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Organizational adaptation and learning have been extensively studied in the management literature. The personality theory of the company views businesses as adaptive learning systems in which much patterns unfolds through standard working procedures. Nelson and Winter season (1982) assert that organizations use "routines" that are developed through time and change constantly, but gradually, to adapt to changing conditions: activities that appear to produce results tend to become incorporated as new routines. About all of this research indicates that learning and version are slow, gradual procedures, and that new capacities are difficult to create and harmful for modify; some writers going so far as to suggest that existing capabilities may become "core rigidities" that can prevent an organization's ability to change.

Greenwood and Hinings (1996) distinguish between radical and concurrent organizational change by presenting the idea of an archetypal template--an organization's interpretive system shaped by underpinning ideas and values: "Convergent change occurs within the parameters of an existing archetypal template. Revolutionary change, in contrast, occurs for the organization actions from one template-in-use to another". They also make the distinction between revolutionary and evolutionary change: the former happens quickly and influences all parts of the organization while the latter is gradual. In the same way, Tushman and Romanelli (1985) distinguish between "convergence" – a technique of progressive change stead with existing inner activities and strategic orientation, and "reorientations" – simultaneous and discontinuous shifts in an organization's strategy, constructions, and control systems. Although recent research remains regular with the notion of adaptation as a gradual process by which a firm converges toward a reasonable "fit" with the environment and actors in an organizational field make sense of and manage new phenomena, progressively more research workers is studying firm adaptation in the occurrence of significant environmental change.

Upon the theoretical front, company change and adaptation have been extensively studied and grouped. Furthermore, they posit that "recreations are reorientations which also involve a discontinuous change in the firm's primary values and beliefs", and they suggest a punctuated equilibrium model of organizational evolution, where periods of convergent progress are punctuated by reorientations that set the direction of the next convergent period. The propositions of the above mentioned two papers have been modified and extended by different experts. We argue that further development of theory relating to organizational change and adaptation requires a finer understanding of the several types of environmental change than we have today. The current taxonomies of environmental change are insufficiently sensitive to any or all the granularity of the partnership between environmental and organizational change and, as we elaborate below, this theoretical limitation hinders our ability to realize the complete potential of scientific research. A more careful description of the different types of environmental change will help improve our understanding of organizations' specific responses to different environmental stimuli.

A Typology of Environmental Change

For different kinds of natural change are probably going to simulate or require different organizational reactions. Consider, for example, the punctuated balance model of hierarchical change. Different things (e.g., firms' resource enrichment) being equivalent, we ought to expect more extraordinary types of environ-mental change to be related with more outrageous types of authoritative response. However, a sweep of the current writing on hierarchical adjustment brings up several important issues about the consistency of the discoveries versus existing hypothesis and suggests that an all the more fine-grained characterization of ecological change is necessary.For case, most schools in Kraatz and Zajac's (2001) think about, when looked with whatthe writers call a "significant natural change", don't experience "short times of spasmodic change" (even subsequent to controlling for organizational resources) as Tushman and Romanelli's (1985) hypothesis proposes. Kraatz and Zajacactually find that schools' adjustment to ecological change contrasts broadly and unfolds bit by bit. Essentially, Haveman (1993) finds that regardless of the "unexpected discontinuity" realized by industry deregulation, funds and credit firms demonstrate a significant degree of security and dormancy, which develops with hierarchical size.

A Typology of Ecological Change

Different sorts of natural change are probably going to provoke or require different organizational reactions. Consider, for example, the punctuated balance model of hierarchical change. Different things (e.g., firms' resource gift) being equivalent, we ought to expect more outrageous types of environ-mental change to be related with more extraordinary types of hierarchical response.

However, an output of the current writing on authoritative adjustment brings up several important issues about the consistency of the discoveries versus existing hypothesis and suggests that an all the more fine-grained grouping of ecological change is necessary. For case, most universities in Kraatz and Zajac's (2001) contemplate, when looked with what the writers call a “significant natural change”, don't experience "short times of intermittent change" (even subsequent to controlling for organizational resources) as Tushman and Romanelli's (1985) hypothesis proposes. Kraatz and Zaj acactually find that schools' adjustment to natural change varies broadly and unfolds bit by bit. Likewise, Haveman (1993) finds that notwithstanding the "unexpected discontinuity" realized by industry deregulation, reserve funds and advance firms demonstrate a significant degree of security and inactivity, which develops with hierarchical size.

As examined over, a few scientists have taken a gander at firms' reactions to changes in one or at most two of the four ecological traits – e.g., reactions to deregulation or changes in client demand. To date no investigation has tended to hierarchical adjustment to environmental changes that include high sufficiency, speed, and extension simultaneously. We trust that itemized examinations of authoritative reaction to torrential slide change may help us enhance and additionally broaden existing adjustment hypothesis. While most hypothesis development has been drawn from the generally stable setting of created economies, more outrageous types of ecological change have a tendency to happen in emerging economies and this by itself gives another and fascinating chance to test and approve existing hypothetical suggestions.

Iran, once the pioneer of maintainable water administration in the dry locale of the world, is currently encountering a serious water emergency, reflected by its lakes and streams that are drying, diminishing groundwater assets and decaying the nature of water. While leaders like to accuse the ebb and flow emergency for dry spells, environmental change, and worldwide authorizations, the emotional water issues of Iran have establishes in many years of foolhardy and disintegrated arranging. This paper analyzes the ebb and flow water assets status in Iran and recognizes four huge variables of the current water emergency: development of populace and spatial appropriation , inadequate farming , fumble and hunger for advancement , environmental change.

