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To discuss the importance of diversity and inclusion this essay will first define these two concepts. Firstly, diversity is a concept that considers the many ways we are alike while respecting the ways we are different. When we value diversity we do not try to make all of us the same instead we embrace the differences that make each of us unique. An inclusive culture in an organization is a collective set of attitudes, values and behaviors which shape the organization. Culture can profoundly influence an employee’s experience in the workplace — positively and negatively.
Get original essayIt is interesting to note that while diversity celebrates differences between individuals. Inclusion joins the diverse members into a cohesive whole.
An environment of inclusiveness makes it possible for a diverse group of people to function together building on the common factors and the unique characteristics of each team member. An inclusive and equitable culture demonstrates behaviors that value and respect individuals and groups with different backgrounds, as well as recognizing the specific challenges and circumstances experienced by these different groups.
Promoting inclusiveness and diversity within the workplace is one of the best ways to foster an open-minded, global company culture. This not only makes good business sense but it also helps to better understand colleagues and patients.
We all are differently unique and each one of us has certain weak and strong points. In addition, each one of us has a role to play in achieving a workplace that is equitable and inclusive.
Certain things that are not very difficult and can be practiced include:
The best way to promote diversity in the workplace is by embracing it and having a broader outlook. Getting to know your colleagues on a personal level regardless of their culture background, find common ground, deepen our appreciation of differences, and promote an inclusive and welcoming work environment.
This can further be supported by:
It is very important to provide diversity and an inclusive environment in a workplace. An inclusive environment refers to and environment where all individuals are valued. It enables the workplace to grasp different perspectives. This also means providing everyone with the same opportunities and ensuring that everyone has access to the same things, it also allows people to develop and feel a sense of belonging and become better prepared to work together as a team. It allows opportunities for learning to be developed as well as learning skills, communication skills and productivity. It is said that employees who feel their voice is heard at work are nearly five-times more likely to feel empowered to perform their best work and Employees who say they are able to be their authentic self at work are nearly three times more likely to say they are proud to work for their company — and nearly four-times more likely to say they are empowered to perform their best work. Inclusive workplaces can be built and maintained through policies and procedures as well as training and workshops.
The United States is a melting pot of diverse cultures, a fact that has always instilled much pride in Americans. As more and more varied cultures begin to call America home, the diversity of the American people is flourishing now more than ever. Although this influx is a nod to the greatness of this nation, the ever-increasing cultural differences come with issues that must be addressed, specifically when it comes to education. The reality is that for most students outside of the dominant culture, achievement gaps are present and cultural attachments are dismissed. For far too long, diversity in the classroom has been met with feelings of frustration from educators who do not understand the necessity of being culturally responsive. Diversity within the educational setting is not a negative concept, but it does come with challenges that must be readily addressed by educators and schools as a whole when it comes to ensuring effective education and equal opportunities for all.
Get original essayWith diversity becoming more prevalent in schools across the United States, achievement gaps are continuing to be seen among various student groups due to a number of factors. It has been said that “around the time the 2020 United States Census is conducted, more than half of the nation’s children are expected to be part of a minority race or ethnic group”. Unfortunately, as student populations become more and more diverse, the teacher population continues to narrow. This is clearly seen through the studies of Robinson and Clardy (2011): “The disparity between the cultural and linguistic diversity of the teaching population and the student population continues to grow as teacher education programs enroll and graduate primarily White teacher candidates (83.7%)”. The problem is a glaring one, and the only solution is to educate teachers and school leaders in the art of embracing diversity.
When it comes to diversity in education, it an unfortunate reality that issues such as classism and racism have a profound negative effect on student achievement. Research has shown that “inadequate wages, substandard housing, and poor health care create living conditions that place many poor and racial / ethnic minority students as disadvantaged right from the beginning of their formal education”. Students have no control over their societal circumstances, and the fact that educators have no control over those same circumstances can often make bridging the gap seem impossible. No matter the reason behind the lapse in academic achievement, learning gaps cannot be accepted by educators as a consequence of diversity. Instead, diversity should be celebrated with sincerity, a strategy that can only serve to alleviate gaps in achievement. Given that educators are often ill-equipped to understand different cultures and how to best interact with students in minority groups, a main focus of schools who desire meaningful change should be to educate teachers to appropriately teach diverse groups of students. In fact, the reality is that many teachers strive to give the appearance of embracing other cultures by organizing events which include food, dancers, and guest speakers that reflect diverse cultures. Smith (2016) goes on to call these events “merely the superficial surface of extending and offering a glimpse of appreciation”. Teachers who are part of the dominant culture cannot afford to offer only a superficial understanding of what their students identify with so strongly. Hawley, Irvine, & Landa further emphasize this point: “Culture isn't just a list of holidays or shared recipes, religious traditions, or language; it is a lived experience unique to each individual”. Educators must move past a surface understanding of diverse cultures in order to truly grasp the concept of cultural responsiveness. It is only when students feel safe, accepted, and validated that they can learn without limits.
As previously mentioned, teachers must be trained to be culturally responsive in order to reach all students and treat them equitably. Acceptance of all students is an enormous responsibility that cannot be taken lightly. A first step toward becoming more culturally responsive is self-reflection: “Learning to teach diverse students requires that teachers examine their beliefs about teaching and explore the effectiveness of their practices in accommodating the various cultures, lifestyles, and learning styles of their students” (Vandeyar, 2017, p.377). No one wants to admit that they have biases when it comes to diverse students, but sometimes educators do not even realize their own prejudices. When an English-speaking teacher deals with a non-English speaking student for the first time, it is easy to let frustration creep in and cloud judgment when it comes to making decisions that are in the best interest of the student. For that reason, it is imperative that educators take a step back and reflect on their own possible misconceptions when it comes to students who hail from different cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Not only is recognition of one’s biases important, but it is also crucial to make an effort to understand the cultures of minority students, especially when it comes to varying styles of communication. Many students of the dominant culture feel the need to raise their hand quickly or blurt out answers immediately; however, if teachers continually call on the same groups of students without addressing others equally, then students may get the wrong idea that their contributions are not important. While some students are all too eager to participate in class discussions, some students hold a deeply-rooted belief that silence should precede vocal communication. “For instance, introverts and students from some cultural backgrounds are acculturated to the need to allow silence before speaking”. In this article, it is suggested that teachers take this into consideration and allow a brief period of time in which all students take a specified amount of time to reflect before being allowed to speak. By making small changes such as this, educators are taking into consideration the cultures of all students, and reshaping the atmosphere to provide for inclusivity. Furthermore, fostering a clear understanding of different communication styles is crucial in order to avoid violation of cultural values and “to better decipher their intellectual abilities, needs, and competencies; and to teach them style or code-shifting skills so that they can communicate in different ways with different people in different settings for different purposes” (Gay, 2002, p.112). In a global society, it is imperative that students have the capability to understand and communicate effectively. This type of culturally responsive teaching can only take place when educators are well-trained in diversity.
The problem is that not enough districts are providing this type of training for educators. In a study conducted by Robinson and Clardy (2011), they found that teacher candidates were often unprepared for teaching students of cultural and linguistic diversity: “…their attitudes and dispositions towards students are key as their thoughts about their current and future students greatly impacts their willingness to learn and employ pedagogies needed to effectively teach CLD students. They display their attitudes towards diversity long before they enter the classrooms as teachers”. This highlights the needs that teacher candidates have for support and training early on when it comes to diversity as their biases can affect their willingness to learn. This particular study features the ignorance of mindsets that embrace the belief that every child should do his or her best to blend in with the dominant culture. This is a gross misrepresentation of what it means to be culturally responsive.
It is also worth noting that diversity is not contained to classism and racism. “Diversity in schools includes sexual orientation, gender, and gender identity/expression”. Teachers must be sensitive to the fact that they could very well be teaching students who struggle to identify with their naturally given gender. Some students will be living in homes with two mother or two fathers. Although this can lead to some confusion for many classroom teachers, the students are the ones who become victimized if not treated equitably no matter their unique backgrounds. Lilienthal et al. (2018) go on to stress that the extent to which teachers choose to support students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning can lend to the level of minority stress that a student experiences (p. 14). It stands to reason that stress can greatly impact student learning. Glickman et al. (2013) further support this statement by expounding on the problems associated with the stress that LGBTQ students can encounter: “frequent absences, less involvement in school activity, worse grades, and a higher dropout rate than heterosexual students”. If the goal is to bridge achievement gaps for minority groups, then teachers must find ways to support students of all backgrounds, even if they do not fully understand or agree with choices concerning sexual identity or orientation.
From a scriptural perspective, the equitable treatment of all students can be seen as a moral obligation for those who have been called to pursue education as a profession. Treating students honorably is not an option, but a duty. Romans 15:5-7 is an inspiring verse geared toward this very topic: “May God, who gives this patience and encouragement, help you live in complete harmony with each other, as is fitting for followers of Christ Jesus. Then all of you can join together with one voice, giving praise and glory to God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (The Holy Bible, New Living Translation). Clearly, Christians are to live in harmony with others. There is no mention of qualifying characteristics in this verse. We also are admonished to welcome one another just as Christ has welcomed us. The love of Christ is unconditional. No one has to look a certain way or speak a certain language to be eligible for the love of Christ. Therefore, this should serve as an example of how Christian educators are to welcome students of diversity. Even though it can be a challenge, becoming culturally responsive is an obligation that educators must be willing to embrace even if some of the life choices that students make seem irrational or immoral. From a Christian standpoint, some of the decisions students make are foreign and challenging to the belief system of some educators. This can add to the difficulties of teaching diverse students, but Christians are always expected to speak the truth in love. Teachers can and should responsibly make their own viewpoints known without attempting to impose them on others. I Corinthians 9:22-23, Paul says, “When I am with those who are weak, I share their weakness, for I want to bring the weak to Christ. Yes, I try to find common ground with everyone, doing everything I can to save some. I do everything to spread the Good News and share in its blessings”. These words reflect the importance of building a rapport with others. The idea of finding common ground in order to “save” some is so appropriate for the context of teachers and how they relate to students. No matter their diverse backgrounds, students are worth trying to save. Educators have a responsibility to give their very best to all students regardless of race, socioeconomic status, gender identity, linguistic diversity, or sexual orientation. It is imperative that all students are seen as equally able and worth any investment.
