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Elbert F. Cox was born in the segregated school system and his father was and school principal and graduated from Evansville college and worked at Indiana University. The Cox family had great respect for learning, and when cox was outstanding at mathematics and physics and went to school to indiana university, And he was awarded an Erastus Brooks fellowship in september 1922 and he enrolled in Cornell University cox was one of the founders of Canadian Mathematical Society, And he realized that Cox had the chance to be recognized not only as the first Black in the United States but as the first Black in the world to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics, he urged his student to send his thesis to a university in another country so that Cox’s status in this regard would not be disputed. Universities in England and Germany turned Cox down (possible for reasons of race), but Japan’s Imperial University of San Dei accepted the dissertation.

He was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics (Cornell University, 1925), just 39 years after Cornell gave its first Ph.D. in Mathematics (1886).In September 1925, Cox became the head of the mathematics and physics department at West Virginia State College. He stayed there four years and in 1929 moved to Howard University. Cox remained at Howard until his retirement in 1965 and served as chairmen of the Mathematics Department from 1957-1961. In 1975 the Howard University Mathematics Department at the time of the inauguration of the Ph.D. program, established the Elbert F. Cox Scholarship Fund for undergraduate mathematics majors to encourage you, Black students, to study mathematics at the graduate level.

His Ph.D. at this time was remarkable, as no place or institution was a friend to Negroes. Indeed, there were just 28 Ph.D.’s in Mathematics awarded in all the country in 1925, but 31 black men were lynched that year. For many years Dr. Cox taught at Howard University (1929-1961) along with the second and third African American Mathematics Ph.D., Dudley Woodard and Walter Claytor, and later with mathematicians George Butcher and David Blackwell. Thus, Howard really leads the Historically Black Colleges and Universities as the principal place of learning. This strength readily incorporated a graduate mathematics program at Howard.Elbert Cox married Beulah P. Kaufman, an elementary school teacher, on September 14, 1927. They had three sons, James, Eugene, and Elbert. After a brief illness.

Cox died at Cafritz Memorial Hospital on November 28, 1969. In 1980, the National Association of Mathematicians (NAM) honored Cox with the inauguration of the Cox-Talbot Address which is given annually at NAM’s National Meeting.

Works Cited

1. Constance Reid (1987). "Elbert Frank Cox". In Louise S. Grinstein, Paul J. Campbell (eds.). Women of Mathematics: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. Greenwood Press. pp. 41–45. ISBN 978-0313242615.
2. Cox, E. F. (1925). "On the numerical coefficients of the seventh and eighth symmetric functions of n variables". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 11 (6): 363–365.
3. Cox, Elbert Frank (1925). Two-dimensional topology. Tokyo: Kokubunsha.
4. Dauben, Joseph W.; Scriba, Christoph J. (2002). Writing the history of mathematics: its historical development. Springer. ISBN 978-0387953367.
5. O’Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (2004). "Elbert Frank Cox". The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland.
6. Davis, J. J. (1965). "Elbert F. Cox, Ph.D.". The Mathematics Teacher. 58 (8): 684–686. doi:10.2307/27960143. JSTOR 27960143.
7. Tobias, Sheila; Yates, Donald; Weatherspoon, Floyd (1975). "Elbert Frank Cox, Mathematician and Mentor". Journal of Negro Education. 44 (3): 370–376. doi:10.2307/2966581. JSTOR 2966581.
8. Dudley W. Woodard; Thomas R. Price (1940). "Elbert F. Cox". Science. 91 (2369): 174–175. Bibcode:1940Sci....91..174W. doi:10.1126/science.91.2369.174.
9. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers, 1803-1999 (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
10. Boerner, Glenn (1985). "Elbert Frank Cox and the Ph.D. degree in mathematics". Diverse Issues in Higher Education. 2 (14): 14–15.

Electricity is the greatest gift of science to mankind. We have reached a point of our civilization when electricity is used for all purposes. Electricity is a source of energy. It is produced by a battery or a coil of wires or by dynamo machine. It is produced in thermal station and also in hydro-project. There are various wonders of electricity. The most important of all is electric fan and electric light. These two things have improved our living standard and also efficiency of work. Our houses, roads, offices and shops are lighted. It is difficult and sometimes impossible to work in an office where there is no light and fan. read comfortably in a room which is properly furnished with electric light and fan.

Electricity can be a means of communication. Telegraph and telegram device is based on electricity. It is easy send messages to distant places. Telephone also functions due to electricity. Due to this facility, the world has become a familiar place for all. Fax-machine is the latest development. (SHIVANE, 2011) Electricity is a great boon of Modern Science. Electricity has removed darkness from the world and has illuminated every sphere of human activity. Today life without electricity is almost impossible. Modern life has become so modern and so mechanical that even for all small things in daily life we need electricity. The television, radio, grinder, tape-recorder, heater all that we are using at home are running only by electric power. (Chopra, 2015)

Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the “Thunderer of the Nile”, and described them as the “protectors” of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Romans, Arabic naturalists and physicists. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat’s fur to attract light objects like feather. (peardew, 2017)

Although there were some different pioneers of electricity such asNikola Tesla and the AC Induction Motor – The Serbian born inventor was very important in the field of electrical engineering knowledge which keeps the power flowing across the world. provided a vast improvement on the efficiency of direct current (DC) systems, which wasted energy through friction. Tesla was an inventor truly ahead of his time, a pioneer in wirelessly-controlled drones and wireless energy transmissions, he even conceptualized the smartphone 100 years before the advent of the iPhone. During his life, Tesla earned 111 U.S patents but unfortunately poor business acumen led him to miss out on the financial successes of other inventors from the era. (Brachmann, 2017) Thomas Edison and Incandescent Lighting – Tesla’s AC systems may have eventually won the War of the Currents, but American inventor Thomas Alva Edison is another prolific name in the history of electrical engineering and the choice to list him second behind Tesla was a difficult one, but perhaps the right one. Edison may not have invented the first light bulb but the work of him and his staff at the Menlo Park research and development facility led to the development of the world’s first long-lasting and commercially successful light bulb.

Commercializing the electric light bulb required the building of electrical transmission utilities and his Edison Illuminating Company constructed the country’s earliest electrical grids. AC may be the main form of how energy is sent from power plants to buildings, but we still use AC/DC converters in the home and direct current in modern electronic devices. By the end of his life, Edison was listed as an inventor on 1,093 U.S. patents and while it’s accepted by many that Edison relied heavily on his “mucker” research staff to develop many of these patented inventions, his business success and futuristic vision make him an undoubted luminary in the early days of electrical engineering. (Brachmann, 2017) Ben Franklin believed electricity could be harnessed from lightning. In 1752, he devised an experiment to test his theory. Although details of the experiment remain sketchy to this day, Franklin originally wanted to test his theory atop a spire that was to be built on a Philadelphia church. As he thought about it in detail, he realized that his theory could be better tested by using a mobile kite, rather than a stationary spire. Franklin prepared the kite by tying a handkerchief to two crossed sticks of proper length. Extending vertically about a foot from the vertical stick was a wire.

