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Family Health Concept and Health Promotion DiscussionFamily Health Concept and H ...

Family Health Concept and Health Promotion Discussion

Family health concept

The health and wellness of individuals always begin from the family. The execution of health activities, roles, and responsibilities occur at home. Family health is significant to the family members because when one individual is sick, all family members are affected.

Family history and genetics influence an individual’s health status because there are hereditary diseases that affect the family members, such as sickle cell disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (Green, 2018). Understanding the family health concept and family history is essential in identifying the health risks that increase individuals’ potential for developing certain illnesses such as hypertension.

Health promotion is an effective public health strategy for ensuring healthy people within the family and community at large. Health promotion measures such as educating the family, screening, conducting health campaigns, and developing health awareness programs help build family capacity and enhance behavior modification and environment modification (Whitney, 2018).

Providing health information helps improve the health outcome of the family members through health behaviors such as physical exercise, healthy eating, and avoiding a sedentary lifestyle. Apart from enhancing health behavior modification, family education helps improve health-seeking behaviors and self-care activities, which further help prevent diseases.

A nurse can determine the effectiveness of a strategy in meeting the needs of a particular family through family and patient assessment to identify the needs of the family. Assessing individuals’ needs entails effective interaction and communication with people to help in understanding the unique needs of the person and the family (Green, 2018). The nurse should identify the available family resources that can be used to achieve health and wellness among the family members.

Family Health Concept and Health Promotion Discussion

Family Health Concept and Health Promotion Discussion References

Green, S.Z. (2018). Understanding families and health promotion. In Grand Canyon University?(Ed.),?Health promotion: Health & wellness across the continuum. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs429vn/health-promotion-health-and-wellness-across-the-continuum/v1.1/#/chapter/1
Whitney, S., (2018), Health promotion Health and wellness Across the Continuum Retrieved from https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/health-promotion_health-and-wellness-across-the-continuum_1e.php

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Example

Health promotion and disease prevention are crucial in improving public health outcomes and reducing the burden of illness on individuals and communities. There has been a growing recognition of the significance of evidence-based interventions in the design and implementation of effective health promotion and disease prevention strategies in the recent past. According to Tomlinson et al. (2019), evidence-based interventions offer proven effectiveness, resource optimization, accountability, replicability, scalability, and opportunities for continuous improvement in health prevention and promotion. This paper explores the importance of evidence-based interventions and their impact on health promotion and disease prevention effectiveness.

Disease Prevention

The term “disease prevention” refers to the coordinated actions and plans to lessen the incidence and effects of illnesses in a community. It entails measures designed to prevent the onset of diseases or minimize their progression by targeting risk factors, promoting healthy behaviors, and implementing interventions such as immunization, screening, and education (Chiu et al., 2020). There are several different strategies for disease prevention, including primary prevention to prevent the occurrence of diseases, secondary prevention to detect and treat diseases at an early stage, and tertiary prevention to minimize complications and disability in individuals already affected by a disease.

Disease Prevention Model

An example of an existing disease prevention model is the social-ecological disease prevention model. This model is a framework that recognizes the complex relationship between the influences of individual behaviors, social factors, and environmental in determining health outcomes (Bamuya et al., 2021). It provides a comprehensive approach to disease prevention by addressing multiple levels of influence, including the community, systems, and individual levels of practice.

At the community level, the socio-ecological model highlights the significance of creating supportive environments that promote health and prevent disease. This involves identifying and addressing social determinants of health, such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, education, and physical infrastructure (CDC, 2022). Through a holistic focus on the community, this model promotes the creation of interventions that can target broader social and environmental factors that contribute to health disparities.

The systems’ level of practice within the socio-ecological model recognizes the influence of organizational structures and policies on individual health behaviors. This level involves working with various systems and institutions, such as healthcare organizations, schools, workplaces, and government agencies, to implement interventions that support disease prevention (CDC, 2022). By integrating health promotion strategies into existing systems, such as workplace wellness programs or school-based health education, the model aims to create sustainable changes that encourage healthy behaviors and reduce risk factors.

At the individual level, the socio-ecological model acknowledges that personal factors, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors play a vital role in disease prevention. This level focuses on empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health and adopt healthy behaviors (CDC, 2022). It includes health education campaigns, counseling, and skills-building programs to increase knowledge, awareness, and self-efficacy for health-promoting actions.

Socio-ecological model of disease prevention has several benefits in disease prevention. First, it provides a holistic approach to disease prevention that has the potential to yield significant and sustainable improvements in public health (CDC, 2022). Additionally, this model recognizes that health behaviors and outcomes at the individual level are influenced by personal factors such as knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Furthermore, it goes beyond the individual level to acknowledge the impact of interpersonal relationships, community settings, and societal factors, which can; lead to behavior change, create supportive environments, and advocate for policy changes that improve health outcomes.

However, there are concerns associated with this model as well. First, implementing multi-level interventions can be complex and require coordination among various stakeholders (Bamuya et al., 2021). Addressing societal factors often involves challenging established norms and policies, which can face resistance. Finally, the socio-ecological model requires a comprehensive understanding of the specific contexts in which interventions are being implemented, as the determinants of health can vary across different populations and settings.

Health Promotion

Health promotion is a comprehensive and holistic approach that seeks to enhance individuals’ and communities’ well-being and quality of life. Its primary objective is to empower individuals by offering a range of interventions, enabling them to make informed decisions, embrace healthy behaviors, and establish supportive environments (World Health Organization, 2022). These interventions address disease prevention and the underlying determinants of health, including social, economic, and environmental factors. Additionally, health promotion endeavors to promote healthy lifestyles, increase awareness regarding health risks, disseminate education and information, and advocate for policies that uphold health and equity.

Health Promotion Model

Nola Pender’s health promotion model (HPM) is a widely recognized nursing theory that emphasizes the importance of promoting health and preventing disease at various levels: community, systems, and individual. This model provides a framework for nurses to understand and guide health promotion interventions effectively. According to the proponent of this health promotion model, Nola J. Pender, the primary emphasis of health promotion and disease prevention should be on healthcare (Gonzalo, 2019). It is essential for health promotion and prevention strategies to anticipate and address potential challenges and issues proactively. However, when these efforts fall short, providing care for those who are unwell becomes the subsequent priority.

At the community level, the health promotion model emphasizes creating supportive environments and collaborating with community leaders and organizations to address health disparities, develop programs, and advocate for policies (Gonzalo, 2019). It recognizes social determinants of health, promotes community empowerment, and allows for addressing health issues on a broader scale. However, challenges of this health promotion model include limited resources, political resistance, and difficulties measuring effectiveness and ensuring community engagement.