With this in mind, educators are not the only ones who have a responsibility to serve students impartially. Schools as a whole must be brought on board to foster an atmosphere of equity. This goes beyond the scope of the classroom teacher in certain situations. For example, many schools adopt the attitude that minority students should adapt to the dominant culture. According to Gay (2001), “…to date, U.S. education has not been very culturally responsive to ethnically diverse students. Instead, these students have been expected to divorce themselves from their cultures and learn according to European American cultural norms”. Expecting students to blend into the dominant culture is an outdated and inappropriate approach. Many schools are exploring the idea of implementing dual-language education in order to encourage diversity and learning among student groups. This is a progressive step forward in the fight to eradicate cultural bias and encourage learning for all students. However, it is not an easy solution. A lack of bilingual teachers and necessary resources create obstacles to dual-language education that are difficult to overcome. In addition, public schools are held to accountability standards that take the focus off of addressing diversity and center efforts on meeting high-stakes testing goals: “Instead, professional development time is often dedicated to data analysis and a narrow set of interventions aimed at increasing student achievement on assessments. Dual-language education requires a significant shift away from such practices” (Kotok & DeMatthews, 2018, p. 4). This is likely one of the greatest barriers to creating culturally responsive schools. Until district level administrators realize the importance of implementing programs that train teachers to exhibit culturally responsible behaviors, there is little hope that achievement gaps among minority students will lessen. Smith notes, “This is where the term ‘cultural proficiency’ in the life of a school administrator is just as important as terms such as ‘meeting,’ ‘assessment,’ ‘observation,’ ‘Common Core’ and ‘evaluation’” (p. 18). In addition, curriculum must be diversified on more than just a superficial level in order to truly be effective for all students. With the current emphasis of schools nationwide on high-stakes testing, there is evidence that educational reform is necessary on a national scale.
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Get custom essayClearly there is an issue that must be addressed when it comes to educational reform in regard to diversity in the United States. As long as educational achievement gaps continue to widen for minority students, there is a need for change. Although educators are critical to the implementation of such change, district-level input must be the driving force in order to facilitate transformation needed in order to help minority students achieve success. A mindset shift is also crucial. Rather than offering alternatives in order to meet an expectation, schools and educators must realize that by embracing diverse cultures, they are adding value to the lives of all students.
Workforce Diversity Policy is a commitment by the organisation to create a workplace that is fair and inclusive, and builds a workforce which better reflects the diversity of the work place. It acts as a deterrent to discrimination against individuals based on their differences. It is very important to treat all the diverse workforce and everyone should enjoy equal rights.
Get original essayAn organisation’s staff is its greatest asset and aims to attract and retain people with diverse skills, experience and background to deliver high quality education and training services. A workforce that reflects the diversity of our employees, management and communities will be better able to understand the needs of its customers and be able to offer responsive services to communities. The experience of work for employees is to be inclusive and respectful of individual differences, including but not limited to, family responsibilities. Employees awareness towards their rights and responsibilities of individual with regard to equity and respect for each other.
Both companies and employees can benefit from diversity policies. Adopting diversity policies offer clear benefits for companies and the labour force, such as resolving labour shortages, greater
product in adopting diversity policy offers clear benefits for companies and the workforce, such as resolving labour shortages, enhanced marketing opportunities, greater product innovation and a better corporate image.
Here are a few of the top benefits or diversity in the workplace.
Individuals from diverse backgrounds can offer a selection of different talents, skills and experiences that may be of benefit to the organisation and their work performance.
By working alongside people of different backgrounds, experiences and working styles, creative concepts can be born from bouncing ideas off of each other and offering feedback and suggestions.
Language barriers and cultural differences can often act as a bit of an obstacle for a company who want to expand their business over shores; however by hiring employees who speak different languages it can make it possible for a company to work on a global basis and interact with a broader client-base.
Employees are more likely to feel comfortable and happy in an environment where inclusivity is a priority. Equality in the workplace is important for encouraging workers from all backgrounds to feel confident in their ability and achieve their best. The higher the team morale, the more productive employees are.
A recruitment policy helps to ensure that you are clear about:
It also outlines your approach to finding volunteers. For example, the purpose of your policy might be to ensure that:
Procedures will vary between organisations, but should outline the how your policy will be put into action.
Describe the processes with reference to any documents, forms or checklists that are needed.
You might also need to include:
The selection process involves choosing the individual who best meets the requirements of a position. It’s important to have clear processes in place for how you choose the most suitable volunteer for any vacant position. This makes sure the process is fair and transparent. It can also protect you if you have someone apply who is interested in the role but not suited to it. For many volunteer roles, selection is an informal process where a chat about the position and its requirements may be all that’s needed. Other organisations follow a more formal selection process. Either way, your policy should state whether or not you require the following as part of your process:
Diversity comes in numerous forms such as gender, race, age, sexual orientation, cultural, and a lot more. The Army’s definition of diversity is the different attributes, experiences, and backgrounds of our Soldiers, civilians and family members that further enhance our global capabilities and contribute to an adaptive, culturally astute Army. It is important to understand how diversity plays a key factor in being effective in our day to day activities, specifically in the workplace; which is why I am writing this essay on the importance of diversity.
Get original essayFirst, let me tell you what diversity means to me. Diversity by itself can mean multiple things, but for the purpose of this essay it means understanding that each individual is unique in most aspects and we should recognize how our differences can enhance the efficiency of an organization. The U. S. military is known to be one of the most diverse organization and is dedicated to providing opportunities for both men and women of every race. According to a Department of Defense (DoD) report, the military links diversity to its overall readiness and mission accomplishment because its initiatives aids leaders to recruit and retain Service members from a wide-ranging group, allowing strategic agility. Specifically in the military, having a wide range of demographics and background can offer a selection of different skills, talent, and experiences that can add further improvement to an organization. For example, a deployed unit operating in a foreign country can come across several obstacles due to language barriers and cultural differences. From my past experience, not all units get assigned an interpreter; so having an individual that is fluent in that specific language will help achieve the unit’s task.
Problem solving. As stated in the last paragraph, a professional organization with high standards such as the military is not always perfect; there’s constant hurdles that we have to overcome. In order to overcome these issues that arises, members need to come together as every individual brings their personal way of thinking and solving problems. Everyone has their own way of viewing an issue, which is formed through an experience that they have probably lived through. From my standpoint, I would rather receive various interpretations and methods when trying to solve an issue, rather than just one. One person will not always have the best solution but others may, this is why we need diversity when tackling an issue; being able to receive others point of view will produce productivity and solutions in the workplace. So up until now, I have discussed the advantages of diversity; now let’s talk about the disadvantages.
What’s the opposite of diversity? It is similarity/uniformity. As a follower or leader, we have distinguish that effective listening is crucial and the driving factor for success. The lack of communication can directly affect efficiency due to the lack of cohesiveness. Acceptance and respect can be an issue when there is a lack of acceptance of others culture and beliefs; this can lead to unnecessary tension which can affect everyone in the workplace. Furthermore, people often feel confused or threatened when an individual with views and backgrounds are very different from their own. Diversity doesn’t just apply at work but also in your everyday life, outside of work. Being able to interact with other people on a regular basis will allow you to absorb the abilities to connect and learn concepts that you are not familiar with. Also, hearing another individuals past experience will give you a new standpoint in a life that is different from yours; allowing you to recognize that we all grew up with a different lifestyle and experience different struggles in life.
In conclusion, achieving effective communication and understanding diverse knowledge will help us promote commitment to what we are required to live by, which is the Army Values. Throughout my cycle in the Basic Leader Course (BLC), I have come to comprehend what a leader does and that we are essential in a soldier’s military career. We should always maintain an inclusive working environment for them; recognizing an individual’s uniqueness will inspire them to work to their full potential.
In Paradise Lost, John Milton endows angels with magnificent qualities, both positive and negative. Through symbolism, he shows their greatness. In a meaningful shift from earlier ideas of his time, Milton’s angels are shown to possess full free will. This capacity makes them creatures of choice, rather than a definite force of good or evil. They are shown to be superior to humans in some ways, but very similar in others, including their yearning to unify with God in a sexual, but not lustful manner. Three texts in particular explore these aspects and more of the divinity of Milton’s angels: Milton’s Angels by John Andrew Himes, Desiring Angels: The Angelic Body in Paradise Lost by Karma DeGruy, and Milton’s Warring Angels by William Kolbrener.
Get original essayMilton employs symbolism throughout Paradise Lost to convey truths, but this is specifically explained in Milton’s Angels by John Andrew Himes, who analyzes the nature of both righteous and fallen angels in terms of Milton’s symbolism. This symbolism depicts great things- the worst of the sins and the best of the virtues of the world. These ideas show the reader both the meaning which the symbolism works to portray and the significance of all of the angels. Himes begins his argument by drawing on the “‘angelic’ fetishism of unity, authority, and spirit” seen in his time, which still continues today. But angels are imperfect, despite being celestial beings of great beauty, capable of true greatness. In Paradise Lost, many of these angels committed the ultimate sin, leaving God and “falling,” exercising their God-given gift of free will in a complete yet misdirected fashion: indeed, perfect in the complete use and advantage with which they made of their free will, but quite imperfect considering their ultimate choice is sin. And so, the gravity of the properties used to symbolize each angel should be all the more meaningful as angels have been proven to have free will, and do not necessarily have to choose as they do.
Milton’s Angels suggests that the angels, as with many of Milton’s other characters, are symbolic for one thing or another, writing that “the form, stature, attire, words, and actions of each are always consistent with its central nature,” on which he derives the symbolic quality. Although Milton does not openly express the symbolism of the angels within Paradise Lost, given Himes’ in depth analysis, it is highly plausible that this was the intended purpose. According to Himes, “the good and evil spirits, then, represent respectively the virtues and vices in the moral construction of the world.” This, indeed, is a strong level of symbolism to place upon any character. The seven spirits who rise after Satan and Beelzebub from the burning lake are intended to be the seven deadly sins, thus ordered: Murder, Lust, Pride, Envy, Covetousness, Gluttony, and Idleness. The fact that Milton would use creatures generally perceived to be both perfect and holy to represent the deadly sins shows life to be a little more “gray” rather than “black and white,” giving perspective on the shared gift of choice and free will.
