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Uncle Tom’s Cabin is powerful not only because of its moving plot, but also because of several literary tools used by Harriet Beecher Stowe to accentuate the evils of slavery. In the book, Stowe contrasts a detached and sarcastic tone with personal side-notes to the reader in order to show traditional opinions of slavery while begging the reader to see the plight of the slaves. Stowe accentuates the dialects of characters in the book to show social position and the effects of oppression on these slaves.

One of the effective literary devices Stowe uses is a dry and seemingly objective tone for much of the story, as detached as it would be were she reporting a “case study.” She often uses bold generalizations regarding one race or another, then later questions her own generalizations in a plea to the reader for sympathy. She injects a fair amount of sarcasm into these sweeping statements, which shows she does not truly believe her broad generalizations, as in this passage when Tom finds that the slave trader Haley has sold a woman’s young son without her knowledge: “To him, it looked like something unutterably horrible and cruel, because, poor, ignorant black soul! He had not learned to generalize, and to take enlarged views.“ (201) Although Tom’s feelings are natural and right, Stowe sarcastically calls them the result of ignorance and coolly calls the whole scene “an every-day incident of lawful trade.” (201) However, while writing the instance off as an unremarkable one, she subtly communicates Tom’s point of view and thereby suggests the real evil of the event. Her ironic chapter titles, such as “In Which Property Gets into an Improper State of Mind,” (159), serve the same purpose. She first calls George the slave “property,” then introduces him in the chapter as an eloquent and dignified young man who does not deserve to be cruelly enslaved. By juxtaposing this type of Southern thought with truths reflecting the minds and emotions of those considered “property,” Stowe shows that the slaves are as much human beings as any white person.

Stowe again uses sarcasm regarding the slave trader Haley to mock popular beliefs of the time: instead of calling Haley heartless, Stowe says that he “had arrived at that stage of Christian and political perfection...in which he had completely overcome every humane weakness and prejudice.” (199) By stating the thought in this way, she gives some insight into Haley’s mind and his own justifications for his actions, while effectively debunking his justifications as ridiculous and immoral. By showing both sides of the argument, Stowe’s own argument against slavery is more effective because it debunks the other side before convincing the reader of its own points.

Instead of writing in regular narrative style, Stowe regularly addresses the reader throughout the novel, whether in simply inviting them to join the scene or in asking for their sympathy. Through this technique, the reader gains a sense of camaraderie with the storyteller and is forced to take her more seriously when she addresses difficult issues of conscience. Although fugitive slaves during the time period of Uncle Tom’s Cabin were considered evil for trying to escape, Stowe is able to shed a different light on the issue by asking the reader bluntly: “if it were your Harry, mother, or your Willie, that were going to be torn from you by a brutal trader, how fast could you walk?” (76) In this passage, Stowe forces the reader to put him or herself in Eliza’s shoes and feel all of her pains and worries. By personalizing the cruelties of slavery so that everyone who read the book could feel them, Stowe enabled many people of the time to realize how horrible the institution of slavery really was. Her writing also casts blame on “enablers,” people who may oppose slavery but sit passively by, allowing it to happen; Stowe rhetorically asks: "but who sir, makes the trader? Who is most to blame? You make the public sentiment that calls for his trade, that debauches and depraves him, till he feels no shame in it; and in what are you better than he?” (204) Stowe does not blame only the cruel Tom Loker, Haley, and Legree for the problem of slavery; she forces the reader to take responsibility for the problem and thus states that the only Christian solution is to actively work against it.

Stowe writes in the natural dialects of each character in the book, to show their social class and the way that they are viewed by society. In general, the higher-educated whites speak more articulately while the oppressed slaves speak very poorly. The effect of this is a clear lowering of the slaves toward the position of animals; they don’t even speak like real “humans.” However, there are some examples where this generalization doesn’t apply; this gives the reader some insight into these characters’ personal attitudes on class as well as their social background and upbringing. For example, the slave George speaks and carries himself as eloquently as any affluent white man in the story, and more so than some. This may be because of his mulatto heritage, or simply express his realization that he is as good as any other man and may talk the same way that others do. The way George speaks not only gets him safely through Kentucky in disguise, but also shows that he is a man to be taken seriously. The evil slave owner Simon Legree, on the other hand, speaks quite crudely. This effectively shows the reader that he is not of the same class or education as other whites in the book and lowers his ability to be taken seriously by the reader. Slave traders and auctioneers in the book also have more unsophisticated dialects than slave owners; this shows that they are at a lower position in society and probably considered trashy by many other whites.

Stowe’s writing techniques made Uncle Tom’s Cabin an exciting story, as well as an influential and moving piece of classic literature. Although her ideas were revolutionary for the time, they appealed to people of many demographics because of the way they were presented. If Uncle Tom’s Cabin had not been written with such precision and feeling, it might not have made the impact that it did on society and the abolitionist movement.

Table of contents

1. Effects of Graduation rates and Statistics
2. Divorce
3. Effects on the Child and Family of the Teen Mother

Teen Pregnancy. You hear about it but, never really think that it could be you until that is you, your life is about to flip completely upside down. Your life changes but so does the child’s who isn't even born yet, most teen mothers are not ready to graduate high school much less raise a child. Think about it, the child is coming into a world of complete chaos possibly not having a father, the mother is not ready, and maybe even not getting to meet the person that carried you for 9 months and going straight into the adoption system. Maybe the child will be loved more than it could’ve with the birth mother maybe it doesn't get loved. The mother and child will both live their lives knowing that there is someone out there they have never met. On the other side, there are also teen moms who are living their best lives with their baby and a happy family.

For example, this is Emily, she was 17 years old and just starting her senior year of high school when she got pregnant. She and her boyfriend had been together for about a year. She was very involved with her school she played the flute and was the captain of her school’s dance team. She was also very involved in taking dance classes and even Hannah 2 taught her own classes at her studio outside of school. When Emily found out she was pregnant, fear was the biggest thing she felt, but she also felt a strange calmness about being a teen mom. Telling her parents was also one of her biggest fears and is what made her scared the most. Of course, she was nervous about how she would be able to care for a child and how her life would change from what she had planned. On the other side, her boyfriend had big plans to go to college with Emily and someday marry her but this was about to change everything. Did she consider not keeping the child? No, she never considered that due to her being adopted herself she didn’t want to do that to her child. Emily knew from the beginning she would raise the child. She went through her senior year and a week before she had her baby turned one Emily and her boyfriend ended up getting married. At the time they both were full-time college students, working and trying to raise a baby girl. A little over a year Emily and her boyfriend ended getting divorced. She ended up getting remarried when her daughter was about three years old and had another child shortly after. Now when she isn’t running children around she works on her own photography business.