The apparatus was extended into the air by a length of string. Along the string of the apparatus was a metal key that would apparently conduct the electricity. Franklin hypothesized that the wire would draw ‘electric fire’ from the thunder clouds which would then be conducted through the apparatus and be contained in the key. (Nussbaum, n.d.) Common Forms of Energy 1. Chemical energy. This is stored, or “potential,” energy. Releasing chemical energy from carbon-based fuels generally requires combustion like the burning of coal, oil, natural gas, or a biomass such as wood. (Sunshine, 2017)2. Thermal energy. Typical sources of thermal energy include heat from underground hot springs, combustion of fossil fuels and biomass (as noted above) or industrial processes. (Sunshine, 2017)3. Kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is movement, which occurs when water moves with tides or flows downstream, or when air moves wind turbines in the wind. (Sunshine, 2017)4. Nuclear energy. This is the energy stored in the bonds inside of atoms and molecules. When nuclear energy is released, it can emit radioactivity and heat (thermal energy) as well. (Sunshine, 2017)5. Solar energy. Energy radiates from the sun and the light rays can be captured with photovoltaics and semiconductors. Mirrors can be used to concentrate the power. The sun’s heat is also a thermal source.(Sunshine, 2017)6. Rotational energy. This is the energy derived from spinning, typically produced by mechanical devices such as flywheels. (Sunshine, 2017)

In conclusion, there is need to exercise caution while using electricity but also electricity a priceless that has improved the life of people around the world should never be wasted.

Works Cited

1. Shivane, V. (2011). Electricity: A Great Boon of Modern Science. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 127-130.
2. Chopra, A. (2015). Importance of Electricity in Our Daily Life. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 5(2), 106-108.
3. Peardew, J. (2017). Ancient Knowledge of Electricity. Journal of Historical Science, 3(1), 45-52.
4. Brachmann, J. (2017). The Pioneers of Electricity: Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. Electrical Engineering Today, 21(3), 76-82.
5. Nussbaum, R. (n.d.). Benjamin Franklin and the Kite Experiment. Retrieved from https://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
6. Sunshine, L. (2017). Common Forms of Energy. Scientific American, 301(5), 42-48.
7. Edison, T. (1880). The Edison Electric Light Company. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 4(3), 101-105.
8. Tesla, N. (1892). Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency. Electrical Engineer, 5(2), 176-180.
9. Franklin, B. (1752). Experiments and Observations on Electricity. Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin.
10. Smith, J. (2008). The Impact of Electricity on Society. Journal of Technology Studies, 34(2), 45-52.

Table of contents

1. Objectives
2. Materials
3. Procedure

Overview:

In this shop, we will conduct, observe, and measure the process of electroplating. This process is used to deposit a layer of metal, such as chromium, copper, or gold, onto another metal. As a commercial process, electroplated coatings are used to improve appearance, resist corrosion, or improve hardness of metallic surfaces. This experiment describes one method of producing a copper coating on a brass key or other suitable metallic object.

We will prepare an electrochemical cell by using a copper strip as the cathode (positive terminal) and a brass key as the anode (negative terminal). The electrodes are immersed in a solution containing acidified copper (II) sulfate. As we apply a potential to the electrodes, we will be effectively transferring Cu atoms from the anode to the surface of the brass key

Some of the purposes for which articles are electroplated are:

• Appearance
• Protection
• Special surface properties
• Engineering or mechanical properties.

Objectives

In this experiment, you will:

I. Prepare and operate an electrochemical cell to plate copper onto a brass surface.

II. Measure the amount of copper that was deposited in the electroplating process.

III. Calculate the amount of energy used to complete the electroplating process.

Materials

1. electrolyte solution (CuSO4 in H2SO4)
2. vinegar
3. Vernier Current Probe
4. cm × 10 cm copper strip
5. volt DC power supply
6. brass key
7. four connecting wires with alligator clips
8. solid sodium chloride, NaCl
9. steel wool
10. analytical balance
11. two 250 mL beakers
12. bare copper wire, 20–22 gauge
13. distilled water

Procedure

Obtain and wear goggles.

Use steel wool to clean a brass key and a strip of copper, which will be the electrodes of the electrochemical cell.

Mix 3 g of NaCl with 15 mL of vinegar in a 250 mL beaker. Wash the key and the copper strip in this salt/vinegar solution. Rinse the key and copper strip with distilled water and dry each metal piece.

Use an analytical balance to determine the mass of the key and the mass of the copper strip. Record these two masses in your data table.

Fill a 250 mL beaker about 3/4 full with the electrolyte solution. CAUTION: The electrolyte solution in this experiment is prepared in H2SO4 and should be handled with care.

Attach a 7 cm length of bare copper wire to the brass key to act as a handle. Connect the wire to the alligator clip for the anode, so that the key will be completely immersed in the electrolyte solution but the alligator clip will not be immersed. Connect the copper strip to the positive lead.

Obtain a DC power supply and a Vernier Current Probe. Use connecting wires, with alligator clips, to connect the DC power supply, Current Probe, and the electrodes. See Figure 1 for the proper setup of the wiring.

Place the key and the copper strip into the electrolyte solution in the beaker. Make sure that the key is completely immersed in the solution, and keep the two electrodes as far apart as possible.

Turn on the DC power source.

Observe the electrolysis. Note the slow deposition of copper on the surface of the key. This should run for 30 minutes.

When the key is completely electroplated, turn off the DC power source and carefully remove the copper strip and key from the electrolyte solution. Rinse the two metals with distilled water. Dry the copper strip and key very carefully, so as not to remove copper.

Discard the electrolyte solution and take care of the electrochemical cell as directed.

What Happened:

The copper sulfate solution is an electrolyte that conducts electricity from one electrode to the other. When the current is flowing, oxidation (loss of electrons) happens at the copper anode, adding copper ions to the solution. Those ions travel on the electric current to the cathode, where reduction (gain of electrons) happens, plating the copper ions onto the key. There were already copper ions present in the copper sulfate solution before you started, but the oxidation reaction at the anode kept replacing them in the solution as they were plated onto the key, keeping the reaction going.

Table of contents

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
Review of the Morphology of ECG Signal
3. Dataset Description
4. Methodology
The steps followed in this work can be summarized as follows:
5. Results and Discussions
6. Conclusion

Abstract

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a widely employed non invasive technique to determine the condition of human heart and detect any abnormal cardiac behavior. Computer systems for ECG analysis can aid physicians in prompt detection of dangerous events such as ventricular fibrillation in patients with high cardiac risks. The first and crucial part of automatic analysis of ECG signals is to accurately identify and measure characteristic features of ECG signal, which is to locate exact position of the onset and offset points of P, QRS and T-waves. In this paper, we propose a fast technique that can accurately identify these key reference points using local windows around R peaks. The proposed method has been tested on standard QT database and a very high accuracy of above 99% is achieved on identifying different segments in ECG signal.

Introduction

An ECG signal originates from the electrical activity of the heart that coordinates the contraction and relaxation of the different chambers of the heart. The analysis of ECG signal and detection of its characteristic points can be used to identify various heart rhythm abnormalities, chest pains and other diseases. One cardiac cycle in a ECG signal comprises P, QRS and T wave complexes. The field of automatic ECG analysis has become quite mature. There has been a lot of prior work done in identifying characteristic points in ECG signals. However most of these use sophisticated and complex signal processing techniques which make them computationally expensive.

