves checking the blood for the amount of glucose that the individuals have or simply a urine test would determine if the individuals have a type 2 diabetes. Ben has likely had a type 2 diabetes as his glucose intake is higher than average. A specialist or a nutritionist will specialise in this field after Ben have visited his GP. People with down syndrome will be offered help from a health care specialist. [11] To become a nutritionist you would need a Bachler degree in clinical nutrition. [12] In order to become a health care specialist you would need a degree in professional childcare at a level 3 and a 2-year post qualifying work experience in a child care facility.
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Get custom essayThe prognosis for Ben is he will remain having down syndrome for the rest of his life as it is genetic inheritance. On the other hand, for type 2 diabetes he would have been given an insulin to reduce the glucose in his blood but because of the criticism he receives from the manager of the local fair Ben is not following his diet specially schedule for his type 2 diabetes so therefore his glucose is unstable and could be dangerous as he could die from it eventually if he continues to eat unhealthy.
The UK and US constitutions are similar in the fact that they both have checks and balances. This is as a result of the separation of powers (or lack of) that both systems have. In the UK, the executive and the legislative branches are fused. The Prime Minister heads the executive and their government proposes and passes legislation based on a Commons majority. There are also committees that check the work of the government and hold it accountable.In the US, all three branches are completely separate and cannot interfere with each other’s area of control. The only exception is the Vice-President, who acts as the President of the Senate, and can pass a tie-breaking vote.In theory, the American President has much more power than the British Prime Minister - he/she is the commander-in-chief and has the power to issue executive orders which have the full force of law. However, because of the constitutional system of 'checks and balances', the power of the US President is seriously reduced and they will often find it really difficult to push legislation through Congress.
Get original essayIn contrast, a British Prime Minister usually heads a government with a majority of seats in the House of Commons and the ability to pass almost any legislation that he/she wishes and there aren’t many checks and balances stopping them from doing so.In the US, as a consequence of the separation of powers, all legislation is introduced by a member of Congress, so even the signature legislation attributed to President Obama on healthcare reform was actually introduced by a Congressman. In total contrast, almost all legislation in Britain is introduced by the Government with only a very small number of Bills - usually on social issues with minimal implications for the public purse - introduced by individual Members of Parliament (they are called Private Members' Bills). This is due to the checks and balances that these constitutions have.In the UK, due to there being no written constitution, there are statutes rather than official checks and balances like there are in the US.Analyse the amendment processes in the UK and US Constitutions (12)In the UK the amendment process is quite simple. The current government can simply repeal any current law or bill created by previous governments and create any new law or bill provided they get a majority voting yes in the House of Commons, which they will do if they have a majority government. The amendment process for creating a new bill is this; first there is simply a reading of the bill’s title. This is called the first reading and no debate takes place. There is a vote on the basic principle of the bill. Then comes the second reading which is where the main principles of the bill are debated and voted on. Then there is the committee stage where detailed examination of the bill takes place by a Public Bill Committee.
Every clause of the bill is scrutinised and decided upon. The report stage comes next, where MPs can consider further amendments to the bill after the committee stage. Finally there is the third reading where the entire bill is voted upon in its final entity. If the bill has started in the Commons, it will then go to the House of Lords for its first reading there and the same procedure then occurs.However, in the US the procedure is totally different. Article V (where the amendment procedure is talked about) provides two methods for amending the US Constitution. The first method authorizes Congress, ""whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary"" to propose Constitutional amendments. If accepted, the proposed amendment is then sent to the state legislatures for ratification. Three-quarters of the state legislatures need to approve the amendment for it to become part of the US Constitution. The second method requires Congress, ""on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states"", to ""call a convention for proposing amendments""Each time the amendment process has been initiated since 1789, the first method has been used. All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in the Congress. The second method has yet to be successfully invoked.The structural differences between the US and UK Constitutions are that the constitutions are completely different in the way that amendments are made. This is due to the cultural differences at the time as the US feared a tyrannical government would be able to create undemocratic laws so to stop that from happening they made the amendment process very difficult which is why there have only been 27 amendments to the US Constitution since its creation.
It can be said that the US is no longer a federal system. This is because although it’s stated in the Constitution, the states still don’t have enough freedom and powers of their own. An example of this is that income tax is levied by both the federal government and some state governments when it should be levied by only the state governments and then a proportion be given to the central government.Also, Federalism in the US has declined due to the fact that when crises occur such as war or terrorist attacks (9/11), the central government takes more power for itself. The problems that have caused the crises tend to be too big for individual states to solve on their own so the central government takes more power in order to solve these problems.However, it can also be said that the US is definitely still a federal system. The federal system in the US is guaranteed by the codified Constitution, which defines the powers that belong to the central government and those that belong to the states. For example, the Constitution grants the states the right to equal representation in the Senate, jurisdictional integrity, the right to a republican form of government, and protection from invasion and domestic conflict, while granting the central government the power to “levy and collect taxes, to pay debts, and to provide for the common defence and general welfare”.