At the systems level, the model acknowledges the influence of larger systems like healthcare organizations and policies. Nurses focus on creating supportive structures, promoting collaboration, and integrating health promotion into healthcare delivery (Gonzalo, 2019). Benefits include a comprehensive approach, stakeholder coordination, and consistent support for individuals. However, concerns about this model at the systems level involve complex implementation, resistance to change, and challenges in measuring the impact on individual health outcomes.

At the individual level, Pender’s health promotion model centers on understanding factors that motivate individuals, emphasizing self-efficacy, and addressing barriers to behavior change. It respects individual autonomy, tailors interventions, and encourages sustained behavior change (Gonzalo, 2019). However, concerns about this model include overlooking broader social and environmental factors, burdening individuals with decision-making, and the need to address motivational factors for successful interventions effectively.

Role of Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-based practice plays a crucial role in disease prevention and health promotion success by providing a solid foundation for informed decision-making and effective interventions. Integrating the best available evidence from scientific research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences ensures that interventions and strategies used in disease prevention and health promotion are grounded in rigorous scientific evidence (Tomlinson et al., 2019). This approach helps to minimize guesswork and speculation, ensuring that interventions are more likely to be effective and produce positive outcomes. By relying on evidence, community health nurses can make informed decisions about the most appropriate interventions, treatments, and preventive measures to employ, thereby maximizing the chances of success in preventing diseases and promoting overall health.

Health teaching plays a crucial role in disease prevention and health promotion, enabling individuals to participate in their health and well-being actively. Healthcare professionals can utilize health teaching to provide individuals with the necessary knowledge, skills, and resources to make informed decisions about their health and adopt healthy behaviors. Additionally, educating individuals about disease prevention, healthy lifestyle choices, and risk factors can help them comprehend the significance of taking preventive measures and embracing behaviors that foster good health (World Health Organization, 2022). Furthermore, health teaching equips individuals with the tools to effectively manage their health conditions, engage in self-care practices, and identify early warning signs, thus averting disease progression and reducing the likelihood of complications.

Conclusion

Health promotion and disease prevention are integral to improving public health outcomes and reducing the burden of illness on individuals and communities. Evidence-based interventions play a critical role in designing effective strategies, offering proven effectiveness, resource optimization, accountability, replicability, scalability, and opportunities for continuous improvement. The socio-ecological disease prevention model and Nola Pender’s health promotion model provide comprehensive frameworks that address multiple levels of influence, including the community, systems, and individual levels. By integrating evidence-based practice and health teaching, healthcare professionals can make informed decisions, empower individuals, and promote healthy behaviors, ultimately preventing diseases and promoting health.

References

Bamuya, C., Correia, J. C., Brady, E. M., Beran, D., Harrington, D., Damasceno, A., Crampin, A. M., Magaia, A., Levitt, N., Davies, M. J., & Hadjiconstantinou, M. (2021). Use of the socio-ecological model to explore factors that influence the implementation of diabetes structured education program (EXTEND project) in Lilongwe, Malawi, and Maputo, Mozambique: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11338-y

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, January 18). The social-ecological model: A framework for prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/social-ecologicalmodel.html

Chiu, C.-J., Hu, J.-C., Lo, Y.-H., & Chang, E.-Y. (2020). Health promotion and disease prevention interventions for the elderly: A scoping review from 2015–2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155335

Gonzalo, A. (2019). Nola Pender: Health promotion model (nursing theory guide). Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/nola-pender-health-promotion-model/

Tomlinson, M., Hunt, X., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2019). Diffusing and scaling evidence-based interventions: Eight lessons for early child development from implementing perinatal home visiting in South Africa. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1419(1), 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13650

World Health Organization. (2022). Health promotion. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/westernpacific/about/how-we-work/programmes/health-promotion

Falls in Dementia Sample PaperIntroduction.Dementia can be described as a group ...

Falls in Dementia Sample Paper

Introduction.

Dementia can be described as a group of thinking and social symptoms that greatly interfere with the daily functioning of an individual. Patients will normally present with forgetfulness. This condition also greatly impacts both their social well-being and thought forming capabilities (Ng et al., 2019). The condition greatly impacts individuals aged sixty-five years and above mostly. Medication and therapy play a critical part in the management of this condition.

Rationale for the Specific Health Risk.

The occurrence of falls in patients with Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia is common. People with these conditions are three times more likely to experience hip fractures from a fall when compared to other people (Mosk et al., 2017). The result of these fractures is immobility and resultant surgeries. The mortality rate in people with Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia secondary to a fall is estimated to be greater than in other individuals (Jeon et al., 2019). This information clearly proves the severity of this condition and indicates the need to strongly implement interventions aimed at reducing and preventing falls in patients with dementia.

The exact number of people with dementia in Australia is currently unknown. An estimate, however, placed the number of people with dementia at a figure between four hundred thousand and four hundred and sixty thousand in 2020 (Livingston et al., 2020). This figure is expected to increase to approximately five hundred and ninety thousand people by the year 2030. These figures demonstrate the great urgency to deal with the problem of dementia.

The increased rate of fall in patients with dementia further solidifies the need to address the issue. Falls in people with dementia greatly increase the morbidity and mortality rates consequently increasing medical costs. Therefore, there is need to address this issue.

Selection of the audience

There are several risk factors associated with falls in dementia patients. Some of the commonest risk factors include physical weakness and lack of balance, impaired memory, poor judgement, pain and discomfort, a need to use the bathroom among others (Harrison et al., 2020). The reason why I selected nurses as my target audience is because they spend more time with the patients and are better placed in the formulation of interventions geared towards the prevention of falls in patients with dementia.

Nurses spend a majority of time with patients. This means that they are capable of picking up on any pain or discomfort that the patient may be feeling. As noted earlier, pain and discomfort which consequently forces patients to move is one of the commonest causes of falls (Kim et al., 2017). The nurse therefore, has ample time and ability to note any pain being experienced by patients and ensure that the situation is dealt with to prevent further crisis later on.

Nursing staff are required to assess and assist people aged 65 and over with their daily activities. This is dependent on the patient’s ability to function normally (Mailhot-Bisson, 2018). While caring for elderly, nurses are regularly involved in activities such as cleaning them and aiding them to access facilities such as the bathroom. As the target audience of the poster, nurses can fully grasp the magnitude of the ability they have in the prevention of falls in patients by constantly being available to offer help.

Nursing staff play a critical role in ensuring that patients live in organized, tidy and well-li rooms. Some of the major causes of falls include poor lighting within patients’ rooms and disorganization and clutter within those rooms. The poster describes the importance of the nurse ensuring that the room is tidy and neat and how such simple acts can go a long way in reducing the rate and incidence of falls in patients with dementia.