Through all of this she is still doing well in life and has a happy marriage with four children when asked if she has any advice teen moms could apply to their lives, she said: “don’t get lost in Hannah 3 the negative but choose the find the positive.”

Effects of Graduation rates and Statistics

Thirty percent of all teen girls drop out of high school due to teen pregnancy. Less than 2% of teen mothers finish college by age 30. Teen mothers who have the child while attending a community college are sixty-five percent less likely to complete their degree. With that being said most teen moms have a hard time getting jobs and starting a career due to them not having a college degree or even a high school diploma, and also needing someone to watch their baby, then you would have to pay to have someone to watch your child while still having money issues. “About 77 percent of teen pregnancies are not planned, 61 percent end in actually giving birth to the child, 15 percent end in a miscarriage, and 25 percent end with the mother having an abortion”. “The birthrate for teenagers also declined by 2% between 1999 and 2000 (from 48.8 to 47.7 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19). The 2000 rate was 5% lower than the 1986 rate and 23% lower than the peak rate of 61.8 births per 1,000 women reached in 1991. Teenagers’ abortion rate in 2000 was 24.0 per 1,000 women aged 15–19 — some 3% lower than the 1999 rate of 24.7 per 1,000. From Hannah 4 1986 to 2000, the abortion rate dropped by 43%; during the same period, the proportion of teenage pregnancies ending in abortion fell from 46% to 33% — a decline of more than one-quarter (27%)”.

Divorce

Eight out of ten teen fathers don’t marry the mother of their child. Most people that get married under the age of 18 are more likely to get divorced within the first 10 years of marriage, also getting married as a teen parent makes the divorce rate even higher with the stress of having a child, still trying to grow up and not being mature, also trying to be financially stable to support you and your now family you will be working so much that you won't get to spend the time needed to have a successful marriage, according to the teenage pregnancy and divorce rates, men and women that marry as teens are more likely to get divorced than couples that are over the age of 25, only 24 percent of marriages end in divorce after getting married after the age of 25. Over the past 25 years, the teen pregnancy rate has gone down from 117.6 percent of pregnancies to 43.3 percent due to teens making the decision to wait until getting married to have sexual intercourse and also the number of effective contraceptives used by teens. Hannah 5 This is because many schools take an abstinence-only approach when teaching on sexual education, but a major part of prevention is having an active parent. “A sexually active teen who doesn’t use contraceptives has a 90% chance of becoming pregnant within a year”.

Effects on the Child and Family of the Teen Mother

Many people just think about the mother’s life being affected but, have you thought about the child? “At the family level, adolescents with mothers who gave birth as teens and/or whose mothers have only a high school degree are more likely to have a baby before age 20 than teen whose mothers were older at their birth or who attended at least some college. Having lived with both biological parents at age 14 is associated with a lower risk of a teen birth”. The child of a teen mother is also more likely to have more health problems and face unemployment as an adult due to the child possibly having lower school achievements causing the drop out rate to increase. “According to the teen pregnancy and divorce statistics from the CDC, It is more likely to have teen pregnancy occur in families where the parents are divorced. Unfortunately, teen moms who get married young and possibly divorce are also more likely to have their own children become pregnant as teens as well”. When a teenager becomes pregnant and has a child, it is reasonable to expect that this affects the family of the teenager too, mostly because the new baby requires a lot of love and attention, families won’t have the time due to working and trying to provide for the family. With nearly 80 percent of teenagers wanting to live with their parents 1 year after they have the child the parents will most likely care for the child too, while still trying to live their lives.

With all of the being said having a teen pregnancy doesn’t just affect you while being a teen you will have this child for 18 years or even more, it will also affect your future if you planned to go to college, you might not now due to you wanting to stay home with your child or having to work full time, your about to graduate high school if you stayed in school and your parents are thinking you will move out and off to college but maybe you stay home then they too are having to do the baby thing all over again: baby proofing everything, helping find a daycare, possibly even helping financially or even in some cases taking in the child. When getting into a relationship you should probably think about the many other people you will impact and effect if you get pregnant as a teen.

Kate Chopin seamlessly integrates plot with setting in her novel The Awakening. Various locations mold Edna Pontellier into a bold transgressor of outdated social conventions, and allow for her dynamic growth. Edna grows accustomed to the lax customs found on Grande Isle, and gradually transitions into a more independent state. Chênière Caminada represents a haven from any familial obligations for Edna. However, the strict schedules and structures of New Orleans prevent Edna from continuing harmlessly as she did on Grand Isle or the Chênière, and she then begins to actively rebel against the Creole way of life. Distinct environments shape Edna’s persona, each eliciting different emotions and moods from her.

The relaxed atmosphere of Grande Isle allows Edna the freedom to develop her opinions and desires regarding her current life. Edna experiences life without her husband, Léonce, and children binding her, and begins “to loosen a little the mantle of reserve that [has] always enveloped her” (14). When society does not force a role upon Edna, she gains the capacity to truly evaluate her life. Edna nervously realizes that the absence of her children “free[s] her of a responsibility which she had blindly assumed and for which Fate had not fitted her” (18). Edna soon gains a rudimentary stubbornness, demonstrated through her refusal to join Léonce inside one night. She refuses to obey her husband for the sheer purpose of asserting her independence, yet her simple act demonstrates her growing confidence and defiance. Additionally, the absence of Léonce allows Edna to gradually disregard Creole ideals and accept Robert LeBrun as a romantic companion. Initially, she repulses Robert’s advances, deciding that there “was no reason she should submit to it” (11). However, after her confrontation with Léonce, Edna acknowledges the futility of pursuing a relationship that she knows to be lifeless. Edna reveals her acceptance of Robert through inviting him to the Chênière, for “she had never sent for him before… She had never seemed to want him” (33). Fittingly, Edna’s physical departure from Grand Isle accompanies her emotional departure from her husband.