The fundamental principle of a multi-level government where power is jointly exercised remains enshrined in law through the Constitution. The relations between national and state governments are regulated under this legal framework, which cannot be altered except through the complicated process of constitutional amendment. That is one of the reasons why federalism is still very much alive in the US today. The tenth amendment states that “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people” which means that any power not explicitly stated in the Constitution is given to the states, not the central government.Another reason why it can be said that the US is still a federal system is that the states still have so much power. Three-quarters of the states still need to approve an amendment for it to be ratified which is a massive power as they have a pretty big say in how their country is going to be governed. The Senate and the House of Representatives which make up Congress give all their power to the states as the Senate is made up of 2 representatives from each state and the House of Representatives is made up of at least one person from each state, depending on the population of that state.There is also a certain barrier on how much power the states should really get. After all, they are still part of a larger nation and so if they were to receive even more powers than they already have, they would start to become more like lots of little separate nations.
All of the powers that are necessary for the central government to have (such as the powers to declare war or make treaties), are given by the Constitution and that’s how it should stay.In conclusion, I think that although federalism in the US has definitely declined over the years, it is still very much a big part of the country as the states still have a lot of powers given to themselves, which means that the central government doesn’t have control over them and they still have a pretty big say in how their country is run due to three-quarters of the state legislatures still needing to approve amendments to the Constitution.
'Tragedy of the Commons' essay describes a situation the vicinity shared environmental sources are overused and exploited, and due to this fact depleted, posing risks to each and each persona involved. Hardin argues that to provide up this, there have to be some restrictions to the extent of usage, for example, property rights be affixed.
Get original essayHardin favored to deal with the population problem. Others pick out out or hope to keep away from the troubles of overpopulation barring relinquishing any of the privileges they now enjoy. They suppose that farming the seas or growing new traces of wheat will clear up the problem--technologically. He desires us to apprehend that the human populace trouble can not be solved thru the plausible of way of technology.
Hardin fears horrible penalties when a populace shares a restrained useful resource barring limits on man or lady use the really helpful honestly beneficial recommended resource will inevitably be spent. Hardin names several brand new tragedies of the commons. Maritime countries overfish the oceans until species emerge as extinct. Music blares from auto radios and intrusive billboards infringe on shared vistas. Without scenario for the commons, industries pour sewage, chemicals, heat, and fumes into the air and water, main to the degradation of the environment and the workable destruction of life. According to Hardin, these tragedies of the commons at as soon as quit end result from overpopulation.
The action Hardin believes desires to be restrained is human breeding. The impediment to limiting populace growth, he states, is the oftentimes happening trust breeding is a human right. Merging 'freedom to breed with the faith that each and every man or girl born has an equal ideal to the commons' will lead to disaster. He criticizes the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights for declaring the rights of each and every family to decide out how many young adults to have.
According to Hardin, social change is possible. He briefly traces how humans have relinquished positive liberties in the previous and used coercion to keep away from the tragedy of the commons. Throughout history human beings have discovered techniques to shield resources, such as designating private property and legislating hunting, fishing, and farming. As cities grew to come to be densely populated, coercive agreements prohibited throwing home waste into the streets. Once agreements are in place, Hardin states, human beings adapt to new norms as if they had constantly been present. He insists the way to hold and nurture other and increased treasured freedoms is by way of relinquishing the freedom to breed.
In conclusion, Garrett Hardin in his essay ''Tragedy of the Commons' argues that the unrestricted use of common resources, such as land, water, and air, can lead to their depletion or destruction. He argues that this is caused by a lack of regulation on the use of shared resources and that the solution is to introduce some form of regulation such as laws, taxes, or fees to limit the use of shared resources. He also argues that the tragedy of the commons applies not just to physical resources but also to other types of resources such as knowledge and culture and that the tragedy of the commons is not just a problem of the present but also a problem of the future. Through his essay, Hardin brings attention to the importance of proper management of shared resources for the long-term sustainability and well-being of society.
Throughout the novel My Ántonia by Willa Cather Jim is very emotionally absent. He does not have an easy life by any stretch of the imagination, yet his hardships are not evident in his speech or actions. They are not the driving force that molds Jim into the man he is at the end of the novel. In fact, if Jim does not mention his struggles briefly in the novel, it would be possible for the reader to miss them completely. Jim has an extremely optimistic outlook on life. He sees the world through rose painted lenses and is oblivious the hardship and heartbreak that the people closest to him feel, namely Ántonia.