The water issues in Iran are excessively various and critical, making it impossible to question about the way that Iran is encountering an approaching water emergency. Prompt relief is required to address the ebb and flow water issues all through the nation. The exploration recommends some emergency leave methodologies should be conjured as quickly as time permits to ensure economical water assets, and to guarantee Iran nation does not lose its universal picture for noteworthy accomplishment in administration of water assets more than a large number of years in one of the world's dry regions.

Iran is the second nation between biggest nations of the Middle East and the eighteenth biggest nation on the planet with 1,648,195 km2 zone. It is situated in West Asia, circumscribing the Caspian Sea in the north, and the Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman in the south. Iran has 5,440 km of fringes as grounds and 2,440 km of outskirts as water with its neighbors; Afghanistan and Pakistan (east), Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia (north), Turkey and Iraq (west), and the Arab States of the Persian Gulf (south). Iran is the second most populated nation in the Middle East and the seventeenth most populated nation on the planet. It has an expected populace of more than 77 million. Iran has an assorted geology and atmosphere changeability.

Temperature fluctuates between ? 20 and +50 °C and precipitation changes from under 50 mm to in excess of 1000 mm for every year. Iran's normal yearly precipitation is 250 mm, which is short of what 33% of the worldwide normal, and a large portion of the nation has under 100 mm of rain for each year. Iran faces a standout amongst the most huge dry spells in the parched area of the world. The serious issues that it faces in the water emergency are reflected by its drying lakes and waterways, declining groundwater assets and falling apart water quality. The interruption of the water foundation framework, rural misfortunes and biological system harms are expanding.

While chiefs want to accuse the ebb and flow emergency for dry spells, environmental change, and universal endorses, the sensational water issues of Iran are established in many years of foolish and broke down arranging. General society, specialists, and media constantly caution about the huge water emergency manifestations without truly examining the causes. Nonetheless, what are the principle elements of Iran's water emergency? Iran is situated in the parched and semi-bone-dry circle on the planet. A large portion of the nation is thought to be parched (65%), 20% is semi-dry, and the rest has a muggy or semi-sticky atmosphere. There are a few expansive streams all through the nation. Transient and spatial precipitation dispersion is variable and non-uniform. Just 10% of rainfalls happen amid hot and dry seasons in focal, southern and eastern circles of the nation. Around half of the nation's populace lives in the northern and western locales where more than 70 percent of the nation's water assets exit. This paper gives a diagram of the flow status of water assets in Iran. It analyzes future difficulties and fitting techniques for dry season adjustment.

The Danger of the Water Emergency

Drying lakes and streams, declining groundwater assets, arrive subsidence, water tainting, water supply apportioning and interruptions, constrained movement, farming misfortunes, salt and dust storms, and biological system harms are the contemporary water-related issues of a country which used to be known as a pioneer in maintainable water administration. There is presumably that the antiquated Persians demonstrated their assurance to survive and flourish by creating inventive strategies for directing, pulling back, exchanging, diverting, and disseminating water in a bone-dry region of the reality where water accessibility is occasional. They created one of the most seasoned water direction and market frameworks in the history, built the most elevated authentic curve dam on the planet, surge control foundation, water exchange and dispersion channels, and additionally water processes before most different countries.

Subsystems have prompted the disappointment of the policymakers in tending to the water deficiency in the bowl. Despite the fact that water deficiencies happen moderately not long after finish of each new water source, trans-bowl water preoccupation is as yet the essential approach of water organizers to address progressing deficiencies. This is regardless of the way that Iran has been focused on saving these water bodies under the outstanding Ramsar Convention of 1971 that perceives the wetlands' crucial biological capacities and in addition their financial, social, recreational, and logical qualities. The nation whose name is related with the renowned "Tradition on Wetlands of International Importance" is at the front line of harming its profitable wetlands for financial advancement. Like the encased water bodies, waterways have been the casualties of forceful human advancement to enhance provincial economies. As one of the primary results of the Iranians' pressure driven mission, dams are assembled in a steady progression to store water in repositories to help agrarian exercises, increment control age, and secure urban water supplies. Iran positions third on the planet concerning the Number of dams it has under development.

Presently, the nation has 316 little and huge dams, giving a capacity limit of 43 bcm and has 132 dams under development. Additionally, Iran is investigating the attainability of building 340 new dams. Be that as it may, the results of this striking record for a nation that has possessed the capacity to maintain advancement under extreme universal authorizations are deplorable. The Iranian water disaster isn't restricted to surface waters. Iran is as of now among the best groundwater excavators on the planet. It is evaluated that the Iranians have effectively utilized a large portion of their groundwater holds. The administration has restricted control over groundwater reflection. Vitality and water are very sponsored, leaving no impetuses for agriculturists to expand the productivity of water utilize.

The main constraining variables for groundwater withdrawal are the well profundity and pumping limit. Once the groundwater table drops, agriculturists burrow further and introduce bigger pumps. The customarily manageable groundwater withdrawal through qanats is not any more attainable. Like numerous springs, most qanats have gone away, losing the pressure driven make a beeline for profound wells. Because of high water treatment and quality guidelines, the nature of Iran's residential water supply is high and altogether superior to different nations in the area. Nonetheless, worries about the nature of faucet water in urban regions are expanding because of broad rural exercises close urban zones and absence of a suitable sewage gathering and treatment framework which considers the continuous release of household wastewater into groundwater.