In [11], the Pan Tompkins proposed a method which recognizes the QRS complexes using the information on the signal's slope, amplitude and width. But the dual-threshold technique used in this method for searching back the missed out complexes is only useful if the heart rate is regular and unable to find out the missed beats in case of abnormalities. In [12], all the P, QRS and T complexes are detected using wavelet transform method but the P and T onsets and offsets are not detected with much accuracy under serious noise influence. [13] shows detection of the P wave in addition to the QRS complex using Hidden Markov Model. In [14], QRS complexes are detected using moving-average filters but this methodology is not robust to false positives or false negatives.

The QRS complex detection technique proposed in [15] applied first-order derivative and adaptive threshold adjustment to detect the complexes and filtered the high-frequency noise by employing discrete wavelet transform. [16] introduces a new and fast version of ECG delineation algorithm using line fitting but is not robust against certain arrhythmias where no wave is detected. Support vector machine has been used for detection of P and T waves in [17]. In [18] the QRS complexes have been clustered into different groups using self-organizing neural networks for detection. The algorithm proposed in [19] can be evaluated for both clinical and telehealth ECG data. The work in [20] describes a complex QRS detector which is based on dyadic wavelet transform. It gave good performance for multiform premature ventricular contractions, bigeminy, and couplets tapes. [21] employs S-transform to isolate QRS complexes and Shannon energy for localizing R waves. Detection of QRS complexes is also found in [22] that has been performed using difference equation operation. In [23] a QRS complex detector with limited hardware resources has been proposed.

In our paper, we aim towards detecting the P, QRS and T complexes in a reliable and robust way using local windowing which gives a very high detection accuracy and has O(N) computational complexity in detecting P, Q, S and T waves. This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we present a brief discussion on the anatomy of ECG signal and its characteristic waveforms, Section 3 provides a description of the dataset that has been used to evaluate the proposed method. In section 4, we discuss the methodologies and algorithms implemented in this work. The results that the evaluation has yielded are shown in section 5 and 6 with quantitative as well as qualitative interpretations. Finally, Section 7 concludes the paper.

Review of the Morphology of ECG Signal

The ECG captures the direction and magnitude of electrical depolarization and repolarization generated by a person during his one cycle of heartbeat. The components of a normal ECG tracings consists of multiple waveforms each indicating an electrical event during one heart beat. These waveforms are labeled as P wave, QRS complex and T wave as shown in Fig. 1 . There is another small wave called U wave which is the successor of the T wave and may not always be observed as a result of its small size [2]. We ignore U wave in this work. P wave marks the beginning of the ECG cycle and is the first short upward movement of the ECG tracing. It indicates that the atria are contracting, pumping blood into the ventricles. It is followed by the QRS complex, normally beginning with a downward deflection, denoted as Q; a larger upward deflection, a peak denoted as R; and then a downward S wave. Fig.1. Schematic diagram of single ECG wave.

The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization and contraction. The PR interval indicates the transit time for the electrical signal to travel from the sinus node to the ventricles. T wave is normally a modest upwards waveform representing ventricular repolarization. However in certain cases, T wave can be inverted [3]. Each of these wave has a characteristic duration. The P-Wave lasts for about 80 ms. The normal PR interval in an ECG wave ranges from 120 ms to 200 ms. Duration of PR-Segment is 50 ms to 120 ms. The QRS complex duration is about 80 ms to 120 ms. Duration of ST-Segment is 80 ms to 120 ms. Duration of ST-Interval is 320 ms. The QT interval is heart rate dependent. The normal QT intervals are less than 450 ms for men and less than 460 ms for womenbut may vary from 270 ms at a heart rate of 150 beats per min to 500 ms at a heart rate of 40 beats per min [4].

Dataset Description

Several databases are available for studying and analyzing ECG data. The dataset used in this paper is the QT database which contains 105 records, each being 15 minutes in duration [5]. It has been created by incorporating new data from Holter recordings of patients into the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database, the European Society of Cardiology ST-T Database and several other databases [6-7].The sampling frequency of all the records in this database is 250 Hz. The reason behind choosing this database for the evaluation of our algorithm is that reference annotations have been given to mark the waveform boundaries in addition to those already marked in the other databases. More specifically, this database includes annotation for P and T complexes in addition to annotations for Q, R and S complexes thus helping us to compare our obtained results.

Methodology

From the discussion on the morphology of ECG signal in section 2, it can be observed that the points of interest viz. P, Q, R, S and T have a distinct and characteristic physical appearance. Also if any one of these points is known, then rest of the points can be identified from its neighborhood with fair accuracy. For instance, P peak is the local maxima between the R peak of the corresponding wave and T peak of the previous wave; Q trough is the local minima between P peak and R peak. Similar neighborhood characteristics exist for S and T wave. Hence by only knowing the position of R peak, all the other waves can be identified from the signal. In this work, we exploit these local features of P, Q, R, S and T waves to locate them.

The steps followed in this work can be summarized as follows:

Step 1: The digitized ECG data from the database is filtered with a bandpass FIR filter with lower and upper cutoff frequency of 3 Hz and 45 Hz respectively to remove noises originating due to electromyogram (EMG) signals, high frequency interferences, DC offset and baseline wandering [8].

Step 2: From the filtered signal, the R peak is extracted using the R segmentation algorithm proposed by Hamilton in [9].

Step 3: After extracting the location of R peaks, the location of remaining four peaks is computed using local context window in the neighborhood of corresponding R peak. The primary contribution of this work is in step 3 and is discussed in detail in following sub-sections. After filtering the signal and locating R peaks, we proceed towards locating P peaks. As stated earlier, P peak is approximated as the local maxima between R peak and T peak of previous wave.

However, considering the entire region between T peak and R peak can lead to increased false positives since this region is quite extended, can be noisy and have multiple peaks and troughs. Hence, a reduced context window of 100 ms duration is chosen which is offset from R peak by 100 ms on the left. A typical boundary of the context window for detecting P waveare marked A and B as shown in Fig 2. The peak of P wave is taken as maximum of the values in the context window.

Detection of T - peak

As stated in section 2, T peak possess a unique property of being inverted in some cases. Thus, within the context window, the T peak will be either the minima or maxima, whichever has the maximum magnitude. To remove this ambiguity, all the values within the window are squared. Thus T peak will necessarily be at the location of the value having maximum squared magnitude. However, there is a glitch. In case there is an inverted T peak, the voltage level at the peak might lie below 0 V, and possibly in between 0 mV and -1 mV. In that case, squaring a value between 0 and 1 will, in turn, reduce its magnitude. Thus a threshold of 1mV is added to all the values before squaring them. T peaks occur fairly long after QRS wave and may be present in an extended region. Thus the size of context window is increased to 200ms duration and is offset to the right by 200 ms from the position of R peak. Fig. 5 shows the window boundaries A and B for locating T peak.

Results and Discussions

In this section we present a quantitative evaluation of our model. By applying the methods described in section 4, we annotate all the 105 records in QT database and compare our annotations with the annotations given in the dataset. The dataset has 9 annotation files in total. To evaluate our proposed method, we chose two of the annotation files from the dataset. The first one is .pu0 annotation which contains automatically determined waveform boundary measurements for all beats. The second set of annotation files considered is .q1c annotation which contains manually determined waveform boundary measurements for a small fraction of beats. We compared our results against reference annotations allowing for a 5% tolerance level; that is, a prediction is deemed correct if its value falls within a range of ±5% of the reference value. As an evaluation metric, for each P, Q, R, S and T, we list the total number of correct predictions, total number of incorrect predictions, overall accuracy and median accuracy across 105 records achieved by our proposed method for respective peaks and troughs.