Relevance of selected poster features.

I have ensured that the title of this poster “Falls in Dementia” is kept short, simple but still effective in the conveyance of the message intended without bringing any confusion. The use of clear and well labelled icons is critical in ensuring that the reader clearly understands the main message that I am trying to put across (Davis et al., 2018). The use of bright colours is critical in ensuring that I fully capture the attention of the target audience.

Contrasting colours further help to relay the message that different data is being shared on the poster. This poster had an appropriate ratio of coloured content to white-space as highlighted in the guidelines. This 30% white space in a scholarly poster ensures visual breathing room for the eyes.

The picture used in the poster, termed as “People 2-community Nurse With Patient Cartoon” is important for several reasons. The picture plays a key role in breaking the monotonous state of the poster. It also clearly demonstrates the importance of a good nurse patient relationship which is critical ins ensuring positive outcomes and vital in minimizing patient falls in this scenario.

The icons placed on both the left and right side of the title contain vital information including statistics of the issue being addressed. This is critical in capturing the target audience’s attention and highlighting the magnitude of the issue being addressed (Erkin et al., 2018). Further grouping of information into smaller subgroups including the risk factors, need to know information and necessary interventions is important.

It ensures that there is no confusion and that the target audience clearly knows that they have moved from one item to another. the bullets at the far-right side of the poster emphasize critical information regarding the situation at hand further highlighting the importance of addressing falls in dementia patients.

Implications of Nursing Care Related to Environmental Changes.

Environmental health determinants are critical in the assessment, diagnosis, intervention, planning and evaluation components of nursing practice (McKibben, 2017). Environmental changes such as reduced government funding can greatly impact the overall health of the elderly. In this scenario, lack of adequate funds to purchase equipment such as bed alarms in hospitals greatly undermines the effort to curb the occurrence of falling among patients with dementia.

Reduced human resource in nursing homes and hospitals also greatly impacts health care quality and provision. The reduction in nurses can result from government policies or staffing problems (Benton et al., 2020). The overall problem that results from this is the reduced care offered to the elderly. Reduced care and attention greatly increase the risk of falling especially in the elderly with dementia, greatly hindering progress towards reducing occurrence of these falls.

Nursing staff have a key role to play to try and deal with the issue of falls. They must first identify and document areas that require changes and push for the changes where possible to ensure that fall rates reduce. Implementation of other key guidelines laid out in order to curb the prevalence of falls among dementia patients should also be done by the nursing staff.

Conclusion.

In conclusion, dementia is a condition that greatly affects a vast number of the population negatively impacting their daily lives. The condition greatly predisposes to falls which consequently increase morbidity and mortality rates. This is mostly prevalent among the elderly, especially those aged sixty-five years and above. A poster aimed at nurses is one way of trying to reduce the occurrence of falls in elderly patients with dementia. The poster clearly outlines the statistics, clearly showing the magnitude of the issue, risk factors and necessary intervention methods that nurses can employ to reduce and fully curb the issue of falls.

References.

Alves, V. C., Freitas, W. C. J. D., Ramos, J. S., Chagas, S. R. G., Azevedo, C., & Mata, L. R. F. D. (2017). Actions of the fall prevention protocol: mapping with the classification of nursing interventions. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2394.2986
Benton, D. C., Watkins, M. J., Beasley, C. J., Ferguson, S. L., & Holloway, A. (2020). Evidence-based policy: nursing now and the importance of research synthesis. International Nursing Review, 67(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12572
Buckinx, F., Croisier, J.-L., Reginster, J.-Y., Lenaerts, C., Brunois, T., Rygaert, X., Petermans, J., & Bruyère, O. (2018). Prediction of the incidence of falls and deaths among elderly nursing home residents: The senior study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.06.014
Davis, J. H., & Eastland, T. T. (2018). Electronic PICO Posters Engage Students in Nursing Management. Worldviews On Evidence-Based Nursing, 15(5), 409–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12322
Erkin, Ö., Ardahan, M., & Temel, A. B. (2018). Effects of Creating Awareness Through Photographs and Posters on Skin Self-Examination in Nursing Students. Journal Of Cancer Education: The Official Journal Of The American Association For Cancer Education, 33(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-016-1037-y
Harrison, S. L., Lang, C., Whitehead, C., Crotty, M., Ratcliffe, J., Wesselingh, S., & Inacio, M. C. (2020). Trends in Prevalence of Dementia for People Accessing Aged Care Services in Australia. The Journals Of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences And Medical Sciences, 75(2), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz032
Jeon, J. H., Park, J. H., Oh, C., Chung, J. K., Song, J. Y., Kim, S., Lee, S. H., Jang, J. W., & Kim, Y. J. (2019). Dementia is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hip Fractures: A Nationwide Analysis in Korea. Journal Of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea), 15(2), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2019.15.2.243
Kaur, P., Tan, W. S., Gunapal, P. P. G., Ding, Y. Y., Ong, R., Wu, H. Y., & Hum, A. (2021). Deaths in dementia: a scoping review of prognostic variables. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 11(3), 242-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002217
Kim, J., & Parish, A. L. (2017). Polypharmacy and Medication Management in Older Adults. The Nursing Clinics Of North America, 52(3), 457–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2017.04.007
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Costafreda, S. G., Dias, A., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Ogunniyi, A., Orgeta, V., … Mukadam, N. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet (London, England), 396(10248), 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6
Mailhot-Bisson D. (2018). Fragilty of elderly people in Quebec, the role of the nurse. Soins. Gerontologie, 23(134), 37–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sger.2018.09.008
McKibben L. (2017). Conflict management: importance and implications. British Journal Of Nursing, 26(2), 100–103. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2017.26.2.100
Mosk, C. A., Mus, M., Vroemen, J. P., van der Ploeg, T., Vos, D. I., Elmans, L. H., & van der Laan, L. (2017). Dementia and delirium, the outcomes in elderly hip fracture patients. Clinical Interventions In Aging, 12, 421–430. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S115945

Family Interview Compare and Contrast Cultures Paper The c ...

Family Interview Compare and Contrast Cultures Paper

The conversation about the influence of culture on health is unabating. The term culture, according to Kaakinen et al. (2018), refers to the shared customs, norms, values, language and jargon used by a specific group of population. The values and customs are diverse from one social group to the other, which brings the aspect of cultural diversity. Accordingly, cultural diversity means the differences in ethnicity, race, socioeconomic group, language, religion, education and sexual orientation (Kaakinen et al., 2018). The difference is evident from the most basic unit of a society, which is the family. The study of culture is crucial in understanding a family role, adaptations, responses and organization. Therefore, to achieve a safe and an effective nursing practice, cultural competency among healthcare providers is vital.