Studies demonstrate disturbing levels of nitrate in various parts of the nation, particularly in Tehran. Constrained water and expanding request have made new water security issues and expanded pressure over transboundary water frameworks both provincially and universally. Inside the nation, clashes proceed between territories over transboundary water frameworks, for example, Urmia. Notwithstanding the climatic stressors, in the most recent decades, Iran has not had a steady economy under the extreme universal weight through noteworthy financial assets. By and large, monetary frailty and high swelling rates support here and now advantage amplifying disposition and non-agreeable conduct in water administration, and Iran has not been a special case. The two clients and chiefs have been more intrigued by expanding quick advantages. Thus, without genuine, powerful exogenous administrative establishments and financial impetuses for clients' participation, the status of the nation's water assets has disintegrated after some time.

Table of contents

1. Abstract
2. 1973 Oil Crisis
3. History of Petrol cars
4. Impacts on the Environment
5. How do Electric Cars Improve the Environment?
6. The future of sustainable transportation
7. The cost of an electric car
8. Recommendation
9. Conclusion

Abstract

The research accumulated in this report is focused on the possibility of electric cars replacing conventional cars, the implications of this transition and why are electric cars better for the environment. This topic was chosen because it is currently a worldwide issue due to high amounts of Co2 emissions. Two interviews and a survey were conducted to explore different components of this topic. It was found that electric cars should replace conventional cars however, as of right now electric are too expensive for people to purchase. It is been recommended that electric should replace conventional cars as they will help reduce co2 emissions and improve the environment of the world.

Due to the worldwide popularity of petrol-fuelled cars, the environment of the world has begun to become an inhabitable place for humans. With the non-stop Co2 emissions currently being produced all around the world, world leaders and citizens of the earth are constantly seeking other resources for sustainable transportation. The most logical and sensible option currently in today’s world would be electric-powered cars. In order to make a future recommendation, it is important to understand past and present events that have led to this worldwide crisis and investigate the advantages and disadvantages of each car.

1973 Oil Crisis

In 1973, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) decided to ban the United States from international trading (Oil Embargo). The U.S. made a decision to re-supply the Israeli army for peace negotiations. OPEC also expanded their international trading boycott towards other countries who were supporting Israel, this includes Portugal, Netherlands and South Africa (Oil Embargo). Petrol cars were heavily affected in these countries, especially The U.S where many people own petroleum cars. Hundreds of cars were lining up at petrol stations, desperately trying to fill up their cars (refer to figure 1 and 1.2). If this were to happen again, the petrol price will be heavily increased at petroleum car owners. There is only a finite amount of fuel on earth which makes people wonder, when will petrol run out? According to a report from British Petroleum, the oil reserves left in this world is sufficient for only 53 years (George, P 2014). British Petroleum published this report in 2014, this report could be changed because energy companies all around the world are constantly revising the amount oil reserves.

History of Petrol cars

Some of the earliest cars invented were steam-powered engine cars, however, it wasn’t until 1885 that the first gas-powered car was introduced. Karl Benz was a German engine designer and an automobile engineer, he was the inventor for the first ever gas-powered car that was practical for everyday people (The first automobile 2019). However, this car had no windows, doors or even a proper steering wheel for maneuvering the vehicle. Henry Ford came up with his own automobile in 1906 which was a bit more luxurious than Karl Benz’s car. Henry Ford’s car came with safety features and other accessories that are still used to this day, this includes seatbelts, windshields, speedometers and rear-view mirrors (The first automobile 2019). As of right now, petrol cars have become more modern with luxurious features. There are also cars that are both petrol and electric, this type of car is called a hybrid car. A hybrid car uses an electric motor and a combustion engine which is powered by the car’s batteries (U.S. Department of Energy n.d). The batteries recharge themselves by the regenerative braking system and the internal combustion engine (U.S. Department of Energy n.d). These features of a hybrid car will enable a better fuel economy for its consumers, this will also improve the air pollution because it does not emit greenhouse gasses as much as a normal conventional car would.

Impacts on the Environment

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a type of gas that is odourless and incombustible. Co2 is a product of human/ animal respiration or combustion (YOUR DICTIONARY n.d.). The natural production Co2 does not pose any threats to the environment (Carbon, SE 2018). However, if significant amounts of Co2 was produced over a long period of time, the environment of the planet will gradually become harmful for any living creature.

One of the main causes of Co2 production are vehicles that use fossil fuels. Vehicles such as boats, trucks, cars and aeroplanes produce heavy amounts of Co2 which has consequently increased the rate of global warming. Before the age of the industrial revolution, the atmosphere of the world was well balanced. Greenhouse gasses were being produced and absorbed at a stable rate (Platt, J 2013). The temperature was also at a stable rate as global warming did not matter because of the miniscule amounts of CO2 being produced (Platt, J 2013). This changed when humans began to tamper with the balance of Greenhouse emissions. Due to the increase in greenhouse emissions, people are trying to minimize CO2 levels in the atmosphere by reducing their own carbon footprint. One of the most popular and effective methods of reducing carbon footprint is through purchasing and using electric cars. Electric cars do not produce any greenhouse gasses, in fact they do not produce any type of gas at all. Electric cars do not burn gasoline and do not have a tailpipe. Therefore, electric cars or vehicles do not generate any type of greenhouse gasses (Anair, D & Mahmassani, A 2014). Whilst electric cars do not emit greenhouse gasses, using coal to produce electricity emits a lot of greenhouse gases. So what does it take to produce clean electricity for an electric car?