Get original essayJim is no stranger to heartache and is introduced to the novel shortly after the tragic death of both of his parents. Most children feel inexpressible sadness after losing the two people closest to them, but Jim is unfazed. He is eager to put his past behind him and start a new life with his grandparents in Nebraska. Jim does not even cling to the memory and spirit of his parents. On his way to Nebraska Jim says “I did not believe that my dead father and mother were watching me from up there; I had left even their spirits behind me.” (Cather, Page 8). This is last time Jim mentions his parents or their death in the account of his life. Jim’s lack of emotion is also evident when Mr. Shimerda, a man who meant a great deal to Jim, dies. While the Burdens and Shimerdas grieve over Mr. Shimerda’s death, Jim sits home reminiscing about Mr. Shimerda’s life before immigrating to America. There is no sorrow in Jim’s words over Mr. Shimerda’s death nor does he shed any tears. Jim does not believe the conventional theory that Mr. Shimerda’s soul is in purgatory. Instead he says that “As I looked with satisfaction about our comfortable sitting-room, it flashed upon me that if Mr. Shimerda’s soul were lingering about in this world at all, it would be here, in our house.” (Cather, Page 66). He refuses to let himself think that Mr. Shimerda is still suffering, even after death. It is easier for him to tell himself that Mr. Shimerda’s soul is still in a quaint Nebraska home than in purgatory.
Ántonia also deals with immense pain in her life. She is uprooted from her home as a child and is forced to adapt to a different country without knowing its language, culture or people. Even though Ántonia comes to America as a young girl she never forgets Bohemia, nor does she ever lose a feeling of homesickness. Jim does not notice Ántonia’s longing for her homeland. The only glimpse the reader has of Ántonia’s homesickness occurs late in the novel after Ántonia has been in the United States for more than ten years. While Jim and Ántonia share an intimate moment by the river she tells him through tears, “It makes me homesick, Jimmy, this flower, this smell. We have this flower very much at home, in the old country.” (Cather, 150). Like Jim, Ántonia also loses a parent but the reader does not notice how much this loss affects her until many years after Mr. Shimerda passes. “Look at my papa here; he’s been dead all these years, and yet he is more real to me than almost anybody else. He never goes out of my life. I talk to him and consult with him all the time. The older I grow, the better I know him and the more I understand him.” (Cather, 206) Ántonia says many years later. As a child, Jim is aware of the troubles Ántonia and her family face, but he does not dwell on them or worry about they affect the Shimerda children. Jim says, “We knew that things were hard for our Bohemian neighbors, but the two girls were light hearted and never complained. They were always ready to forget their troubles at home, and to run away with me over the prairie.” (Cather, 23). It is not likely that the Shimerda girls forget their troubles when they played with Jim; it is likely that only Jim forgot their struggles. As Ántonia grows older, her troubles do not end. She believes the lies of a sleazy, smooth-talking man who impregnates her and then abandons her. Ántonia is left to survive without her father, without her native people, and without a man to help care for her child.
Jim’s romantic disposition and lack of empathy are very evident during his reunion with Ántonia. Jim puts off reconnecting with Ántonia for twenty years because he wants to cling to his old image of her and does want to see her old and broken. “In the course of twenty crowded years one parts with many illusions. I did not wish to lose the early ones. Some memories are realities, and are better than anything that can ever happen to one again.” (Cather, 211) Jim says before visiting her. Jim finally puts aside his trepidations and returns to Blackhawk to see Ántonia. While in Blackhawk, a mutual friend of Jim and Ántonia’s, Tiny Soderball, warns him that Ántonia does not have a very successful life. “When I met Tiny Soderball in Salt Lake, she told me that Antonia had not “done very well” that her husband was not a man of much force, and she had had a hard life.” (Cather, 211) says Jim. Jim arrives at the Cuzack household and begins to remember the many years he had spent frolicking through the country as a boy. He tries to recapture these feelings of youth and freedom through Ántonia’s sons. He offers to sleep out in the barn with them and spends most of his time sharing stories of his youth with the family. The most significant part of Jim’s reunion with Ántonia is his reaction to seeing her again. Initially, he is surprised by how her physical beauties have declined with age but as she moves closer to him, her physical flaws become less noticeable to him. Jim says that Ántonia’s “fire of life” (Cather, 216) is not gone and he is surprised by her large, lovely family. In Jim’s eyes, Ántonia has a wonderful life; a life that ought to be envied. The reader must dig deeper and read between the lines to realize that Ántonia still struggles with a very difficult life. She lives in the country and, although that is where she feels the most comfortable, it is extremely difficult to make a living off of a farm. For the rest of her and Cusack’s lives, they will struggle to support their large family.
Jim is certainly not a heartless or apathetic person. He loves Ántonia and wants nothing more than to see her happy. However he is unable, or unwilling, to face his own pain and therefore, cannot relate to Ántonia’s pain. One may think that since Jim and Ántonia both have had to face so much tragedy in their lives that they are able to lean on each other during their hard times. These mutual struggles should be what makes them become such great friends. However, their hardships do very little to push them together. In fact, it seems as though they are able to become friends despite their hardships. Even though they do not immediately turn to each other during life’s toughest moments, Jim and Ántonia are able to share a friendship that few are lucky to experience.
