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School bullying is almost common in all schools across the world. Criminalization of school violence is not an effective solution to the problem. It not only increases the harm to children but also led to other criminal activities in students. There are many social, political, and economic factors that led to school violence. Criminalization has failed to address the root cause of school bullying.
Get original essayHowever, it negatively affects the victims and aggressors. Criminalization is not an effective solution; it increases depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, low academic performance and other problems in students. Bullying prevention and rehabilitation programs should be started to decrease the problem of bullying.
Bullying is a structural problem based on prejudices and stigmatization, and whose solution cannot be the criminalization of those who commit it. Bullying is discrimination because it prevents having the conditions conducive to learning for everyone involved in it, not only who is the victim but also who commits the aggression and who participates as observers.
School based bullying is common across the world, but there are many countries that deal with is strict. Criminalization of school bullying has no ground in the literature. There are many factors that led to the criminalization of school violence. There are many sociological theories that explain factors that led to the criminalization of school bullying. The main factor that led to school criminalization is the fear of society. Social and political fear about school crime and social insecurity led to school criminalization (Rios, 2011). The second factor is to make efforts to accommodate the rising structural realities and realignment of power (Hirschfield, P. J., & Celinska, 2011).
Social life is an import aspect of school criminalization. School bullying often leads to school violence. Teachers and principle mostly saw eager to transfer all the disciplinary responsibilities to police officers. Fear is an even more important factor leading to school criminalization in a safe school. This is not only a response to school violence. Research has indicated that the irrational and beliefs of politicians, educators, and parents towards the school and racially-based thoughts also lead to violent behavior. Scholars have considered the youth as a scapegoat of politicians and educators. They declined the help from the government and other corporations to deal with school violence (Hirschfield & Celinska, 2011).
School criminalization has moved the attention from fear of youth to bigger concerns founded in socio-economic and socio-political change and political interference in schools disciplinarian (Rios, 2011). Research regarding political engagement in school criminalization has indicated emergent structural political involvement. Structural political involvement in the school criminalization process has weakened the ideological foundations of school disciplinary practices and practical consequences. School penal transformations have changed the justice policies regarding school bullying. White and middle-class response to urban problems and their increasing taxes has contributed to increased youth violence in the school. Policies concerning youth poverty have also pressured the youth mind to use violence in school.
Deindustrialization and the penal industry have direct implications on school violence discipline practices. For example, billions of taxes invested in mass incarceration effective costly schools to improve their behavior, such as hiring costly teachers and guidance counselors. The penal industry's irregular distribution of education and their disinvestment in urban schools has shifted the focus. Moreover, the growth of a strong criminal justice system formed by powerful criminal professionals may have expanded the school criminalization by increasing the juvenile system or police roles in schools or allocation of school consultants and vendors that establish technologies to improve school crime recognition capabilities (Hirschfield & Celinska, 2011).
In literature, the effectiveness of government is now considered not by equally distributing the money and resource, improving human capital, or protective civil rights but rather by defending the citizens from crimes and holding the criminals responsible. Because public crime is a highly prioritizing the issue and is a politically easier way to shift the attention from deep to complex problems. In the school context, this model is highly applicable and showed through school crime collection data. This has also seen in school accountable reforms. New reforms and laws shifted schools to centralized policymakers at state and local levels. Poorly performed schools adopt these reforms to attain state-imposed achievement and attendance threshold (Cornell & Limber, 2015).
Zero tolerance policies regarding school violence have helped the government to mask social injustice but also opposing the significance of mitigating factors. The transmission of school discipline activities from schools to police or professionals also supports these factors as police are ill-equipped to deal with the psychological and social roots of school bullying. School criminalization doesn’t help to stop school bullying; rather, it has increased the rate of school violence (Hirschfield, 2008).
Jeness discussed the model of criminalization presented by the McGarrell & Castellano 1993. This model explains how the process of large criminalization can be understood. The model is divided into three levels. The first-level “structural foundation” discusses the social and cultural factors that produce crimes in society and how society response back to such crimes. The second level, “social organization of crimes and criminal,” indicates the factors related to perceived experiences of crimes as well as how legislation deals with it to combat the fear of crimes. The third is “trigging events,” which discusses what events lead to crimes (Jenness, 2004).
This model is directly applicable according to the school criminalization. School bullying is not a direct response to personal problems (Jenness, 2004). There is a number of social, political, and economic factors that led to school violence. Racial biases, social and ethnic inequality, fears of crimes, the criminal justice system, punishments, media attention to crime as sensational events, and political interference are some factors that play an important role in school bullying (George, 2010). Parent’s lack of attention towards their children's grooming and welfare and crime policies and legislation is also seen as a leading factor in school bullying incidents (George, 2010).
School criminalization has not decreased the school violence; rather, it does more harm to everyone involved- both who were bullied and those who bullied. Societies need to pay more attention to reduce crimes; criminalization will not solve the problem or mitigate the bullying issue in schools. According to the comprehensive 2016 study conducted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine concluded that criminalization alone would not solve the issue of school bullying. School suspension, criminalization, or expulsions has not only to fail to stop the bullying but also harm children. Criminalization is increasing the children's contact with the juvenile system and also increased risk of trauma, academic failure, and suicides in children (Rivara & Le Menestrel, 2016).
Students who witness acts of violence at school suffer later the same psychological, social, and school effects as the victims of these aggressions. These effects translate into drugs, crime, depression, social anxiety, and lower school performance (Feld, 2015). Although not a direct cause to bully suffering, as with the victims, some studies indicate that stalkers can be found in the antechamber of the criminal conduct. Although it is paradoxical, with their execrable attitude, stalkers often get the approval and even the admiration of some of their partners, which makes them strengthen their intimidating attitudes by achieving, at least momentarily, success with them (Feld, 2015).
There is a problem of enormous social inequality, and that has had a social impact. They are people who have already seen that their parents and grandparents continue to earn low salaries, they live in colonies with circles of violence, they are very specific colonies, where there is substance abuse, teenage pregnancies.
It does not mean justifying the commission of crimes, but of understanding under what conditions thousands of young people are developing in the country with high rates of violence, with an unequal economy, and few opportunities for development and social ascent through education or employment.
The vast majority come from communities where crime and violence are completely normalized, where many times, there is a family member in prison and has committed crimes. More cameras, more police, alternative measures are the only palliative to the phenomenon that will not be fixed in the background until we enter the macros. Criminalizing young people does not solve the problem but complicates it (Feld, 2015).
For many years, it was thought that young people are a problem, without realizing that they are a solution, a solution that has not only been abandoned and turned our backs on. If parents and reformers did their part, there would be no need to criminalize the school violence (Rios, 2011).
When talking about bullying in the school context, two positions are usually identified: the bully or stalker and the one who is bullied, harassed, or victimized. The young man who harasses, in general, when discovered, the school sanctions him and often expels him. It is not intended to justify actions such as harassment; it is simply to understand that in that situation, there are more than two people, more than the one who harasses and the harassed (Rivara & Le Menestrel, 2016).
It is to include in the analysis that both are minors, therefore they do not necessarily have the emotional maturity to understand the scope and effects of their actions, that more than indicating them with the finger, it indicates us as fathers, mothers, and community, who can reflect and prevent violence in the school context (Feld, 2015). For this, first of all, it could be important to understand violence as a relational phenomenon, which implies many dimensions, so it is quite reductionist to limit ourselves to a binary logic of the “good” and the “bad.”
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Get custom essayIf we consider school violence as a “relational” phenomenon, typical of any society, what we should focus on is the links, and existing networks in a school community and in a society where it is not possible to channel the aggression inherent to every human being, but through government initiatives, is repressed and punished with disproportionate violence, invisibilizing the needs of children. When mentioned, government measures mean the “safe classroom” Law, curfew initiative, review of backpacks for admission to schools, among others.