How do Electric Cars Improve the Environment?

Electric cars do not emit greenhouse gasses by themselves, which means using an electric car does not pose a threat to the environment. However, manufacturing an electric car creates more greenhouse emissions than the average petrol car. This was supported in an interview with a car enthusiast, the interviewee stated that “The cars themselves don’t harm the environment but to produce the batteries and to produce everything else that makes the car, harms the environment” (refer to appendix 1 for more information) (Papageorgiou, P 2019). To produce an electric car that has a range of 250 miles per charge will generate global warming emissions that are 68% higher than manufacturing a normal gasoline vehicle (Hanley, S 2018 ). However, this is changed when these electric cars are being driven. Since there are no greenhouse emissions being produced, the amount of global warming emissions emitted during manufacturing is offset after eighteen months of use (Hanley, S 2018). Another solution to decrease the impact on the environment would be finding a form of sustainable transportation.

The future of sustainable transportation

With the rise of greenhouse gasses emitted every year, world leaders and car companies are devising solutions for sustainable transportation. For example, a company called LEVC are trying to reduce air pollution in London by reducing gasoline-powered “cabs” and replacing them with electric-powered vehicles. It is estimated that there will be nine thousand electric cabs on the road by 2020 next year. Since electric cars are growing in popularity and mass production, there can be a lot more improvement to the infrastructure, manufacturing process and sustainability. It is true that to produce the electric car itself emits more greenhouse gasses than the average gasoline car, however, the process of manufacturing can be improved in the future that will emit less CO2 in the atmosphere (Team Uniti, U 2019). Electric cars also use less materials than the average gasoline car. A normal conventional car would need to have an engine, axles, crankshafts, batteries and many more. On top of that, all of these components need to be checked after six months of use. Since electric cars are still evolving, it is possible that an electric car in the future will have much less components (Team Uniti, U 2019). This was also supported in an interview conducted with a car enthusiast, the interviewee predicted that electric cars should have less componentry. The source of electricity also plays a big role in powering electric cars. Electricity can be produced in many different ways. The most environmentally damaging method of electricity production is converting coal into electricity. However, there are many more ways for electricity to be produced including wind turbines, solar panels, and water turbines. If the electricity production system becomes cleaner in the future, then electric cars will be a very sustainable way of transport (Team Uniti, U 2019). Although electric cars might be the answer to sustainable transportation, for electric cars to completely replace petrol cars will take decades. In a survey conducted with 10 people. 70% answered that it will take 0 -50 years, while the other 30% answered 50 – 70 years.

The cost of an electric car

In an interview conducted, the interviewee estimated the price of an electric car starting at 40,000 dollars and upwards, this also depends on the type of electric car being purchased. The constants costs of an electric car depend on what location it is in. In Australia, the normal rates for charging stations are $0.25 per kilowatt hour. Currently, in 2019, gasoline cars are more affordable to purchase than electric cars. Tesla, which is one of the most famous electric car brands in the world are currently selling their cheapest model at $79,100 dollars, whereas the price of the latest model of the Toyota Camry starts at $31,357. The average south Australian wage is estimated to be $75,369, this means that the average south Australian would not be able to afford a Tesla electric car (LivinginAustralia 2018). For those who buy a brand-new Tesla-branded electric car, charging at any of the available stations are free for as long as the ownership lasts. Tesla is an electric car company that produces top-of-the-line electric cars, their electric cars can even charge from home using solar panels. This was supported by a Tesla electric car user in an interview conducted for this investigation ().

Recommendation

The primary and secondary research gathered, it recommends that electric cars should replace normal conventional cars within the next decade. As normal conventional cars continue to harm the environment with CO2 emissions, it has become more and more clear that a new form of sustainable transportation needs to be adapted to highly populated countries. In other words, electric cars are one of the most highly effective ways of preventing dangerous amounts of Co2 emissions. However, to achieve said ideology, car manufacturers need to mass-produce electric cars and make them more affordable.

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Conclusion

The toxicity of the Co2 from vehicles should not be taken lightly. It is true that gasoline-fuelled cars are more affordable, however, electric vehicles will still take over the transportation industry in 10 or 20 years’ time. Electric cars are able to receive its energy source from various renewable energies whereas gasoline-powered cars rely on a constantly depleting energy source. As of right now, the issue with electric cars are the price, the source of electricity, and manufacturing pollution. If these three issues were to be solved, more electric vehicles will be able to decrease the air pollution in cities and function without leaving a carbon footprint.   

This is an essay on environmental issues in 150 words. Industries have positively impacted economic stability, but they have also greatly harmed the environment. In modern times, industries are seen as the backbone of nations, yet they pose a serious threat to environmental sustainability and human health. Deforestation is a significant outcome of land degradation, which leads to soil erosion and causes crops to wither away. Climate change is directly proportional to the rising population, leading to the depletion of the ozone layer, acid rain, and global warming. The never-ending greed of mankind means wildlife species are being hunted to a larger extent, and overexploitation of resources for industrial benefits has become the norm, resulting in the loss of biodiversity. The consumption of fossil fuels like oil, coal, and natural gas has reached its peak in recent years, which might prove detrimental to future generations. Immediate attention is required to address these serious issues before they cause irreversible damage to the environment.