Edna voyages to Chênière Caminada, a remote island that serves as a haven from the stifling Creole lifestyle. Normally, the habitual chores of a mother-woman dictate Edna’s schedule; now, Robert tells Edna, “We’ll go wherever you like… We shall not need… anyone” (35). Robert offers Edna complete liberty, and does not expect her to conform to the image of the mother-woman. Similarly, as Edna travels farther physically from the mainland, she spiritually escapes as well. Edna feels “as if she [is] being borne away from some anchorage which had held her fast, whose chains had been loosening” (34). At the house of a native to the Chênière, the luxury of resting “in a strange, quaint bed” pacifies Edna, because the simple cottage presents a calming contrast to her structured home life (36). Edna falls into a deep and peaceful sleep, and then experiences one of many awakenings that the novel’s title refers to. Upon waking up, Edna remarks to Robert that “the whole island seems changed. A new race of beings must have sprung up” (37). Edna’s slumber allows her to become increasingly aware of her desires. Edna can finally “realize that she herself—her present self—was in some way different from the other self” (40). This revelation prompts Edna to consider shedding “that outside existence which conforms” and begin to pursue “the inward life which questions” (13). However, the austere conditions back in New Orleans force Edna to accept one of two extremes: reluctant adherence to tradition, or complete rejection of the cultural norm.

Upon returning to New Orleans, Edna faces a society hostile to her newly developed liberty, and therefore attempts to separate herself further from Creole life. While Grand Isle offered Edna a comparatively lenient and independent lifestyle, neighbors expect Edna to fulfill her role as a dutiful wife back in traditional New Orleans. Edna must resume “the programme which [she] had religiously followed since her marriage” (50). However, Edna refuses to abandon her newly discovered freedom and opinions, and endeavors to evade her duties as a mother-woman. Mademoiselle Reisz provides a model for what Edna hopes to be: “an artist,” who possesses “the courageous soul… the soul that dares and defies (63, 64). An opportunity to rebel further arrives in the form of Alcée Arobin. Edna cannot resist the temptation to escape from the stifling conditions of her marriage through engaging in an affair with the lecherous Arobin. She becomes aware of her sensuality after kissing him, and feels “as if a mist [has] been lifted… enabling her to… comprehend the significance of life” (84). The glorious rebelliousness of the affair results in Edna’s attempts to distance herself further from her family and home, and she undertakes the ultimate act of independence: purchasing her own home. Therefore, the constrictions of New Orleans in fact catalyze Edna’s radical departure from the social norm. In her efforts to flee from oppressive Creole beliefs, Edna manages to transform into the independent, sensual woman that had always smoldered inside of her.

Each unique environment in The Awakening propels Edna into a new phase of her life. She gradually progresses from a state of reluctant domesticity to one of self-reliance. However, Edna envisions Robert only as a means to desert her hated life. Unfortunately, Robert, unlike Edna, cannot bear transgressing the strict moral codes of the Creoles, and abandons her; Edna then realizes she cannot escape through her lover. She returns to the site that embodies the birth of her independence: Grand Isle. Chopin therefore weaves the significance of setting into Edna’s most monumental decision. Edna can only truly flee from oppression through sacrificing herself to the natural world— to her environment. Edna’s development comes full circle at Grand Isle: the island gives birth to her true identity, and ultimately accepts her life in a final, triumphant flare of defiance.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Time Required for Xrf Analysis
Importance of Xrf:Application of Xrf:Limitations of Xrf:Functions Ofa BinderClassifications of Binding Systems
3. Literature Review

Introduction

XRF is an abbreviation used for x-ray fluorescence. It is the phenomena in which x-rays with greater threshold energy than energy of electrons produced by x-ray tube analyzer when strike the inner shell’s electrons of atoms, displacing the electrons hence create a vacant space. Electrons from higher energy level jumps down to filled that space, with the emission of radiations which is the characteristics of specific element. The emitted energy is recorded by the detector in the XRF spectrophotometer.

XRF is a fast, non-destructive and accurate analytical method to determine the chemical composition of all kind of materials. Both quantitative and qualitative determination of elements can be done by using XRF. The method has high precision and reproducibility. The measurement time is in the range of seconds to 30 minutes and depends on the number of elements to be analyzed.

XRF is a widely used method for measuring the elemental composition of rocks, soil, and minerals sample. Standard reference materials are constantly needed in XRF analysis to ensure the reliability of analytical results. They play an important role in during the development of new analytical techniques, methodologies, and new sample preparation procedure. It also has a significant role in assessing short and long term stability of instrumentation, in detection of random and/ or systematic errors during routine analysis, for cross-calibration of different analytical techniques and methodologies and in laboratory inter-calibrations. (Ingamells and Pitard, 1986).

All the spectrophotometers are basically composed of a sample holder, a source for excitation of atoms and detection system.

The primary function of a source in spectrophotometers is to irradiate a sample, to excite the atoms present in the sample. The emitted radiations are measured by the detector.

In XRF instrument the excitation source is an x-ray tube. Spectrometer system is generally of two groups: energy dispersive system (EDXRF) and wave length dispersive system (WDXRF). Detection system is different in these two. In EDXRF spectrometer the detector measure different characteristics energy that are emitted directly from the sample. The detector can set apart the radiation from the sample into the radiation emitted from their respective elements that are present in the sample that is what called dispersion. Detection range of elements is from sodium to uranium and detection limit is good for heavy elements.

In WDXRF spectrometer there is an analyzing crystal which disperses different energies. The radiation strikes the crystal and diffracts into different direction. The detection range of elements is from Beryllium to uranium. Detection limit is good for both lighter and heavier elements.

The primary x-ray beam from x-ray tube falls on the sample, interact with the atoms in the sample. The electrons disposed off from the inner shells of atom. The displacement of electrons from the inner shell is due to difference in energy between primary x-ray beam emitted from the analyzer and the binding energy of electrons in their shell which hold them in their proper orbits. In this whole process the energy of x-ray is higher than the binding energy of electron. The knocked out electron leave behind a vacancy which make the atom unstable. The electrons from higher energy orbits jumps down to fill that vacancy with the release of radiations called secondary x-ray beam/ flourescence. The amount of energy lost is equivalent to the difference between two electrons shell i.e., ?E= E2-E1.

Where

E2= energy of higher shell

E1= energy of inner shells.

?E= difference between two energy level

The amount of energy lost is unique to each element present in the sample and can be used to identify the elements. The individual energies are calculated by the detectors. The quantity of each element be measured from the proportions of these individual energies.