On May 12th, 2017, a ransomware called “WannaCry” burst out on the internet. This ransomware attacked Microsoft Windows Systems which were built into hundreds of thousand computers from more than 100 different countries (Jesse, 2017). Extremely significant number of important files and information were encrypted and users were asked for money in the form of Bitcoins to decrypt the data, otherwise the hard drive would be formatted, and the data would be lost. Hospitals from some countries, such as Britain which were affected the most, were attacked as the computers containing a huge amount of important information of the patients were locked and doctors were threatened to pay to recover the data.
Get original essayWannaCry attacked over 60 National Hospital Systems in Britain, and thousands of patients were affected by cancelling appointments or receiving delayed treatments (Martin, Ghafur, Kinross, Hankin, Darzi, 2018). The attack also had a huge influence on some other industries such as financial, IT, education and manufacture since the computers were locked and access to the data was controlled. This Paper will mainly discuss about the issues healthcare system faces; a new technology would protect healthcare system from attack; and the suggestions to prevent cyberattacks in health care system.
Information security issues are accompanied by the development of the Internet. In the Internet era, we must appreciate the benefits of information explosion and social convenience. On the other hand, we need to bear with the risk of information leakage. In the internal management of hospitals, information construction has become an irreversible development trend. Therefore, if hospitals want to use the Internet to improve management efficiency and optimize medical and health services, they should face up to the security problems in the construction of network systems.
Strict and feasible management measures must be implemented to prevent network security risks, so that medical information and management information can better serve patients and ensure the effective operation of hospitals.Healthcare faces an even larger portion of cybersecurity problem than any other sectors. The outdated system and weaknesses make it the easiest one to attack by hackers. According to Guy and his colleagues, the main reasons that healthcare is an “attractive target” is large amount of valuable data.
There are several common cyberattack types in healthcare system: Data theft for financial gain (Identity theft, stealing personal information for financial benefit), data theft for impact (exposing celebrities’ medical treatment to public), ransomware (building malware to system, and request money to decrypt), data corruption (tampering medical record for financial benefit), denial of service attacks (sending superfluous requests to block network), business email compromise (pretending to be doctors and initiating fake communications), and the unwitting insider (unintentional actions caused by staff by using outdated system) (Guy, Paul, Chris, Ara, James 2017).
When Software Company, such as Microsoft, releases a security patch on their operational systems, there will be vulnerability of the software which exposes to the public. Hackers will actively notice on these vulnerabilities and start to hack the imperfect system to earn money. Microsoft release the security patches for free for their latest Windows system, however, for the users using older Windows system, it may cost a huge amount of money to update these patches (Tobias, 2017). Most originations would like to avoid network or system management fee like this, so they decided not to purchase and install the patch. Hackers will easily find out these imperfect systems and start the criminal activities.
New Technology that Protects Healthcare from CyberattacksHealthcare is always one of the most important issue that people are dealing with. It is very challenging to design an IoT-based system because the sensor collecting patients’ information, as big data must be very efficient. Also, some sensors have a relatively low computing speed, memory, transmission speed and power. In some cases, real-analysis of the data should be performed.
In this paper, regardless of the transmission speed, power consumption of the devices, the issue of the cybersecurity will be discussed. Cloud storage, such as iCloud, OneDrive and Google Drive, has been widely accepted by people because of the storage, ease of access and price. Most of the healthcare system stores their data in the cloud storage. Nearly everyone who have the access to the Internet has a cloud storage space from GB to TB. People tend to save their private data in the cloud in order to access them whenever he needs.
However, there are advantages and disadvantages. As cyber threats are growing up with the development of cloud technology, it might not be safe anymore to save personal or confidential data in the cloud. According to Tian, there are various kinds of cyber threats in cloud storage service, such as data loss, malicious modification, cloud server crash, etc. There are some serious cyber accidents. For example, Apple iCloud data leakage accident in 2016. The leakage influenced about 64 million accounts. (Tian, 2018).
Cloud computing service cannot meet user’s requirement for a higher cyber security anymore. So the fog computing, also termed edge computing appears in people’s sight as a more intelligent computing model. In cloud storage service, user uploads their file to the cloud directly. Then the Cloud Server Provider (CSP) will take the responsibility of the users to control the data. So, users do not actually control the physical storage of their data which results in a barrier between ownership and management of data.In such case, the possibility of the leakage of the data is increased. Currently, the number of devices such as Apple Watch, Garmin, Fitbit, etc., that collect data, as well as the amount of data processed, is growing exponentially.
Typically, public cloud computing provides computing space to process this data through a remote server. However, it takes time to upload the acquired data to a remote server for analysis and then the results are transmitted back to the original location. This slows down the process that requires immediate response from professionals, especially in healthcare aspect. In addition, when the Internet connection is not reliable, relying on the remote server becomes the core of the problem.
And in other cases, Data that does not require immediate response is mainly still analyzed, processed and stored in the cloud to perform historical and big data analyses. Therefore, the proposed use of fog computing differs from cloud computing. Although there are also private clouds residing in firms’ data centers and not shared with others, these usually provide more computing-intensive services for several devices or even the firms’ entire IT infrastructures, but at the same time private clouds may still have higher latency compared to fog computing.
Further, especially small or medium-sized firms might not have the capabilities to manage their own private clouds. Fog computing allows them to build up IT resources to automatize and control their production without running their own cloud or transmitting large amounts of data to public clouds. (Christian, 2018). It has been proposed in 2011 by Cisco that the fog computing may become the next technology in IoT. Fog computing is not a server but consists of various functional computers or sensors.
It is widely accepted in electrical appliances, manufactures, vehicles or even street lamps. Fog computing is as vivid as cloud computing which is between the personal computing and cloud computing.The computing resources are provided on the edges of the network. Compared to cloud computing, fog computing is more decentralized. The data are processed locally in large amount. The analysis is operated on-premise, and fully portable. It is a decentralized computing infrastructure where data, computing, storage, and applications are most logically distributed between data sources and the cloud, which is the most efficient location.
Fog calculations have several distinct features: low latency, position sensing, extensive geographic distribution, mobility-adapted applications, and support for more edge nodes. These features make mobile service deployment more convenient and meet a wider range of node access.
Reduced Latency
To reduce the physical distance between the data collecting device and the processor, the latency time and potential response can be decreased compared to a device-to cloud architecture. To mitigate the computational tasks for device-only architecture, the latency time can also be reduced. The motivation can also be to keep the latency predictable.
Privacy
To reduce the propagation of data, the data can be analyzed on a local gateway but not a data center that is out of the users’ control. Thus, the protection of the users’ privacy can be improved compared to the device-to-cloud architecture.
Energy Efficiency
There are couple of ways to improve energy efficiency within sensor devices on fog platform. With then increase of the length of the sensor devices sleep cycles, the gateway can be responsible for any requests or updates and then the sensor is waken up to process the request. Also, the heavy-duty computation and some other services can be offloaded from the battery-driven nodes.
Bandwidth
Compared to a device-to-cloud architecture, the number of data to be sent into data center can be reduced with fog computing. First of all, raw data is to be filtered, analyzed, pre-processed or compressed so that not all of the data has to be sent to the center. Secondly, local nodes can also perform some analyses from the devices with the cached data.E. ScalabilityFrom more centralized resources, local computation can reduce the work load and can be expended as needed so that the fog computing can improve the scalability of a system.
Dependability
Fog computing can increase system dependability in either to realize redundancy by letting a few nodes in the network provide the same functionality or to execute computation closer to the sensor nodes so that they are not so dependent on the network connection.
However, safety is another major reason why companies are looking for fog calculations. Application data, such as health care and point-of-sale transactions, are the primary sensitive targets for cybercrime analysis and identity thief targeting. However, fog computing is able to make such data strictly protected. According to the OpenFog Consortium, the fog system is responsible for protecting the information communication between the IoT device and the cloud, providing security for real-time applications.
The fog system can also be used to securely store devices internally, away from vulnerable public networks. Secure storage of data backups can be achieved by deploying reliable backup services, such as the storage services provided by Mozy, allowing enterprises to schedule automated backups of military-grade encryption protection.