Political courage is an essential characteristic for any political leader to possess. It is the willingness to take a stand for what one believes is right, even when it is not popular or goes against the status quo. In this political courage essay, we will examine the characteristics of political courage and explore the profiles of political courage in American government.
Get original essayCarl Elliot, Sr. was United States congressman from did not conform to the racist views of other Southern politicians of his time. He promoted the National Defense Education Act of 1958, which provided federal college loans to students despite economic and racial backgroundCarl Elliott was presented the Profile in Courage Award due to his commitment to passing the National Defense Education Act of 1958. This act helped provide higher education to students of all racial and socioeconomic statuses. Elliot was a student during the Great Depression and worked tirelessly to pay for his education by waiting tables, maintaining the campus furnace, and joining the grounds crew. At the University of Alabama, he was elected study body president and graduated with undergraduate and law degrees. From 1948 to 1965 Carl Elliott served as a member of the United States House of Representatives. Despite the racist climate of Alabama at the time, Elliot promoted equal rights for minorities and the poor. He collaborated with his colleague in the Senate, Lister Hill, to enact the National Defense Education Act in 1958. His opposition to the prevailing racism of the South cost him reelection, and he left Washington D.C. in crippling debt. By sacrificing his political career, Elliot helped educate more than 750,000 students. The selflessness and strength he exhibited in standing up against the racist Southern majority makes him an example of courage.
Charles Weltner was another Southern politician that stood for civil rights. Despite being descended directly from Georgian leaders of the Confederacy he found himself unable to support segregation. He graduated from Oglethorpe University with a bachelor's degree in 1948, and from Columbia University School of Law in 1950. In 1962 he was elected to Congress with the help of the vote of the growing number of black voters. Weltner spoke out against the violence directed towards African Americans, supported Brown vs. The Board of Education, and urged that public spaces were voluntarily desegregated. In September 1963, after the murder of four black children he condemned the other Southern politions for tolerating such violence. He was the only politician from the Deep South who voted for the Civil Rights Act in July 1964. Weltner eventually left office after choosing to withdraw from his own race for re-election rather than support politician Lester Maddox who was a supporter of segregation. After spending several years in his back private law practice he returned to politics and served on the Georgia Supreme Court.
Governor Lowell Weicker risked his career by implementing the first-ever income tax on Connecticut. By doing this he helped improve the crumbling financial status of Connecticut but also sacrificed his popularity. After the stock market crashed in 1987, Connecticut’s economy began to dramatically decline. By 1991 the state has almost a one billion dollar deficit. Although Weicker had originally campaigned on the platform of not raising the income tax, he soon felt it was the best option for the state of Connecticut. While advocating for the income tax he faced threats to his safety, large scale protests, and he was even compared to fascist leaders.This process was made more difficult because Weicker was a Republican at a time when Republican politicians were almost universally rallying for tax cuts. He eventually left the party in 1990 and founded his independent “Connecticut Party.” On August 23,1991, after six months of promoting the income tax and spending cuts, it was approved by the Connecticut legislature. By fulfilling his obligations to serve the people of Connecticut Weicker demonstrated political courage.
James Florio was born in Brooklyn Brooklyn, New York in 1937. He received a degree in Social Studies at Trenton State College and Rutgers-Camden Law School in 1967. Florio served in the U.S. Navy from 1955 to 1958, and eventually retired from the rank of Lieutenant Commander. He was elected to the New Jersey Assembly, served in the House of Representatives, and eventually became governor of New Jersey. While governor he embarked on a fight for stricter gun-control in response to the rising amount of gun violence in the state and on a national level. Under his administration New Jersey banned the sale and restricted possession of assault weapons within the state. Although most New Jersey citizens supported these gun control laws, Florio still struggled to pass his state reforms. He faced a great deal of opposition from various gun lobbyist groups, including the National Rifle Association. His opposition not on combated him for his gun policies, but on all possible grounds. They spent nearly one million dollars in their efforts to derail Florio’s efforts, but were unsuccessful. In March 1993, the senate voted unanimously to accept Florio’s gun-control laws. During his time as governor Florio also reformed the taxation and education systems of New Jersey. His Quality Education Act of 1990 provided one billion dollars towards public education, and helped over 400 school districts provide better education to students.
Henry Gonzalez was born in San Antonio in 1916, and graduated from St. Mary's University School of Law, as well as received a degree in civil engineering from San Antonio Junior College and the University of Texas at Austin. Gonzalez was first elected to public office in 1953 as a member of the San Antonio City Council. As a Mexican American himself, he had seen how humiliating and injust segregation could be, and he sponsored the ordinance that ended racial segregation in recreational areas. In 1956, he became the first Mexican-American to hold a legislative seat after being elected to the Texas Senate. He tirelessly worked to pass laws against segregation. In 1989, he began to call for an investigation of the savings and loan scandal and the U.S. sale of arms to Iraq. He helped to uncover that officials from the Bush and Reagan administrations had illegally gave billions of dollars to Iraq, though by pushing for these discoveries he risked his political career.