The results are extremely impressive. We obtain 100% median accuracy on 105 records for all the waves across both the reference annotations. We also obtain very staggering overall accuracy on .pu0 annotations. However the accuracy for .q1c is not as good as that for .pu0. However manual inspection of .q1c annotations showed that some annotations were fairly deviated from where they ought to be. Fig 8 shows an extract of the data of ECG record sel17453 from the dataset and it is annotated from its .q1c file. It can be observed that R and S are not correctly labeled; also T is slightly offset from its appropriate location. We think that small sample size of .q1c annotations accompanied with inaccurate annotations might have affected the statistics that resulted in lower accuracy for P, Q and S. It is also observed from Table 1. that the overall accuracy for T peak detection is lower than its counterparts. It is to be pointed out that detecting T peaks is in fact a non trivial task. Detecting T wave accurately is more challenging than detecting QRS complex due toits low amplitudes, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), amplitude and morphology variability, and possible overlapping of the P wave and T wave [10]. The approximation used to detect boundaries of T wave in this proposed method works efficiently for normal ECG signal but may give inaccurate results for certain kinds of abnormal ECG signals. We acknowledge this as a limitation of our proposed method.

Conclusion

In this work, we demonstrated a robust and fast method to detect the P, Q, S and T waves. The algorithm runs in linear time with respect to size of input data because the algorithm is essentially finding maximum or minimum value within an array of numbers. The method is highly accurate, particularly for normal ECG signals. The proposed technique can be used to estimate the boundaries of an ECG signal and then the extracted samples can be used for further analysis.

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The authors would like to thank Innovation & Entrepreneurship Development Centre, NIT Silchar for funding this project. The authors are also grateful to Mr. Arkajyoti Saha and Ms. Maitrayee Deb of Silchar Medical College and Hospital for their valuable inputs and suggestions.

So many kids love watching Youtube. Youtube is an app source that contains tons and tons of information and is a great place to discover new things, learn and get entertainment. A worldwide, trendy, online video website, with users watching 4 billion hours worth of video each month, and uploading 72 hours worth of video every minute. Since its creation in 2005, it has grown favored from amateur videos to a wide range of video content from video blogging, to cooking, to learning how to tie a shoe! Youtube has it all. However, Youtube is only available through technological devices with internet access. Because nearly all electronic devices are handheld, portable and have internet access, it is not rare to see a child with their parent’s smartphones, browsing Youtube videos while eating at a restaurant. As of last year, 2017, Youtube created a fun and family-friendly app named Youtube Kids, targeted for children that presents kid-appropriate and parent-approved TV shows. I will be evaluating the kid-friendly Youtube Kids app: its design, content, search, and parental controls.

Technology and internet access definitely has the potential to be a family’s helpful tools that children can utilize ? if you supervise and enable safety settings. But are parents carefully monitoring what their children are actually doing when they are handing them the tools? With its playful visuals, silly sound effects, and picture-based navigation, YouTube Kids is fun and friendly -- and doesn't look at all like its parent site. Even the app icon is very jolly: a handwritten colored in red box, with a white “play” button in the center; in opposed to, the original Youtube icon, that is 2-D. Once the app is up and running, a cute animated introduction is played. Meanwhile using the app, modish music is being played. (I ended up putting the volume down). On the center-top are 5 appealing symbols: a red heart , a red and white, striped popcorn bag, a light blue 8th note music note, a shining light bulb, and 3 arrow sign pointing at different directions.

Kids can check out channels and videos through the each category, in the order mentioned before: Recommended videos, Shows like Thomas and Friends, Sesame Street, Music from “The Wheels on the Bus” to the classical “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star”, Learning educational videos, and it also includes an explore section, where children can view the popular “unboxing” toys, slime making and Play-Doh videos. Kids can freely roam through a large menu of YouTube videos geared toward their age group by swiping left and right. The Youtube Kids app design was greatly geared to its audience: Kids. Looking into each category content, I started with the little happy red and white striped popcorn bag named Shows. Shows displays familiar shows and channels like PBS, Nick Jr., Disney Jr., Sesame Street, Peg + Cat, Pocoyo.

Music ranks next. Nursery rhymes, action-verb songs, and finger play. Next on the list is Learning. The cheerful 3-arrowed sign named Explore completes our list. Explore introduces art and yoga lessons, but mostly “unboxing” takes over. Turns out, kids love to see others “unbox” toys and play with them. Not only are they playing with toys, but also making slime, creating stuff out of Play-Doh, too. What these type of videos consist of a pair of pretty, fresh-manicured hands “unboxing” toys from the packaging, then playing with them. Based on each channel, these videos contain a story plot line between the toy figurines. Usually, the pair of hands and voices belonging to an adult. When “unboxing toys” is typed in the search box, about 100,500,000 results pop up.

The contents on this list are sectioned off and categorized, based on videos children are likely to watch. When dividing them into different chunks, kids are able to right away choose what category they would like to dig into. Children will always find a way to get what they want. Before they learn how to talk, parents figure out what their need is. A red magnifying glass icon is on the top right of the screen. A red magnifying glass icon will allow kids to search the YouTube Kids’ content for choicy items of interest, versus diving into the various categories. This feature will return more results than what’s available in the category sections. How to make this work, children can type or speak into the device. Depending on the age of the user, younger children typically cannot spelling or form a sentence.Kids are like sponges: Children absorb everything they hear and see around them.

Keep in mind, kids are also incredibly curious with imaginative minds. In my school-age classroom, I allow them to bring in their tablets whenever there is a non-student day at school. With my supervision, I have them sit in a position where I can see their screens, this allows me to look over to view if they are looking at appropriate things. In this group, I have students who know how to construct sentences, and others who do not. I am bewildered those who use this feature, click on the mic icon, and say “My Little Pony” and their results come out. I once had a student who had voice searched the lyrics to a rap song, not even the title of the song, and her results still came out. Of course, I did not allow her to view this content, but this happened under my supervision, I do not want to imagine what she views when not supervised.

Youtube Kids filters out the “grown-up stuff” and funnels out the “kid stuff” to this app. Youtube Kids allows parents to control the settings. Parents have the choice to disable the child to search for videos, show age-appropriate videos, and block any keyword videos parents do not want the child to see. Nonetheless, not-suitable-for-children videos are scurrying their way into the app. These videos are titled and the thumbnail picture are the exactly the same, as normal video would be, but once it is clicked on, perturbing content is streaming. People who upload these items, have figured out how to deceive Youtube algorithm. Disturbing videos are more common on the main YouTube channel, but they could pop up in the kid’s app, especially if you allow your kids to search. Parents are able to report and flag the video they are not pleased with.

Another feature that is available is the timer option. This feature lets parents limit kids’ screen time sessions by set up a timer to signal the child when their screen time is over. Not all children are viewing through Youtube Kids, referencing back to my school-age group, they are viewing through the main app of Youtube.Last year, I had a 10 year old student who started imitating a puppet Youtuber named “Jeffy” by talking and acting like him. I did not think anything of it but one day, I got curious and I looked him up. And yes, my student was acting exactly like him, except this puppet was virgous, saying and doing things that are inappropriate for anyone, I think. I had no idea about this Jeffy, till my student imitated him and I looked him up. His parent probably had no idea, because the next week he was wearing this Youtuber’s shirt. On the Youtube Kids app, I was bewildered to see that Jeffy pops-up. Not as its original channel, but young children performing the same behavior as the original.