What is particularly compelling about Himes’ analysis is not the common fallen angel, despite being bold and strong; his analysis of Satan, another fallen angel, pulls attention as well. In many theological expressions, Satan is the ultimate epitome of evil. However, instead of being the embodiment of all sins, Himes pairs him specifically with Ambition, perhaps speaking of a sort of chaos. “There is a hint of wandering, unsettled nature in the very word,” Himes writes, regarding Ambition. “[Satan] is the head of the whole body of demons. He is the principle of evil in general and the adversity of all good.” Despite Himes associating Satan with the symbolic vice of Ambition, he also shows how sins change in the face of circumstance by showing this symbolism morph depending on which archangel Satan speaks to. According to Himes, “Before the truth-loving Uriel he represents Hypocrisy; before the wise Gabriel, Folly; before the faithful Abdiel, Skepticism; before the righteous Michael, the lifeless ‘Letter of the Land’”. This makes sense, as sin affects all, despite individual strengths, and how it can be represented in different ways depending on the circumstance. This plays with the idea of Moral Luck, as even though a person may not commit a certain sin, had they found themselves in a different situation, they may have committed that sin simply because of circumstance. Different circumstances draw different vices out of people, and Satan fully represents this principle. According to Karma DeGruy in Desiring Angels: The Angelic Body in Paradise Lost, “In Milton’s world, the creation of God is about process and becoming rather than fixed states of being,” which plays directly into the concept of free will and the idea that states of being change. This explains why angels who were once good decided to follow Satan rather than the truth, and why angels tend to want to unify with others through sexual-like acts instead of simply relishing in their own selves: a selfish and vain act, but understandable given their comparatively supreme beauty to humanity’s.
In Milton’s Warring Angels, William Kolbrener, like Himes, comments on the “polarity” of the ideas of “angelic” and “satanic” from Milton’s Enlightenment origins. Absolute angelic polarity, however, is refuted in Milton’s Paradise Lost especially through the symbolism found by Himes in Milton’s Angels. “Milton’s critics often posit ‘difference’ or ‘unity’ as ends in themselves, where for Milton the two exist in productive tension.” He also argues that intuition and reason are not mutually exclusive, as even the angels must rely on discursive reasoning and cannot understand everything, despite having great powers to sense things. Though angels are divine beings, there “are many things of which they are ignorant.” And so, we know that despite their divinity, these celestial beings are not perfect. They have a full sense of free will, and not all use it perfectly. They lack complete knowledge. Although they are superior in many ways, they also share many similarities to humans in these points. But that is not to contradict their superiority. One of the ways in which they show this superiority is through their sexuality, a concept including the unification of more than the body, written about by Karma DeGruy in Desiring Angels: The Angelic Body in Paradise Lost.
DeGruy speaks of sexuality as being a part of the fall of humanity. But the eros involved with the sexuality present before the fall goes past just a physical longing and love, but into a deeper desire to be one, to unify. In Rafael, Adam sees something he craves: a higher beauty and divinity than his own. He sees a higher understanding, a higher power of sorts. The unity he desires can be met by engaging in deep, soul-bearing conversations, as shown when he tries to keep Rafael with him. But a more perfect union is through a sort of sex, and he craves this as well, as this is a total unification, of body and spirit. This can be shown in other works: for example, in the Bible, Mary is known to be pure and holy, without sin, and such is in a state of grace unlike what most humans know. She is closer to God, and she trusts Him. And he gave her a child. Not to say that they had physical sex, but that she had a spiritual and physical unity with God few can achieve. This open-souled unity is what man craves to have with others- God, and with people in order to experience it with God, although this is often misinterpreted by those same people. With The Fall, Adam and Eve lost any unity they formerly had with God, and a hole formed that needed to be filled. In losing a perfect connection with Him, they also lost a perfect connection with each other, and the hole grew. Humanity seeks to fill this same hole through imperfect means. This “hole filling” is shown in the news, in pop culture, and in day-to-day living. Money and drugs are distractions. Alcohol numbs it. Sex and romance attempt to fill it with inferior connections. But this hole is made for God by the absence of that perfect unity. Even the angels feel a need to engage in unifying activities, despite their close relations with God. A desire to know and to be known. To love and to be loved completely in order to “be one” or to “unify.”
The desire to “be one,” especially in addition to eros, can become a lust for bodily pleasures with another person. Even the angels engage in a pure form of this “oneness,” but it is different from the sex that the media portrays. It is a sex of the soul and the body. It is a total giving of self, as one does for God in times of adoration and praise. It makes sense, then, that angels are “desirable not only for their superior goodness and intelligence, but also for their incredible beauty and mutual enjoyment of their beauty.” They do not require another to be complete, but it is a good and desirable thing to be one with other beautiful creatures. In comparison, “humanity is rational, not fully intelligential, humans possess divisible selves that they must learn to train and temper, just as they have desirable bodies and originally divided, sexed, and gendered states that make them incomplete without their partners.” But although their means are different, the end desires are the same: unity.
These analyses bring the priesthood to question. Despite being stereotypically spiritually superior to the rest of the lay people, they possess free will and did not have to choose this greatness. Few had experiences in which God physically spoke to them, asking them to choose the priesthood. For most, discernment continues even through the seminary, with their time in seminary acting as “the dating period” before marriage as in the vocation to matrimony. Despite having a calling towards the priesthood, they generally also experience a calling towards the married life, and know that they would be equally happy in either life they choose. For a priest who does not yearn for the type of relationship a marriage entails cannot fully minister to the people- he must have a heart which desires the souls of the people around him. And so, his vocation was not pre-determined. A priest is not simply a priest, but a person who rose to meet his calling and chose God above his other desires and the conflicts holding him back, and thus is great and will theoretically continue to achieve greatness throughout his vocation. It was a choice, just as it was for the angels. A superior goodness and closeness with God is always a choice for both angels and humans, as free will was bestowed upon both. When healthy, the sexual energy the angels and humans both possess is not so much a lustful thing as humans tend to think of it, but an appreciation of and longing to join with others, to be a part of all in the same way that a human may desire to “be one” with God. To share, to partake in. According to Himes, “Raphael’s entrance is charged with a sexual interest, but not a lust.” Instead, a wisdom and connectedness seen in those with a true understanding. Through celibacy, a priest may better form these holy, unifying types of connections with people around him without the use of a physical sex.
And so, an angel’s divinity is a peculiar subject. Filled with great potential for either virtue or vice, they are prime targets for magnificent displays of intense symbolism. Their ability to choose with free will just as humans can only adds to the magnanimity of their good choices and beauty, as angels are not simply predestined to be great forces of good or bad as Michael and Satan are often respectively portrayed as. This is a trait relatable to humanity, as is their need for unity with God and others. It is seen in the human craving for sex and other actions working to fill ‘the hole’ left from a lack of unity with God. The angels are beautiful examples of what humanity should strive for in regards to their faith, their values, their virtues, but also what they should avoid. While angels are beautiful, so, too, are humans beautiful, also made by the same infallible god.
Works Cited:
"Milton's Warring Angels: A Study of Critical Engagements. William Kolbrener, Milton." Modern Philology 98.1 (2000): 58-63. Web.
Himes, John A. “Milton's Angels” (1997)
Degruy, Karma. "Desiring Angels: The Angelic Body in Paradise Lost." Criticism 54.1 (2012): 117-49. Web.
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Get custom essayMilton, John. Paradise Lost. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett, 2005. Print.
I was born in the city of Kerman, the capital of Kerman province, in Iran. Both of my parents were also born in Iran, and thus our ethnicity is Iranian. In order to explain the crisis that my family went through, and how we adapted to it, I will describe Iranian culture, the importance of family and religion, as well as tell the story of the crisis in detail. This will be the first half of my paper; the second half will be my analysis of it using the Double ABC-X Model.
Get original essayIran is a country which formerly was known as Great Persia. I was born in a family that practices Zoroastrianism, one of the oldest monotheistic religions that was formed around 4,000 years ago. Zoroastrianism was the religion of multiple dynasties until the Muslim conquest of Persia and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion. From that point in history, Iranians were forced to change their religion to Islam, and if there was any resistance, the consequences were severe and included death. As of right now, there are roughly around 100,000 people who practice Zoroastrianism globally, and the majority of them live in Iran and India.
Prosecution and discrimination against religious minorities, including Zoroastrians, is not something new in Iran, and has been going on since the Arab invasion of Persia. My ancestors lived through this discrimination for almost 1,300 years. This led my parents and grandparents to have a prejudice against Muslims, for they felt as though they were to blame for our suffering. I personally always considered myself both lucky and unlucky. I feel lucky because I knew that I came from a very resilient family bloodline that never gave up on their faith, and for that, Zoroastrians are very proud people. I feel unlucky because I personally experienced how hard it is to be part of a religious minority in a newly formed country, after the Islamic revolution of 1979, where in the eyes of the majority, my family was considered inferior. However, I did not form a prejudice against Muslims, and even dated a Muslim girl for a few years, much to my parents disapproval.
Iranians, including my parents, are very proud of their rich ethnic origins and culture, which goes back thousands of years. The majority of Iranians are also proud of their practice of Islam, as the country’s official religion. The only family rituals I can vividly remember, that came from our ethnic origin, was the celebration of Persian New Year. It was during this one time a year event that my family all got together, set up a traditional table, and carried out the traditional practices associated with this special day, such as cooking special dishes, lighting candles, and so on.
Both Iranian culture and Islam heavily influence relations between men and woman in the family, and therefore the majority of Iranian families have a patriarchy social construct. My family was amongst this majority. Family is considered the most important aspect of Iranian culture. The typical Iranian household includes grandparents; therefore, kinship and family are closely linked together, and the welfare of the unit, rather than individual goals, is the priority. As for Zoroastrian families, since there are only a few living in each city, almost all of them know each other. Therefore, arranged marriages between relatives used to be very common until two decades ago.
My parents had an arranged marriage, just like their parents and grandparents. My father is 13 years older than my mother, and they are cousins. Marriage between cousins was very common in Iran, regardless of religion, because of the trust and closeness of kinship and families. When I was born in 1986, my father was 42 years old, my mother was 30, and I had two older sisters: Anahita, who was nine and Aida who was seven. The crisis that I have chosen to analyze revolves around Aida’s divorce and abortion, as well as her later diagnosis of bipolar disorder. However, before getting to that, a short background about my family will shed some light as to why we were able to deal with this crisis and become a better and closer family as of today.
My father was born into a poor family. He is the firstborn of four sons, and lost one of his brothers at a young age due to illness and the inability of his father to afford the necessary treatment. Multiple times my father told us about how my grandfather was an alcoholic with a bad temper, and how he used to beat my father and uncles with pomegranate tree branches as a way of teaching them proper manners. Although my father only drinks in social events, and evaded alcohol as much as he could, his method of bringing up my sisters and I always included physical punishment, shouting, and short bursts of rage followed by long hours of being cold, to make us feel bad about what we did. In my earliest memories, I always remember my father as an angry man who I was scared of and tried my best to avoid. The same was true for my sisters, especially Aida.
My mother, on the other hand, was born into a middle-class family, and her parents were kind and caring. As soon as my mother finished high school, she had the choice of getting married to either my father or my father’s younger brother. My father was the better looking brother, so she chose him. My mother was 17 years old at the time of her marriage. My parents had to move to the city of Kerman from Tehran, the capital of Iran, because of my father’s career. The distance between Kerman and Tehran is about 700 miles, and traveling at that time, in an underdeveloped country, was hard. Due to this my mother could only see her family maybe once or twice a year. Soon after my mother turned 21, she got pregnant with Anahita, my oldest sister, and two years after that, she got pregnant with Aida. My mother was left with no one to help her to raise my sisters, as she was now living in a new city with no friends or close family nearby.