Many other efforts have also been made to improve the security and privacy issue in the environment. More secure and efficient protocols are implemented to reducing the power consumption without sacrificing the performance. With the fog computing, a light-weight encryption algorithm can be introduced between the fog and devices to enhance the efficiency of the communication process.
Fog computing also provides various opportunities to detect unusual behaviors and attacks with a signature or anomaly-based system. In the application of healthcare IoT, security is one of the most important aspect. Thus, a high level of security can be provided by using operating system level techniques at gateways such as IPtable which is basically a table of rules that permissions to some ports are granted while other ports are blocked to prevent undesired traffic. (Rahmani, A. M. 2018)
There are so many aspects that a health care system would be attacked by hackers. But how to prevent cyberattacks like WannaCry happen again, there are still many ways.
First of all, the organizations need to make network security a much-focused topic around employees. Well-trained employees and managers will help the organization to discover potential threats on time. With special training and education on cybersecurity, employees will have their personalized anti-spam methods right away, which will highly protected system from threat.
Organizations should inform employees the influences and consequences on cyberattacks and offer employ free education on cybersecurity classes. Second, clear communication progress within the organization is also very important. To set up a good progress and policy in the operation team will give employee a better understanding so they can resolve network incidents effectively.
In the progress of communication, network virus spreads in hidden files within e-mails and webpages. After the user opens the file, virus starts to run, and user's information will be stolen and destroyed. Organizations need to inform employees that all the spam messages sent to the workplace email should not be opened or replied.
If users accidently open the spam file, the well-established virus detection program should notify users and smash the virus to better improve the security of the organization network system. Data backups are also very important for each day. Finally, the most importantly, is the updated technology.
Updated technology not only includes the software, but also the hardware. Organizations should make sure all software patches and updates are completely installed on time on the operating system, antivirus system, browsers, and other applications.For the antivirus system, it should always have the latest version (Mohurle, Patil 2017).
Windows Firewall should always be turned on and operated properly. Managers should also be aware of new invested technologies which can help to prevent attacks.
After this ransomware attack, Microsoft had released a Bcritical patch to help the victims to solve this problem (Jesse, 2017). However, there still were many organizations cannot apply this patch successfully to resolve the virus. This is mainly because most of these organizations were still using outdated Windows System on their computers. These organizations did not realize the importance of the updated system which caused by the infection of WannaCry virus. We have already detected the problem of the healthcare system, but why it is hard to prevent the system from cyberattacks?
First of all, the vulnerable data of healthcare has extremely limited resources, segmented governance, and incomplete cultural behaviors (Guy, Paul, Chris, Ara, James 2017). Compared to other major parts, healthcare is always underinvested in the information technology infrastructure. Furthermore, the demand for cybersecurity experts are very high and most financial institutes will spend large amount of money to hire these people, which make the healthcare organizations hard to find perfect people and leak of funds to maintain the outdated system. Finally, segmented governance also causes the healthcare system failure. The responsibility for cybersecurity system and data is not clarified by a specific department among the healthcare system.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, to get fully functioned cybersecurity is still big issue in today’s life. People need to raise the awareness of the importance of cybersecurity and come up with more useful technology solutions to face the problem.
I never thought that being intelligent could be so draining and make me feel so empty. Ever since I was little, I’ve wanted to make a change in the world. I wanted to do something to impact the lives of those around me and to make my loved ones proud. It didn’t matter what I did, as long as I did something to bring more positivity into our world and to show people I was smart. I would see historical figures like Albert Einstein, who created the equation E=mc^2 and produced theories on relativity, and Leonardo da Vinci, who created the Mona Lisa, and the The Last Supper pieces that are still known to this day, and think, “Hey, I can be like them one day. Maybe I can invent or create something new that will change the world. Something that will be remembered for a long time.”
Get original essayI can tell you for a fact that being intelligent isn’t always as delightful and easy as it seems. It can truly be a bloodbath for many. Intelligence isn’t only something you’re born with, but it’s something you need to exercise and improve on. The amount of time, energy, and sacrifice it takes to actually be considered “smart” is ludicrous. I’ve spent so much of my time setting the highest and most exhausting expectations for myself to achieve what I’ve seen others do to make my family and friends proud of me. I’ve had times where I truly put my whole heart and my precious time into something and I receive results that aren’t as great as I expected.
Freshman year was by far my worst and the most stressful year of my life. I assumed that I could easily balance all of these CP classes with an AP class when I decided to take them. I was cocky and naive in my actual abilities as an average student. I knew I was smart but I didn’t know my breaking point.
I began to compare myself to others, listening to them speak as if they had perfectly memorized the book. I would read what my peers wrote and began to shrink further and further into my chair, disappointed and embarrassed that I couldn’t write as beautifully and fluidly as they could. Each sentence my peers would write was like an elegant, clean brush stroke across a canvas. My canvas, however, looked like a mess in my eyes. I couldn’t ever seem to get what I wanted onto paper as neatly as some of my other peers. I began to push myself further and further, slowly breaking down from exhaustion. I felt lost, only thinking about how successful those around me were, but I never took the time to reflect on the what I’ve accomplished. Because of this, my love for learning began to slowly plummet.
I was ridiculed by my peers for asking questions a large amount of the time. This began to eat at my confidence, until I barely had any left. I was simply a curious student who wanted to make sure what I knew was correct. As I grew older, I started to see school differently. It wasn’t all fun and games anymore. School became a competition. We weren’t young adolescents who simply wanted to learn. We now were adolescents competing against each other. Seeing who had the most A’s, the highest GPA, and who would get the most Honour Roll awards. I’d see my friends showing their Honor Roll awards or flaunting their letterman jackets that reflected what they had become; successful. I told myself I wasn’t like them, even though those who cared about me swore with their whole heart and assured me that I was. I just knew I could do better. I could achieve what those around me have, if I just put in the work. This didn’t make me feel better physically and mentally, though. My health slowly plummeted like an anchor and my mind began to fog up with negative thoughts. Thoughts that told me that I can’t succeed. That told me to give up. I became tired and uninterested during some points in freshman year. I just wanted a break and not have to worry about others and start worrying about myself. I needed to realize that it’s my own self that I should be looking at and seeing what I could to do to improve mys skills and what I could achieve, rather than trying to follow the path of someone else and achieve what they have.
When I began sophomore year, I walked in with a new mindset. I was going to try my best to accomplish what I wanted. I wasn’t going to follow the footprints of someone else but create my own. Become someone I want to be. To this day, I still dream of impacting this world positively, leaving a piece of myself for people to remember as the years go by. Intelligence is quite funny. It can be a brutal shadow that messes with you but to every dark side, there is a tunnel of light that will lead you to a happy ending.
As an intelligent person, I’m supposed to know everything. I’m supposed to achieve everything that is thrown in my direction. I’m not supposed to ask questions about simple concepts that I should be expected know just because I want to be sure I know it fully. I’m supposed to be happy and grateful that I have an education. I’m not supposed to complain because others may have it harder. You may say that I’m being sarcastic but I say you’re wrong. Those who roll their at eyes at the kids who complain about how exhausting their CP and AP classes haven’t gone through the physical and mental battles like we have. If you took a second to step in our shoes, I guarantee you’d want to step right out of them.
What I’ve learned throughout my life is that school will forever be a competition. People will forever compare themselves to their peers around them. It’s inevitable, unless you begin to build realistic expectations for yourself and not build them off of others. We are all our own individuals with our own learning abilities. We all succeed at something better than others and that doesn’t make you a failure, which is what I told myself for so long. We just need to find our level of “intelligence” and improve on it. I’m tired of trying to be someone else. I’m glad to have become wise enough to learn this lesson and begin to express my intelligence to those around me.
In today’s world where globalization is taking place all around the world, there is a rapidly growing interest in studying abroad for university among high school graduates. This trend is believed to continue to rise as more and more parents and students have now acknowledged the various benefits overseas university education may bring. In this essay, I will discuss the advantages of studying abroad, therefore validate my advocacy of this choice of education.