Michael Synar was a United States Congressman from Oklahoma. He was a member of a respected family in his community and he was repeatedly voted into office not because he always stood with the majority of his district, but because he was known to be transparent and straightforward. Synar acted based off of principal even when this forced him to be at odds with other leaders of his state. He dedicated himself to serving the public despite relentless opposition he faced from other politicians and powerful lobbyists. He promoted legislation that limited the advertising of tobacco, put warning labels on tobacco products, and required it to be monitored by the FDA. He also campaigned for land reforms that would require ranches, mining, and timber companies to pay market value for the federal lands they used. Synar eventually lost after running for his ninth term, because while he always voted his conscience, Synar failed to represent the views of the citizens of rural Oklahoma he represented.
Corkin Cherubini was the School Superintendent of Calhoun County and Georgia. He was honored with the Profile in Courage Award after removing systems of academic tracking that segregated students. The system of tracking in his district organized students into A, B, C, and D groups which were supposed to reflect the students’ levels of intelligence. The A and B classes were predominantly white students while the C and D classes were black students. This system established a lower set of expectations for black students, and discouraged them from seeking higher education. In response, Cherubini invited the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights (OCR) and the Southeastern Desegregation Assistance Center to assess the tracking system. The OCR found that Calhoun County’s tracking system violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Although Cherubini was backed with the power of the law, his attempts to desegregate students enraged many white parents. His family received death threats, hate letters, and verbal harassment from the white community. Many white parents withdrew their students from school. However, Cherbubini persisted and integrated the classes and the sports leagues in Calhoun County.
Charles Price was born and raised in a small town near Montgomery, Alabama. After graduating high school he joined the United States military, where his dedication and promise landed him a position with an elite special forces group, called the Green Berets. In 1965 he was honorably discharged with the rank of sargent. He found it difficult to become re-accustomed to life outside the military, where as an Afican American man he had far fewer opportunities. Price had come of age during the time of Brown vs. The Board of Education, and recognized that through law he could combat racism in his society. In 1975 Price became deputy district attorney for Montgomery County where he served until April 4, 1983, when he became the first circuit court judge in Montgomery County. The most controversial case of his career was the trial of Roy Moore, who displayed the Ten Commandments in his courtroom and instructed the court to pray before each of his trials began. Moore was accused of violating the separation of church and state. Price ruled that Moore no longer hold courtroom prayer sessions but allowed his display of the Ten Commandments. Price, a Christian himself, found the practice unlawful as it imposed exclusively Christian principals onto individuals that may not believe in them. He was asked to reconsider his rulings, and travelled to Roy Moore’s courtroom, where he found the Ten Commandments were not presented in an educational manner. Price decided that they must be removed or displayed in an educational sense. Price showed courage through this ruling because he was able to stand with the law, despite threats to his safety and attacks against his religion. He also showed courage for daring to pursue his education and career goals despite the racist opposition he faced.
Nikolas Murnion was born and raised in Garfield County, an area of Montana where people were few and far between, and the dry soil, lack of infrastructure, and poor economy made life difficult for its citizens. After getting his law degree at the University of Montana, Murnion became the only lawyer in all of Garfield County and was elected to the position of Garfield County Attorney. Murnion is known for his opposition to the Freemen movement which was born in his hometown of Jordan, Montana. The Freemen were a movement of militiamen, many of them impoverished ranchers and farmers who were facing foreclosure. They saw the federal government’s incompetency as the source of their financial difficulties. They labeled the Farmers Home Administration (FmFA) as the group most responsible. The Freemen asked Murnion to sue the FmFA, which they claimed was an illegitimate agency responsible for stealing their money. Nick sympathized with his community members but could not sue the FmFA, as he had no legal reason to do so. The Freemen responded to this with increasing aggression until eventually posting $1 million bounty for the arrest and conviction of Murnion. For a year, Murion gathered information on the activities within the headquarters, filed indictments, and urged the federal forces to become involved. The FBI began its 81-day siege of the Freemen’s armed camp, which eventually ended in peaceful surrender. Murnion exhibited courage because he was able to stand with the law even though he was forced to sacrifice the bonds he had made with his community.
Peacemakers of Northern Ireland. In the late 1990s Northern Ireland had broken into a large amount of political parties that each had a different stance regarding Northern Irish Liberation from England. The prominent nationalist parties were aligned with either the moderate Social Democratic and Labor Party, or the more radical Sinn Fein. The unionists supported the Ulster Unionist Party, the UUP, or the Democratic Unionist Party, the DUP. The complexity of the issue led to thousands of casualties. The British agreed to have a forum with the Northern Irish where only ten Northern Irish parties would be represented. Individuals negotiated with other leaders who had killed their close family members and friends. The group eventually reached an agreement that would be presented in a referendum to all of Ireland. The individuals who received the Profile in Courage Award included eight of the political leaders from Northern Ireland and former U.S. Senator George Mitchell, who was chairman of the peace talks. These individuals showed courage in their commitment to ending the conflict and being willing to make difficult compromises.