My father worked for the government as an inspector and my mother was a housewife until they decided to buy a house. Since my father’s income was insufficient to afford a house, my mother decided to continue her education and enrolled in a university. It was 1979, the year that Aida was born, that the Islamic Revolution happened and everything changed dramatically. Almost a year later, in 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and the war started. The war brought eight years of hardship, scarcity of essential resources, especially food, and the death of almost a million soldiers and civilians on both sides. The government had to let go of half of its employees in order to afford the war, and therefore my father lost his job 4 years into the war. My mother’s education remained unfinished due to the closure of universities. My family was forced to move back to Tehran to live with my mother’s parents due to a lack of financial resources. Both of my sisters remember the night raids and missile attacks quite vividly. Aida was five at the time and got the worst of it, seeing our neighbor’s building blown up by a bomb. I was born two years before the war ended, which was the worst possible time. My family decided to move back to Kerman for my birth, and my grandparents moved there with us until the war was over.
Shortly after the war was over, my father got his old job back and my mother finished her bachelor's degree and started working immediately. I was five years old at this point. From this point, we had a normal life as a family, with hardships that were considered common at the time, such as biweekly family fights and arguments. Everything was normal through my eyes until Aida’s divorce and abortion happened. This was a huge crisis that my family and I experienced. Explaining my family’s economic and religious background to this extent was vital to understanding why father could not keep up with the competent male role that expected of men in Iranian culture and therefore he always saw himself as a failure and felt defective, late I realize the accumulation of these feelings made him to always feel angry.
Growing up in a patriarchal society with an angry father was always hard, but it seemed to be the norm. I cannot imagine things being different, and as a family, I thought we were doing fine. Experiencing the occasional family fights were normative events, in which it was typically all of us against my father. My father had strict rules about everything and there was no emotional connection or communication with him. Everything had to be his way, and his way only. Since there was no emotional connection, closeness, or the sharing of even a single joyful activity between my father and the rest of us, my sisters and I grew a lot of dependance, closeness, and loyalty for our mother. According to Olson's Circumplex Model theory, in my family, the levels of family cohesion were completely disengaged between my father and the rest of us, but between my sisters, mother, and I, we had a cohesive system.
As for the amount of flexibility in my family, my father was a complete authoritarian with strict discipline; he set the rules and there was no negotiation or change allowed. For example, he prohibited both of my sisters to ever use the phone, go out with friends, talk to boys or have boyfriends, wear revealing clothes, or play any sports. Their roles were to study as best as they could so they could finish college and then learn how to be a good housewife. My mother, on the other hand, was much more flexible and persuaded my father to let my sisters learn painting, calligraphy, and music.
When it came to communication skills in my family, my father had very poor listening skills with almost no feedback, almost always spoke for us, and never shared any of his feelings or emotions with us unless it was anger. I must admit that although he used to get angry a lot, he rarely ever disrespected my mother in front of us or others. He always showed her respect in front of others. Pre-crisis, I would classify my family as rigidly connected that was barely balanced (Olson, 91). The connection part was all thanks to my mother.
It did not surprise me that both of my sisters got married as soon as they got the chance. Anahita was lucky because her fiance turned out to be an amazing person who exhibits high levels of communication and respect, and he really loves my sister. They faced a lot of problems too, as soon as they started living together, including the loss of jobs and financial struggles, but they overcame their problems since they always had good communication with each other. However, for Aida the story was entirely different. Aida got married when she was 22 years old, straight out of finishing university. She met her now ex-husband, Farzin, at my cousin’s wedding. Farzin was tall, handsome, and appealed to my sister. Farzin was living in Tehran, had a stable job, and came from a good and respected family we knew. However, we were not relatives with his family. At that time, I was 15 years old, and I remember the way Aida could not stop smiling all night after that wedding. I thought to myself that this is it for Aida, she is going to get married and I will get to have two rooms in the house to myself. Two months after that wedding, Farzin travelled all the way from Tehran to Kerman, with his cousin, to ask my father for permission to date Aida with the intention of getting married. This concept is unfamiliar in western culture, but in Iran, at that time, it was not possible to just date a girl without the intention of marriage. My father accepted, and two months later Farzin came to Kerman with almost all of his family for their engagement party. Interestingly, Farzin’s father had to stay in Tehran to work, and later I found out that there were many similarities between Fazin’s father and mine, such as their hatred for travelling.
One year after their engagement, Aida and Farzin got married and Aida moved to Tehran to live with Farzin. Since my grandparents are old and live in a two story house, they rented the second story to Aida and Farzin at a very low rate as their way of helping them. However, living directly above my grandparents caused a lot of relationship problems for Aida down the road, since my grandmother meddled in their marriage a lot.
Shortly after Aida moved to Tehran, she started her Master’s degree in English Literature. Therefore she was studying most of the time instead of being a housewife, which was expected of her by her husband's family. Farzin was working long hours from 7:00AM to 8:00PM, and as I later came to understand, they never had much of communication with each other, nor any common hobbies or interests. Farzin was into soccer, cars, and sports while my sister loved Shakespeare, Lord Byron and William Blake. Since having premarital sex is unaccepted and severely looked down upon in Iran’s culture, Aida and Farzin were each other’s first. Years later I found out that their sexual relationship was not very good at all, to a point that Aida called it non-existent. Their lack of communication, common interests, and intimacy caused their marriage to go downhill very fast, but it did not end in divorce as soon as it should have in my opinion.
The reason Aida and Farzin did not get divorced as soon as they realized they were not good for each other was because divorce is very looked down upon, not only in Iranian culture, but also within the Zoroastrian culture and community. Since there are very few Zoroastrians left in Iran, a divorced woman will have a really tough time finding another husband that is from the Zoroastrian religion. If she marries someone with another religion, not only would she be outcast, but her entire family would be looked down upon as well. This makes divorce taboo in the Zoroastrian community of Iran. Divorce is a huge stressor for a family that values what other people think of them more than the well-being of their own family members. This was the case for Farzin as much as it was true for Aida.
For all of these reasons combined, Aida and Farzin continued to live together as a married couple while their relationship was cold for almost two years. The rest of my family was clueless about this fact since Aida and Farzin both kept it very well hidden and pretended that everything was fine. Aida developed a severe case of depression while dealing with this situation alone, without any support from my family. I vividly remember that it seemed like nothing in this world could make her happy again. She stayed in bed for 18 hours a day and had no motivation to do anything at all. This got my mother so worried that she lived with her for almost two months and helped her to find a job as a university professor to teach English Literature. From this point onwards, my mother always knew that Aida did not love Farzin anymore or want to be married to him anymore. However, my mother advised Aida to give him a second chance and not to get divorced since she would be alone for the rest of her life in Iran if she did.
All of a sudden, after a month of teaching, Aida was happy again and supercharged with energy and motivation. We all assumed the worst was over, but in fact, her reason for happiness was that she fell in love with another English literature professor, Reza, who was a married man with a 3 year old daughter. Since this man was married and not Zoroastrian, it made everything so much more complicated for Aida. From that point on, all of these pressures caused Aida to be depressed half of the time, and happy the other half. Many years later, I came to know that during this time in her life, Aida got pregnant from Farzin, but she decided she did not want the baby. She therefore got an abortion and did not tell anyone in my family about it till a long time after.
It took Aida quite a few years to decide what she wanted to do with her life. She finally told Reza that she loved him, to which he told her that he also loved her, and was willing to divorce his wife and get married to Aida. Therefore, Aida finally told Farzin that she wanted a divorce. Aida and Farzin agreed to divorce and continue living together until everything was ready and settled for Aida to move in with Reza. Four months into still living with Farzin, Reza told Aida that he cannot divorce his wife and leave his daughter, and therefore, he cannot be with Aida anymore. Aida had a nervous breakdown, and since she had no one to help her emotionally, her situation got so bad that Farzin had to take her to the hospital. Eventually, my mother found out what happened, and shortly afterwards, Anahita and I got the news too. This news was the crisis that shook my family.
My mother spent the next few months in Tehran with Aida, while my father was so mad at her that he refused to visit because of what she had done. Anahita was going back and forth between Kerman and Tehran, trying to help Aida as much as possible. Meanwhile, I was angry, confused, sad, and heartbroken. Farzin’s brother and I were very good friends, and in that moment of awareness that I would lose this friend, I also realized that nothing in my family or my life was ok. Although I have always loved Aida, my 22 year old brain could not make any sense of the things she did or why she did them.
According to the Libman-Blumen model, this crisis was an internal stressor for my family, since the source was divorce happening in my immediate family (Price, Price, & Bush, 2017). It was also pervasive, since not only it affected my family, but also directly affected the relationship between my family, relatives, and grandparents lives as well. The stressor was a gradual onset for my mother, since she knew how bad Aida’s relationship was with her husband, and that it was getting worse. Thus, she foresaw the divorce. However, for the rest of my family, it was a precipitate onset, since none of us really knew what was going on in Aida’s life so the divorce hit us hard (Price, Price, & Bush, 2017).
The degree of severity of this crisis was intense for my family, but it also came to be a transitory stressor because it was stressful to deal with the problem of Aida’s living situations long after the divorce itself. Although my mother predicted that Aida would divorce Farzin and she somewhat readied herself emotionally, to the rest of my family it was random crisis coming out of nowhere. Since the divorce was direct result of my sister’s action and Farzin’s, it is categorized as an artificially generated stressor . The stressor was perceived as solvable, at first, by my family, since they thought they could fix the problem by taking Aida to therapy. This then shed light on a much bigger problem, which came to be unsolvable, which was her diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Since there is no cure for bipolar disorder, my mother dedicated 99 percent of her attention and emotional support to Aida for many years after the divorce. This left me and Anahita with very little emotional support. In the case of substantive content, this crisis was primarily a combination of social, religious, health and sexual domains (Price, Price, & Bush, 2017).
According the Double ABC-X Model, the aA factors represent the stressor event and the pileup stressors (Price, Price, & Bush, 2017). In the case of our family crisis, the A factor was the phone call we received that informed us Aida was in the hospital and that she had divorced Farzin. I believe the “a” factors, which includes pileup stressors were the diagnosis of my sister with bipolar disorder, and the fact that after she got well to a point that she could live by herself again, there were periods of time when we had no idea what she was doing, where she was, or how she was doing. Due to this, the coping process turned out to be a long one, even so that after ten years there are still situations that creates stress for my family when it comes to Aida’s current relationships.