Get original essayFirstly, I am profoundly convinced that studying abroad provide students with distinctive academic benefits. As for many students, studying aboard is a chance of receiving an education of greater quality comparing to that available in their home country in terms of learning resources, methodology, facilities, and practical experience. A typical example is that many international students want to study in the US where global top-ranked universities are. For others, they go abroad to immerse themselves in a native environment, where their language skills can drastically enhance. With constant practice at school and everyday life, they can build up a much more in-depth and diverse vocabulary in their major and colloquial language in much shorter space of time.
Secondly, venturing abroad to study is believed to benefit students when they apply for a job. Through the process of adaption in a new country, students are equipped with unique communication skills, an enriched cultural knowledge, and a global viewpoint. These strengths are highly valued, especially when it comes to working in a diverse corporate environment since they help students co-operate effectively with different people and view problems from an expansive perspective. Such special features will certainly add to the attractiveness of students’ CVs, improving their opportunities for employment. In addition, in the case of students aiming for a job in another country, going to study in that country will help them familiarize with the job market and seek for job opportunities while they are still attending universities.
Thirdly, studying abroad also brings several personal benefits. First and foremost, by studying abroad, students can gain independence and maturity. Since they study far away from home, they are now out of their comfort zone with meticulous care by parents and are entirely responsible for their life. As a result, they have to learn how to do basic household chores, use their time efficiently, make their own decisions and develop mental strength to fight against emotional issues, all of which are key factors to independence. Furthermore, studying abroad can also be a great chance for them to fulfill students’ adventurous souls, craving for boisterous winds of change in their lives. Studying abroad can also mean students can travel to another country to explore the places they are not familiar with, getting to know people they might never meet in their home country and make life-long friends from different backgrounds.
All in all, it is undeniable that studying abroad open many doors to many academic, career and personal development opportunities. Therefore, I strongly believe that going abroad is a more advantageous choice for high school graduates.
The term “discipline” has a vast range of meaning when it is considered with the armed troops. As per the view of Frank Burns “without discipline the army would just be a bunch of guys wearing the same colour clothing”. That quotation reveals the importance of the discipline in the matter of armed troops.
Get original essayAs per the Collins Dictionary meaning, “discipline” is the quality of being able to behave and work in a controlled way which involves obeying particular rules or standards. As the definition states members must adhere to the rules and regulations imposed by the particular organization that they are in order to keep the existing disciplinary system of the organization.
In the Cambridge Dictionary the meaning of the term “discipline” has been phrased as the “training that makes people more willing to obey or more able to control themselves, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the behaviour produced by this training”. As per its meaning discipline is a chance that was given by the authorities to the members in order to control their own behaviour through the tasks they are aligned with.
As per the quotation of Frank Burns the Army is completed only if they have the discipline amongst them. In the time period of mid-eighteenth century the British Army was also faced to the challenge of tarnishing the reputation of the armed forces by their own soldiers as well as the officers. There was a trend of committing the offences “Desertion” and “Mutiny” by most of the armed forces members. [Since they were subjected to continuous wars and conflicts their minds were in a stage of seeking a relief from those and go back to their loved ones. The offences like Desertion was taken place specially owing to that reason. Mutiny was happened since all the time those soldiers were under the mind of wars and conflicts. That violence mind had influenced their behaviours in a direct manner.]
At the very beginning there were no properly codified disciplinary actions. But when they found that continuously their image getting tarnished the law making bodies made the offences and punishments sections for the armed forces Acts. Since Sri Lanka is also following the content of the British Army Act, Sri Lanka is also having the similar chapters for the military offences and their punishments. The Part ? of the Army Act is considered the military offences and the punishments should be imposed on particulars. [Offences that will be committing by soldiers and the officers, as well as the punishments for those are important factors when studying on discipline since the concept discipline is build up with those pillars. While offences breach the discipline, punishments are there to restructure the gap created. Therefore, both offences and their punishments are important for a study done on “Discipline”. ]
The Army Act mentions the offence “Disobedience to superior officer” as one of the common offences among soldiers. If any person who governs under the military law disobeys to his superior officer when he is performing duties then such person is punished under any severe punishment mentioned in the section 133. This offence will harshly damage to the disciplinary order of the armed forces since if one does not obey to the superior then others will also get influenced with that and then the soldiers will act upon their own commands. [In this context the disobeying means willfully ignoring to execute the commands given by orally or in writing or by signals or otherwise.] [This will be immensely affected while the armed troops are on the active service in a war situation. If the soldiers are not going to adhere to the orders of their superior then it will be directly affected to the end result of the war and then it will leads to a threat focused on the state security. Meanwhile, it will affect the perspective of the society towards the chore of the armed forces as well as it will harm to the faith of the society towards the armed forces.]
In the case of Chandrasena v. Commander of the Sri Lanka Army and others, the accused was charged with two offences mention in the Army Act. One is conduct “prejudicial to good order and military discipline” under section 102(1). In such type of offence committed by any armed forces personnel will be created an enormous discussion among the whole society since the perspective towards the forces is a sensitive factor which is directly affected to the national security of a state as well. [The section 102(1) is focusing on the disobedience of the armed forces personals towards the Garrison and other orders issue by the higher authorities. This Garrison and other orders contain standing orders, movement orders as well as duty roasters which are issued in time to time owing to the necessity arisen. If a soldier does not obey to any movement order given to him while he is on active service in a war period it will be affected to the end result of the war. Under movement orders if a soldier asked to report to a particular place on a particular time then he must be there on time that he was ordered to as he is abide to perform any lawful order given to him as an Army order while he is engaging on war or else on regular duties.]
As per the section 103 of the Army Act, one of the most common offences is “Desertion” which can be considered as a bit tremendous situation when considering the reputation of the Army. Most of the soldiers rather than the officers commit the offence desertion. The tremendous situation that can be arisen owing to the desertion will be the civil offences that are committed by the deserted persons from the armed forces. Even though, people appreciate and trust what army did in war times and other conflict situation as well as in natural disasters once a member of armed forces committed a single offence they are used to impose the blame on army as a whole. [More recently, some severe civil offences like murder, rape, robbery as well as attempting and committing suicide with his arms were committed by the deserted persons of the armed persons. Furthermore, some of those deserted armed forces members are used to commit other serious offences like drug trafficking as well as drug distribution.]
Specially, the deserted persons who illegally own their arms more often commit serious offences like murders which are punishable under the general criminal courts as well. Furthermore, with the arms they can even commit suicide as well. If such persons caught while the attempting to suicide then they are liable for the offence “Dueling and attempting to commit suicide” under section 127 of the Army Act. [In such situations the soldiers or the officers are liable for several offences like desertion, illegally owns the arms of army, absent without leave as well as the offences like murders.] [If any person, who subjects to military law fights, promotes, concerned in or connives at a fighting or attempt to commit suicide then for the officers the maximum punishment will be the cashiering while the soldiers will get rigorous or simple imprisonment. Also for the attempting to commit suicide there the courts impose penal deductions which are equal to the cost for treatments.]
Under section 104(1) the offence “Fraudulent Enlistment” has mentioned. This offence can be considered as a threat to the national security to a certain extend. Under this context anyone can provide the relevant documents by using fraudulent details in order to recruit into the Army. As per the contemporary security issues occurred around the world if such fraudulent enlistment will be taken place even terrorists, deserters from foreign armed forces as well as criminals can be enlisted into the armed forces. [The fraudulent enlistment can be committed by providing illegal documents that are made according to the required qualifications to get selected to the armed forces. As examples the birth certificates, other required certificates on educational qualifications can be made as per the requirement s of the armed forces. Also if the person was discharges previously from army then such person can make fraudulent documents in order to re-enlist into the armed forces. If such person who discharged from army had committed any serious offence like committing a murder and if he could enlist fraudulently then the society can be questioned on such enlistment since it clearly seems to be a threat to the national security of the particular country.]