John McCain and Russel Feingold that were two very different men, who when paired together became a formidable political force. John McCain was a war hero from Vietnam, descended from United States admirals, and had a wild youth. Feingold, on the other hand, was not a veteran, descended from Jewish immigrants,and had a youth focused on education. On top of this they stand on opposite sides of the political aisle; John McCain is conservative and Russel Feingold is liberal. These two senators were presented the Profile in Courage Award for their efforts to reform the influence money has on politics. Both the Democrat and Republican parties were responsible for accepting money from special interest groups and using it to influence the outcomes of elections, and the consciences of politicians. The two men collaborated to create the McCain-Feingold bill that would reduce the influence of money in elections and minimize the large advantages it provides. After years of the legislation being delayed the senate passed McCain-Feingold on April 2, 2001. These two men exhibited courage by reaching across party lines to stand against political corruption.
Hilda Solis was born in the San Gabriel Valley town of La Puente. At La Puente High School she met one of her mentors, her social studies teacher Robert Sanchez, who encouraged Solis pursue a higher education, and to use her voice to empower others like herself who had grown up in disadvantaged communities of color. Solis did just this. After years of pursuing various careers in public service, Hilda Solis was elected a state senator of California. As senator, she was able to successfully pass her environmental justice bill. Solis knew that polluting projects, such as landfills proposed to be built near her hometown, were disproportionately located near minority and low income neighborhoods. Throughout her career Solis also advocated for programs that would allow underprivileged kids to receive higher-level education. She demonstrated career by giving voice to individuals who are often ignored, and by risking her political career by standing up against wealthy special interest groups.
President Gerald Ford was presented with his Profile in Courage Award for his decision to pardon President Richard Nixon in the wake of the Watergate scandal. Ford faced great scrutiny for this decision, the public immediately had an overwhelmingly negative response, and many speculated Ford had been part of a secret deal with the former president. Before announcing his decision to pardon Nixon, Ford had a private meeting with Haig, who apparently discussed options for moving forward with ford. However, Ford swore under oath that he accepted no deal to pardon Nixon. Years later, when interviewed, Ford stated that in retrospect he does believe he was being offered a deal by Haig, but he did not understand at the time. He did not accept any conditions, nor interpret Haig’s advice as a deal at all. The reason Ford made this choice was to allow the country to move beyond the Watergate scandal. He felt that the scandal was stirring distrust of the government within America, and sullying its international reputation. Ford was brave for making an unpopular choice that would allow the country to move forward.
John Lewis was raised on a small farm in Alabama. From a young age Lewis was eager to put himself in the “path of history.” Lewis, an advocate for civil-rights through nonviolent means, organized a student sit in while he was studying at Fisk University. He and his students allies held a demonstration, refusing to move from Nashville lunch counters, even when crowds of hecklers began to appear. Ths protest was so influential Nashville began to desegregate its lunch counters. Lewis was also one of the “freedom riders”, who was beaten by angry mobs after protesting the segregation of Southern bus terminals. He became the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which organized many significant civil rights protests across the nation. Lewis led a demonstration that came to be known as “Bloody Sunday” after Alabama State Troopers became violent and attacked the marchers. As a result of the courage exhibited by Lewis and the many others who stood with the civil rights movement Alabama passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. John Lewis is now a member of the United States congress and represents Georgia. He uses his influence to continue to advocate for human rights.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, political courage is a crucial characteristic for political leaders to possess, as it allows them to take a principled stand on important issues, even when it is difficult or unpopular. The profiles of political courage presented in this essay highlight the importance of this characteristic and serve as an inspiration for future generations of political leaders. By taking a stand for what is right and just, even when it is not easy, political leaders can create a better world for all.
The War of 1812 has very complex roots, is a very confusing course, and the consequences of the war are also difficult to understand. Because both sides see themselves as winners I decided that it will be logical for “War of 1812” essay to analyse what was the main cause of the war, its main areas and whether the war was worth itself.
Get original essayThe war of 1812 broke out during the so-called stagnation period in American history. This period was ridiculously crowned by the great historian Richard Hofstadter, 'a dark and unproductive era of stagnant imitation culture, mismanagement, and limited control of violent civil war. And useless war. 'So, as you can see from the beginning, the War of 1812 is not something America should be proud of. That is not true. Wars are mentioned in student textbooks, but unlike all other battles in which the country participated, they are not remembered outside the classroom.