As of right now, when I look back at everything that happened and how we dealt with all the stressors that existed after the divorce, I find myself and my family very fortunate to possess many resources that helped us to cope with this crisis. According to Double ABC-X Model, the bB factors represent the existing and new resources (Price, Price, & Bush, 2017). In determining the B factors for my case starting with individual family members, in general, we adapted ourselves to the new situation instead of blaming Aida for divorcing her husband, getting an abortion, or for being diagnosed with bipolar disorder. We also learned that we have to support and help her as much as we can. Our sense of cohesion as a family grew better and better with each passing year.
My mother was the greatest resource that my sisters and I had. Not even for a second did she stop loving Aida or ever blame her for anything that happened. My father realized how serious the situation was and tried his best not to show any anger or aggression toward Aida, which was very surprising to me. Although he never accepted Aida’s behaviour, and from time to time, if there was any discussion in the family, he reminded her of her mistakes, in general he learned to control his anger and outbursts of rage completely. Anahita was the best support I had and my relationship with her grew stronger after learning about Aida’s divorce. Since my mother gave most of her time, energy, and emotional support to support Aida, Anahita had my back and even motivated me to attend many classes with her on subjects of spirituality, reiki healing, confidence building and so on during all these years. I believe that no one in my family has changed more positively or grew stronger from this experience as Anahita did. As of right now, my father tries his best to accept Aida for the person she is, he does not argue with her anymore, and tells her that no matter what, he will always love her. Although a bit late, this shows how much my father changed in terms of flexibility and communication. Therefore, my family has turned out to be more connected and flexible than it was previously, due to this crisis.
In terms of having a family system as a resource, we were both lucky and unlucky. We were lucky in a sense that our cousins always remained Aida’s friends and tried to support her as much as possible. However, my uncles and aunts pretended like nothing serious had happened, but at the same time, they tried their best to keep Aida away from their children, as they saw her as a bad influence. As for community support, the only resource that we were fortunate to have were friends and colleagues, especially for Aida. One of the most important reasons that Aida was able to handle this crisis was because of her relationships with her friends and colleagues in university. As for formal support from community institutions, there is still not any kind of community institutions that can help Iranian women to deal with divorce or mental disorders. However, the only kind of formal support that greatly helped my family and I was counseling. Everyone in my family, except my father, went to counseling at some point after the crisis. My mother saw a therapist once every week, for years, to learn how to cope with this event. There she also learned the best ways to communicate with Aida, so that she could help my sister in the best possible way. Anahita and I did the same thing to be able to reconnect with Aida.
The “double C” factor in the Double ABC-X model represents the perception of the initial stressor event and the stress or crisis. In our family crisis, the C factor, or the initial perception of this crisis that happened right at the moment of receiving the news, which I remember vividly, was my father’s reaction. My mother just told us in a phone call that Aida got a divorce and she was not feeling well and she was in hospital but it is not anything serious. My father was so shocked that he lost his control and almost fell on the ground. I thought at first he must have had a stroke. He went into his room and did not come out for the rest of that night, did not eat dinner, or sleep at all that night. As for me, I cannot clearly remember my feelings at that exact moment, but I do remember wondering to myself that night about what is going to happen now.
One of the important factors that I think always made a big difference in how my mother and father approached challenges in their lives was their belief system and value orientation. As Price explained, my mother has a mastery orientation and always believes that she can fix all the problems she faces. On the other hand, my father has more of a fatalistic orientation, and thus accepts that everything will stay the way it is and he cannot do much to make a situation better.
Throughout this paper, in regards to the stressor event, I mainly utilized the word crisis rather than than the word stress This is due to the fact that, according to Price, this event had all the components of being perceived as a crisis by my family: the disturbance was overwhelming, the pressure was severe, and our family could not function adequately. There were also a lot of changes in our family boundaries and customary roles, and my family was not functioning at optimal psychological level.
In the end, the factors that made the coping process easier for my family included all the components of Cognitive coping strategies (Price, Price, & Bush, 2017). Currently, all of my families subjective perceptions of divorce and abortion have changed dramaticly to a point that it is concidered taboo anymore. As a family we achieved this by taking many direct actions like counseling with a therapist and learning about mental illness and its effects on human mind and body which resulted in us reframing the crisis, the process which Price calls intrapsychic This perception helped us greatly to control our emotion every time the subject of divorce was brought up around Aida in family gatherings. As of today, all of my family, including myself is maintaining a satisfactory communication with Aida, we also encourage her in all of her endeavours and our bonds of coherence and unity is getting stronger with each passing day.
After reading the “Race and Ethnicity” chapter in Sociology, a Down-to-Earth Approach I compared the difference of whether the crisis had occured in Switzerland rather than Iran. I realized that if I was born in Switzerland, I would have lived in a country that adopted the policy of multiculturalism, also known as pluralism, in which racial ethnic variation is encouraged (Henslin, 338). This was the opposite of what was true in Iran. Since the Swiss population is made of up French, Italian, German and Roman people, no matter which ethnic or religious group I was born into, I would have never been considered a minority. This would be because these ethnic groups have kept their own language and lived peacefully together while participating freely in the country’s social institution, from education to politics (Henslin, 338). If this case was true, then I my sister’s divorce or abortion would more likely not have been considered a huge crisis, but rather perceived as a normtive stressor event.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, this paper used the crisis event of my sister’s divorce and abortion, and throughly analyzed it using the Double ABC-X Model. In analyzing this family crisis, I came to realize how this event made us grow as a family. I also realized how we learned many coping mechanisms to deal with stressful events in our lives and therefore the xX factor in this case for my family’s crisis is bonadaptation. I believe the silver lining is that having gone through this crisis made us stronger, more united and resilient, and overall, a better family.
The purpose of this essay is to elaborate on the major causes of divorce, psychological effects and how to cope with it. An increase in amount of U.S. couples divorcing is growing. Statistics stated in the essay is proof. The lacks of communication, physical and psychological abuse are the leading causes of divorce worldwide. After or while in the process of filing for a divorce, couples go through psychological effects such as depression, suicidal thoughts and daily medical visitations. However the top ways of coping with divorce are allowing grieving, seeing a therapist, and taking time out to completely focus on a divorcee’s life. Included in this essay is a personal experience of relatives going through a divorce. Dissolution can be a start of a new life or eternal brokenness for one or both parties.
Get original essayGoing through an annulment with a significant other can be very devastating and traumatic for an individual. According to recent statistics, the United States is rated third in the highest divorce rate internationally, with an amount of 4.34 divorces per 1,000 people. On the contrary, American Samoa rarely has divorce cases due to the low rate of divorcees in our island. In order for a marriage split-up to fully process, both partners must agree to its conditions. Bringing about a divorce portrays a vivid image of two discontented parties in a marriage. Feeling remorseful and shameful, also flashbacks of memories can come into existence while undergoing a divorce with one’s spouse. The process of getting through a divorce can be very upsetting and traumatizing for an individual or both parties. However, for some individuals they find divorce as a source of happiness. Based on a study completed by educators enrolling in Kingston University, during a 20 year period, researchers concluded that women were more content and satisfied with their lives after a divorce. One thing the public should be well- aware of before making assumptions, married couples who files for divorce could be encountering multiple life problems that stay concealed and unrevealed.
Marriage difficulties such as the lack of communication and commitment from one or both parties can lead to a union destruction. As reported by Law Offices of Ira, a survey conducted in the United States indicated that poor communication skills are a leading cause of divorce. Not having daily conversations about certain things in a marriage can stray an individual from being committed to a lifetime relationship. Couples should always be conversing daily to keep their partner notified and cognizant of the situations they are currently encountering. Not being able to communicate well with a spouse can have them interrogate your every action. A significant other will instantly instill negative thoughts such as not being sufficient for their partner’s to acknowledge them or he/she does not desire their presence any longer. Lack of communication between two parties can direct to constant arguments and distance. In addition, couples go through separation because of physical and psychological abuse. An abusive and a manipulative lifetime lover can put a marriage in endangerment. Nearly, 15% of women and 4% of men have experienced physical violence from their domestic partner; research suggests that mistreated wives are most likely to get divorced. Commonly, husbands who are physical abusers frighten their wives to an extent whereas they feel completely vulnerable in their homes with their own spouse. Physical abuse involving hitting, kicking, pushing and other wounding bodily movement can result to instant distance and loss of affection from one’s partner. Moreover, psychological violence includes controlling one’s significant other to cut ends with his or her friends, families and loved ones. A study suggested that men’s overall risk of emotional abuse may be increasing; women experienced the highest rates of isolation. Women are to not be in contact with their colleagues, loved ones but to obey. A spouse could utilize another’s deepest fear or weakness to their advantage. Not having the free will to become associated with the public is an extreme factor that leads to divorce. Personally, I strongly believe that this is the most hazardous and toxic trait in a marriage that would most definitely requires filing a divorce. It could ruin an individual mentally.
Mental and psychological effects such as depression and misery are what married couples encounter while going through a divorce. Deciding to terminate a union can be traumatic and chaotic, especially for marriages that lasted for decades. An estimation of 65% of couples undergoes depression while divorcing. Couples experience insomnia and prefer staying indoors to reminisce. Additionally, both parties have paid medical visits daily. Refusing to devour nourishments for strength and vitality, couples gets instantly sick and are admitted to medical facilities for checkups. An article written by a divorcee narrates a heartfelt story when he was paying visits to the hospital every once in a while after being annulled with his lifetime lover. Divorce can ruin one’s health when they are having an arduous time processing it. A risky contemplation such as suicide crosses a divorcee’s mind after filing for a divorce. Data obtained from a Mortality Study demonstrated that separated people have a higher suicide rate than others. Suicide is known as to be a permanent solution to everyone’s provisional problems. Given that suicide rates are rapidly increasing overtime, divorced couples view suicide as one of their alternatives to their temporary difficulty. However, divorced partners should be searching for advantageous ways to get through divorce, rather than instilling pessimistic thoughts and inherit unusual behaviors that not only will damage their mentality but as well as their health.