The interviews reflect cultural differences among two different families. Various parameters of culture are illustrated, for example, religion, education, marriage, gender roles, communication, and perception about death. The reason for selection of the two different families is to explicitly show the rich diversity that exists between them. The aspect of cultural diversity is depicted clearly from the two interviews.

The interviewees represent two different families and societies. This selection is further based on the fact that the smallest unit in a society to learn culture is the family. A family agrees on specific norms, values, religion and traditions, which in turn influence the surrounding community and the general human culture (Kaakinen et al., 2018). Therefore, listening to the voices from both families enables the interviewer to discern the differences and the similarities between the two diverse cultures. Other than highlighting the summary of the responses from the two interviews, the purpose of this paper is also to identify the similarities and differences between the cultures, and to explain how family roles affect cultural domains and relationships.

Summary of the Responses

The interviews conducted aimed at identifying various aspects of cultures from two different families, and the diversity that exist between the two families. The interviewees include my family member, from the extended family, and a coworker who comes from a different culture and community. The interview consisted of various domains of culture. The identified domains include gender, education, occupational status, marriage, religion differences, and spiritual beliefs surrounding death and dying, and communication. The subject from the extended family is a mother who assumes the role of the head of the family in a community that recognizes a man as the pillar of the home. The other interviewee, a coworker is a first born in a family of five children raised by a mother whose husband is deceased.

The answers provided by the two interviewees clearly show a difference in cultural background. A major discovery during the two interviews is that the majority of communities recognize a man as the head of the family. The only exception as evident in the coworker’s interview is a deceased father. Further, in the extended family member interview, the mother reports to be the head of the house. She, however, recognizes that she comes from a culture where a man is the head of the household. Additional major common findings include marriage and religion being crucial structures in societies. Both the interviewees exhibited appropriate decorum during the conversation. They answered the questions openly and with a lot of ease notwithstanding the difference in educational levels and understanding. There was no unusual mannerism observed during the entire interview.

Comparison of Findings

Both families report the woman to be the head of the house. This is different from majority of the traditional communities where a man is the head of the family. An exception under which a woman is allowed to be the head of a home is evident in the interview. In one interview, the father is deceased, and the mother has to assume the role. The ancient books, for example the Bible, affirm that a man is awarded the noble task of ruling, leading and being an overseer of a family (Hazel & Kleyman, 2019). Further, both families attest that education is crucial, observing however, that it should not be accompanied with pressure or compulsion to pursue it. Giorgetti, Campbell and Arslan (2017) denote a causal relationship between culture and education.

Examining the human history, a more educated community has a higher level of civilization as compared to communities mediocre in academics (Giorgetti et al., 2017). Additionally, both cultures acknowledge living together either through marriage or through cohabitation. Contemporary communities are defying marriages as the only way of union and are beginning to accept the concepts of cohabitation (Kaakinen et al., 2018). Moreover, both cultures use verbal communication as the preferred methods for conversing.

Contrast of Findings

Despite the similarities, the two families differ in various ways. The major areas of differences include religion and perception towards death and dying. One family has a staunch foundation in Christianity while the other one believes in Lord Swaminarayan. Religion, from Zimmer’s (2019) perspective, is an indicator of health and health-seeking behaviors. This seemed to be a shared belief in all religions, and which fosters the religious identities of the interviewees. Additionally, other communities recommend seeking traditional medicine rather than the contemporary medicine. Religion has also been associated with positive health benefits such as creating a sense of well-being and encouraging gratitude, compassion and forgiveness (Zimmer et al., 2019).

Perception about death also varies across the two families. The family with a Christian foundation believes in life after death, that dead people go to Christ. Contrarily, the other family conducts a Besnu (burial ceremony) to perform a ritual and cremate the body of the deceased. Irrespective of the differences among communities, the ultimate goal is to have a culture of caring (Kaakinen et al., 2018). Understanding the different cultures of various communities is a strategy to mitigate healthcare inequalities and diversity challenges (Dell’Aversana & Bruno, 2017). It is therefore an integral role of a health practitioner to be culturally competent to ensure a safe and quality delivery of care.

Reflective Conclusion

Despite being the smallest unit within a society, a family plays a big role in influencing the culture of an entire community. A family unit agrees on specific ways of leading their lives, including customs, education, perceptions towards health and alternative lifestyles. The unit culture therefore expands to influence the neighbors and the surrounding environment.

The family unit also determines the nature of relationships that cultures adopt. For example, majority of communities recognize a man as the head of a family, a belief that has lasted through time in most cultures. Additionally, newborns are molded into a culture they are born. Therefore, as they grow, their perception towards bad, good, wrong or right depends on the family’s beliefs, traditions and values. The family cultures are not static but experience changes as the family grows. The constant transitions families undergo include cycles of life such as births, marriages, divorce and deaths which have an effect on the family roles and relationships.

References

Dell’Aversana, G., & Bruno, A. (2017). Different and Similar at the same Time. Cultural Competence through the Leans of Healthcare Providers. Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy, https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2017.01426.
Giorgetti, F., Campbell, C., & Arslan, A. (2017). Culture and education: looking back to culture through education. Paedagogica Historica, 53(1-2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2017.1288752
Hazel, K., & Kleyman, K. (2019). Gender and sex inequalities: Implications and resistance. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 14 January 2021, from https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2019.1627079.
Kaakinen, J. R., Coehlo, D. P., Steel, R., & Robinson, M. (2018). Family health care nursing. Theory, practice and research (6th ed.). : F. A. Davis. (Unit1: Foundations in Family Health Care Nursing Chapters 1-5.
Zimmer, Z., Rojo, F., Ofstedal, M., Chiu, C., Saito, Y., & Jagger, C. (2019). Religiosity and health: A global comparative study. SSM – Population Health, 7, 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.11.006

Family Trauma Assessment Sample Paper AssignmentAbstractThe variation in trauma ...

Family Trauma Assessment Sample Paper Assignment

Abstract

The variation in trauma presentation and outcomes present various diagnostic and interventional challenges. In the family setting, trauma presents various trajectories as trauma may be experienced by an indirect victim. This paper assessed various incidences of trauma in my nuclear and extended family. Trauma incidences included school bullying, motor vehicle accident, emotional trauma, bereavement, and traumatic war experiences.

The coping strategies varied with the age of the trauma victim and the family involvement. Coping strategies included self-controlling, avoidance, seeking social support and religion, distancing, confrontive coping, and planful problem-solving. Among the children, outcomes of the trauma included mood changes while most adults engaged in alcohol use. The role of counseling was appreciated in most cases as it yielded some relief for the victims. The late recognition of trauma in children yields the need for research in this area.