What was the main cause of the war? There were countless reasons that led to a clash between the United States (a country that has been independent for only 20 years) and its former home country, the United Kingdom. And only some of them were related to the events that were happening in Europe at the time. Reginald Horseman said, 'The turmoil about the origin of the War of 1812 was mainly due to the fact that Britain's position in the cause of the conflict was not paid attention to, and then the' Western Expansion 'It claims to have been very important. During World War I of the War of 1812, the British showed a vulgar contempt for the Americans, former British citizens who betrayed the King. Most of them were unaware of their right to independence, so they did not take the new nation seriously. At the same time, the Americans showed a negative attitude towards Britain, so there was mutual disgust. Of course, it would be ridiculous to claim that this is the main cause of the war. Because its roots can be traced deep into the volatile diplomatic relations of the United States with traditional European powers. As long as Americans like to think miraculously free from war and alliances with the Old World, it was very difficult to maintain their freedom during the war between Britain and France. In 1803, when Napoleon's desire for hegemony in Europe created a new conflict between these two countries, both sides introduced a law and numerous councils depriving Americans of the right to neutral trade. Introduced the bylaws. It is a dedication to one country and is considered a sign of hostility towards another. As a result, the United States remained neutral throughout, but became a victim of foreign policy.
British law at the time imposed the most harm to the United States. British ships patrol the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and pass through American ports very close. They did this for the purpose of inspecting American merchant ships. The British used these Romans to solve the staffing problem by forcibly arresting British-born sailors. According to the British, the sailors were under His Majesty's control and tried to include the captured Americans in their crew. By reviving the practice of forced conscription, they attracted a large workforce, and as a result, many Americans experienced all the pain of life in the Royal Navy. The capture of an American ship was a sensation in the United States, but when a British frigate fired at an American warship in 1807, killing three sailors and then capturing four suspected British men, anger turned into true anger. After the incident, American citizens called for war, but US President Jefferson hesitated. First, he realized that the country was not ready for war because the country had an army that was too small and poorly equipped. As President, Jefferson has minimized the size of the Army and Navy, and only a few ships are ready to serve the country. Nonetheless, Jefferson was a stubborn pacifist, saying, 'War, and the troops and navy that had to fight them, brought nothing but debt, taxes, further war, and the destruction of the republic. I believed it was. '1. Under the US Constitution, only Congress has the power to declare war. The House of Representatives received the president's message, with 79 lawmakers voting in favor of the declaration of war against England and 49 voting against it. All Republicans voted for the war, and the majority of federalists voted against it. The South also insisted on a war with Britain, but the North opposed it. For the next few years, Britain continued to provoke Americans, but that did not lead to war. President-elect Madison, like Jefferson, opposed the war and sincerely hoped to avoid it. He has taken many steps to prevent the war, one of which has urged Congress to pass a law prohibiting French and British ships from entering US ports. While the president was against the war, new members of Congress had no choice but to wage war. Therefore, on June 18, 1812, Parliament declared war on Britain. Perhaps the situation would have been different if he knew that for domestic reasons London had already decided to withdraw the Order in Council.
The main areas where the war was actually fought were the Great Lakes region-the St. Lawrence border between the United States and the United Kingdom's North America. It was the region where all major struggles took place, including the United States, Great Britain, its colonies, and more than 40 indigenous peoples in eastern North America4. During the 1812 and 1813 campaigns, Americans' reluctance to fight was evident, and attempts by the United States to occupy Canadian territory failed. British Maj. Gen. Isaac Brock proposed strengthening British troops in St. Joseph and Amherstburg and preparing to occupy Michiri McKinnack and Detroit as soon as the war broke out. He believed that victory was the only way to win Native American support early in the war, hoping that early defeat might discourage Americans who were hoping for an easy victory. Frustration can discourage them from facing the ongoing costs and difficulties of war5. British troops have succeeded in gradually strengthening the blockade of the American coast along its length. However, on September 10, 1813, the American fleet defeated the enemy on Lake Erie. 'The Battle of Lake Erie can be seen as America's first major victory in this war. It caused British troops to abandon Detroit and retreat towards Niagara. William Henry, October 5, 1813. General Harrison overtook the British Army and its Indian allies retreating on the Thames. He won a decisive victory, killing Indian leader Tecumseh and ending the fighting power of the Northwestern Indians6.
As a result, the United States managed to gain control of the western border. After defeating Napoleon in Europe in 1814, the United States was once again on the verge of defeat as Britain sent so much power to fight the Americans. The main areas of influence were New York (separated from the United States and other parts of New England), New Orleans (to block the Mississippi River), and the Chesapeake Bay area (which was a fraudulent operation). On August 24, 1814, British troops under Admiral George Cockburn occupied and burned Washington. The story is probably not well known because it is a painful memory of a humiliating episode7. However, on the outskirts of Baltimore in Fort McHenry, British troops encountered fierce resistance on September 13-14. In the north, one in 10,000 British troops acted as part of Montreal. Nevertheless, on September 11, the British Army was forced to retreat to Canada as US troops defeated the British fleet in Plattsburgh Bay and lost Navy support. Negotiations to conclude a peace treaty began in June 1814, and the Ghent Treaty was signed on December 24.