Our world is full of food waste and ultimately everyone is at fault. This is an ongoing task that is being performed by many individuals, and it is creating a worldwide issue that is present in all areas of the food industry. However, in the article entitled “The State of America’s Wasted Food and Opportunities to Make a Difference,” Chris Vogliano, a licensed and registered dietician, and Katie Brown, a licensed and registered dietician nutritionist explained that in today’s world food waste is more common than it has ever been. They mention that an American “throws away 50% more food today than in 1970” (Vogliano and Brown 1199). The reason for this is due to population growth and the demand for food. It may seem that consumers are highly blamed for this issue, but food waste is present in many stages starting with agriculture (where the production takes place). There are many elements at the agricultural level that contribute to food waste and they include environmental conditions, overproduction, and appearance standards.

Environmental issues such as climate changes are negatively affecting the production of crops. This is a major issue for farmers because this goes beyond what they can control (Vogliano and Brown 1199). In some cases, high temperatures can prevent a crop from growing. For example, in the EPA’s (Environmental Protection Agency) view, the “high nighttime temperatures in 2010 and 2012 affected corn fields across the U.S. Corn Belt, and premature budding due to a warm winter caused $220 million in losses of Michigan cherries” (“Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply”). The result of this was the large sums of corn and berries that were lost during the production process. Eventually most of those crops had to be thrown away because they were no longer consumable. Also due to these warm temperatures, the “U.S. farmers spend more than $11 billion per year to fight weeds, which compete with crops for light, and water…” (“Climate Impacts on”). These weeds prefer to present themselves during high temperatures, and by doing so they are mainly absorbing all of the nutrients (such as sunlight and water) that any plant needs in order to bloom. This means that if crops are not provided with the essential nutrients such as those provided by the environment, they will no longer be useful. Instead, the farmers will be forced to toss any products that have been defeated by the weeds. One of the points discussed by Dr Iain Lake, Dr Asmaa Abdelhamid, and Dr Lee Hooper (all who attended the University of East Anglia and studied environmental sciences) includes the idea that climate change can cause contamination in some major crops. This is problematic because some pathogens (bacteria) and mycotoxins (fungi) are likely to appear, and this instantly calls for the removal of such products which will be sent to landfills (Abdelhamid et al. 8). As a result, it will add to the high amounts of food waste occurring in the U.S. and around the globe.

The overproduction of crops is an issue that farmers must deal with. For farmers, predicting the demand for goods has always been a challenge because they are not aware of exactly how much of each crop is needed. A study that focuses on the causes and ways to prevent food waste was written by Jenny Gustavsson, Christel Cederberg, Ulf Sonesson (from the “Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology”), Robert Van Otterdijk, and Alexandre Meybeck (from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)(Gustavsson et al.). These individuals believe that “In order to ensure delivery of agreed quantities… farmers sometimes make production plans on the safe side, and end-up producing larger quantities than needed” (Gustavsson et al. 10). At the same time, these farmers are not taking into consideration the fact that being on the “safe side” is ultimately creating more food and waste (something that we are trying to avoid) (Gustavsson et al. 10). As a result, farmers are left with large amounts of surplus and they must decide what they want to do with the leftovers. Some of them donate the excess goods to specific individuals who will then use it to feed their animals (Vogliano and Brown 1201). However, the majority is disposed because it is not consumable for livestock or useful in any other way (Vogliano and Brown 1201). To demonstrate how much overplanting is occurring let’s take Italy as an example. In the grains category Italy has an estimated surplus of “40%,” Vegetables are “54%,” fruits are “50%,” alcoholic drinks are “55%,” meat items are “54%,” and finally, fish items are “33%” (“Food Waste: Causes” 32). In total Italy (between 2005-2006) had a surplus of 286%. This is a significant amount of overproduction that only occurred in one country. However, there are other places in the world that have a higher or lower surplus percentage.

The appearance of a certain product is the most important element for a retailer and the consumers. In this case, farmers are obligated to separate the goods ranging from: in good condition, to average, and in bad condition. Each fruit or vegetable will be judged based upon its color, size, weight, and shape. (Gustavsson et al. 11). This process is known as “culling” and according to Vogliano and Brown, “culling can remove 10% to 40% of a product before it reaches the retail sector.” This represents an important percentage of goods that are being discriminated against because they do not fit those perfect standards. An example of this task was observed by “Tristram Stuart who visited several British farms… in particular M.H. Poskitt carrots in Yorkshire” (Gustavsson et al. 10). He was informed that Asda, a supermarket, wanted all carrots to have a presentable appearance in order to attract consumers. As a result, “25-30% of all carrots… were out-graded” due to its size, shape, and because they contained imperfections (Gustavsson et al. 10). It is clear that “ugly” produce will always be rejected while those perfectly looking goods will be preferred. Even though they taste exactly the same, the appearance will always be on top.

Although food waste is a very complex issue, there are possible solutions that will help reduce this. For example, Rick Stroecken, a student who plans on completing his masters in the food waste supply chain, explains that educating farmers “about their crops and their harvesting techniques” is in fact, helpful (Stroecken 26). Some farmers are unaware of when they should plant their crops and the effects of planting them at the wrong time. Therefore, they must gain knowledge about “the biological and environmental factors that are involved in postharvest deterioration” (Stroecken 26). For these farmers, being well informed is a key component because it will help them with the production process. In other words, it will help them to estimate the number of crops they must plant (while also trying to avoid overproduction). In addition, another solution involves farms working together as a group instead of competing with one another. This would mean that if a farm is lacking crops, the other farm (with the surplus) will provide that farm with the items they most likely need (Gustavsson et al. 10). These solutions can help to minimize the food waste present around the globe, but it will not get rid of this whole issue.