Time Required for Xrf Analysis

Time taken by the sample for measurement depends on the nature of sample and levels of interest i.e., what type of elements are to be analyze and in which form sample is to feed in XRF. High percentage elements required a few seconds while part-per-million levels take a few minutes. The process of excitation and the emission of secondary x-rays during de-excitation process of atoms present in the sample occur in a small fraction of seconds. Modern handheld XRF can be design in a matter of seconds for such measurement. Generally the measurement time is in the range of seconds to 30 minutes and depends on the number of elements to be analyzed. After measurement analysis of sample takes a few seconds. For detection of major elements, sample is loaded in the form of glass bead/ fusion bead which takes approximately eight seconds.

Importance of Xrf:

XRF has become a popular method in elemental analysis in geological investigation. This is because of following reasons.

1. Sample preparation for XRF analysis is quite easy and cheaper.
2. Measurement of elements in sample is rapid.
3. It does not require highly experienced analyst. Even a trained assistant can run and handle the machine.
4. XRF method is not so expensive like ICP method.
5. Unlike ICP method it’s not a sample destructive method.
6. This method is highly accurate and precise.
7. Detection limit is very good.

Application of Xrf:

XRF method for sample measurement has broader applications. It can accurately measure all metals, cement, oils, polymer and plastics. The applications also include environmental analysis of water, waste materials, rocks and soil analysis.

Limitations of Xrf:

XRF cannot measure organic samples.

XRF is not helpful in measuring isotopes of elements.

Types of sample preparation:

Several methods have been used for the analysis of powdered samples, such as rocks, minerals and ceramics by using x-ray fluorescence (xrf). These methods includes the pellet (briquette) method (tertian and claisse, 1982; feret and Jenkins, 1998; matsumoto and fuwa, 1979; guevara and verma, 1987) and the glass bead (fusion) method (Tertian and Claisse, 1982; Feret and Jenkins, 1998;norrish and Thompson,1990; hua and yap,1994) for normal amounts of sample. for small amounts of sample, the filter cake method (stankiewivez et al., 1996) which consists in filtering the suspension of powder or precipitate is used. The most widely used method among these is pressed powder method. Because pressed powder method is simple, takes less time in preparation and offcourse non-destructive.

Both solids and liquids can be measured analytically with the help of xrf. Mostly samples are in circular disks with a radius between 5 to 50 mm. the sample is placed in a sample cup which is placed in the spectrometer. For the analysis of powder and liquids special supporting films are used.

Functions Ofa Binder

The functions of a binder are;

It holds the particles together after the pellet is dried and before it is finally hardened.

during drying process, the binder holds the particles of sample together while the water is removed; it continues to bind particles together until the pellet is heated sufficiently.

Classifications of Binding Systems

Binders can be defined as anything that cling the particles together and form a mass. Some binders are specific to particular type of material. So, they cannot all be used in all possible application. Therefore, binders are categorize into following five groups (Holley 1982):

The binder adhere the particles of sample together by forming a sticky layer over the particles. The binding forces may be adhesive or cohesive. Binding is reversible in case of inactive film binders.

The binder makes a film over the surface of the particles of sample then hardens after passing through a chemical reaction. It is irreversible type of binding.

A continuous matrix is formed by such binders in which particles of the sample are embedded. Such binders require high pressure that forced the particles to compact. The binders when heated emulsified to form fluid. On cooling it becomes hard and dry.

It includes tar, pitch or wax type of materials. Binding when heated is reversible.

A continuous matrix is formed by such binders. As its name indicates, it undergoes through a chemical reaction that cause it to harden. Binding is irreversible.

The binder undergoes a chemical reaction with the sample material and form a strong bond with it. Such binders are specific for particular materials only and binding is irreversible.

Widely used binder is inactive film because it holds the particles without chemical reaction and compaction pressure and is effective at low dosage.

The samples are weighed together with the binder with ratio 10:1. Subsequently the specimen is pressed with 20 ton feet pressure for one minute. MiniPress model PW4020/00 hydraulic press is used for pressing of sample powders. A PW2404 (Philips, Netherlands) AXIOS Advance wavelength dispersive PANalytical type spectrometer (WDXRF) with a SuperQ software was operated with a Rh tube at a maximum 60 kV and 125 mA.

Literature Review

Eivindson. T, and 0yvind Mikkelsen, looked over the problems by using pressed powder for XRF analysis for ferrosilicon alloys. Due to heterogeneity of the solidified ferrosilicone the problem aroused. Different distinct crystallographic phases with varying X-ray absorption and grinding properties are formed from the molten metal. It results in large particle size effects. Which in turn affect the accuracy and precision of the XRF measurement and analysis. Despite of these, the stability of powder pellets also got affected. To have a pellet that is more stable and less affected by radiation, the choice of a binder is necessary. To minimize the problems arise by using pressed powder it is important to strictly control the sample preparation routines.

V. Ahadnejad, et al, tried to set a simple and fast analytical standard for x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. 15 typical samples from granitic rocks of Malayer granitoid complex western iran, were selected to obtain a standard representative of the mineral samples. Their Biotites were separated and then analyzed by using ICP and use them as new standards. The separated minerals were evaluated as candidates for refrence materials for major element composition. The minerals were analyzed by using ICP method in AMEDL laboratories, Australia. Their results were used for making calibration curves to xrf method at tarbiat moallem university of Tehran in order to check their performance as reference materials. Same samples are analyzed with the help of new xrf application. Both the results are similar showing that xrf technique is simple and effective as well.

The majority of iron ores must be ground to a fine particle size to allow the iron oxides they contain to be concentrated, and the concentrate must then be

agglomerated back into large enough particles that they can be processed in blast furnaces. The most common agglomeration technique is pelletization, which requires the use of binders to hold the iron oxide grains together so that the agglomerates can be sintered into high-strength pellets. Although bentonite clay is the most commonly used binder, there are many other possibilities that could be competitive in a number of situations. This article reviews the numerous types of binders (both organic and inorganic) that have been considered for iron ore pelletization, including discussion of the binding mechanisms, advantages and limitations of each type, and presentation of actual pelletization results, so that the performance of the various types of binders can be compared and evaluated. [Mineral Processing & Extractive Metall. Rev., 24: 1_90, 2003

10 adhesive materials or binders were selected specifically due to its excellent binding nature for making pressed pellet of similar rock mineral.