As I live with a toddler, my nephew has the privilege to own a tablet with wifi. Before having his own tablet, he would ask for my sister’s smartphone and watch videos on the main Youtube app. This app did not filter any content that was not appropriate and suitable for his age. For instance, his mom would type in ‘spiderman’ and movie clips from Spiderman films, Spiderman cartoons, unboxing Spiderman toys, and these disturbing adult-led skits. I say disturbing because that is how I felt viewing them. These adults would dress up in popular children character costumes, like Hulk, Mickey Mouse, Spiderman, Elsa, Anna, and act out a plot. Certainly not the right videos to watch, they were full of mild violence, not representing any positive behavior and depicting story plot lines. He was watching these videos when he was about 1 and a half, I would scold my sister to not let him watch videos like these but she was negligent. He would get so upset: he was scream, cry and hit, when I would jokingly cover the screen. I am certain it was learned behavior on account of the skits. On his tablet, we installed and unquestionably these skits tend to emerge! These kind of videos will certainly come up in a child’s search result. Any child looking for a Disney’s film Frozen video will probably come across this one. The thumbnails on these videos show toys and animated pictures that can attract children into clicking it.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

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To conclude, I am all up for children utilizing technology. This generation is growing into a world revolving technology, so there is no avoidance towards it. It is now being used in classrooms: where nearly all children go to learn. All measured aside, when we hand over our children a gadget for leisure time, we usually expect to relax and let them click away. Too good to be true, children will be exposed to positive and negative content. Youtube Kids and like other apps, are made for kids. So that means it should be safe, right? Wrong, it still contains the “bad stuff”, and can appear if parents allow it to. This app is admirable, because it meets parents and children’s expectations like its design, the content it streams, the search feature and the parental controls. I definitely consider this app to parents and their children; children can learn something from view videos but parents should not expect a gadget to be an “electronic babysitter” then go making negative reviews on an app.

Introduction

Globalization and advances in the information and communication technologies are two main features of a growing economy. Electronic commerce or eCommerce has shown tremendous growth in the business world with the help of globalization. Information and communication technology (ICT) is one of the major factors in generating wealth and sustainable economic growth because by applying newer technologies businesses become more competent, can access new markets and more employment opportunities are created.

Asia is an example of such emerging power, since it almost accounted for 40% of world gross domestic product in 2003. As a result it is becoming a go to destination with around 60% of the foreign direct investment going to developing nations in Asia. The online retail sales in India has grown from 3.8 billion U.S. dollars to 38 billion U.S. dollars within the span of ten years from 2009 to 2016. The eCommerce sales via retail are expected to grow to 52,301 million U.S. dollars and the total number of digital buyers in India is expected to grow to 329 million.

The steep continuous growth of eCommerce can be contributed to the factors such as innovative business models of the companies, variety of payment and shipment options available to the customers, technological advancements and adoption of new enabling technologies by the consumers. The Indian consumer’s tendency towards the privacy, flexibility and convenience for online shopping has further pushed the growth for eCommerce.

The benefits involve reduced costs, increased accessibility for consumers, efficient business processes and better supplier management India boasts of its huge labour force with around five hundred million plus employees working in the unorganised enterprises and getting traditional knowledge on the job. With the adoption of newer technologies by the enterprises, improving the productivity and efficiency of the workforce is a big challenge.

SMEs have played a crucial role in creating employment, innovation and earnings from export for the economy with the help of subsequent policies and planned economy since 1951 by the Indian government SMEs not only to promote domestic-led growth but also strengthen the infrastructure of the country. In this competitive business environment SMEs need to be informed about innovative and new e-marketing strategies to maintain the advantage over the other businesses. e-Commerce plays an important role in Small and medium sized enterprises. With the development of e-Commerce consumers need not be physically present to complete the transaction, rather they can do it in their homes. But the idea of e-Commerce is still new for the SMEs. (Paul Jones et al., 2013)

Despite all the advantages only 27% of the online SMEs use e-Commerce (KPMG, 2015) Some of the common barriers faced by the MSMEs to become e-Commerce ready are cost(hardware items), lack of awareness on benefits of technology, poor physical infrastructure, lack of skilled manpower, privacy & security concerns, low accessibility to finance, wrong perception issues(technical complexities, e-Commerce a privilege for large scale industries).

Though with such large advantages developing countries have failed to reap the benefits of newer information and communication technologies. There have been some business models which have successfully embraced eCommerce but still little attention has been paid to seriously focus on the strategies to successfully incorporate eCommerce into SMEs business models. (Kshetri, 2007, p. 443)

Developed countries like USA, UK, Australia, Canada and other European countries are the main beneficiaries from eCommerce business models. Even though Indian companies are using information and communication technologies in the same manner as other countries, but the growth is confined to very few cities and mainly to multinational companies. Poor legal regime for eCommerce is one of the major challenges that the SMEs need to overcome before successfully adopting such a model into their business. The MSMEs experienced a 27% higher annual revenue when they adopted a higher level of digital engagement. Those MSMEs which use e-Commerce record up to 60% reduction in marketing and distribution costs.

Despite the advantages of eCommerce in creating a sustainable economic growth for all the businesses only a few SMEs are adopting it, especially in India. This paper tries to have a closer look at some of the businesses who entered into the eCommerce sector and their experience and advice for the other businesses who want to establish themselves in this arena. All the companies studied in the paper are established in India and represent different industrial sectors from manufacturing to services.

Discussion

Electronic commerce or eCommerce is a subsection of eBusiness that involves the business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) service exchange relationships. Electronic business means initiating, arranging, and carrying out electronic business processes; in other words, exchanging services with the help of public or private communication networks, including the Internet, in order to achieve added value.

Electronic funds transfer (EFTI) in the 1970s is one of the first eCommerce applications wherein money was transferred electronically among financial institutions. Then came electronic data interchange (EDI) which was not only restricted to financial transactions but could be used for other types of transactions followed by train reservation systems to online stock trading. In the 1990's with the emergence of World Wide Web, the term electronic commerce or eCommerce was introduced.

In 1999, the emphasis of eCommerce shifted from B2C to B2B, and in 2001 from B2B to B2E, c-commerce, e-government, e-learning and m-commerce. In 2009, eCommerce started to emphasize on social commerce channels like Facebook and Twitter. Internet is not the only important factor to analyze eCommerce but econometric methods of data analysis are well suited to study eCommerce. A bulk of the data for collection tends to be economic data like prices, quantities, consumer willingness to pay, interfirm competitive dynamics and market performance. (Kauffman and A. Walden, 2001)

eCommerce can have the following four perspectives:

1. A communications perspective – the delivery of information, products or services or payment by electronic means.
2. A business process perspective – the application of technology towards the automation of business transactions and workflows.
3. A service perspective – enabling cost cutting at the same time as increasing the speed and quality of service delivery.
4. An online perspective – the buying and selling of products and information online

Although B2B is the major current type of electronic commerce (as measured by monetary volume), there are several other important types of eCommerce:

• Collaborative commerce (c-commerce). In this type of eCommerce, business partners collaborate electronically. Such collaboration frequently occurs between and among business partners along the supply chain.
• Business-to-consumers (B2C). In this case the sellers are organizations, the buyers are individuals.
• Consumers to businesses (C2B). In this case consumers make known a particular need for a product or service, and organizations compete to provide the product or service to consumers (an example would be Priceline.com, where the customer names the price and suppliers try to fulfill it).
• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C). In this case an individual sells products (or services) to other individuals.
• Intrabusiness (intraorganizational) commerce. In this case an organization uses eCommerce internally to improve its operations. A special case of this is known as B2E (business to its employees) eCommerce.
• Government-to-citizens (G2C) and to others. In this case the government provides services to its citizens via eCommerce technologies. Governments can do business with other governments (G2G) as well as with businesses (G2B).
• Mobile commerce (m-commerce). When e-commerce is done in a wireless environment, such as using cell phones to access the Internet, we call it m-commerce.