The world is full of so many problematic issues; food waste is definitely on top of the list. This issue is represented in a cycle which begins at the agricultural level, and it ends with the consumers. This being said, the starting point and the ending point both determine how future generations will be affected (depending on the amount of food waste produced). The future lies in our hands, so what will you do to avoid contributing to this issue?

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. The Concept of Sustainability:
3. Environmental Sustainability:
4. Conclusion
5. References

Introduction

In a country or state, there consists of other parts which entail diversified individuals. For instance, Kenya, as a country, comprises different people who come from diverse regions, tribes, religions, and with distinct cultures. In these regions, there are individuals and families: Some who are wealthy while others are poor. However, even with all the diversities, all of them share the same nationality, Kenyans.

Conflicts have emerged before resulting from the diversities, whereby people do not embrace brotherhood. In some instances, the unfortunate may be taken advantage of. For instance, they may have to cut down their trees to make charcoal or timber which they can trade and earn a living; thus, end up compromising their environment, which results in making them vulnerable to diseases that are a result of environmental damage.

In another instance, a well-off person may take advantage of his wealth and power to place his animals in a residential area so that he can earn cash from milk. He then decides to build his house in a distant area and employs workers to take care of the animals and milk production. He neither buys nor advises them of protective clothing, yet they are dealing with waste disposal.

These workers get exposed to respiratory diseases. Besides, they conflict with the people living around. There should be no cow investment in residential areas (Gabrielli, 2018). Because releasing waste in such an area means that it will pollute the air of neighbors who may, in turn, fight the ones releasing it. If they are desperate and illiterate, they may be left to stay quiet and inhale the waste because they lack the power and are ignorant of human rights.

Moreover, whenever environmental regulations are discussed, the underprivileged and the middle people may not be allowed to participate. All these examples explain injustice. Environmental justice is whereby every individual or community is entitled to a clean, equivalent environmental protection regardless of the religion, race, origin, age, gender or income and takes part in making decisions that pertain to implementation or enforcement of laws governing the environment (Gould & Lewis, 2016).

The Concept of Sustainability:

Sustainability seeks to meet the needs of the present generation without jeopardizing future generations' ability to meet the same needs. Zero environmental justice equals sustainability: If natural resources are overused, they degrade and, in the long last, put off sustainability. Many actors are involved in the promotion of sustainability, and civil society plays a vital role (Kadirbeyo?lu et al., 2017); hence this paper analyses the role of civil society in promoting sustainability.

There exist organizations or groups of people who come together intending to independently work for the benefits of another society where they set up offices or areas in the given society to operate from. They are collectively called civil societies, organizations, or groups that work together for the interest of the community (Macdonald, 2016).

Environmental Sustainability:

In efforts to promote sustainable development, civil society has been a vital stakeholder, especially in developing countries. One pillar of sustainability is environmental sustainability (Illankoon et al., 2017), which can be defined as the right use of the environment to provide needs without causing it harm.

For instance, think of walking around a garden, and then you spot a mango tree that is enriched with beautiful mangoes. Unfortunately, the mangoes are beyond your reach. Therefore you visualize ways of obtaining them; through climbing the tree, using stone, or getting a panga with which you can cut the tree and harvest all the mangoes.

Climbing a tree is a good idea if you are careful. Using a stone too is right to strike the mango. However, cutting down the tree means that in the next season, there will be no mangoes. Birds, as well as microorganisms, will have no shelter.

Also, the tree was issuing people with oxygen vital for breathing and taking away carbon (IV) oxide in addition to providing shelter and rain for crop development. Such an act compromises environmental sustainability, along with exposing everyone at risk. The civil society has helped prevent such circumstances in different ways.

To begin with, civil society ensures public participation in environmental matters. Public participation is the involvement of citizens or the public in making decisions (Eden, 2016). An example of public participation is whereby you vote to elect your leaders. Any project in a community must affect the people.

Civil society ensures that there are actions like EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment), which must involve the community. This helps avoid adverse effects through mitigation and prevention.

For instance, someone may want to build an oil factory in the community. The factory will outsource oil and even create jobs. What about the environment and welfare of people living around? What will they do with the noise, air pollution, and waste materials which may be released to the rivers which they depend on?

All these issues must involve the public to make a wise decision. Without people to push the involvement, the innocent community might just be caught up in a dilemma with no one to help their suffering and degraded resources.

Secondly, civil society helps the community with change through awareness and support. They monitor the activities which may harm the environment and inform the public about their dangers and prevention measures.

They also help people to seek change (Gill, 2017). Activities existing in the community which threaten the environment can be done away with to prevent degradation and extinction with their help.

The civil societies involve environmental bodies like NEMA, where the need arises. For example, an industry that dumps its waste in the estate is a threat to life and resources like land and water. The public in the countryside may not know that there are rules and rights to a clean environment, so the civil society educates them and helps them in advocacy.

Thirdly, ignorance is a challenge today. Most people, especially in rural areas, know nothing about sustainability. Civil society has played a role in sustainable development awareness. It has made people aware of the importance and conservation of indigenous trees.

Furthermore, it educates the public with practices like sustainable energy use, and this helps the people to save from bills that come with electricity. Where there is no electricity, they provide awareness of opportunities that come with sun and wind to light their houses. These sources of energy are renewable hence cheap to obtain, very usable, and maintain a healthy environment.