Family Trauma Assessment

Trauma varies in etiology, severity, and nature in all settings. Physical and emotional trauma are the most common types of traumas we encounter during our lifetime. A family is usually considered the basic social unit in most cultures. Trauma in the family setting has individual and group outcomes. Trauma evokes a myriad of responses at the personal and family levels. Various coping strategies are adopted by the victims to try and overcome traumatic experiences. My extended family is a patrilineal and cohesive one with various codes of social conduct.

The codes of conduct are in tandem with the social codes in my community. The family members have suffered some degree of trauma at least once in their lifetime. The subjective severity of their trauma, coping strategies, and circumstances have varied with each incidence of trauma. This paper describes six family members who underwent significant trauma in the past and describes their coping strategies as well as special circumstances surrounding these traumas.

Family Trauma Case #1

Ryan is my fourteen-year-old nephew who lives with my mother. He is currently in middle school. His parents live in the countryside. Ryan moved to the city at age seven when my sister (her mother) desired that he studies in an urban-based setting to get adequate ‘exposure.’ Ryan was admitted to a nearby middle school two years ago but has been silent of school issues ever since. In his first year of schooling, his teachers appraised him for his good academic performance but noted a lack of involvement in extracurricular activities.

In the second year in that school, my mother was called by Ryan’s teacher to report on his occasional absence from school. One year ago, Ryan hinted at a dislike for a group of his classmates but her grandmother advised him to take it easy on his classmates. During this incident when his grandmother was to report to school to explain Ryan’s recent behavior, it was realized that ran has endured various episodes of bullying from the aforementioned group of his classmates. School bullying is a common occurrence in middle schools among adolescents and children. the victim usually experiences different outcomes (Oseldman, 2017).

Outcomes of the Incident and Coping Strategies

Ryan’s traumatic incidences have been recurrent. The outcomes have been witnessed in the academic outcomes and the recent moods changes. At home, Ryan had been withdrawn of late and appeared stressed before he was sent to call his grandmother to school. According to Ngo et al. (2021), bullying has been associated with reduced quality of life, social withdrawal, and increased risk of depression in urban settings.

Ryan had been missing school to stay at home without the knowledge of his grandmother. Staying at home and missing school were the main coping strategies used to avoid the school bullies. According to Armitage (2021), the outcomes of bullying are always negative and can include education, mental, and adulthood consequences (Haraldstad et al., 2019). Mental outcomes seen in Ryan represent the most severe forms of outcomes. By avoiding the assailant of this trauma, the victims tend to find relief from the outcomes.

Family Trauma Case #2

Riley is my 32-year-old cousin who lives in the same neighborhood as me. We have shared most of our childhood moments with her before she went moved out. Two years ago, Riley got involved in a motor vehicle accident after a road trip with her boyfriend. She suffered multiple fractures that led to her four-week hospitalization. During this traumatic incident, Riley had not put on her safety belt. Her partner did not suffer severe injuries as hers. Upon recovery, Riley did not want to relive those moments and recounted them as the worst period of her life.

Outcomes of the Incident

The traumatic incident did not yield any positive outcomes to Riley and the family. She developed a fear for private transport and would prefer walking for short distances, even to work. Fortunately, Riley recovered well without developing disabilities or deformities. She would resume her physical activities as usual but her emotional life was not restored. She was diagnosed with PTSD the same year for which she was treated on medications and trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy. Her situation was special in that she had just gotten her professional employment and her first salary. Her start of life setting up a family was faced by a setback from the trauma.

Coping Strategies

Riley had the best coping strategies of the family members that I have discussed and yet to discuss. Having achieved her tertiary education graduated with skills in social work and sociology, Riley was able to open up to the family in the time before the outcomes worsened. The family provided constant emotional, financial, and physical support for her in the recuperating and post-recovery periods. PTSD is one of the mental health outcomes of trauma. Involvement of family promotes coping with the outcomes in trauma according to Viana Machado et al. (2020). The occurrence of stress and related symptoms following trauma were significantly reduced.

Family Trauma Case #3

The elderly individuals have also encountered various forms of trauma in my family. Bob, 83 years old is my paternal grandfather. He is a veteran that returned home early before turning sixty years. He fought in the various wars in the Middle East during the terminal periods before the war ended. During his five years stay in the camp, he sustained various injuries and witnessed many traumatic incidents. He went into the war in his mid-forties and could story tell most of his war experiences and trauma. His case is unique because most veterans return home and undergo certain degrees of psychological complications. Most war veterans during his time would be neglected as he recalls. However, he was well taken being assessed by the psychologists regularly courtesy of his eldest son, my father. Just like Riley, my cousin, he was diagnosed with mild symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Outcomes of the Trauma

Bob’s case as opposed to earlier assessed cases, had positive outcomes. His case was an eye-opener to the family about mental health and post-traumatic mental health sequelae. The need for a prompt health assessment following suspected psychological complications of trauma was established by the family at that time. His trauma was, therefore, detected and managed in time. Just a few years after returning from the war, he started developing sleep problems. Viana Machado et al. (2020) associates sleep disturbances as early signs of impending posttraumatic sequelae. This was the only danger sign that prompted Bob’s psychiatric evaluation.

Coping Strategies

Bob was taken in by a psychologist who is now retired and has remained his personal friend to date. Bob’s coping structure was a direct one. He indirectly turned to the social system for support. He became a strong church member and would attend most church social gatherings regularly. Indirectly, bob sought social and religious interventions before his posttraumatic sequelae worsened. According to Stanis?awski (2019), special systems have been adopted indirectly by various victims of trauma with aim of surviving their foreseen mental deterioration. The belief in divine intervention and family care confers them some comfort from the traumatic events. He loves storytelling and opening up to his family about his personal life and this has made it easy for family members to intervene and provide the necessary support.

Family Trauma Case #4

Matt is my fourteen-year-old nephew who sustained a head injury following a fall from his bike on his way. I remember visiting him in the hospital where he was admitted for four days following six hours of loss of consciousness. Matt sustained the head injury when he was nine years. He did not undergo any surgery after the incident. His recovery was uneventful. However, his case was unique in that he didn’t develop the usual primary brain injury. Mild brain contusions were reported and were managed conservatively. Turgut (2018) reports that the outcomes of head injury in the young have lower mortality rates and good outcomes as opposed to the elderly.

Outcomes of the Incident

Two months after the incident, Matt developed partial seizures that were attributed to the trauma. According to Turgut (2018), seizures are one of the complications of trauma. Despite receiving prophylaxis for convulsions, he still developed seizures. His nuclear family got traumatized psychologically as they had to live with the complications of this accidental trauma. Fortunately, the frequency of seizure occurrence went down rapidly six months later after medications. Having to keep Matt on medications worried his mother a lot.