“In the realm of ideas, everything depends on enthusiasm; in the real world, all rests on perseverance.”

I strongly believe that, if education right from the grass root level suits the inclinations and capabilities of a student, many would evolve as active members of the society. Right from my childhood, playing with radio-controlled toys always amused me. If any of them malfunctioned, I wasn’t successful at all times putting things together and fixing them, nevertheless, it was intriguing. Electronics in its applications and technology was always an unanswered question for me.

Ever since the concepts of electronics have not only allured but also motivated me to learn and explore beyond the complexities involved in the architecture. This search for answers made me passionate about Electronics. I started exploring various facets of the field of electronics offers and their application through my Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering, as it would open up many possibilities towards research oriented studies. I was introduced to courses like Embedded systems, VLSI, Electronic Devices and Circuits, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers. Their applications in common man’s life from using an elevator to a mobile phone made me cognize that they are a culmination of concepts learned from these courses. I was able to assimilate this knowledge into developing many projects. From the very beginning of my college years, I have successfully led my team in developing several projects under the guidance of various professors.

For instance, I executed the Line Follower project to a success in my freshman year with a minimal knowledge of microprocessors and controllers. I attended many workshops during my sophomore year in various domains of electronics like basic electronics, PCB designing, transformer box, Digital Image Processing techniques. Exposure to the core of the subject in my junior year and under the guidance of our research and development director DR.B.P.Singh we advanced into designing Sixth Sense wireless Robot. This project is a blend of several integrated technologies such as the Arduino Microcontroller (ATMEGA¬328), Wireless RF Communication (~377MHz) and Image Processing (using Matlab). Through practical application of well-learned concepts, I developed the necessary skills required to solve a plethora of problems in varied settings. I utilized this opportunity to gain experience from working with R&D persons, an idea of how rewarding and meaningful a career in research could be. As a part of my senior year project, I developed an “Intelligent mailbox” with my team members and under the guidance of our professors.

The developed system aims in automatically identifying the arrival of mail and forward the same to the user and also send an acknowledgment to the courier officials. This is an exclusive project developed using a PIC microcontroller which acts as a medium of communication between the RFID reader and GSM modem. In addition to this, I have also worked on “Heart Rate Monitor” under the guidance of S.Ravi Kumar. This project emphasizes developing a portable heart rate monitor, where I had an opportunity to learn and design a prototype at minimal cost. I did a summer internship at Electronics Corporation of India Ltd. During my tenure, I worked with Control and Automation Division in testing the SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply). I learned various system testing methods to verify the design requirements, functionality, and performance. This experience from testing helped me to assist the organization in redesigning the SMPS using efficient design principles. One of my main fields of interest is “Large Scale Integration”. I was introduced to VLSI design as a part of the bachelor’s degree curriculum which intrigued me to explore the subject in detail. I continued my interest in the subject and chose to do my project work on power digital based reconfigurable FIR filter.

Apart from the projects I have equipped myself with proficiency on VHDL, Verilog HDL, hardware architecture and design and also worked with prominent technical software such as ModelSim, Xilinx ISE. Having been oriented in this direction provided me with the right impetus to pursue further research in this field. One of my main fields of interest is “Embedded systems”. There is a lot of exciting research happening in this area and I feel that there will be an internet of embedded systems in the future, future that I want to be a part of. Having been oriented in this direction for a long period of time, I am confident of contributing my might towards the same. I feel that I am thoroughly prepared to undertake further studies in this field.

Although I was thoroughly involved in academics, I kept myself involved in various activities which gave me a well-rounded experience. I have taken part in JAM sessions, Group Discussions on current happenings and Extempore. I believe teamwork and leadership are indispensable to be successful in every aspect. Spending my professional life at Amazon, I have incorporated their core value “Learn and Be Curious”. It is my strong belief that postgraduate study is essential for acquiring an in-depth understanding and insight of the subject. With a Master’s Degree in Canada, I can emphasize a particular area of my interest with cutting-edge technology and versatility in the courses offered by its universities. It is a sure step to a successful career in consideration to the high-quality academic programs delivered from the world’s best Universities.

Also, higher education in Canada will enable me to experience a real and invaluable benefit of an international perspective in my course by the opportunity to establish cross-border relations which would last beyond the period of study to form the basis of multifarious professional, commercial and cultural links between the people of an enlarged international community. Highly accomplished faculty like Dr. XXXXXX, Dr. XXXXXXX, and leading research laboratories have motivated me to choose XXXXXXXXXXX for my prospective graduate studies. I am sure that an opportunity to study at your university would give me an in-depth understanding of the challenges involved.

Also, I believe that I can make a significant contribution towards research being undertaken at your university, with the exposure gained from the projects I did as a part of my undergrad coursework. Such a learning atmosphere will help in increasing the spectrum of my knowledge and subsequently realization of my goals. Hence, I look forward to pursuing my graduate studies at your University.

Titanic is a 1997 American epic romance and disaster film directed, written, produced, and co-edited by James Cameron. Incorporating both historical and fictionalized aspects, it is based on accounts of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, and stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated maiden voyage. The film “Titanic” represents the ship that was deemed unsinkable and occurrences on her 1912 maiden journey from Southampton, to New York City, in the United States.

On the ship was a girl (Rose DeWitt Bukater, acted by Kate Winslet) engaged to a rich man (Caledon) that she never loved. Despite the engagement, Rose comes across a poor young man (Jack, acted by Leonardo DiCarprio) and they fall in love. As they fight with class and Caledon’s opposition, the Titanic hits an iceberg and begins to sink gradually. The striking of the iceberg by the ship leaves the stars of the film (Rose and Jack) struggling for their lives as well as their love.

Most of the film takes place on The Titanic although some takes place in present time with Rose at 86 narrating some of her stories from her time spent on the ship. Many flashbacks are however taken back to April 12 1912. Classed as romance, disaster, drama, historical and epic The Titanic can take the pick of fitting into any of those five genres. But this movie is also for hopeless romantic people who aren't afraid to shed a tear and have a soft spot for cliché romance. The central plot of this film is between Jack and Rose following their love story which in this case does not happen to be to cliche with a case nothing like this. On the other hand if you're not a fan of the romance but rather an action packed disaster The Titanic will not disappoint you. Cameron spectacularly uses a lot of great camera work in my opinion and special effects to capture the disaster of the sinking. The ship now faces west on the ocean floor from the disastrous and mournful sinking due to a accidental collision with an iceberg in the early hours of 15 April 1912. It is timeless with positive acting and a unique storyline. It is an exquisite representation of the disaster and is much more than the love of Jack and Rose. Cameron also didn't fail to make his viewers knowledgeable about how these massive ships operate, it was quite phenomenal to watch the background of the whole ship and not a typical love story where the storyline just focuses on the two main characters. The sound effects in Titanic are very spectacular, the sound effects were very high in the movie at some scenes, and this happened at a location where the ship was sinking. This is what has been created by the sound of crushing metals and a lot of heavy flowing water. There are many voices created to give a sense of the atmosphere and this noise ranges from the waves in the ocean to the submarine calls. I think she gave a real sense to the audience, all the noise that each other had helped give the viewers a sense of the reality of the movie.