Under any circumstance if a terrorist could enter into any armed force, then the most sensitive security secrets can be passed towards the rebels or other foreign states through that person. Owing to that severe punishments should be given to such persons in order to prevent further enlistments that could be happened. Also mandatorily the punishment should be proportion with the offence committed. Punishment cannot be either severe than or not sufficient enough when comparing to the offence. [If an enemy state got to know about such sensitive security secrets then it will direct to a huge threat to the country since the enemies can attack them easily with the information they have as well as the particular country may not get any chance to fix for the threats that will be directed to the state security.]
In the case of Captain Nawarathna v Major General Sarath Fonseka and 6 others the offence of “Scandalous conduct of officer” and the offence of “Conduct prejudicial to military discipline” were taken into consideration. The case was arisen on an action of a Captain of Sri Lanka Army which is coming under an offence that is committed by an officer and ultimately caused a challenge to the discipline of the army officers. The case was about rejecting a marriage promise after having sexual intercourse several times with the fiancée in a background that he was signed an affidavit in front of the army commander. [ The petitioner who was a Captain of Sri Lanka army had a relationship with his then fiancée. They had the relationship more than 10 years period and the petitioner had sexual intercourse with her by saying that he will marry her. However, the petitioner refused to marry her and then she took the case in front to the superiors of the petitioner and then after a explaining the gravity of the act the petitioner promised to marry his fiancée within 6 months. Then later he informed that he will not marry her under any circumstances and again it was brought to the notice of the superior. After conducting a court of inquiry they decided that the petitioner is guilty for the offences committed under sections 107 and 129(1). Then after forwarding the decision to the Army Commander he had ordered to conduct a summary trial. At the trial the petitioner stated that he did not receive any charge sheet and on that case he does not know the charges that imposed on him. At the end of the summary trial Court Martial has imposed punishments as forfeiture of seniority from 109 ranks and discharge from the army. ]
When such cases are reported the perspective of the society towards the reputation of the army will go downwards since such ill-treats done to a lady are not accepted by the society. Especially when considering the cultural background of Sri Lanka such ill-treats to a lady will not accept and the offenders are neglected crucially by the whole society. Since such kinds of acts are tarnishing the good image of the army the discipline can be questioned by the civil society if the offenders or wrongdoers do not get the required punishments.
The section 110 of the Army Act provides another most common offence that is committed by the soldiers as well as the officers. The offence “Drunkenness” can be considered under two main charges as per the Army Act mentions it. Those charges are the “under influence of liquor” and the “smell of alcohol”. Drunkenness is also remarked as a severe offence when considering about the situations like wars as well as performing duties at the guard points. [ If a soldier performing duties at a guard point with the influence of alcohol then the particular guard point is getting unsecured. It will threat to the security of the particular army base. If the soldier is drunk at a place where he has to stay alert then he is liable for any threat occurring owing to his negligent act. Furthermore, being drunk while on active service can also be considered as neglect to obey garrison or other orders which is coming under the section 102(1). ]
The importance of the discipline among the armed troop soldiers and officers can be further identified by considering the number of chapters allocated for the disciplinary actions and its related categories. Starting from part ? almost 10 parts of the Army Act contains chapters which are relating to the offences, court procedures and the punishments that are basically known as the chapters relating to discipline. By including almost more than half of its chapters for the laws regarding discipline the Army Act has shown how important the discipline in an army is.
Moreover, when considering the special court system for military offences and its procedure it is shown how harsh the summary trials and court hearings are. By placing a special court named, “Field General Court Martial” even though the troops are in war base if any of the soldiers or officers commit any offences the punishments are awarded instantly and showing the significance of the discipline within the army.
Especially, the section 133 states the scale of punishments that is given by the Court Martial for the offenders. Those punishments are categorized as punishments for the officers and the soldiers. Death penalty, Imprisonment, Detention and some other severe and less severe punishments are mentioned under the particular section.
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Get custom essayMore importantly, though the offences are committed by only a few groups of soldiers and officers the ultimate blame is directed towards the whole armed forces. Meanwhile, though the number of soldiers is less that particular group can overcome any obstacle with the power and trust created among them owing to the discipline that they have maintained. Furthermore, the discipline that they have made throughout their career always gives them the due respect no matter what they do and where they stand. The discipline which was shown off through a less number of soldiers gives an unbearable respect to all the armed forces members as Sri Lankan citizens showing their due respect to all the armed force members with post thirty years civil war happened in Sri Lanka.
LeGuin’s “Omelas” reads like a ‘message’ story. It seems to be telling us to ‘walk away’. But is that right? What is the message?
Get original essaySuppose that there is a train heading towards a group of five workers on the tracks. You are in control of the switch that can switch the train onto another track where there is only one worker. If you flip the switch, one person will die. If you do nothing, five people will die. Should you flip the switch? Surely, everybody has heard of this before, more famously known as the Trolley problem. However, this problem is only an overly simplified version of utilitarianism, which is often defined as an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. Simply put, it supports anything for the greater good. In the short story, The Ones Who Walk Away from the Omelas by Ursula K. LeGuin, she discusses utilitarianism via a fictional narration of a paradise.
In the story, LeGuin describes a festival celebration of the summer solstice in an idyllic and magical utopia. Everybody there is evidently living their best lives. In fact, LeGuin invites readers to imagine whatever details suit them, insisting that 'it doesn't matter. As you like it.'. It is a literal utopia, filled with whatever one needs and wants. However, she soon reveals a secret trait of Omelas. In the basement under one of the beautiful buildings in Omelas, there is a child, described as “feebleminded. Perhaps it was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition and neglect.” That is the social contract in Omelas. The child has to suffer for the rest of the city to continue being happy. Upon realizing this, some feel horrible, but choose to stay. Some, unable to bear such ways of living, choose to leave.
The beauty of LeGuin’s story is that while it reads like a ‘message’ story, there is no intended stance that the author supports. The author ends off the story with certain citizens choosing to leave Omelas, which may make it seem like it is ending with the supposed moral of the story. However, in my opinion, the author does this to ensure a smoother flow of the story, and when overlooking the entire story, its tone is generally neutral. There is no sense of judgement as to which route you choose; to stay in Omelas, or to walk away. She aptly exaggerates utilitarianism into a made-up, yet relatable situation, while ensuring that an impression is made on the reader by largely using the word ‘you’, thus inciting the reader to join in and have an opinion as well. It is almost akin to a nonlinear video game, bringing you through the plot and context, before allowing you to make your own decision. The main message is more of: if you were a citizen, what would you do?
Based on each and every individual’s personal set of beliefs, one would perceive the effect of the story differently. Personally, I am more aligned with Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative, which coincidentally can be considered a direct critique of utilitarianism. As Kant once said, “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”, in the logic of duty, I prioritise morally-right actions over outcomes that benefit the majority. Therefore, within the boundaries of the narrative, I would choose to leave, for I cannot live with such guilt and injustice, that I am living in happiness at the expense of another person’s whole life. However, to somebody else who is in favour of utilitarianism, would disagree and would stay without a doubt, since it is, after all, the more pragmatic decision for oneself. There is no right or wrong decision, but the decision that you would make, is in a way an intended effect from LeGuin.
However, in reality, can you actually walk away from such a system so easily? Think about our society today. Many of us live in societies whose prosperity depends on some faraway child in the basement. For example, in the growth of consumerism, we now see the appearance of unethical working environments amongst fast fashion corporations. In exchange for lower costs, garment workers work in extremely dangerous and unconducive environments while being paid atrociously low minimum wages. Furthermore, retailers tend to dump their toxic wastes into nearby clean water supplies as cheaper means of disposal, contributing to the water pollution and killing of our planet. One can choose to avoid fast fashion via solutions such as buying from alternative sustainable brands. However, they are often not feasible in the long term, as they are usually more costly or inconvenient. We end up tolerating exploitation, persuading ourselves that their misery is necessary when it actually is not. This story is not so much of a call to action, but rather, serves as an extended reminder to those of us who leave. In theory, most of us subscribe to a set of values, and yet we don’t actually live according to that moral imperative. Despite the simple main message of the story, we are invoked to ponder further and draw parallels with reality. In the end, life is filled with tragic trade-offs, that sadly, may not be easily within our control.