Coping Strategies

Acceptance was the main family coping strategy. Matt’s mother had to accept the complications of the trauma. She then developed a planful problem-solving strategy (Stanis?awski, 2019) to cope with the situation. She planned to occasionally visit the family therapist regularly as advised by the physician. Matt was her only child and she would go the extra mile to ensure their social and physical wellbeing as a parent. They received counseling services as part of her planful coping strategy. This was associated with the positive outcomes of the patient’s medical therapy as it would ensure medication adherence and reduction of family stress from the post-traumatic events.

Family Trauma Case #5

Joy was engaged with her partner Jimmy for three years. They lived together in the same town as my family. Joy is also my cousin. Their association was yet to be blessed with a child but this seemed to worry Jimmy who wanted a child as soon as possible. None of them was willing to seek medical help for fertility-related issues. There was no evidence of intimate partner violence. However, Joy report suspected instances of her partner’s infidelity.

She feels traumatized by these events in her courtship and states that her partner seemed to have lost interest in their courtship. The nature of her trauma is unique in that there is no actual evidence that the trauma occurred but the psychological outcome suggests an underlying emotional trauma. Emotional trauma from intimate partners reveals in various forms and often goes unnoticed. Joy’s case would as well be classified as emotional abuse.

Outcomes of the Trauma

Joy has recently been indulging in alcohol abuse. During my last encounter with her, she discussed work issues but was hesitant to discuss relationship issues. She had started drinking about three months ago because she thought that her relationship has hit the rock bottom and was unsalvageable. She would drink late at night to forget about her spouse. Kleber (2019) associated substances with various emotional trauma in the adult population. In this case, Joy’s drinking was maladaptive. She also reported she has missed some days at work and faces dispensation by her boss. This would be attributed to her drinking and emotional stress from her relationship.

Coping strategies

Joy’s personal attempts to cope with her trauma involved drinking to forget about her relationship stress. Her coping strategy uses an escape-avoidance method. She believes that by drinking daily she would escape her marital stress and avoid the adverse outcomes that come with separation or emotional trauma. In this coping strategy, the victim wishfully thinks that avoiding the situation. Her behavior seems maladaptive but, in some way, it is her coping strategy. She is yet to receive counseling services.

Her coping strategy would also be considered a distancing strategy. She is purposefully distancing her emotional self from the situation to create comfort but the outcomes are not favorable. In an ideal distancing strategy, the victim usually aims at creating a positive outlook (Stanis?awski, 2019). Joy needs counseling services as well as medical attention together with her spouse. Managing her trauma complications without sorting out the underlying etiology for emotional trauma would not be efficacious

Family Trauma Case #6

The last trauma assessment case is of Jon, my maternal uncle. John is now 51. At age 46, he lost his wife to uterine sarcoma. Before her demise, they had only one child. John appeared traumatized by the loss exaggeratedly. Even though he was not diagnosed with complicated grief, Jon was abnormally depressed for seven months and had lost a significant portion of his weight. His trauma was unique he stayed too long in the denial phase before the demise. His wife was taken for palliative care because of an advanced stage of the disease but Jon was not willing to admit the diagnosis. The demise was inevitable and the complications were expected.

Outcomes of the Trauma

Jon indulged in alcohol use following the death of his wife. Before the death, Jon was a social drinker who would use less than two beer bottles on an occasion. As aforementioned, alcohol use is an outcome of trauma from various causes. Jon’s case is also maladaptive but would be greatly associated with his trauma from the loss. To justify his trauma, Jon’s response to the loss suggested a direct response to trauma experienced by a close family member. Sometimes, the trauma may not be directly experienced by the victim but witnessing the suffering and outcomes of the trauma justifies the occurrence.

Coping Strategy and Counselling

Initially, Jon showed self-controlling as a coping strategy. Stanis?awski (2019) interprets self-controlling as the regulation of one’s feelings and actions. His coping can also be seen as confrontive coping. Confrontive coping involves aggressive attempts to alter the traumatic situation (Stanis?awski, 2019). His drinking escalated quickly and aggressively. The end goal was to make his emotional complications go away. His family offered necessary support before realizing that Jon was not holding up well anymore. He received cognitive-based counseling that yielded positive outcomes in her thoughts and emotions. His drinking gradually improved and he no longer takes alcohol.

Conclusion

The assessment of my family, both nuclear and extended family, has shown varying degrees of trauma and related outcomes. The degrees of coping are also varied and complicated. Most assessed trauma situations involved the adults who experienced trauma directly or indirectly. The trauma in children seemed to have taken an indolent course but the outcomes were out of proportion. Matt and Ryan are children who suffered health injury and school bullying respectively. Riley, 32, suffered physical trauma, Bob, 83, is a veteran, and Jon 51 suffered trauma related to bereavement and grief response. The etiologies were different but the need for intervention was seen in all cases.

Special incidences of trauma were also noted in this assessment. The role of the family in providing social and emotional stability has been appreciated. In Ryan’s case, the problem was detected by the teacher. The role of the family was not evident in providing support for him. School bullying can yield severe traumatic incidence but the victim may try to conceal the emotionally traumatic responses to themselves. Ryan’s response would also be considered social phobia at first. Missing the school would have suggested other reasons. Further research is needed to scientifically delineate social anxiety or phobias and child coping strategies or traumatic responses to school bullying. Understanding the reasons for traumatic responses would promote early intervention and improved coping with these situations

References

Armitage, R. (2021). Bullying in children: impact on child health. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 5(1), e000939. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000939
Haraldstad, K., Kvarme, L. G., Christophersen, K.-A., & Helseth, S. (2019). Associations between self-efficacy, bullying and health-related quality of life in a school sample of adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 757. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7115-4
Kleber, R. J. (2019). Trauma and public mental health: A focused review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 451. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00451
Ngo, A. T., Nguyen, L. H., Dang, A. K., Hoang, M. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., Vu, G. T., Do, H. T., Tran, B. X., Latkin, C. A., Ho, R. C. M., & Ho, C. S. H. (2021). Bullying experience in urban adolescents: Prevalence and correlations with health-related quality of life and psychological issues. PloS One, 16(6), e0252459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252459
Oseldman. (2017, October 30). Trauma Types. Nctsn.Org. https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types
Stanis?awski, K. (2019). The Coping Circumplex Model: An integrative model of the structure of coping with stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00694
Turgut, K. (2018). Falls from height: A retrospective analysis. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 9(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.01.007
Viana Machado, A., Volchan, E., Figueira, I., Aguiar, C., Xavier, M., Souza, G. G. L., Sobral, A. P., de Oliveira, L., & Mocaiber, I. (2020). Association between habitual use of coping strategies and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a non-clinical sample of college students: A Bayesian approach. PloS One, 15(2), e0228661. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228661

FAU RN degree Discussion Board 11FAU RN degree Discussion Board 11After completi ...