The agreement restored the prewar situation, but did not solve the territorial and economic problems that caused the war. It is also worth noting that Britain was unable to secure permanent reservations for the Indians during the Ghent peace talks and was at the mercy of the vast population who decided to conquer the land up to and beyond Mississippi. Even after the peace treaty was signed, on January 8, 1815, US troops under the command of later President Andrew Jackson unknowingly defeated British troops near New Orleans. However, under the terms of the peace treaty, the two parties returned to the prewar border and returned the occupied territories to each other. As a result, the United States was unable to join Canada, but was free to expand its territory to the west, and India's land was formerly considered an ally of the British Empire. The Importance of the War of 1812 In Britain, the War of 1812 is not considered large and important.
Of course, given the scale of the war with France and the victims of that war, it is very clear that the Second War with the United States has not played an important role for Britain. But that was not the case in the United States. The outcome of the War of 1812 was decisive for a country as young as the United States. The end of the war did not mean a 100% victory over the enemy from the outside, but it did mean a Republican victory at home, and thus a defeat of the enemy. The War of 1812 brought about major changes in the situation of Native Americans. First and foremost, it helped effectively undermine Native Americans' ability to resist the expansion of America east of the Mississippi River. By late 1815, the French and Spaniards had lost their position in North America, and by the end of the War of 1812, they were abandoned by British allies, and the Indians reluctantly landed north, south and north of the Ohio River. Abandoned most. West Alabama America to the US Government. Second, the war allowed the United States to redefine its border with Spain and strengthen control of lower Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico.
The United States did not defeat the British Empire, but fought against the most powerful forces in the world. Spain recognized the importance of this fact, and in 1819 Spanish leaders left Florida and agreed to a border with the United States that stretched toward the Pacific Ocean. The third factor, less importantly, is the upturn in American politics after the end of the war. For example, shortly after the war, dozens of Americans named the Federalist Party a traitor. As a result, the party never removed this label and disappeared from national affairs.
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Get custom essayLooking at all the above facts, we must reach our own conclusions as to whether war is worth fighting. The question of the need for this war is very controversial, and there are many answers to it. So many people, so many hearts. That is natural. What is unusual is the fact that no one in the United States is actually talking about this war. As mentioned, students learn about it at school, but it's about it. His anniversary has not been celebrated or honored, which seems very strange. I agree that this war can be humiliating to the country and its people, but it still happens and it is worth remembering those who fought in the war and died on the battlefield. In addition, war has played a very important role in American history. After defending independence for the second time, the US government realized that there was every opportunity for the country to be recognized and strong. Therefore, countries represented by President James Monroe have begun to express concern about the fate of the countries of the Western Hemisphere freed from colonial rule. In the future, it led to the adoption of Monroe Doctrine. This was regarded as a bold and proud declaration of the new powerful sovereign republic.
Slavery. Depictions of shackles, ships and old time movies come to mind but the truth is it did not end with the abolition during the 19th century. Rather, it developed and changed forms to allow for its harmful continuation. According to statistics released by the UN’s International Labour Organisation, it is estimated that 40.3 million people are living in some degree of modern slavery. The modern world proposes modern problems requiring modern solutions and often these solutions can be found in the opposite ends of the world in the form of cheap, often child labour.
Get original essayToday, slavery is rife with links to developed powerhouses of the world with child labour and exploitation scandals plaguing both the industry and fashion field. Late August, 2019, Amazon was under fire after leaked documents showed China’s infamous Foxconn to be recruiting school children to work in factories to produce Amazon’s Alexa devices. The children were drafted from local schools as “interns” with school staff being paid to accompany them to pressure the children to take on more work. When confronted, Foxconn - who also supply Apple with their iPhones, Sony with their Playstations and assemble PCs for industry giants Dell and Acer, admitted to employing school children to work night shifts as well as overtime to meet exacting targets for Amazon’s smart-speaker products.
With increasing globalisation and climate change, more and more people are leaving their homes in order to source a better future for themselves and their families. On arrival, they are often treated as second class citizens; many unable to work legally or have no right to legally leave their employers, even in abusive situations. Many migrants are unable to speak the language and have no one offering any support. All of this makes them perfect targets for traffickers. In order to reduce slavery and the way it preys on vulnerable individuals, we must change the overwhelmingly negative attitude towards migrants.
The majority of individuals enslaved work in the private sector. They clean our homes, produce our clothes, harvest our produce and work in construction. An estimated 4.9 million people of people forced into labour are sexually exploited.
Slavery is a disgustingly profitable business. Annual figures suggest slavery generates around £120 billion in profits, and of that around £37.5 billion is generated in developed countries, including the EU. Modern migration allows for a steady stream of accessible, naive people to be preyed on by global supply chains in major industries.
Slavery expert Siddharth Kara believes that modern day slave traders earn up to 30 times more than 18th and 19th century slave owners would. Kara estimates the price of a slave to be around $450. A forced labourer can generate $8,000 in annual profit for exploiters, while sex traffickers earn an average of $36,000 per victim annually.