There are several ways to cope with divorce. For instance, allowing you to grieve the loss of an expected-to-be lifetime relationship. Grief is a natural reaction to loss. An individual has lost their faithful companion, their hope, and years of memories. Therefore it is normal to feel doleful, angry and terrified. In order to get through, you will have to contend those feelings, to cry, to scream and process all those remorseful feelings. The pain of grieving allows a divorced couple to let go of their past relationship and to mainly focus on rebuilding the future. Moreover, to cope with dissolution, a divorcee should see a divorce therapist. The support from closed ones and a therapist can heal an individual who is undergoing a divorce. Connecting with a therapist can aid an individual to formulate goals and a beneficial perspective in life. Divorce therapists have the knowledge and the ability to turn one’s life around and to recover. Couples who have a hard time surmounting divorce highly recommend that meeting up with a divorce therapist has aided them a lot. Losing ties with one’s significant other can be very treacherous for most individuals, although setting an appointment with a divorce therapist can be a fresh start and a clearer view of more opportunities life has to offer. Furthermore, self-care is another alternative to overcome an annulment. Taking time out to completely focus on yourself and what the next step of your new life will be is a solution as well. Divorcees should now anchor their attention to them alone and what it is best for them. Such as getting involved in charity clubs, visiting friends more often, exercising regularly and practicing self-compassion. It will instigate new ideas and hopes for someone who is being burdened with the loss of their lifetime partner. Individuals can now look at the world from a whole new different perspective and can learn to love their selves.
Overall, divorce is definitely not an easy pathway to partake. Speaking from experience, I have witnessed one of my relatives going through an annulment. It was precisely not a matter worth witnessing, especially being a part of a union that lasted for a decade. There were reasons to why this marriage led to a divorce and the aftermath of it was a catastrophe for the first few years. With having children, my relative who resided with us had a difficult time trying to fulfill and balance their children’s desires and necessities financially. It was a bumpy road to surpass. Years were invested in trying to make things possible for both of the divorced spouses and their children. After taking time out to sort and figure matters out on their own, my divorced relatives were able to compromise and formulate a routine to make their separation feasible. It takes a warrior to get through a dissolution that was expected to last a lifetime. An annulment can be a start of something new for an individual who has been having a strenuous time trying to rewrite a failing marriage, or a heartbreaking scenario for someone who has been committed for so long and he/she is not receiving the same effort from their spouses.
Marriage provides couples with opportunities to share their experiences, raise families together, and officially formalize their romantic relationships and loyal commitments with the ceremonial and legal status of marriage. Although some couples can develop and maintain healthy and extensive marriages, many couples experience complicated problems that require the spouses to curtail the marriages and receive divorces. Because the United States has experienced relatively high divorce rates in the recent decades, many marital and sociological scholars have attempted to analyze the divorce statistics and determine the various causes that facilitate the high divorce rates in the US. Primary social and domestic factors that cause high divorce rates include the social conflict problems of severe financial struggles, structural functionalism changes regarding the institution of marriage, and symbolic interactive perspective issues regarding the modern meanings of romantic love and the western implications of marriage.
Get original essayThe divorce rates in the US have remained dramatically and disproportionately high in the last several decades. The exact number of divorces can be difficult to ascertain because in the 1990s the federal government reduced the amount of funds available for states to calculate divorce totals, the budgetary limitations impair the ability of state and county governments to accumulate accurate and comprehensive numbers, and the inadequate records prevents the US from determining specific numbers. However, many governmental and educational research organizations have conducted thorough research to determine the most reliably accurate divorce rates in the US and have established that the current divorce rate is approximately 50 percent. As a result, the research indicates that about half of all marriages are ending in divorce (Amato, 2011). Researchers have also compounded and analyzed data based on whether the divorced couple constitutes a first or subsequent marriage. Many reports assert that 45-50 percent of first marriages, 60-67 percent of second marriages, and 70-73 percent of third marriages end in divorce. Thus, the exact divorce totals can be difficult to determine, most governmental and educational researchers contend that 50 percent of marriages end in divorce, and this trend is projected to continue in the following years.
Divorces and broken families generate a substantial impact on the families involved and on the entire society. An abundance of research has demonstrated that divorce can be very detrimental for the children of the divorced parents. Although appropriate strategies of the parents and beneficial coping mechanisms from communities can help children overcome the challenges that accompany broken homes, many children experience severe difficulties attempting to adjust to the social and domestic conflicts that arise from the divorces of their parents. For instance, research indicates that the children of divorced parents are consistently confronted with social problems, trust deficiencies, and complex confusion from witnessing the disruption of their previously unified and cohesive family. Many children also experience resentful hostility, intense anxiety, and negative perceptions of the world because of the stressful and unstable living arrangements that are facilitated by divorced parents and broken homes (Amato, 2011). However, the research studies also indicate that divorce can be extremely detrimental to the wellbeing of the separated couples. The divorce proceedings bombard the couples with an excessive amount of stress as they must fulfill the arduous legal, domestic, and bureaucratic obligations that accompany finalizing the divorce and implementing new living arrangements. Studies also demonstrate that the economic stability and income levels of the former spouses substantially decline after receiving a divorce. Many possible factors can cause the decreased income of divorced couples, including the exorbitant costs of the legal procedures, increased taxes for single individuals, alimony or child-support payments, the inability to share expenses, and the reduced professional productivity caused by the distracting and time-consuming divorce process. As a result, the studies indicate that after a divorce the standard of living for men declines by approximately 10 percent, the standard of living for the women declines by about 30 percent, and both spouses experience significant reductions in their income levels and financial stability after the divorce (Zagorsky, 2005). Additionally, the high divorce rates also perpetuate problems that confront the entire US culture, for the legal expenses and income reductions experienced by divorced couples often requires governmental institutions to provide assistance with taxpayer money. Therefore, divorce facilitates a pivotal impact by exposing the children to many psychological and domestic conflicts, confronting the divorced spouses with financial and living standard declines, and by requiring the US to utilize resources to fulfill the divorce procedures and compensate for struggling single parents.
Many causes diminish the quality of relationships and encourage couples to obtain divorces. Specific causes of divorces can be difficult to identify because typically multiple factors combine to exasperate marital strife and each couple experiences different reasons for the divorce. However, researchers have compiled data to determine that the most consistent factors that disrupt marital harmony and instigate divorces include money, infidelity, frequent arguing, getting married too young, a lack of preparation, and a lack of commitment (Hawkins, n.d.). Thus, many different reasons can impair the quality of a relationship and facilitate the fulfillment of a divorce, each couple generally features different reasons or combinational factors that caused the divorce, and numerous researchers have attempted to determine the complex cultural and domestic problems that stimulate the relatively high divorce rates in the United States.
The social conflict theory helps to explain the important financial struggles that are stimulating the relatively high divorce rates of the US. The social conflict theory was generated by Karl Marx and then elaborated upon by many supporters in the previous century. Because the conditions of life and the struggle for survival can be very difficult, individuals must often compete for resources, a minimal scarcity of available resources intensifies the competition, and many conflicts derive from this challenging struggle for money and power. The competition in turn perpetuates significant conflicts, for many societies including the US experience a problem in which a small portion of individuals possess the overwhelming majority of the national wealth while many other families and communities suffer from a drastic lack of resources. This economic inequality magnifies the struggle that many individuals and families must overcome when attempting to acquire the minimal amount of resources that are available for the middle and lower classes. As a result, the ruthless and imbalanced competition for resources stimulates several cultural conflicts, including economic inequality, widespread poverty, class struggles, and excessive crime rates (Mooney, 2007). Thus, the social conflict theory elaborates on the need for individuals to compete for resources, dramatic economic inequalities provides the upper class with an abundance of power and resources while the lower classes must experience detrimental financial and social struggles, and the competition and inequality causes a contentious divisiveness and hostile animosity to persist throughout society.
The social conflict articulated by Marx and his followers yields a substantial impact on the high divorce rates of the US. Many comprehensive research studies demonstrate that financial struggles and economic problems are the leading cause of divorce and the primary reason why marital relationships fail. Because the middle and lower classes suffer from a scarcity of available resources, many spouses struggle to maintain financial stability, the economic difficulties stimulate intense anxieties, and the ensuing friction disrupts the cohesive solidarity of the relationship. For instance, a married couple with vast amounts of wealth does not experience a need to budget their money carefully, scrutinize every expenditure, or engage in contentious arguments regarding how to most effectively allocate the money. In contrast, married couples that experience severe financial difficulties often must make complex decisions of how to budget their limited amount of funds, the economic struggles can destabilize the household and instigate disagreements regarding which expenditures to fulfill, and these conflicts can deteriorate the quality of the relationship and impel the couples to eventually receive a divorce (Rampell, 2009). Because the majority of families in the US experience financial struggles, the social conflict theory helps explain why money reflects the most common reason for divorce and why the divorce rates in the US remain at such a high level. Thus, the divorce rates of modern society are substantially amplified by economic issues, many marital relationships falter due to financial disputes, and this factor of divorce is generated from the glaringly disproportionate income inequality problems confronting the country.
The structural functionalism theory also influences the divorce rates of modern society. The structural functionalism theory provides a macro-view of society as a large and complex structure, multiple parts operate and fulfill important responsibilities to maintain the stability of the structure, and numerous social institutions and professional industries must function effectively and cooperate cohesively to establish a strong society. Many intellectual scholars helped to develop and elaborate on the concept of structural functionalism, including Herbert Spencer, August Comte and Talcott Parsons. Additionally, many different aspects and institutions of a culture represent the parts that are required to efficaciously maintain the stability of the culture. For example, important institutions include the educational, infrastructural, recreational, professional, social, and political systems of a society (Subedi, n.d.). Thus, society is perceived as a large structure consisting of an abundance of interrelated and correlating parts, the different institutions of a society represent these essential parts, and the parts all must work effectively to compliment eachother and establish a healthy and stable society.
Structural functionalism yields a diverse range of influences on the realities of divorce in modern society. Supporters of the theory argue that the divorce rates are facilitated by impediments and problems impairing the institution of marriage in the country. In the 1960s and 1970s, a pivotal cultural shift featured changing attitudes regarding sexuality and marriage, for women were able to achieve liberation, assert more control regarding their domestic and professional lives, and actively formulate decisions regarding marriage and divorce. A more tolerant value of sexual promiscuity also shifted the attitudes towards marriage and increased the propensity for couples to receive divorces. Additionally, a significant cultural shift related to the perceptions of divorce permeating through society. Whereas divorce was previously stigmatized as a drastic failure and a detrimental deficiency for the former spouses, the 1960s and 1970s experienced a cultural shift in which divorces became must more acceptable, became viewed as a liberating solution to relationship problems, and the increased frequency of divorces further magnified the growing tolerance and acceptance of divorce throughout society (Thornton, 1985). As a result, structural functionalists contend that the divorce rates have been stimulated by failures regarding the impaired institution of marriage because sexual promiscuity, female liberation, and the growing acceptance of divorce without stigmatization increased the number of couples who were willing to attain divorces.