FAU RN degree Discussion Board 11

After completing the reading, what are your thoughts on practice differences between the RN and the BSN-prepared nurse? What have you heard (if anything)? Think about the differences between the 2-year RN and the BSN… If you have no experience or contact to draw upon, ask someone! (a nurse you might know, someone else at the college, check online resources, etc.)

ORDER THROUGH BOUTESSAY

FAU RN degree Discussion Board 11 Instructions

Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the
Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

Fee Based to Value Based Nursing PaperIntroductionValue-based care in nursing re ...

Fee Based to Value Based Nursing Paper

Introduction

Value-based care in nursing refers to the quality of healthcare services offered to patients. It is a system of care that was introduced to tackle the problem of a shift in the demographics, rampant poor quality outcomes, and the ballooning cost of healthcare. In contrast, the fee-for-value system is where health outcomes/quality is measured based on what the customer can afford. In simple terms, value means that high-end customers get high-quality healthcare services whereas low-end customers get a lower quality of healthcare services. Fee for value is a highly controversial system because the model is simply a reward for expensive interventions.

How Value-Based System Improves Healthcare

Value-based care creates room for Interprofessional collaboration leading to improved patient outcomes. In the fee-for-value system, healthcare facilities work against each other to increase their profits. In this system, patients are merely seen as customers who bring in money. Thus, the more customers the higher the profitability. Based on this analogy, healthcare facilities work in competition against each other. Conversely, in a value-based system, the focus is on improving the health of patients which means that doctors and nurses from the same and different healthcare facilities collaborate with the view of improving patient outcomes.

Value-based care reduces costs for patients while it advocates for better outcomes. The words value and quality are the lifeblood of value-based care which means patients pay less for quality healthcare services. In most cases, the focus of value-based care is preventative care which is less costly compared to treating chronic ailments such as diabetes, hypertension, or cancer. Based on this analogy, value-based care aims to educate and sensitize members of the public to adopt a healthy lifestyle that would prevent them from contracting these chronic diseases.

Besides advocating for the members of the public to live healthy lifestyles, value-based care uses models of treatment that make patients spend less on medication as they get their health back on track. By focusing on prevention as its core modus operandi, value-based care ensures that patients use less money for medication because they are healthy. For example, value-based care helps to eliminate poor habits such as smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, and overeating. These factors are the biggest contributors to chronic conditions.

Value-based care promotes patient satisfaction which is a critical benchmark in the provision of quality healthcare. Healthcare facilities can use patient satisfaction as a measurement for their performance. Duly, healthcare facilities that satisfy their customers through high-quality healthcare get rewarded with a good reputation. Value-based care’s sole focus is the health of patients which means the overall long-term goal of this model is improving the quality of life of societies (World Health Organization, 2017).

This model of operation runs on the mantra that the healthier the nation, the less money is spent on healthcare. This statement is true because most developed countries today have a huge budgetary allocation for health especially for treating people suffering from chronic diseases that could have been prevented if people adopted a healthier lifestyle.

The model of value-based care has transformed the practice of medicine due to a reduction in medical errors. As mentioned earlier, the focus of value-based care is the quality of healthcare accorded to patients. For this reason, value-based care has adopted the core values of professional nursing that impact the quality of care (Gray, 2017). The core values of nursing practice used in value-based care include; altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity, and social justice. These core nursing practices define how nurses, physicians, and other medical professionals dispense their duties. These core values require medical professionals to dispense their duties with the utmost care, professionalism, justice, and knowledge.

Distinction Between/Physicians Working in Fee Service versus Value-Based

In the fee-for-service model, physicians, nurses, and hospitals are paid based on the number of services provided each day. For example, if a doctor sees ten patients in a day, he gets paid for those ten patients based on the price of each treatment. In simple terms, doctors, nurses, and hospitals are paid based on the number of patients they attend each day, thus, the higher the number of customers, the better. The healthcare providers working under the fee-for-service model get compensated on the number of visits, tests, and medical procedures. Consequently, this model seeks to increase the number of patients/customers because they are profit-motivated.

On contrary, physicians and nurses under the value-based care model are compensated for the quality of care they provide, not quantity. This type of model is customer-centered and takes a more team-oriented approach where different health professionals and healthcare facilities collaborate to improve patient outcomes (Gray, 2017). Another critical feature of value-based care is that the health professionals under this model have more accountability because the expectations put on them concerning patient outcomes are much higher than their colleagues -for working in the fee-for-value model.

Value-based care boosts the reputation of healthcare facilities. Today, patient safety is one of the parameters for judging healthcare facilities. Patient safety is at the top of many hospitals because patients do not want to go to healthcare facilities that have a bad reputation concerning safety (World Health Organization, 2017). Many patients would rather pay more to get medication from hospitals with good quality patient care.

Shared Power between Physicians And Nurses In Healthcare and Its Impact.

The quality of healthcare to patients is impacted by the environment where the care is given. The relationship between nurses and physicians directly impacts the quality of care to patients. Strained relationships between nurses and physicians adversely affect the quality of care whereas positive relationships between nurses and physicians result in positive patient outcomes. While tensions are common in any workplace, however, these can be solved through proper communication between co-workers. Proper communication between nurses and doctors can alleviate unnecessary conflicts and misunderstandings (Siedlecki, & Hixson, 2017). For example, doctors must make clear orders to nurses so that there are no misunderstandings when attending to patients. Most importantly, there must be mutual respect between physicians and nurses for a conducive work environment to prevail.

Physicians must treat nurses as equal partners in dispensing healthcare to patients. The truth is that doctors cannot operate without nurses and the reverse is also true. Based on this analogy, nurses and physicians must work closely together to offer quality healthcare to patients (Siedlecki, & Hixson, 2017). In terms of ranking, physicians rank higher than nurses in any healthcare-giving facility. However, in terms of dispensing their duties to patients, the two must work closely together sharing power, skills, and knowledge, in the effort to provide quality care to patients.

Shared power between nurses and physicians enhances patient safety. Patient safety in hospitals reduces risks of harm or injury. The objective of patient safety is to curb risks and harm that may happen to patients during their stay or visit to healthcare facilities (Burgener, 2020). Patient safety is a critical factor in quality care while reducing errors that harm both patients and hospitals (Burgener, 2020). Today, patient safety is a phenomenon that healthcare facilities cannot ignore. Facilities that do not take patient safety seriously suffer from costly lawsuits and damaged reputations.