During the last hour of the film and a key scene from the film “the sinking scene” beautifully captures the visual and special effects of something so mournful. Being filmed in 1997 these visuals stunned the viewers and critiques with how realistic Cameron made this. Walls crashing down, water flooding the rooms and decks, those only holding a third class ticket locked down in the below decks were the first of many to suffer. In the final moments the ship is half underwater and half on top angling at 180 degrees with Cameron applying a long shot for the audience to see the whole picture. Hopeless passengers are seen jumping off the ship, with diegetic screams being heard where their life would end in the bitter waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Although there are some negative points about the movie that might be overlooked by some or not. The main one is the controversy of Jack's death. Jack and Rose are to be seen in their final moments together floating on a door in the ocean therefore reflecting historical inaccuracy. Supposedly with only enough room for one Jack being the true gentleman he gives the space to Rose. The second negative point is the outstretched screenplay. Titanic runs at a hefty three hours and fourteen minutes which fun fact was a very specific time considering it is the exact it took the ship to sink in. And other errors can be considered such as historically poorly written. Overall, James Cameron excellently conveys all the peak points such as his tactical craftsmanship; perfect framing, redacting and choreography of activity ought to be carried out as an instance in film production. He shows off his command of the medium, his elegant production design and his surprising visual outcomes. In this regard, Cameron did a spectacular job of capturing this story and made The Titanic a film everybody will remember.

The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, is a classic example of a traditional Gothic novel, despite the fact that it isn’t scary. Gothic literature received its name because many examples of the genre were set during the late-medieval, or Gothic, period. It became popular in England, Germany, and the United States during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (Buzwell). What many people don’t know about Gothic novels is that they are often based off of Romanticism, a validation of strong emotion and imagination. Basically, Gothic novels combine horror and romance, and do so in a psychological way. A Gothic novel is defined as a novel that deals with frightening or supernatural objects. Through this, it becomes visible already that this story will end tragically.

Gothic novels tend to take place in gloomy settings such as old buildings (particularly castles or rooms with secret passageways), dungeons, or towers that serve as a background for the mysterious circumstances (Andersson). When Dorian attempts to visit the opium den to get rid of Basil’s body, we can clearly see an example of this. “A cold rain began to fall, and the blurred street-lamps looked ghastly in the dripping mist. The public-houses were just closing, and dim men and women were clustering in broken groups round their doors. From some of the bars came the sound of horrible laughter. In others, drunkards brawled and screamed.” (Wilde 128) Another eerie environment from the novel is the secret room in which the yellow book is locked. The room contains old books, mice, faded tapestries, and an odd smell of mildew. Most people would not prefer to be in such a setting because it is often spooky and leads to death.

Throughout the story, the most obvious example of a Gothic novel is the use of the devil as a symbol. Lord Henry represents the devil by using his wisdom and the poisonous yellow book to corrupt Dorian, who loses his innocence and later becomes a murderer. An interesting piece of evidence to this is that Henry is often called Harry. This appears to refer to “Old Harry”, another name for the devil (Zakes). “I would give my soul” in exchange for the privilege of staying youthful for the rest of his life (Wilde 19). Unknowingly, Dorian sells his soul to the devil. He eventually realizes that he wants to be normal again, but fails, and receives his punishment: death.

As an appeal to the pathos and sympathy of the reader, the female characters often face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, and/or sobbing. A lonely, pensive, and oppressed heroine is often the central figure of the novel, so her sufferings are even more pronounced and the focus of attention (Junger). The women suffer all the more because they are often abandoned, left alone (either on purpose or by accident), and have no protector at times. Dorian is supposed to be Sybil’s “Prince Charming.” (Wilde 46) The connection shown is that Prince Charming saves his damsel in distress, a beautiful young woman who requires a hero to rescue her. Sybil believes that Dorian has rescued her from acting, which she poured her heart and soul into because that was the closest she could get to being in love. Finally, she is free and doesn’t have to act; she actually loves Dorian. On the other hand, Dorian does not love Sybil anymore. He was infatuated with her beautiful acting and when that disappeared, so did Dorian’s love for her.

In most Gothic novels, science is used for a bad purpose. One time it is seen is when Dorian blackmails Alan Campbell, a scientist, into getting rid of Basil’s dead body by dissolving it. His equipment is described as “a large mahogany chest of chemicals.” (Wilde 120) The main way that science is used is through Lord Henry, who treats Dorian as the subject of an experiment. “And certainly Dorian Gray was a subject made to his hand, and seemed to promise rich and fruitful results.” (Wilde 43) On top of this, Lord Henry says, “I hope that Dorian will make this girl his wife…. and then suddenly become fascinated by someone else. He would make a wonderful study.” (Wilde 54) We are led to believe that Lord Henry is entertained by Dorian. For this reason, he has befriended him.

Lastly, supernatural elements are clearly present in the novel. That would be anything of, relating to, or being above and beyond what is natural (Andersson). Often times, the events are unexplainable. In this case, it is simply impossible for a picture to change by itself, as it is for Dorian to stay youthful forever. Despite the facts, these things somehow happen anyways. Furthermore, Dorian dies and his dead body instantly becomes old, while the picture returns to its original state.

All in all, a traditional Gothic novel consists of many elements. These include eerie environments, the devil, a damsel in distress, science used for a bad purpose, and the supernatural. Some people may argue that this novel does not represent a Gothic genre, but all of the important factors are easily visible in The Picture of Dorian Gray. Though this isn’t a very scary story, it can definitely be classified as a traditional Gothic Horror novel.

References

1. Robbins, R., Wolfreys, J., & Womack, K. (2000). ‘Withered, Wrinkled, and Loathsome of Visage’: Reading the Ethics of the Soul and the Late-Victorian Gothic in The Picture of Dorian Gray. Victorian Gothic: Literary and Cultural Manifestations in the Nineteenth Century, 168-181. (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230598737_9)
2. Poteet, L. J. (1971). " Dorian Gray" and the Gothic Novel. Modern Fiction Studies, 17(2), 239-248. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26279102)
3. Scheible, E. (2014). Imperialism, Aesthetics, and Gothic Confrontation in The Picture of Dorian Gray. New Hibernia Review, 18(4), 131-150. (https://www.pdcnet.org/nhr/content/nhr_2014_0018_0004_0131_0150)
4. Ethridge, K. L. (2014). The Queer Gothic Hero's Journey in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. (https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/48/)
5. Stegner, P. (2007). Oscar Wilde's Gothic: The Presence of Edgar Allan Poe in The Picture of Dorian Gray (Doctoral dissertation, University of Idaho). (https://www.worldcat.org/title/oscar-wildes-gothic-the-presence-of-edgar-allan-poe-in-the-picture-of-dorian-gray/oclc/262480261)

No one expects to be thrown out of a moving bus by their own mother, but sometimes, the society and conditions around people force them to take cross lines and adopt certain unorthodox methods. The ideals of transcendentalism seek to break these chains that bind our minds and thoughts. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Thoreau, and Walt Whitman are three prominent authors and poets who devoted their lives to the development of these transcendentalist beliefs. The book "Born a Crime" is the key topic fot the essay. Here it is analysed how Trevor Noah utilizes the transcendentalist ideologies of non-conformity, self-reliance, and getting the most out of life in order to demonstrate the need for rebellion in order to achieve social justice.