However, structural functionalists would also emphasize how the domestic structure of the individual marriages become dilapidated and crumble. For instance, marriage can be viewed as a large structure or society, the family members and their given responsibilities are the parts that maintain the structural whole of the marriage, and the structure becomes destabilized when the parts fail to cooperate effectively and when constant problems disconnect the cohesive unity of the relationship. Additionally, structural functionalists often contend that the high divorce rates are detrimental to society. Because marriage is perceived as an essential institution, functionalists argue that having a population of married parents and strong domestic households maximizes the economic and professional stability of society, whereas broken homes with divorced parents in contrast destabilize the structure of society. For instance, divorces impair society due to the unhealthy domestic situations, the burdens placed on the parents, and the psychological and social challenges inflicted upon the children (Thornton, 1985). Thus, structural functionalism impacts the divorce rates in modern society because cultural shifts have damaged the institution of marriage, rendered divorce more socially acceptable, and the high divorce rates are harmful to the institution of marriage and to the overall stability of society.
The symbolic interaction perspective theory also influences the divorce rates of the US. The symbolic interactive perspective theory asserts that cultures determine the values, customs, and meanings that are maintained by the people and the culture. For instance, institutions and concepts initially have no meaning, each culture is capable of determining the values and definitions that accompany the institutions, and then citizens must conform to society by accepting the symbolic meanings and by adopting the defined values that have been established by the culture. Many philosophers and sociologists have perceived society with the micro-sociological perspective of symbolic interactions, including Charles Cooley, George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman and George Simmel. These philosophers and the many supporters of the theory contend that the definitions and meanings that societies apply to certain situations and institutions impact the behavioral patterns of individuals and groups substantially more than the actual reality or implications of the situations (Mooney, 2007). Therefore, each culture can determine which values to appreciate and which behavioral customs to display, citizens generally must also adopt the definitions and meanings determined by the culture, and these symbolic interactions of society have a significant impact on the decisions and actions of individuals.
The divorce rate of modern society is substantially impacted by the symbolic interactionist perspective theory. Marriage is not a creation of nature or an original aspect of the human species, but in contrast marriage is an artificial construct established by societies to maintain order among the population. Whereas many cultures throughout history and around the world perceive marriage as a social and economic arrangement, the romanticized attitudes of the US and other western societies have caused the modern societies to define marriage as an institution of love in which the marriage is symbolic of the romantic love and intimate companionship of the couples. However, when the initial excitement of a new relationship fades and the couple experiences miscommunication problems that diminish the unbridled concept of romantic love, so too the spouses believe that the lack of love renders the marriage as inappropriate and the couple gets a divorce rather than overcoming the challenges. As a result, research indicates that lack of romantic love, frequent arguing, and lack of compatibility are among the leading causes of divorce (Witt, n.d.). Symbolic interactionists also emphasize the manner in which husbands and wives have been assigned symbolic roles by society, spouses are often unable to accommodate the expectations of those roles, and this too can impair the relationship and instigate a divorce. Additionally, the cultural shift regarding the meaning of divorce has also influenced the current rates. Whereas the US previously stigmatized divorce as a failure, in the recent decades the symbolic meaning of divorce has become much more favorable and tolerant, the more positive connotations associated with divorce makes the process more reasonable than in previous centuries, and this increases the willingness of spouses to receive divorces (Witt, n.d.). Thus, symbolic interactionists maintain that the divorce rates of modern society soared to high levels because the definition of marriage as being designated for unbridled love is impractical, the many roles ascribed to husbands and wives are unrealistic, and the frequent disagreements and consistent communication problems exasperate marital tensions and increase the divorce rates of society.
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Get custom essayAlthough sustaining a marriage can be a complicated and difficult challenge, many compatible spouses enjoy sharing their life experiences with eachother and raising a family together throughout their entire lives. However, couples that are not conducive for eachother have a right to receive a divorce rather than subject eachother and their children to the detrimental circumstances and painful conditions that accompany unhappy marriages. Because the divorce rate of approximately 50 percent is excessive and harmful to the country, the US society can help reduce and minimize the number of couples who receive divorces by resolving the many factors that facilitate the high divorce rates among the population. The divorce rates of modern society are often exasperated by the social conflict theory regarding the economic inequality and financial struggles that confront many couples, the structural functionalism theory pertaining to the institutional failures of marriage, and the symbolic interaction perspective theory regarding the unrealistic meanings and detrimental values that the US has attached to the concepts of marriage and domestic life.
Man by nature is a fighting animal, hence to think of a crimeless society is a myth. Truly speaking, there is no society without the problem of crime and criminals. The existence of crime is established from the time of Adam. The Bible and the Quran give vivid examples of the first crime committed by one son of Adam. It can be safely said that crime in one form or the other, has been present since time immemorial. Similarly, the investigation and detection of crime is also of same age as of crime. With the advancement of science and technology the criminals have adopted new methods and techniques for committing offences, but science has also helped the investigating agencies in their efforts to nab the criminals or real culprits.
Get original essayThe ways of interrogation of criminals by using third degree methods are now giving way to new scientific methods of investigation . Science is the intellectual process for using all the mental and physical resources available in order to understand, explain, quantify and predict normal as well as unusual natural phenomenon in a better way. Thus, scientific approach to understand anything involves observation, measurement of entities that can be quantities, the accumulation of data, and analysis of finding as distinguished from an intuitive approach . Law exists in almost every area of life. There are laws about how people work with one another, how we trade and how we own things. Law can remove people from society for their crimes, law can create bridges between different societies and there are even laws about how to make laws. "The Rule of Law", wrote the philosopher Aristotle in 350 B C "is better than the rule of any individual". The study of "law" raises important questions about equality, fairness and justice.
Science and law are interdependent. Science itself is based on sound law, i.e. its principle should be based on definite grounds. Every science is governed by its own laws. On the other hand, law is also increasingly depending on science. The society is being increasingly aware of its well being and scientific knowledge has made inroads in legal sphere as well. For example, nobody can be deprived of his liberty without due process of law. If a patient is terminally ill, can he/she be given liberty to commit suicide through the assistance of a doctor? If not, to what extent can medical technology assist in reducing the risk of dying in severe pain?
In the words of David, M. Walker:
“Forensic Science means a branch of science concerned with the application of those bodies of knowledge to legal purposes, particularly to eliciting and interpreting facts which may be of significance in legal inquiries”.
According to Encarta World English Dictionary:
“Forensic science is a crime solving medical science related to the application of science to decide questions arising from crime or litigation”.
According to Concise Oxford Dictionary:
“Forensic Science means a science used in Courts of law”.
According to Modern English Dictionary:
“Forensic Science can be said as pertaining to law Courts”.
According to Dictionary of English Language:
“Forensic means belonging to, used in or suitable to Courts of judicature”.
Forensic science can be described, also, as a science, pertaining to law, but the branch which is used in criminal investigation and findings of which can lead to the arrests and convictions. Forensic Science is the application to those civil and criminal laws that are enforced by the police agencies in criminal justice system . So it is clear that Forensic Science is a science, by means of which material evidence is analyzed, collected, preserved and used in Court of law especially in relation of crime.
The broadest definition of the Forensic Science is the application of science to law. Forensic Science offers the knowledge and technology of science for the enforcement of laws that are framed in our society to regulate the activities of its members. Forensic Science can also be designed as that scientific discipline which is directed to the recognition, identification, individualization and evaluation of physical evidence by the application of the principles and methods of natural sciences for the purposes of administration of criminal justice. It is also known as “Pobulic Science” or “Criminalistics” in America. In France it is also known as “Criminalistique” and in Germany, it has got the name of “Kriminalistik”.
Shrita Jand, in his book Principles of Criminal Law and Forensic Science –
Old Concepts/ new techniques explain two aspects of the origin of Forensic science:
“To those individuals who developed the principles and techniques to identify or compare physical evidence;
“To those who recognized the necessity of merging these principles into a coherent discipline that could be practically applied to a criminal justice system”.
It is generally believed that Sir Arthur Canon Doyle is the first who applied the newly developing principles of serology; finger printing, fire arms identification and questioned documents examination long before their value was first recognized and accepted by real life criminal investigation .
After the long use of fingerprints and blood grouping tests molecular biology have taken place between1960 to 1970. In 1985 a famous geneticist of Leicester University, United Kingdom Prof. Alec Jeffery have first used DNA forensic investigation for the purpose of identification of individuals. He had started his researchon myoglobin gene in 1975 and discovered that every individual (Except monozygotic twins) have different and unique gene and it can be traced or detected at the molecular level on the basis of high level of polymorphism in the DNA sequence. DNA is a genetic material and it is inherited amongst the persons from mother and father. It was established after the analysis of myoglobin gene in human beings. Prof. Jeffrey also found that a specific region consisting 33 pairs sequence is repeating several times within an intervening sequence. These tandem repeats were referred to as minisatellites and they have similar regions. Prof. Jeffrey used this technique for the forensic DNA investigation of two teenage girls who were murdered in a narborough village in United Kingdom. After the analyzation and matching of suspects sample with deceased sample (semen), Prof. Jeffrey’s found that suspect was falsely charge sheeted in that case because his DNA sample was different with the sample found on and collected from the person of deceased. After that the suspect was exonerated by the first use of DNA analysis by Prof. Jeffrey and his colleagues .
During the British Rule, the development of Forensic Science institute in India was confined to the isolated attempts to establish institutions for the specific problems. Chemical examiner's laboratories were thus set up at Chennai (1848), Calcutta (1853), Agra (1864) and Mumbai (1987). The real progress of Forensic Science as a whole has largely been a post independence development. The first Forensic Science laboratory was set up in Calcutta in 1952 .After that in 1989, DNA test had got legal validity in India. In 1989 first DNA evidence was produced in the Indian Court (in a paternity dispute case in Kerala, India). The DNA analysis is admissible by Court under section 45 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The Courts in India admitted that the report of DNA expert was fully admissible in evidence as it is a perfect science . In 2005, the provisions for DNA profiling were included in the Code of Criminal Procedure by passing the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005. The Draft Human DNA profiling Bill, 2012 is positive step taken by the government to implement the advanced technology in the administration of justice.
Forensic science means science applied to criminal and civil law because every science can be a Forensic Science if it has some application to justice. The most common areas of science that have forensic application are described below:
Criminalistics is an old term first coined by Paul Kirk, the father of Forensic Science in the United States. In some quarters, criminalistics is synonymous with Forensic Science. The term can be used to describe the comparative Forensic Science such as fingerprints, question documents, firearms and tool marks. Most commonly, however, criminalistics refers to the myriad of types of physical evidence generated by crime science. This includes illicit drugs, blood and DNA, fingerprints and much more .