The adhesive materials that were used are; sugar, ethyl alcohol, resins, analytical graded starch, slack wax gum acacia, PVA, commercially graded corn oil, cellulose, commercial grade glue,

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

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Herzog SHM 250 grinding machine is used for grinding the sample to a fine particle size. Specifically chosen Binders were mixed with 20g of powdered sample in a mixing vessel. Using stainless steel rings and disc and briquetting presser (Mekawa testing machine), powder is forced to press under high pressure of 20tf. The final product is a solid pellet or tablet. This is a common method for preparing samples for XRF analysis. The consideration of particle size of the sample, the choice of binder, the dilution ratio, the amount of pressure applied to the sample, thickness of the final pellet and sample contamination is important while designing a sample preparation protocol.

Whether dad and mom like it or not, video games have turn out to be a significant importance of many teenagers’ lives. The reputation of video games has sparked an ongoing public debate regarding the affect of video games on teenagers’ behavior. Much of the interest of this debate has been towards the bad outcomes of video games related to addiction, aggression, delinquent behavior,(APA.Org) and reduced tutorial performance. The controversy surrounding this debate mandates a thorough discussion to inquire whether video games affect teens or not. So let's research which positive and negative effects of video games.

Contrary to the popular belief, most research that's has published proved that playing video games does now not have an effect on teenagers negatively.

Christopher Ferguson and Cheryl Olson in their study concluded that taking part in video games does now not expand behavioral aggression and societal violence among teenagers. Indeed, their findings expose that video games have a “moderate calming and cathartic effect on young adults with pre-existing intellectual health troubles such as attention deficit or depressive symptoms.”

As far as influencing social Aspects, Dr. Olson says that playing computer games is a social movement, as teenagers are probably going to play computer games with a gathering of friends or over the web. Also, a few studies show that computer games are a stepping stone to upgrade learning and activity to improve visual/spatial abilities. Computer games have additionally been utilized to show self-care and help physical abilities and help psychologically. While most of research performed in this field has focused its activity on action games, recent studies prove that, various kinds of video games may likewise improve certain cognitive Functions. In specific, while action video games pressure you to think quick to a few distinct items in the earth and expect players to react quickly to prevent loosing , another sort of computer games, Real-time strategy (RTS), puts an Emphasis on keeping upkeep of multiple things at once Utilizing a procedure like those utilized in the RTS game examinations Glass, Maddox, and, Love (2013) demonstrated that forty hours of preparing on a RTS game Resulted in a large increase in cognitive flexibility (including task switching and working memory).

Due to the fact video games make such huge upgrades in primary processing abilities, researchers have tried to use these video games for realistic applications that is true for retraining individuals with amblyopia (referred to as“lazy eye”). Amblyopia usually develops from vision issues in the course of early adolescence for example, from strabismus where the 2 eyes are not nicely aligned) or from cataracts (where the lens of an eye will become cloudy). due to the fact the brain expects eyes to offer collect constant data, while one eye does not, the mind essentially learns to “forget about” input from the terrible eye. severely, “Eye doctors usually consider this typically irreversible after a critical factor at some stage in early life” given that action game play had proven success in improving vision in normal adults, Doctors and colleagues tested the same type of training in adults with amblyopia. The researchers instructed the suffered patients who at pretest had one terrible eye to play both an action game or a different genre of game for 40 hours with their awful eye with an eye patch worn over the best eye. At several points in the training, individuals finished multiple test of visual checks such as measures of visible accuracy, visible attention, and stereoacuity. visible accuracy for testers inside the action game group progressed dramatically: a few of their eye sights became completely normal back to 20/20 or higher! To decide if the consequences were due to the patching of the best eye, every other organization of testers wore a patch while engaging in activities which includes reading, knitting, and looking tv. however, after twenty hours of wearing the patch, there was no improvement in accuracy on this Research proving that the advantages have certainly been because of the effect of video games inside the cognitive domain, video games have grow to be an powerful way to prevent cognitive decline seen with normal ageing and possibly even to reduce the possibilities of Alzheimer's and comparable disorders through ensuring players stay mentally healthy. Many studies show that online game play could have a fantastic effect on the elderly. playing a custom-designed action online game, can enhance skills together with processing information and attention span A group of 60-to 85 Year old Participated in multitasking and cognitive activities. They had increased results v those who never played games. online game training studies have documented enhancements with 'The elderly being able to carry out perceptual, cautious, and cognitive skills'. All studies show that elderly contributors also had a higher self-idea and improved cognitive enhancements following online game education.

It also appears that children with dyslexia benefit from training on video games for action. While researchers typically consider dyslexia (a blanket term for age-inappropriate reading ability not explained by basic intelligence issues) to be exclusively related to language-specific issues. Recent studies suggest that some of the deficiencies may involve visual attention, at least in some children (because vision is essentially the 'front end' that provides information to the language system when reading). A recent study compared the reading, phonology, and attention skills of two matched dyslexics groups after having trained with either an action or a nonaction video game for twelve hours. Training on the action game resulted in improvements compared to the nonaction game control group for all measured capabilities. These enhancements

Video games have evolved over the past half-century into effective learning tools. In addition to promoting an amazing amount of time on task, the games also use a number of techniques known to promote effective and transferable learning. Although some researchers express concern about gaming's potential negative outcomes, others see quite clearly that training in video games creates a large number of positive outcomes. A growing body of research shows that some types of games, especially action video games, promote improvements in a wide variety of perceptual, careful, and cognitive abilities. These improvements are of a scope and scale used for such games. For a variety of practical applications off the shelf. The video games of today are far more than entertainment. In the fight against declining mental capacity in old age, they are also weapons. They promote skills related to employment. And they are a model of teaching complex and challenging tasks and abilities to children. Video games are not intrinsically good or inherently bad, like any other technology. The nature of their impact instead depends on what users do. The research reviewed in this article shows that video games are a play that can be used seriously. The challenge facing us now is to identify those game-design ingredients that most effectively help, for example, an Alzheimer's patient fight cognitive decline or teach twelve-year-old mathematics more effectively. Systematic research — including direct collaboration between the video game industry and researchers— will go a long way to accelerating the pace of discovery.

Works Cited

1. American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, www.apa.org/about/policy/violent-video-games.
2. AsapSCIENCE. “Can Video Games Make You Smarter?” YouTube, YouTube, 19 Jan. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOsqkQytHOs.
3. AsapSCIENCE. “Do Video Games Make You Violent?” YouTube, YouTube, 23 Aug. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ixUGwk6IC8&t=77s.
4. “Effects of Video Games on Aggressive Thoughts and Behaviors During Development.” Effects of Video Games on Aggression, www.personalityresearch.org/papers/kooijmans.html.
5. “Effects of Video Games on Aggressive Thoughts and Behaviors During Development.” Effects of Video Games on Aggression, www.personalityresearch.org/papers/kooijmans.html.
6. “Benefits of Play Revealed in Research on Video Gaming.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/freedom-learn/201803/benefits-play-revealed-in-research-video-gaming.
7. Adam. “Video Games.” Www.biologie-Seite.de, 2014, www.biologie-seite.de/thema/images/7-1-article-video-games.pdf.