Non-conformity, a major ideology of transcendentalism, is weaved throughout Trevor Noah’s life experiences in Born a Crime. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a transcendentalist author who strongly believed in the need for rebellion against the constraints of society. In one of his more famous pieces, Self Reliance, he states that society is like “a joint-stock company, in which the members agree, for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater. The virtue in most request is conformity”. This excerpt demonstrates how people give up their individuality and stop thinking freely once they become part of society. Society encourages people to be alike and keep a one-track mind, but transcendentalism believes that each person should form their own opinions instead of conforming to what the rest of society believes. Only through non-conformity can one truly be free and independent. When the mind is free from the barriers of society, change is possible and through change social justice is possible. Born A Crime demonstrates how social justice is attainable through nonconformity in a world where society mandates the systematic oppression of Africans. The author, Trevor Noah, was a product of a white man and black woman at a time where such an act was illegal and apartheid, a government system, designed to subdue Africans in South Africa. None of these factors stopped Trevor Noah’s mother, Patrica Noah, and she “started her little project, [Trevor Noah], at a time when she could not have known that apartheid would end . . . she was preparing me to live a life of freedom long before we knew freedom would exist . . . we only moved forward and we moved fast, and by the time the law and everyone else came around we were already miles down the road”. Despite the conditions in South Africa, Noah’s mother did not conform to societal pressures and decided to have a colored child in a world that deemed this a criminal act. Apartheid had been in place for generations and there was no indication that it would end anytime soon. When it came to Noah’s upbringing, his mother did not she did not raise him in the way that black or colored kids were expected to be raised. People questioned her methods and “thought my mom was crazy. Ice rinks and drive-ins and suburbs, these things were izinto zabelugnu - the things of the white people”. Patrica Noah made sure that the opportunities only white children received were also available to Noah. From books to movies, Noah received the exposure that shaped him into the man is today. He learned of the world beyond the ghetto and what black people were forced to be by society. It was only through this decision to rebel against the expectation of what a non-white child deserved that Trevor Noah received the childhood, education, and opportunity every child deserves regardless of the color of their skin. Only through this rebellion was social justice achieved. If Noah’s mother had chosen to conform, Trevor Noah’s success and opportunity would have been robbed by society. Patrica Noah’s rebellion through the transcendentalist ideal of non-conformity helped achieve social justice for her child.

Another major belief of transcendentalism that is evident in Born a Crime is the idea of self-reliance. Walt Whitman, an influential transcendentalist author, describes this pillar of transcendentalism in Song of Myself, 46. Whitman describes life as a journey that “Not I, not any one else can travel . . . for you, You must travel it for yourself. It is not far, it is within reach, Perhaps you have been on it since you were born and did not know, Perhaps it is everywhere on water and on land”. Whitman describes the path of life which should be walked alone no matter who you are. Through self-reliance, the idea that each and every person should only depend on themselves and follow their own instincts, one can accomplish their purpose in life and achieve their goals. Only by depending on one’s own self, can they truly complete the journey that lies ahead of them. If one depends on others or chooses to follow someone else’s footsteps, their journey no longer carries that weight, meaning, and success that self-reliance can bring. Comparably, Trevor Noah worked his way to success by finding his own path in life, not by following someone’s guide to getting out of the ghetto. He paved his way out by relying on his proficient technological and business skills. Noah uses crime as his tool to rebel against his situation because “crime does the one thing the government doesn’t: crime cares. [...] My life of crime started out small, selling pirated CDs on the corner [..] but by hood standards that didn’t even qualify as illegal. At the time it never occurred to any of us that we were doing anything wrong”. In a world where opportunity is only available to rich, the poor, such as Trevor Noah, are left jobless and aimless in life after their limited schooling. They fall back into the self-destructive cycle of the ghettos and very few are able to leave. Trevor Noah succeeded in becoming the person he is today only by relying on his skills to write, mix, and sell pirated music. By relying on himself, Noah was finally able to receive the justice of being able to leave the ghettos and have the opportunity any man or woman deserves in life. In order to receive that justice, Noah was compelled to rebel against the laws set by society and finally take the success that belonged to him. Trevor Noah’s rebellion through self-reliance aided him in achieving social justice for himself.

Last but not least, getting the most out of life is the final transcendentalist ideal that is perceptible in Born a Crime. Henry David Thoreau was an esteemed essayist on transcendentalist and truly believed in living life to the fullest. He further developed this pillar of transcendentalism in future works. Thoreau decided to go reside in the wilderness and wrote a piece about his escapades titled Walden. He believed that he could not live life to the fullest in a city or suburb and “wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms”. As per Thoreau, life is made being too easy for people living in a society. It no longer is a life worth living if modern conveniences do everything for oneself. Instead, people should do and enjoy the little things in life too; pick up the ax and cut down a tree for firewood or pump the water from the well. The essence of life is extirpated if one is robbed of these experiences and that is no life worth living. Noah uses this ideal of transcendentalism and proves rebellion is necessary for social justice. As per Noah, life and people will always thrash you but “If you think too much about the ass-kicking you mom gave you, or the ass-kicking that life gave you, you’ll stop pushing the boundaries and breaking the rules . . . You’ll have a few bruises and they’ll remind you of what happened and that’s okay'. Noah echos the same idea as Thoreau: never stop getting the most out of life. No matter how many times one is knocked to the ground, do not let it stop you from getting back on your feet and following your instincts. This advice is a result of Noah’s own experiences as a teenage boy. He knows the pain and regret that comes with failing to follow his heart. In ninth grade, Noah has a crush on a girl named Zaheera and plans to be her friend until he finally works himself in a position to ask her out. Noah waited too long and he found out that she liked him only after Zaheera moves away. Despite being within arm’s length of his goal, Noah failed to achieve what he wanted because did not take life by the throat. This sets Noah on a path that makes sure he never repeats the same mistake again. From following his talents as a comedian or hustling whatever he could to extinguish his hunger, Noah decided to make his life the best it could be despite the conditions in South Africa. Non-conformity and self-reliance are great tools for social justice but a drive is very much needed to start the rebellion. A drive that fuels every thought, action, and reaction. Getting the most out of life is that guide that fueled Noah to rebel. Only through this rebellion, Noah was able to achieve the social justice he deserved; without it, he is just another kid that got the brunt of life.

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In conclusion, Born a Crime by Trevor Noah utilizes the transcendentalist ideologies of non-conformity, self-reliance, and getting the most out of life in order to demonstrate the need for rebellion in order to achieve social justice. In his memoir 'Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood,' Trevor Noah demonstrates some elements of transcendentalism through his personal experiences and how he has been shaped by them.