Prasanta Kumar Ray, in his article, DNA Research define DNA as, “Scientists have long been trying to analyse the behavioural 'traits' of human beings - what a person does, what he likes, and what he dislikes; but today they have come to know the genetic elements which determine the behavioural aspects of an individual. These are located in the molecule called DNA (Deoxy ribonucleic acid) and its structural elements.”
Sir Alec J. Jeffrey discovered the use of DNA for forensic analysis in 1984. DNA evidence was first introduced into criminal Court proceedings in the USA in 1986. At that time, there were no guidelines, no standards and no accrediting bodies. Few police departments had the equipment, training and expertise to identify and to collect the DNA evidence from the crime scene.
With the passage of time, realizing its importance, efficiency and accuracy, the DNA technology is being rapidly used in many countries of the world. Now a day, in USA the law enforcement agencies are collecting DNA samples from the crime scene as the evidence and convicting felons, conclusively establishing guilt through unique identification and exonerating the innocent through the use of DNA. The second way, in which DNA technology is being used, is through DNA data banking. In this process samples are taken from offenders and their profiles are placed in a databank where they can be compared with other DNA profile obtained from the scene of crime . Every state in that country has a law that allows DNA data banking. The most progressive law in data banking is Louisiana’s. DNA test is easily available and is inexpensive too. It is for this reason that it is gaining added importance day by day. This technology is so advanced in the USA that it is being called ‘DNA Laboratory on the chip’. The National Commission on the future of DNA evidence had been working for the last six years .
United Kingdom has also realized and recognized the importance of this new technique and has enacted Data Protection Act, 1998. Other countries like New Zealand, Canada have also enacted the legislations like, Criminal Investigation (Bodily Samples) Act and DNA Identification Act, 1998 .
Though the whole developed world has recognized the importance of this new technique in the administration of justice, India has not done anything in this regard. Neither the police nor the lawyers, not even judiciary fully appreciates the advances made in DNA technology. Traditionally, laboratory science was considered separate from practical tools but the need of the hour is to deviate from the tradition. However, we do not seem to have realized how vast the potential of science and technology is in our country. DNA technology has made a drastic improvement in the methodology of prevailing different types of disputes of civil and criminal cases. In our country, DNA technology has been established in middle of 19th century.
The criminal law recognizes the importance of Forensic Science. This advanced science helps in detecting crime and criminals and it has come a long way right from the use of old identification techniques. In 20th century especially in the year 1987 the most significant development pertaining to forensic DNA evidence made appearance in the Court of law in USA and in 1989, it made appearance in India in paternity dispute. Forensic DNA evidence which is related with Forensic Science is nothing more than persuasive information in the shape of scientific examination report which is produced in the Court of law. If the information, which is collected from the various modes of tests and analyses by an expert scientist, are produced before the Court of law and if they are admissible in and accepted by Court then they become "evidence".
In all over the world every person's identity can be traced by the molecular level on the basis of extremely high level of polymorphism in the sequence of his/her DNA.
According to Black's Law Dictionary, “DNA identification is a method of comparing a person's DNA, a patterned chemical structure of genetic information, with a DNA in a biological specimen to determine whether the person is the source of specimen.”
The most significant development of the twentieth century however, had been DNA testing for identifications of human beings. It has since been extended to animals and even plants. On the pattern of human rights instruments e.g., the Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights 1997, in which the Human Genome Project, which provides the entire spectrum of genetic materials that can be found in all human beings. All human beings have geneses which is the complete set of our genetic instruction on the 23 pairs of chromosomes within each of us that are 99.9% identical in sequence.
The UNESCO declaration considered that, “The human genome is a fundamental component of the common heritage of humanity and needs to be protected in order to safeguard the integrity of the human species, as a value in itself, and the dignity and rights of each of its members. Everyone has right to benefit from advanced technology and human genetics, with due regard for their dignity and freedom”.
Our Constitution is also rightly considered as the significant touchstone for determining the scope of science and technology. The preamble speaks of securing to all citizens equality of status and opportunity, as well as justice-socio, economic and political. Further it envisages Fundamental Rights under Article 21, Article 20(3), Article 51 A (h) and (j) which provides for the development of scientific temper, humanism and spirit of enquiry and reform in order to maintain administration of criminal justice system. DNA analysis has emerged as an extremely valuable tool for the criminal justice system. In many cases, it has served to identify the subject, convict guilty and bring some solace to the victim. In other cases it has exonerated the innocent, at times after the years of unjust imprisonment. DNA's capacity to illuminate the empirical truth provides the opportunity to use it for enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, equity and credibility of criminal justice throughout the nation .
The Court held that the result of DNA test is an aid to be scientifically accurate. The DNA evidence is a predominant technique for identifying criminals when biological issues are left at scene of crime. DNA testing of samples such as saliva, skin, blood, hair and semen not only helps to convict but also serves to exonerate. The sophisticated technology makes it possible to obtain conclusive results in case in which the previous testing happens to be inconclusive.
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Get custom essayThe true character of legislation has been ascertained when a provision of law is impugned on the ground that it is ultra vires the powers of the legislature which enacted it or that it is violative of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution, having regards to the nature of enactment as a whole to its object. The latest position in India is that there is no specific law on the subject of DNA test but DNA testing has got validity in 1989. In India, for the first time Court had accepted the DNA evidence in paternity dispute which required DNA evidence. Today DNA evidence has conclusively taken a special birth and acceptance in legal system as Courts in India are passing orders for DNA test in complex cases.
Technology is being used in the daily lives of most of humans all around the world. Technology is in involved in every small or big business, and we see how technology has changed the way of work. Whether you're a businessperson, a bike courier, or a criminal or lawyer, one thing is clear: our lives are encircled by Digital tools that just a few years ago of years ago would have seemed immeasurable.
Get original essaySome researches have shown that regular workers waste their time using their laptops and tablets, laptops and pc. Rest of the workers waste their time using social media in their work times which reduce the productivity of their work.
Technology is not and will never be a bad thing for society but in my opinion, it makes us lazy. Some people are far behind on the new updates the world keeps producing because they are terrified of the many breakdowns. Not only can we email our work to our teacher or our employer, but we can also watch the walking dead instantaneously while we're supposed to be studying or doing an order at our job. Of course with most things comes the good and the bad or the need and the want.
Technology has had a vast impact on the way that modern day dealings run and though there are many assistances to it, a rise in apps and gadgets, has also led to more interruptions in the work station.
Technology has affiliated the world with each other. In recent times, technology has become an vital aspect of work progressions and being up-to-date on the modern technology is now a requirement for getting a job in most organizations
Business doesn't occur face to face as often as some would like. Instead, today's communication depends on conference calls and emails chains that make it challenging to get to know your partners. It's been a common lamentation among business people discontented with the machinery that has become the custom in their daily lives. But with so many workers worldwide now working in cybernetic teams, many business relationships do depend on technology. And that's not a bad thing, as long they're using the right technologies in the right ways.
The technological advances succeeded in the past few decades have brought about a revolution in the business world, affecting nearly all phases of a working life. People can grasp others throughout the world in a matter a seconds, with cost being progressively insignificant. Employees no longer need to be mentally with their shoppers and co-workers; instead they can converse effectually at home, at a distant office, across the world, and even in their car or on an airplane. Although these new machineries offer a wide diversity of services and occasions, they seem united by a single factor: increased effectiveness and productivity. Indeed, companies have been quick to adopt many of these technologies, and tout important improvements in business routine. However, as the physical office drops importance and employees are fortified to telecommunicate from their location of choice, these physically isolated workers will unavoidably suffer a loss of face-to-face interactive skills and a deterioration of dealings in the workplace.
The modern workplace has experienced a complete shift in how we spend our time. Time management has been optimized, and the efforts put into every-day tasks have been lightened. Employee productivity and efforts have been improved, allowing them to place more emphasis on more important things such as precision and creativity. The level of expectation of clients and co-workers has also changed as a result of technology in the workplace, keeping everyone connected on a constant basis. Results are expected much faster than ever before.
Work undertakings and business benefits all interface with globalization empowered by innovation. Everybody can interface with those in outside nations with the snap of a mouse. Decades prior, it would have taken months or years to discover an advance with an outside accomplice or partner. Today, you can fabricate a business with somebody in another nation in a matter of weeks - or even days.
The internet and technology are in widespread use in every part of Japan, and digital technology has transformed vast numbers of American jobs. Work done in the most erudite scientific enterprises, entirely new technology businesses, the extensive range of knowledge and media happenings, the places where crops are grown up, the factory floor, and even mom-and-pop stores has been restructured by new paths to information and new boulevards of selling goods and services. For most office workers now, life on the job means life online.
One of the current research recommend that data innovation has been a key main impetus behind Japan's resurgence of innovation development that started around 2000.The reasons for the innovation speeding up in IT generation are sensibly surely knew. New item advancement, coming about particularly from R&D, has prompted quick upgrades in PC innovation. The Japanese economy has appreciated since 2000 an expansion in the rate of efficiency development, driven to a great extent by an increment in the rate of innovative advance.
Do you trust that notwithstanding utilizing long range interpersonal communication locales at the working environment can expand working environment profitability? Another review simply distributed by japanese researchers found that setting aside opportunity to visit sites of individual enthusiasm, including news locales and YouTube, gave laborers a mental break that eventually expanded their capacity to focus, which prompted a 9 for every penny increment in all our profitability. The review was performed by specialists at Australia's University of Melbourne who begat the saying "working environment Internet recreation perusing," or WILB. The movement, they stated, keeps the mind crisp and places specialists in a superior mindframe when they profit to working for their undertaking.
In this part of my research I analyzed the impact of technology and digital tools on productivity of employees at personal level. and during my study I found that employee productivity has been increased due to advancements in technology. They work more efficiently even if they are not present at workplace. Technology created a cloud workplace which empowered employees to work from anywhere in the world.
As a rule, representatives need to be acknowledged for their diligent work. Business efficiency programming can connect the crevices in correspondence and pass on to every colleague they are esteemed. With your kin working at their most noteworthy abilities and your business adjusted start to finish, you will make a workforce that is locked in, profitable and faithful. Feeling esteemed is the way to worker unwaveringly which prompts more noteworthy business profitability.
A standout amongst the most noteworthy effects data innovation has had on profitability is that it permits representatives to work from anyplace. Representatives who were once compelled to spend a hour or all the more everyday setting out to an office can now sign on and work from the solace of their homes in the event that they so crave. Specialists are more agreeable and are similarly as beneficial, or significantly more thus, than they would be in the workplace.
The information likewise archive that innovation utilize is amplifying work into individual life. Representatives report utilizing both email and telephones to take care of work night-time, on ends of the week, when they are wiped out, on furlough, or while running errands. This expansion, which is connected to longer work hours at times, is one of the components powering increments in both self-detailed worker trouble and profitability.