Finally, civil society acts as an overseer in community and environmental issues through transparency and accountability (Shaheen, 2016). It makes every stakeholder answerable for their actions on the environment through close supervision and assessment.

The participation of civil society in environmental policies and implementation is crucial. One example is that it can influence the government to implement the policies and allocate disbursements in environmental management as well as promote partnerships between different organizations to support sustainability.

Conclusion

The civil society requires cooperation from the local community if sustainable development is to be effectively achieved. Every individual must play a role in issuing all useful information. Also, everyone's practice affects the environment. Just the same way security starts with you, so is sustainability.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

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Taking care of the environment is each person's duty. Practices like deforestation, poor waste disposal, the release of agricultural chemicals to rivers, and above all, public participation are vital if both the present and the future generations are to enjoy the benefits of natural resources.

References

1. Gabrielli, L. (2018). Residential investment: cash cows or question marks?. Journal of Property Investment & Finance. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpif-09-2018-097
2. Gould, K. A., & Lewis, T. L. (2016). Green gentrification: Urban sustainability and the struggle for environmental justice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315687322
3. Kadirbeyo?lu, Z., Adaman, F., Özkaynak, B., & Paker, H. (2017). The effectiveness of environmental civil society organizations: An integrated analysis of organizational characteristics and contextual factors. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(4), 1717-1741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9848-y
4. Macdonald, L. (2016). Supporting civil society: The political role of non-governmental organizations in Central America. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-1-349-25178-0
5. Illankoon, I. C. S., Tam, V. W., & Le, K. N. (2017). Environmental, economic, and social parameters in international green building rating tools. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 143(2), 05016010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ei.1943-5541.0000313
6. Eden, S. (2016). Public participation in environmental policy: considering scientific, counter-scientific, and non-scientific contributions. Public understanding of science. https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0963-6625%2F5%2F3%2F001
7. Gill, G. J. (2017). Dynamics of Democratization: Elites, Civil Society, and the Transition Process. Macmillan International Higher Education.DOI: 10.1007/978-0-333-98554-0
8. Shaheen, H. (2016). Civil society engagement and education for sustainable development (ESD) in Egypt: A case study of El-Warraq area.http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/4615

Enzymes are biological catalysts and activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required by reactants in order for the reaction to take place. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions whilst remaining unchanged by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to go ahead. Enzymes are made up of proteins which are folded into complex shapes which allow smaller molecules to fit into them. These smaller molecules fit into the active site of an enzyme. The active site is the place in which the specific substrate molecules bind and the chemical reaction is carried out. The chemical structure and bonds between amino acids determines the shape of an active site.

All metabolic pathways are controlled by enzymes. In metabolic pathways, the substrate is altered at each step to achieve the final product. Almost all metabolic pathways are reversible. Sometimes a substrate or specific enzyme isn’t available at a point in a pathway but the end product can still be made by using an alternative route.

Two types of metabolic pathway are anabolic and catabolic. Anabolic pathways need energy to build up small molecules to larger ones. Catabolic pathways produce energy when breaking down large molecules to smaller ones.

There are many factors which affect enzyme activity. These include: temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and the presence of inhibitors or activators.

An inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction. Competitive inhibitors and non-competitive inhibitors are two common types of inhibitors.

• Competitive inhibitors. The inhibitors molecules bind to the active site to block the substrate molecules from binding to the active site. The molecular structure of competitive inhibitors is similar to that of the substrate so it can fit in the active site and block the substrate.
• Non-competitive inhibitors. The inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. The inhibitor may bind to the enzyme whether or not the substrate has already been bound, but if it has a higher affinity for binding the enzyme in one state or the other, it is called a mixed inhibitor.

Works Cited

1. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Gatto, G. J. (2020). Biochemistry (9th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
2. Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. (2020). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
3. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S. L., et al. (2022). Molecular Cell Biology (9th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
4. Garrett, R. H., & Grisham, C. M. (2019). Biochemistry (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.
5. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., et al. (2019). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.
6. Cox, M. M., Nelson, D. L. (2021). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry: Study Guide and Solutions Manual (7th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
7. Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. (2021). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry: Lecture Notebook (7th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
8. Price, N. C., Stevens, L. (2020). Fundamentals of Enzymology: The Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins. Oxford University Press.
9. Cornish-Bowden, A. (2012). Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics (4th ed.). Wiley.
10. Segel, I. H. (1993). Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems. Wiley.

Book Six of John Milton's Paradise Lost is a continuation of the angel Raphael's discourse to Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. He is recounting the fall of Satan, and focuses on the battles that take place between the angels and rebel angels. These battles are a prelude to the casting out of the rebels from Heaven. Raphael has to find a way to convey the details of the struggle in a manner to which humans are able to relate. Since they are not ethereal, the ways of the angels are outside their grasp. Raphael decides to tell the story as an epic battle utilizing the Homeric style and language, therefore positioning this Book as a sort of epic within an epic.

In the beginning of the Book, dawn breaks over the landscape of Heaven as the angel Abdiel makes his way to God and his faithful legions. At the onset of the strife between Satan and God, Abdiel sides with Satan. After recognizing his folly in this course of action, he changes his mind and returns to God. This is a lesson offered for Adam and Eve's benefit. It illustrates the power of free will - Abdiel didn't have to side with Satan, it was not out of his control, and it was under his own free will that he made the righteous decision to return to God. Abdiel's name means "Servant of God" and he is representative of free will being directed towards the path of goodness.