Gender roles and relationships can be strongly influenced through war. During times of war, traditional gender roles and expectations may be challenged or altered, as men and women are often called upon to play different roles in society.

For example, during times of war, women may be called upon to take on traditionally male roles, such as working in factories or serving in the military. This can lead to changes in societal attitudes towards women, as they prove their capability to perform tasks that were previously considered to be the domain of men.

On the other hand, men may also be forced to take on traditionally female roles, such as caring for children or managing households, if their wives and daughters are no longer present. This can lead to changes in societal attitudes towards men, as they prove their capability to perform tasks that were previously considered to be the domain of women.

Furthermore, war can also lead to an increase in the number of female-headed households, as men are often called upon to serve in the military, leaving women to take care of their families alone. This can lead to changes in societal attitudes towards women, as they prove their capability to take care of their families without the support of men.

The Problem of Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

War can also lead to an increase in gender-based violence, as women and girls are often targeted in conflict. According to UNICEF, women and girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence, forced marriage, and human trafficking during times of war.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a serious issue that can occur during and after conflicts. GBV is defined as any act that is perpetrated against a person's will and is based on socially ascribed differences between males and females. GBV can take many forms, including sexual violence, domestic violence, and human trafficking.

During times of war, women and girls are particularly vulnerable to GBV. They may be targeted for sexual violence and exploitation by armed groups, as well as by individuals within their own communities. They may also be forced into marriage or sexual slavery. In addition, they may also face domestic violence, as they are often left to take care of their families alone, when men are called upon to serve in the military.

After the war, the risk of GBV does not automatically disappear. Women and girls who have experienced GBV during the conflict may continue to face violence and abuse in their communities. Furthermore, the lack of security and access to justice in post-war societies can make it difficult for survivors of GBV to seek help and protection.

Additionally, the displacement of people during the war can also increase the risk of GBV. Displaced women and girls are often at increased risk of sexual violence, exploitation and trafficking. They may also be at increased risk of domestic violence, as they may be forced to rely on male relatives for protection and support.

Conclusion

In conclusion, war can have a significant impact on gender roles and relations. It can challenge traditional gender roles and expectations and lead to changes in societal attitudes towards men and women. War can also lead to an increase in gender-based violence, as well as an increase in the number of female-headed households. It is important for society to recognize the impact of war on gender roles and relations, and to make efforts to mitigate the negative effects of war on gender equality.

J.D. Salinger's novel Franny and Zooey features various members of the Glass Family, and, while the two stories were originally published independently, one cannot ignore their combined significance. Seven years after the suicide of their eldest brother Seymour, the two youngest members of the family, Franny and Zooey, continue to struggle with their brother’s death, unable to make sense of his life teachings. Franny and Zooey chronicles Franny, a promising actress-to-be, at her wits end in the pursuit of the spiritual enlightenment her brother described to her as a young child. While most readers believe the text argues for a definition of ego as a negative manifestation of materialism, which parallels Franny’s initial understanding of the word, through Zooey’s redefinition of the term during his confrontation with his mentally unstable sister, it becomes clear Franny’s understanding of ego is misshapen and leading her away from the enlightenment she seeks. This is important because it sheds light on the intermingled importance of one’s duty in life as well as one’s ego and how they are both necessary in the pleasing of higher spiritual powers.

The youngest of the seven Glass children, Franny Glass is struggling to find meaning and purpose in her life. Early in her childhood, she was introduced to Eastern philosophy by her eldest brothers, Seymour and Buddy. Unlike their own educational experiences, the two boys wanted their younger siblings “both to know who and what Jesus and Gautama and Lao-tse and Shan- karacharya …were before [Franny and Zooey] knew too much or anything about Homer or Shakespeare or even Blake or Whitman, let alone George Washington and his cherry tree or the definition of a peninsula or how to parse a sentence (30). Because of the hasty introduction of these spiritual ideas, it is easy to see why Franny puts such emphasis on finding spiritual resolution in her life. This understanding of her childhood explains the drastic measures she takes, the impulsive decisions she makes, and her mental fragility throughout the first part of the novel, appropriately titled Franny. As readers, we see that in an effort to achieve the enlightenment her brothers spoke of, she quits her promising education in acting, and she takes to a curious green book titled The Way of a Pilgrim (18). This seems to be Franny’s only solace in the world as she searches for insight to understand the evil that plagues the world around her. The Jesus Prayer, buried between the pages of the pilgrim book, provides comfort and hope with the idea that enough repetition will bring her to see face of God, even if she doesn’t believe the words leaving her lips. Frustrated by everyone around her and the turtle inability of the prayer to bring her peace, she breaks down on her date with her boyfriend, Lane Coutell. Between frequent trips to bathroom, Lane’s uninteresting monologues that serve as dinner conversation, and her never ending perspiration, she expresses her concerns with the “ego, ego, ego” of actors, the phoniness of the theatre, and her struggle with Lane’s conformity to society (29). Her frustration surrounding these topics gives readers the insight that Franny’s understanding of ego has a negative connotation, and it corresponds to the problems she sees in the theater and in her boyfriend.