Meanwhile, to those who would stay, it is not selfish, but instead practical to do so. Anyways, such situations are beyond your control. Whether or not the citizens stay or leave, the miserable child would still remain in the basement, so why not take advantage of his sacrifice and make it worth? Or at least, I assume this would be how they would view the story, since this is not my stance as a reader after all. If so, utilitarianism makes sense as well, and in fact, at times, we have no choice but to deal with trade-offs this way.
So, if you were a citizen, what would you do?
Single-gender education that’s also known as unmarried-gender schooling is a system in which training technique is carried out one at a time for boys and women; either in separate establishments or in separate classes within the identical organization. In some cases we can note that the faculties cater for only one gender: either male or lady college students. In some other locations we can see students of both genders within the equal school however in separate training. Further, a few instances reported show that the male and female students are separated most effective whilst certain selected subjects are taught. If not, they are allowed to be within the same class, collectively. In some nations, at the secondary level education, every magnificence room is divided into sections; one for boys and other for girls in place of mixing them together. One can argue that this as a form of single-gender education as nicely.
Get original essayWithin the history what people thought was that, intellectually, adult males had been more superior to ladies. They also believed that providing education for ladies could lead to another problems. It changed into mainly due to religious and cultural impacts that were there all through the duration earlier than 15th Century. The purpose of supplying training at some stage in 15th and sixteenth centuries was to prepare guys for clergy and for leadership. There turned into no real Want for giving training for ladies. This situation prevailed each in western and Asian nations in the history. Therefore, all of the formal education institutions had been first set up handiest for men. However, throughout early 1800, some seminars were performed for women with the aim of improving their knowledge in regions inclusive of motherhood, wifehood and being a teacher to their children. We cannot consider them as a formal faculty or college education.
In the middle of 1800, for male education for ladies began across the word. School like Georgia Female College which became established in 1836, Mary Sharp College in Tennessee (1853) and Elmira Female College in New York (1855) can be considered as the first of all hooked up female colleges within the US. Queen’s College in Harley Street in 1848, the Ladies’ College in London’s Bedford Square (1849) are the premier formal academic institution established for ladies within the UK. .Formal educational establishments for girls stared in different parts of the sector some what during the equal period. The curricula taught to both women and men had been the same. With the economic revolution and cultural changes, people tend to serve both males and girls in equal manner. For male education for all the humans at each degree of the society became important daily .As a end result of this more and more colleges were opened the world over providing formal education for both males and females. Most of the sooner established schools are single-gender schooling oriented ones. But with the growing demand for education in each genders, establishing gender particular establishments for schooling Grow to be a hard task. As a result of this and social impact of same serving for both genders, male only colleges started to recruit girls and ladies only faculties commenced to recruit men as nicely for their courses. This lead to the conversion of most of the unmarried-gender faculty to combined schools and the United States and European societies moved towards the coeducation from unmarried-gender schooling. With the starting of the 20th century more and more coed instructional establishments were established. The fundamental argument was establishing separate establishments for each gender was a waste of cash. Since both male and female are treated similarly they should be educated collectively, single gender institutions are unnatural whilst compared with the real society are some such arguments. But once more, at the latter part of the20the century the world started to consider single-gender training as a technique to the ongoing troubles that were there in the coed education device. More and more experiments and studies have been conducted on unmarried-gender education. Countries like the USA even changed a number of the legal guidelines that were towards the government funding of single-gender colleges.
According to the group who sell unmarried gender training there are wide variety of physical and mental variations between ladies and boys associated with their training. According to some research, brains of the boys and women are not functioning within the same way. At the same age, the improvement of the mind of a male and a lady is at extraordinary ranges. In the unmarried gender education, it’s miles expected to apply those variations in a fine way for the instructional manner. According to researchers, boys and girls are seeing and listening to otherwise. According to them boy’s eye are greater sensitive to motion and course. Boys interpret the world as items moving via area. Therefore whilst teaching to bos’ instructor want to move here and there in the class room to get their attention. Male eye is more sensitive to cool shades like silver, grey and so forth. Hence researcher suggests the use of those colours increasingly more when teaching boys. Girls are more touchy to heat colors such as red, yellow, orange and so on. Hence when teaching ladies it is simple to get their interest via the usage of the ones hues more often. Girl’s eye are extra touchy to visible with element like faces. Therefore, the trainer does not want to transport at the same time as coaching women. Circular magnificence room association works properly with ladies, therefore elegance want to be organized as a circle going through each other. According to researchers, boys and women pay attention in another way. Girls can listen higher frequencies than boys and they’re more sensitive to sound. If a person speak loudly ladies get afraid and sense uncomfortable. But in the case of boys while a person explains something loudly they get greater excited and pay extra attention to it.
Another locating is that girls and boys have their fine overall performance degrees at two special room temperatures. More consequences may be acquired via maintaining the ones room temperature degrees while teaching each gender. In trendy, boys want to take danger and that they often overestimate themselves whilst girls are shy and most of the time avoids dangers.
If we use separate classes or faculties for every gender there is a opportunity to teach teachers well desirable for every gender. It will assist to enhance the coaching technique. For an instance, while a trainer asks to write approximately a sure subject matter in a coed schooling system the subject need to be a fashionable one that would be capable of get the interest of the each gender to maintain their motivation. But inside the single-gender training machine this can be effortlessly accomplished through giving each group a topic that hobbies them. This increases the interest and motivation approximately the challenge many of the students and cause extra positive consequences than when as compared to coed schooling system. Likewise, teacher shave more alternatives to get the eye and interest of the students than in coed educational school.
There are some subjects such as math, physics which are taken into consideration as topics appropriate for men. Subjects consisting of artwork, drama, languages are normally considered as topics for girls. In the student training machine majority of the scholars carry out nicely on the ones topics base on their gender. Selection of the subjects enormously relies upon at the gender. Therefore, in the single-gender schooling device, teachers can use a mechanism more suite to every gender institution during their teaching method. Research and experiment have proven that academic performance of the scholars for those weaker topics is higher within the unmarried-gender education device .Selection of subjects, those commonly ruled with the aid of contrary gender organization has also expanded dramatically in unmarried gender colleges. In the coed education device usually boys perform properly in subjects including math, physics when as compared to women. As a end result ladies generally tend to trust that such topics are meant for boys and no longer for them. The identical applies to boys with admire to the topics which include languages. Most of the time, this restricts females and adult males from selecting the ones topics. But whilst the training system is single-gender this may now not occur and instead, both boys and ladies will perform better in topics which are once intended for ‘the opposite gender’. This additionally substantially affects difficulty selection where more girls generally tend to examine topics like math, physics and so forth.
In the coed training system, gaining knowledge of procedure is disturbed maximum of the time in the class because of boys. When there are ladies inside the class evidently those disturbances are high for the reason that boys try to get greater interest of the alternative gender by means of doing certain matters. Research display that within the single-gender training gadget such disturbances are less in comparison to co schooling device and this leads to the improvement of the instructional overall performance of the each genders. In a situation in which both boys and girls are t gift in the equal elegance, clearly, they tend to divert their attention toward the alternative gender as they develop younger without paying full attention to their training. By having separate classes or institutions for each gender there’s a opportunity to limit such disturbances In the coed education gadget naturally maximum of the management possibilities are taken with the aid of boys in most of the game gala’s and different extra curricular sports. Females get less opportunity to play a prime function in organizing things together with sports activities, cultural occasions. However,inside the unmarried-gender schooling system every birthday celebration receives equal opportunities to play management roles. This enables improve management abilities of every gender. In addition,boys too get a chance to play roles normally dedicated to ladies and vice versa.Some students are shy and sense uncomfortable to take part in certain sports together with expressing their thoughts,asking questions, collaborating in discussions etc. In the single-gender training device the ones boundaries are mechanically removed and college students of both genderes feel more comfy in participating in above activities. This complements instructional performance and different smooth skills of the students. Some times women generally tend to estimate or examine her ability on a particular situation or mission with a boy inside the same magnificence and are available to an wrong conclusion approximately herself. Same thing occurs for boys as properly once they have a tendency to examine themselves with a lady with relevant to a female dominating field. This results in needless underestimation of the students themselves of their skills. But inside the unmarried-gender training system a girl compares herself simplest with a girl and boy only with a boy in the same magnificence during the academic works. This leads to boom the self-esteem of each gender institution.