In the Bible, Abdiel is not an angel, but a person, and there has been speculation that Milton was using the angel as an allegorical character for himself and his quest to justify the ways of God to men. This, if true, further complicates the endeavor of keeping track of the separate allegories, because now it can be seen that there is an allegory within an allegory within an allegory. Raphael is trying to convey the fact that Adam and Eve should not sway from God's side in the first place, but that even if they do, hope is still not lost.

Upon Abdiel's return to the ranks of the faithful, God exhibits His mercy and forgiveness by welcoming him back in with open arms and no admonishment whatsoever, thusly illustrating that any of the rebel angels at any time could have recognized the wrongness of their actions and returned to God's side without fear of negative repercussions. God's justice is also shown when He requests that only as many of His angels fight as there are rebel angels in opposition. However, God also proves Himself as a force to be reckoned with by the very fact that He is mustering troops to battle.

Raphael describes the righteous angels trekking across Heaven to confront the rebel angels in a way that Adam and Eve can understand; no mortal could hope to fathom the span of Heaven. Raphael puts it in terms that both humans can grasp: "Over many a tract / Of Heaven they marched, and many a province wide, / Tenfold the length of this terrene" (vi, 76-78). When the rogue angels are encountered, Raphael remarks on the irony that the two groups are now meeting in civil war who had once met "So oft in festivals of joy and love" (vi, 94).

Abdiel then confronts Satan, but prior to that he speaks an aside intended not only for Adam and Eve's consideration, but for Milton's audience as well. It is following in the tradition of the chorus in Greek theatre, which exists for the purpose of asking important questions and drawing the audience's attention to significant plot points. Abdiel wonders why Satan should still retain the healthy body of an angel when his faith and virtue have begun to rot away inside. This sentiment foreshadows Satan after his fall, when he begins to shape shift into lower and lower animals, finally becoming unrecognizable to the angels in Heaven.

Following this aside, Abdiel accuses Satan of thinking that he had the chance of winning a battle against God. Satan is reminded that he could have repented and been forgiven at any point in his transgressions, but he chose not to and is now a fallen angel. This could be a lesson in disguise to Adam and Eve, whose fall has been foreseen but who still have the ability to resist temptation. Satan responds that he would prefer Hell to servility, to which Abdiel responds that Satan is servile only to himself. Abdiel then strikes Satan in anger.

That blow marks the onset of battle. Michael sounds the battle cry, and Raphael describes the battle in epic terms to convey to Adam the incredible magnitude of the fight. The outcome of the battle hangs in midair for a long while because angels cannot die, and both the rebel angels and the righteous angels are evenly matched. Satan and the angel Michael meet on the field of battle, and Michael is optimistic that now the war will cease. He does not raise his sword to Satan in the hopes that Satan will yield and take his rebels down to Hell. In Michael's speech to Satan, he reminds Satan that he was unknown until he decided to revolt, and admonishes him for disturbing the peace of Heaven and bringing misery into nature. Michael gives Satan a chance to leave and take his rebel angels with him peacefully, before the sword will drive him out. Satan tells Michael not to make airy threats - he still believes that he can win the battle.

Having recognized the fact that neither one will cede to the other, Michael and Satan prepare for battle. They both raise their arms to strike, but Michael's sword was given to him from the armory of God and falls first. Satan is cloven almost completely in half: "Satan first knew pain" (vi, 327). This may be seen perhaps at odds with Book II, line 752: "All on a sudden miserable pain / Surprised thee" - talking about when Sin is born from Satan's head. However, as Sin's birth was Satan's first experience with pain, it cannot be said that he actually "knew" it, whereas Satan was able to recognize pain when it occurred again. Similarly, before the Fall, Adam was able to talk about Death but it was an empty idea to him; he did not understand what it was or how it worked. But after the fall, all men knew Death. Satan and his angels are wounded, so they retreat for the night and try to regroup.

This Book is interesting in the fact that it frames the allegory of battle that Raphael presents to Adam and Eve within the larger frame of the entire play that Milton presents to his audience. This allegorical battle is told as an epic and as such, is representative of Milton's familiarity with the classical epics. In fact, there is a reference to Homer's Iliad in the first few lines of the Book. In lines 2 through 4, Raphael describes the morning as unbarring the gates of light "with rosy hand", which immediately calls to mind Homer's "rosy-fingered Dawn". Both Dawn and the Morn are personified as characters within the poem, and following close behind them, the action of the poems begins.

Likewise, as Satan enters the battlefield he is described follows: "with vast and haughty strides advanced, / come towering, armed in adamant and gold" (vi, 109-110). In the Iliad, Achilles is described as entering "the city, terrible and strong, / with high and haughty steps he towered along." This is nearly the same image as the one that Milton presents, and further supports the epic feel of the battle. After Satan has been smited by Michael, the "angels many and strong, who interposed defense while others bore him on their shields back to his chariot" - this is an image modeled on the rescue of wounded Hector (vi, 336-338). Milton has gone from describing Satan as Achilles, the victor, to describing him as Hector, who ultimately loses.

Throughout the entirety of Book Six Milton vividly describes the battle between the angels, as well as the angels who fought it. However, one cannot overlook the fact that he is speaking allegorically. Indeed, Paradise Lost is an epic poem told entirely in allegory. The poem itself is epic, but within that larger epic exist many smaller ones. Book Six features a battle told in the style of a classical epic; it is told not as a history or to entertain, but rather to instruct and to facilitate a deeper understanding of the concepts that Raphael sought to impart to Adam and Eve, and that Milton wishes to impart to his audience.