Franny’s perception of ego involves a certain self-absorption and high opinion of oneself which is accompanied by a desire to complete actions only so long as they are beneficial to oneself. As she becomes overwhelmed with the presumed egos she sees consuming the world around her, she “[cries] fully for five minutes… to suppress any of the noisier manifestations of grief and confusion” in the bathroom, before fainting at Sickler’s Restaurant (22). Following her disastrous date night with Lane, Franny goes home to the Glass family apartment in Manhattan. After a few days of soaking in her emotional distress and spiritual turmoil on the living room couch, her older brother Zooey has had enough. Having received the same exposure to a variety of religious teachings as a child, he recognizes the root of Franny’s problem. He prefaces his confrontation with his sister by explaining, [he] is bringing this up for a good reason…. [he does not] think [Franny] understood Jesus when [she was] a child and [he does not] think [she] understand [Jesus] now… [she has] got him confused in [her] mind with about five or ten other religious personages, and [he does not] see how [she] can go ahead with the Jesus Prayer till [she] know who's who and what's what (71). This shows Zooey’s justification for the conversation he is about to have with his sister, highlighting this understanding that while she seeks religious enlightenment and peace, she has confused herself on the proper way to walk this path. Her goes on to explain her “sloppy” way of “looking at things” makes her “constitutionally unable to love or understand,” as she constantly critiques and assesses others, complaining about their overblown egos (72). Blunt as ever, he calls his sister out for deciding to sit back, blindly repeating the Jesus Prayer “[begging] God for a little mystical experience that'll make her nice and happy,” instead of physically acting to find the enlightenment she seeks (72). He knows that if his sister does not “start facing the facts,” she will never get herself out of this “mess (73).” Trying to tread lightly on his fragile sister while still trying to get his message through to Franny, he goes on to explain that while he is not trying to “[undermine her] Jesus Prayer,” he is “against why and how and where [she’s] using it (73).” Here, Zooey reveals the root of Franny’s problem: her intention in using the prayer and her confusion in understanding ego. While Zooey would “love to be convinced— that [she’s] not using [the prayer] as a substitute for doing whatever the hell [her] duty is in life,” it is clear that her blind repetition of the words on the pages of the pilgrim book is, in fact, a substitution for her acting career, which Zooey identifies as her God-given talent (73, 86).

The distinction between duty and ego that Zoey highlights in these lines of Salinger’s novel can be better understood with the explanation of the Buddhist concept of dharma, which Zooey mentions earlier in the story (47). Dharma eliminates the problems originated by ignorance. The practice of dharma means the fulfillment of spiritual duties according to the calling of God. Franny’s understanding of ego, at this point in the story, stems from ignorance because she cannot decipher between the different “religious personages,” as Zooey explained at the very beginning of their conversation (71). In Franny’s case, her calling is acting, and Zooey explains “the only religious thing [she] can do is act” and “be God’s actress” as this is in accordance with her religious duty, or her dharma (86). As readers, we know her initial motivation to leave the theatre was because and she refused to tolerate the ego frenzie any longer. However, Zooey tells her “it would take Christ himself to decide what's ego and what isn't. This is God's universe … he has the final say about what's ego and what isn't (72).” Furthermore, Zooey criticizes Franny for “screaming about egos in general” as “half the nastiness in the world is stirred up by people who aren't using their true egos (73).” These quotations demonstrate that while Franny initially believed that all self-serving actions are rooted in ego, she is incorrect because, as brother explains, the duties of people chosen by God, are not in the control of anyone but God himself; however, the pursuit of true ego is in the hands of everyone individually. While Zooey’s initial delivery of his ideas is not very effective, as abrasive nature of speaking just causes his sister more distress, ultimately, after he poses as Buddy on the phone, Zooey is able to get through to his sister. True ego, as Zooey explains it, is not the negative, self-absorbed ego Franny initially understood. When combined with Buddhist understanding dharma, ego becomes true ego, the fulfillment of life according to the plan of a higher being, God or otherwise. For Franny, living out true ego is fulfilling her duty as an actress.

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In the comparing of the final lines of these two narratives, Franny and Zooey, it is obvious that Franny has undergone a fundamental change in understanding from the end of Franny to the conclusion of Zooey. Franny, the first story chronologically, ends with “Franny lay quite still, looking at the ceiling. Her lips [moving], forming soundless words, and they continued to move” repeating the Jesus Prayer (23). In contrast, Zooey concludes with Franny clutching the telephone “for joy” and satisfactory revelation before she finally “[falls] into a deep, dreamless sleep, [just laying] quiet, smiling at the ceiling (88).” This closing scene reveals that, under her brother’s advisement, Franny has abandoned the Jesus Prayer. She understands that her constant repetition of the prayer, without intention, has brought her no comfort or spiritual enlightenment. In speaking with Zooey, Franny finally comes to the realize the meaning of true ego. True ego is defined by the practice of dharma, religious duties, and acting to serve God. In her case true ego is to pursue a career as an actress with the intent to achieve perfection on her own terms “not anyone else’s (87).” Ultimately, with this newfound understanding, as “all of what little or much wisdom there is in the world were suddenly hers,” she falls into a peaceful sleep (88).

Emotional Intelligence has been criticized for it vague system of assessment. But, it can play a vital role and can have a tremendous impact on how the workplace can be successful. When you can recognize the emotions that you project and how you internalize those emotions that you are a recipient of, there can be a good quality of performance that you can produce (TalentSource, 2017).

There are all sorts of walks in life for motivation, from self-motivation to the desire to do something just based off a potential reward. Sometimes self-motivation for any needs beyond yourself can be difficult to achieve and this can be noted within the workplace, according to Walumbwa, Wang, Wang, Schaubroeck & Avolio (2010). As sailors we get paid to perform task and career necessities, but sometimes the sailors engagement and morale can be low. Motivations in just not necessary, but also an achievement. Having continued engagement is necessary for the sailors, they need this to keep the fleet operating beyond adequate levels (Walumbwa et. al., 2010). So, the need to motivate the sailors beyond a paycheck becomes necessary.

Using positive reinforcement for a motivation tool is a reward for doing something well. This tool can be utilized when the individual performs beyond the leader’s expectations. Leaders can also use this positive reinforcement when they give certain tasks to only a few people, the can use this to help promote a friendly competition between the sailors. One example of positive reinforcement can be that if there is not much to do, so the leaders can put out that what little there is to do, if it gets done by a certain time then half or all but duty section can do home early.

As leaders in the military social skills are pretty much a requirement to handle or to even influence their sailors emotions. When you have leaders that excel in social skills and that posses the ability to get their sailor to support their vision and that are enthusiastic about meeting all goals and are not afraid to take on any new challenges when they arrive, these are the one that are very well balanced.

Having good communication skills is very important for leaders in any line of work. This is crucial for any leader when passing down information to their sailors. Leaders that have this kind of communication skillst are established firmly in self-esteem and they have personal confidence, they make good listeners, they are trustworthy and easy to talk to (SkillsYouNeed, 2011). Whenever you have stressful situations come up and you have a leader with mature social skills, they will be able to analyze the situation and make the best decision and resolve any conflicts that come up. All leaders are held accountable for the performance of their team. When the are looking at the areas that have a low performance, they do not respond in a negative way, they are able to communicate and express how they believe that their teams’ ability can improve, and they will focus their energy towards that goal.