Another viable hassle of the coed education gadget is the teacher bias. Sometimes girls instructors tend to be bias towards male students and male teachers tend to be bias towards female students while teaching. This can cause gender imbalances or discrimination among the students and may distort the mind-set they have for his or her instructors. This negatively influences the educational performance of the students. But in a unmarried-gender training gadget it is not viable for this type of things to show up. While deciding on the instructors for a class or faculty admiration have a hazard to don’t forget their hobby in coaching simplest to a particular gender as properly. This motivates each teachers and college students in the training system and therefore improves the performance in instructional activities. Another issue located in the coeducation machine is that, most of the time, certain women ought to face harassment of the men in the class room. This adversely affects the mental improvement and the shallowness of the girls. But inside the unmarried gender schooling system the ones form of gender base harassment are not viable. This facilitates girls students to freely cognizance on their training and growth the interest in attending to school. They sense more secure. According there searchers attendance percent is higher in single gender schooling installation whilst in comparison with the student schooling machine. Unnecessary relationships between girls and boys at a younger age is some other hassle this is encountered inside the coeducation gadget. Students with such relationships pay more interest to their relationships and tend to miss their educational works. In some higher colleges college students might also spend greater time on dating than on their education. In the unmarried-gender education gadget possibilities for such matters are less as compared to coed training system.
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Get custom essayWe come to the perfect conclusion that the single gender schooling is better than coed one. It is also obvious that most of the researches already carried out are in choose to single gender schooling in preference to co training. Hence the satisfactory alternative is to provide the possibility to each the mother and father and the kid to select what is most suitable for them in place of making all the schools both coed or unmarried gender training ones. If both kinds of schools are widely to be had kids and their parents have greater opportunities to pick out what’s satisfactory for them.
With the recent country-wide legalization of marijuana in Canada, the recreational and medical use of marijuana is becoming more frequent. Marijuana is known to have many different effects ranging from pain relief to temporarily inducing anxiety. There are many uncertainties about its effect on people’s mental health and much debate on whether it helps or not. The public concern and interest over the potential dangers of marijuana has led to research on whether or not the use of marijuana has a negative impact on a person’s mental health. With extensive consideration, it was determined that marijuana use does have a negative impact on mental health.
Get original essayIt has been shown that people who chronically use marijuana show symptoms of anxiety and depression, however, it is unclear whether these symptoms are caused by the use of marijuana or if they are pre-existing. In multiple studies it was found that long-term use of marijuana can increase the symptoms of depression and anxiety. One study was done with 1601 students aged 14-15 to determine if the use of marijuana can cause symptoms of depression and anxiety. Each student indicated their frequency of marijuana usage, symptoms of depression and anxiety, use of alcohol and illicit drugs and antisocial behaviour. They all had a follow-up report 7 years after these initial inquiries as well as a report every 6 months leading up to the final year of the study. The participants had not shown any signs of mental illness at their initial evaluation. Out of the male participants that used marijuana weekly, 49% of them reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. The results for the females showed that the girls who used marijuana almost daily had five times more people with depression and anxiety than the girls who did not use marijuana. Similarly, it was found that females who used marijuana daily as teenagers were four times more likely to form symptoms of depression and anxiety later on, and females who used it weekly as teenagers were twice as likely to form those symptoms later on. The study indicated that those who started frequently using marijuana had greatly increased depression and anxiety as opposed to those who did not use it or used it very little.
Frequent marijuana use may also increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. A study was done with 45570 Swedish conscripts aged 17-21 analyzing their drug use, alcohol use, social background, psychiatric history and psychiatric state. The study was done over a period of 15 years and each participants’ psychiatric state was tested by a psychiatrist and a diagnosis was formed if necessary. The results showed that those who used marijuana were 2. times more likely to develop schizophrenia than those who did not use at all. As the use of marijuana increased for participants, their likelihood of developing schizophrenia compared to non users increased by 6 times. All of this was concluded with the consideration of all social and medical external factors. Although the incidence of people who used marijuana in this study was not frequent, the results show a clear trend that marijuana use can lead to the onset of schizophrenia.
There has also been research that demonstrates that the use of marijuana may worsen already existing mental illnesses such as PTSD. A 19-year study was done to observe the effects of marijuana on 2276 patients with PTSD. Each person was admitted to a treatment program and classified as a never-user (did not use marijuana at the time of admission and discharge), stopper (did use marijuana at admission but stopped after discharge), continuing user (used at both admission and discharge), or starters (did not use at admission but did at discharge). The study analyzed their symptoms of PTSD, violent behaviour as well as drug and alcohol use. It was found that continuing users and starters had a large increase in the severity of their symptoms of PTSD as well as increased violence, drug and alcohol use. The never-users and stoppers had the smallest and least severe symptoms of PTSD. It was therefore concluded that frequent marijuana use could lead to worsening symptoms of PTSD and the stopping of marijuana use can help decrease the severity of PTSD.
Other studies have shown that marijuana can be used to treat mental illnesses and therefore have a positive impact on those people’s mental state. There has been a study that shows people who had severe social anxiety and a phobia of public speaking had greatly lessened symptoms after using marijuana. It has already been shown that CBD in marijuana has anxiolytic effects (reduction of anxiety) on the limbic and paralimbic areas of the brain, which are mainly associated with emotions and thinking. This study randomly selected 24 subjects with generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD) and 12 without (healthy controls). In a double-blind procedure, 12 SAD subjects were given CBD, another 12 were given placebo and the remaining 12 healthy controls were given no medication. Each subject had not used marijuana or any other illicit drug within the past year and no more than 5 times in their lifetime. After the subjects were given their according doses, they had to perform a 4 minute speech in front of cameras. Measurements of factors indicating anxiety levels were taken before the subject’s dose of CBD or placebo, 80 minutes after ingestion, right before their speech, during their speech, 15 minutes after the speech and 35 minutes after the speech. The results from this experiment indicated that patients who were given CBD had significantly reduced anxiety during their speech. When they were compared with the healthy controls, it was revealed that their levels of discomfort, alertness and cognitive impairment were very similar, indicating that CBD helped SAD patients achieve a healthy mindset. It can be concluded from this experiment that marijuana does have a quick therapeutic effect on people experiencing anxiety.
Another study has shown that marijuana is beneficial to people with schizophrenia. In this study, patients with schizophrenia were randomly selected and used in a double-blind test. Similar to the public speaking experiment, 45 patients were given CBD and 45 patients were given placebo. They were all assessed before and after their treatments and the results showed that after 6 weeks, patients who used CBD marijuana had lower levels of schizophrenia symptoms than the placebo group. According to the treating clinician, the CBD treated groups’ symptoms had improved and were considered less unwell compared to the placebo group. This can conclude that CBD marijuana helps in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia.
There has also been research that shows marijuana can help with bipolar disorder. Over a period of 4 weeks, 12 subjects with bipolar who smoke marijuana (MJBP), 18 with bipolar that do not smoke marijuana (BP), 23 without bipolar that do smoke marijuana (MJ) and 21 healthy controls (HC) rated their mood 3 time daily including right after each use of marijuana. The results demonstrated that the MJBP group had significantly lowered their bipolar symptoms such as lower levels of anger, tension and depression in comparison to the BP group. It showed that there were some short-term benefits to smoking marijuana for those with bipolar, however there was no evidence to show it had long-term benefits. Overall these studies concluded that marijuana has a positive effect on existing mental health disorders.