Effective teams are not always easy to accomplish. Simple because building an effective team requires a certain number of building blocks put in place. Good leaders know that it takes an effective team to reach company goals. With teamwork and good collaboration with defined roles and responsibilities are the core of an effective team. We all know that competition exist, but it is up to the management team to ensure that the competition remains healthy and the teamwork stays the main priority for each member.

Leaders can do this by making sure that they roles and responsibilities are clearly defined, leaders should encourage collaboration. Leaders should be encouraging their sailors to work together and coaching them along the way. Leaders should be recognizing, and they should utilize the strengths of all their sailors. And in turn the sailors will feel valuable and that will lead to a heightened performance.

Being a leader in the military, you have to be creative when it comes to rewarding your sailors and trying to boost their motivation. Depending on where you work you can work out a work schedule. You can offer a shift schedule which offers every other weekend off and they only work 15 days out of the month. This gives them more time off and more time to spend with family. Leaders can offer different gatherings for the entire work place, cook out’s and holiday parties or different outings like bowling or amusement park. They can do sailor of the month and give them 24 hours off certificate.

Being a leader in the military you are not really giving a lot that you can do to reward your sailors, it’s pretty limited. Another way to find ways to boost motivation is to talk to your sailors. Find out what they would like to do and see done. That is the best way to get inside their heads.

The Eiffel Tower is located in Paris, France. It’s not a wonder. The construction for making the tower started on January 28, 1887. Paris hosted an Exposition Universelle (World’s Fair) to mark the 100-year anniversary of the French Revolution and the birth of democracy. More than 100 artists submitted competing plans for a monument to be built on the Champ-de-Mars, located in central Paris, and serve as the exposition’s entrance.

The Eiffel company’s design won. The commission was granted to Eiffel et Compagnie, a consulting and construction firm owned by the acclaimed bridge builder, architect and metals expert Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel. He built the Eiffel Tower and it took him two years, two months, and five days to complete it. The Eiffel Tower’s function is the Transmitter Station. Each of the 18,000 pieces used to build the tower was calculated specifically for the project and prepared in Eiffel’s factory on the outskirts of Paris. The wrought-iron structure is composed of four immense arched legs, set on masonry piers that curve inward until joining in a single, tapered tower.

Building the tower required 2.5 million thermally assembled rivets and 7,300 tons of iron. To protect the tower from the elements, workers painted every inch of the structure, a feat that required 60 tons of paint. The tower has since been repainted 18 times. The Eiffel Tower constructed largely of iron, it would cost just shy of 8 million francs in 1889 (roughly, $40 million US in modern currency). It has been declared the most valuable monument in Europe – worth 435 billion euros (£343 billion) to the French economy, a new study claims. The venerable Paris landmark was estimated to be worth six times its nearest rival, the Colloseum in Rome, valued at 91 billion euros (£72 billion). The Eiffel Tower was going to be demolished in 1909, but was saved because it was repurposed as a giant radio antenna. It’s famous because it was never supposed to stay there.

The Eiffel Tower is a symbol of love. Paris is a beautiful city located in Europe which is to be a romantic city of the world. This city is also famous for having a masterpiece known as Eiffel Tower. In the year 1889, this beautiful tower came into existence. More than 7 million people visit this tower every year. 250 million people from around the world have enjoyed all that the Eiffel Tower has to offer. The Eiffel Tower isn’t only a tourist attraction but it has housed a newspaper office, a post office, scientific laboratories, a theater, and the first level becomes an ice rink every year. Taking photos of the Eiffel Tower at night is illegal. You could be fined. An obscure clause in EU law states that the tower’s evening light display is an “art work” — and therefore is copyrighted. The Eiffel Tower uses 20,000 light bulbs to make it sparkle every night, for 10 minutes.

The monument consumes 7.8 million kWh (kilowatt Hours) of electricity per year. The Eiffel Tower has 108 stories, with 1,710 steps. However, visitors can only climb stairs to the first platform. There are two elevators. The Eiffel Tower is 1,063 feet (324 meters) tall, including the antenna at the top. Without the antenna, it is 984 feet (300 m). Paris is a good place to visit because you could eat some new foods in the restaurants there and you could get a good look at the beautiful city from inside of the Eiffel tower.

Works Cited

1. Anthony, L. (2015). The Eiffel Tower. ABDO Publishing.
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The novel is set in Berne, Switzerland in the spring of 1905. Einstein is twenty-six years old, working on his theory of relativity in his extra time. The novels portrays Einstein’s dreams on physics, time and relativity. The year 1905 has been referred to as Einstein’s "miracle year”, for in that year he published four papers on physics that were to change the nature of scientific research and knowledge (ASU). The special theory of relativity was the subject of the third of these papers, published in June 1905(ASU). The title of the paper was "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies." Einstein's Dreams records the dreams of a genius between April 14 and June 28, 1905, as he develops his theory of time. Each dream envisions a distinct world, with time behaving in a distinct way. The connections between people and time are explored in the dreams explore

Birds symbolize time in Einstein’s Dreams. To gain time Figures chase after the birds to trap them, even though the birds will die soon after being trapped. The birds in the novel represent the ever changing nature of time and belief that one can control time. The persona compares time to a fleeting nightingale that the old constantly try to catch.

The Dream Figures symbolize humanity and the ways in which humans deal with the complex nature of time in their lives. Their aspirations, aversions, and uneasiness are depicted as individual struggles, but their stories all have components that everyone can relate to. The people who live in his dreams are not meant to be characters that the reader follows but but instead circumstances and examples that are meant demonstrates the ramifications of time inside of the dream worlds.

Time is a symbol of nature, and our inability to control it proves that nature is more powerful than humans. The novel shows time many forms: a river stream, linear, body time, mechanical, we must obey it because we cannot change it. Many of the dreams contemplate if people have free will if we cannot control the passage of time.

In a world where there exist two times – mechanical and body time - people seem to live in two different realities. “The first is as rigid and metallic as a massive pendulum of iron that swings back and forth, back and forth, back and forth. The second squirms and wriggles like a bluefish in a bay. The first is unyielding, predetermined. The second makes up its mind as it goes along.” Lightman suggests that people can only choose one: “they can make a world in either time, but not in both times,” because otherwise they would live in two worlds concurrently, and that is unthinkable. Adopting this idea into our everyday life, it must be noted, people always want to make the most of their time and have both the mechanical and body time but that is impossible so we must make a decision and choose only one.