In the study which concluded that marijuana had a negative impact on patients with PTSD, there seemed to be some confounding effects. In each patient that frequently used marijuana and had worsened symptoms of PTSD, they also had an increased use of other drugs and alcohol. It is therefore unclear in this study if the drugs and alcohol are actually a factor that worsened their symptoms rather than the marijuana. In the study which concluded that marijuana can cause schizophrenia, the results were determined with strict consideration of all external factors. The other conditions that could possibly influence the development of schizophrenia such as family background, socioeconomic class, living conditions, alcohol use, other drug use, etc. were all considered and adjusted so as not to affect results. In the case of marijuana causing depression and anxiety, it was not stated in the experiment whether a low or high dose of THC marijuana was used. If the patients were given high doses, this would explain why they had increased anxiety because high doses of THC produce anxiogenic reactions. In addition, none of these studies had any actual medical reasoning or explanation to their conclusions, instead all of it was based on observations and surveys. However, each of these studies were conducted over long periods of time (many years) and therefore do provide a more accurate conclusion on the true effect on a person’s mental health.
In comparison, the study that concluded CBD helped reduce symptoms of anxiety during public speaking was a double-blind design with randomization which decreases the bias of the experiment as well as increases its validity. However, the results of this experiment do not necessarily prove that marijuana has a positive impact on mental health because the results were very short term and situational. It was proven to help temporary relieve anxiety of public speaking but it cannot determine any long-term effects or its effects in other occurrences of anxiety. For the study of marijuana reducing bipolar symptoms, the results showed that MJBP subjects all had overall worse symptoms of bipolar than the BP subjects. This may indicate that even though their symptoms improved right after marijuana use, these improvements are very temporary and do not actually help with long-term bipolar disorder.
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Get custom essayOverall, the research claiming that marijuana has a positive impact on mental health contained a lack of evidence and was too specific. Not many external factors that could affect results were taken into consideration in each experiment. The validity and significance of the experiment claiming that marijuana helped with bipolar symptoms had little significance because it showed that the improvements only lasted for a short period of time after marijuana use. Overall the evidence showing that marijuana helps mental health only proved true for short-term relief and specific situations. Short-term relief of symptoms does not indicate actual improvement in mental health because mental disorders are long-lasting issues that need long-term solutions. The research claiming that marijuana has a negative impact on mental health provides good long-term evidence. It provided information on the development of anxiety, depression and schizophrenia due to marijuana use as well as the worsening of PTSD symptoms due to marijuana use. Although one experiment contained some uncertainty, the studies were all done with the use of good procedures that helped make the overall experiment a very accurate and reliable source of evidence. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of marijuana does have a negative impact on a person’s mental health by causing the development of symptoms or worsening existing symptoms.
Are serial killers like Jack the Ripper and Harold Shipman born killers? Are drug dealers like Pablo Escobar and Rick Ross influenced into their crime?
Get original essayIn 2016/17 there were 64 murder cases in Scotland alone. All of those who committed these incomprehensible acts of violence must have had a corrupt view of society. When people commit a crime, investigators are quick to try and discover why the person carried out the crime. What really makes people break the law? Is it the way they were brought up or were they born with inner criminal aspects?
Studies show that a missing gene, also known as the ‘Murder Gene’, can influence criminal actions. Professor Jari Tiihonen analysed the genes of 895 criminals from Finland, his findings concluded that criminals who committed minor crimes did not carry this set of genes, but violent criminals do infact have this distinct set of genes. For example, In Italy, September of last year, a man was charged with second-degree murder or manslaughter. He had his sentence reduced on appeal on the fact that he presented irregularity in the brain-imaging scans and 5 different genes that have been linked to brutal behaviour. ‘Including the gene encoding the neurotransmitter-metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAOA).’ After giving his verdict the judge said he found the MAOA evidence very interesting. Should we allow people born without this gene a reduced sentence if they are apparently not in control of the act they are committing? If criminals are born missing the gene, they are clearly not aware of the crime they are committing as they are born evil.
On the other hand, some people say that the crime was due to the way the criminal was brought up and the life they had as a child. By upbringing I mean the ‘criminals’ home life, relationships, school life and just general experiences in life. According to studies by The Guardian 80% of crime today in the UK is committed by people who have had problems as children specifically behavioural issues. BBC Bitesize says that people who are brought up in poverty are more likely to commit a crime than people brought up in a well-established environment. BBC Bitesize also says that studies of offenders by criminal psychologists have shown that many criminals have experienced ‘deprivation in childhood’. These studies have highlighted that if a child is brought up in a family where there is ‘poor parenting’ for example parents neglecting their child or if the parents have problems themselves such as alcohol dependency/drug abuse then the child is more likely to be involved in crime as they grow up. This does not mean that every child who has a under privileged childhood will turn to crime.
Childhood mental health problems can lead to poor grades at school, unemployment, very little earnings, potential teenage pregnancies and then marriage problems as well as crime. Flow Gov says ‘In a 2004 study, approximately 83% of students with emotional and behavioural disorders scored below the mean of the control group in reading, writing and math’ This does not mean that all people with mental health issues are criminals. People with schizophrenia are at an inflated risk in comparison to the general population to be condemned of non-violent criminal offences. They are at greater risk to be convicted of violent crime offences which also means that they are at an even bigger risk to be convicted of homicide. In countries with high crime rate, more individuals with schizophrenia have convictions for violent crimes than in a country with lower crime rates. So why does it matter? Schizophrenia is a destructive illness that in most cases limits the things they can do in adult life. They are often looked at as dangerous and unpredictable, the public fear outweighing the actual risk of being injured by an individual with a mental illness. The NHS says that schizophrenia occurs between the ages of 16 and 45 and those things such as the inability to laugh or cry, oversleeping and social withdrawal could be some of the first signs. Naturally people cannot help if they are schizophrenic and therefore the crime that they are committing is out of their hands because nature has made them that way. When people are told that the perpetrator committed the crime but has a mental health issue, they see it as an excuse for the criminal to potentially get away with the crime. However, I know that some people may believe that people are born with mental health issues, but I think they develop them through life.
Youth crime is a massive issue nowadays in the United Kingdom, in January 2015 the number of children in custody was 981 the first time that the numbers have ever fallen below 1,000. Youth crime is participation in illegal behaviour by minors. According to The Guardian children in care are six times more likely to be convicted of a crime than other young people. The Guardian also says, ‘About half of the 1,000 children in custody in England and Wales have experience of the care system, despite fewer than 1% of all children in England, and 2% of those in Wales being in care’. Children in care are often feeling angry, upset, alone and unwanted. Turning to crime could be their way of dealing with all these emotions but that obviously doesn’t make the criminal activity okay, but we can then come to an understanding, possibly quicker, conclusion about why they committed their crime and their motives. The Daily Mail reports that young offenders are ‘behind half of all robberies and 1 in 3 burglaries’. Children can often feel peer pressure or because they want to look cool in front of new friends or friends that are slightly older. They are often talked into things they don’t want to do so obviously they were not born that way but have been influenced into to doing these things that could be acceptable to others.
In conclusion, although it is proven that some criminals can be missing a gene which provokes these violent acts. I still believe that any action is a choice, with the right support and upbringing all potential offenders could be kept on the right path throughout their life. Unless further evidence comes to light about the murder gene then we must do more to ensure that the younger generation are not exposed to the sort of situations that could lead them to become the law breakers that we have been trying to abolish from society for so long.
This is a 100 word essay on respect. Respect is a fundamental concept that governs how individuals should treat others. It involves recognizing the inherent worth and dignity of every person, regardless of their background, beliefs, or status. Respect is essential in building healthy relationships, fostering trust, and promoting understanding among people. It requires treating others with kindness, empathy, and consideration, listening to their perspectives, and valuing their opinions. Respect is an essential aspect of human interaction, and it helps create a supportive, and inclusive environment where individuals can thrive and reach their full potential. Ultimately, showing respect to others is a reflection of our own character and values, and it is essential for building a just and harmonious society.
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