Conclusions

Value-based care has numerous benefits to patients and healthcare facilities. To patients, the biggest advantage of this health model is improved outcomes, safety, and quality of care. Concerning quality, value-based care provides quality care to patients because all systems work together in collaboration for the benefit of patients. For healthcare facilities, the idea of patient satisfaction creates a good reputation which in turn translates into profitability. Another critical advantage of value-based care is that it reduces the cost of medication.

The fact that this model of healthcare emphasizes primary prevention means that people spend less money on health. In contrast, the fee-to-service health model emphasizes quantity rather than quality. This means that physicians and nurses are compensated based on the number of patients they attend. This type of care does not emphasize the quality of care provided. Its mode of operation is that customers get different quality of care depending on their pocket.

References

Burgener, A. (2020). Enhancing communication to improve patient safety and to increase patient satisfaction. The Health Care Manager, 39(3), 128-132. doi: 10.1097/HCM.0000000000000298
Gray, M. (2017). Value based healthcare. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j437
Siedlecki, S. L., & Hixson, E. (2017). Relationships between nurses and physicians matter. Online J Issues Nurs, 20(6). DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol20No03PPT03
World Health Organization. (2017). Patient safety: making health care safer (No.WHO/HIS/SDS/2017.11). World Health Organization.

Fee Based to Value Based Nursing Sample AssignmentIntroductionValue-based care i ...

Fee Based to Value Based Nursing Sample Assignment

Introduction

Value-based care in nursing refers to the quality of healthcare services offered to patients. It is a system of care that was introduced to tackle the problem of a shift in the demographics, rampant poor-quality outcomes, and the ballooning cost of healthcare. In contrast, the basis for fee-for-value system rests on measuring health outcomes/quality based on what the customer can afford. In simple terms, value means that high-end customers get high-quality healthcare services whereas low-end customers get lower quality of healthcare services. Fee-for-value is a highly controversial system because the model is simply a reward for expensive interventions.

How Value-Based System Improves Healthcare

Value-based care creates room for interprofessional collaboration leading to improved patient outcomes. In the fee-for-value system, healthcare facilities work against each other to increase their profits. In this system, patients are merely seen as customers who bring in money. Thus, the more customers the higher the profitability. Based on this analogy, healthcare facilities work in competition against each other. Conversely, in a value-based system, the focus is on improving the health of patients which means that doctors and nurses from the same and different healthcare facilities collaborate with the view of improving patient outcomes.

The model of value-based care has transformed the practice of medicine due to a reduction in medical errors. As mentioned earlier, the focus of value-based care is the quality of healthcare accorded to patients. For this reason, value-based care has adopted the core values of professional nursing that impact the quality of care (Gray, 2017). The core values of nursing practice used in value-based care include altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity, and social justice. These core nursing practices define how nurses, physicians, and other medical professionals dispense their duties. These core values require medical professionals to dispense their duties with the utmost care, professionalism, justice, and knowledge.

Distinction Between Physicians Working in Fee Service versus Value-Based

On the contrary, physicians and nurses under the value-based care model are compensated for the quality of care they provide, not quantity. According to Gray (2017), this model is customer-centered and takes a more team-oriented approach where different health professionals and healthcare facilities collaborate to improve patient outcomes.

Another critical feature of value-based care is that the health professionals under this model have more accountability because the expectations put on them concerning patient outcomes are much higher than their colleagues working under the fee-for-value model. Value-based care boosts the reputation of healthcare facilities. Today, patient safety is one of the parameters for judging healthcare facilities. Patient safety is at the top of many hospitals because patients do not want to go to healthcare facilities that have a bad reputation concerning safety (World Health Organization, 2017). Many patients would rather pay more to get medication from hospitals with good quality patient care.

Shared Power between Physicians And Nurses In Healthcare and Its Impact.

A number of factors impact the quality of healthcare offered to patients, among them, the environment where the care is given. The relationship between nurses and physicians directly impacts the quality of care to patients. Strained relationships between nurses and physicians adversely affect the quality of care whereas positive relationships between nurses and physicians result in positive patient outcomes. While tensions are common in any workplace, it is possible to resolve them through proper communication between co-workers. Arguably, Siedlecki and Hixson (2017) contend that proper communication between nurses and doctors can alleviate unnecessary conflicts and misunderstandings. For example, doctors must make clear orders to nurses so that there are no misunderstandings when attending to patients. Most importantly, there must be mutual respect between physicians and nurses for a conducive work environment to prevail.

Physicians must treat nurses as equal partners in dispensing healthcare to patients. The truth is that doctors cannot operate without nurses and the converse is also true. Based on this analogy, nurses and physicians must work closely together to offer quality healthcare to patients (Siedlecki, & Hixson, 2017). In terms of ranking, physicians rank higher than nurses in any healthcare facility. However, in terms of dispensing their duties to patients, the two must work closely together sharing power, skills, and knowledge in the effort to provide quality care to patients.

Shared power between nurses and physicians enhances patient safety. Patient safety in hospitals reduces risks of harm or injury. The objective of patient safety, according to Burgener (2020) is to curb risks and harm that may happen to patients during their stay or visit to healthcare facilities. Today, patient safety is a phenomenon that healthcare facilities cannot ignore. Facilities that do not take patient safety seriously run the risks of encountering costly lawsuits and damaged reputations.

Conclusions

Value-based care has numerous benefits to patients and healthcare facilities. To patients, the biggest advantage of this health model are improved outcomes, safety, and quality of care. Concerning quality, value-based care provides quality care to patients because all systems work together in collaboration for the benefit of patients. For healthcare facilities, the idea of patient satisfaction creates a good reputation which in turn translates into profitability. Another critical advantage of value-based care is that it reduces the cost of medication.

The fact that this model emphasizes primary prevention means that people spend less money on health. In contrast, the fee-to-service health model emphasizes quantity rather than quality. This means that physicians and nurses are compensated based on the number of patients they handle. This type of care does not emphasize the quality of care provided. Its mode of operation is that customers get different quality of care depending on their pocket.

References

Burgener, A. (2020). Enhancing communication to improve patient safety and to increase patient satisfaction. The Health Care Manager, 39(3), 128-132. doi: 10.1097/HCM.0000000000000298
Gray, M. (2017). Value based healthcare. BMJ, 356. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j437
Siedlecki, S. L., & Hixson, E. (2017). Relationships between nurses and physicians matter. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 20(6). DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol20No03PPT03
World Health Organization. (?2017)?. Patient safety: making health care safer. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255507. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

Field Experience Task 1 Template InstructionsProject Title (Place the name of yo ...

Field Experience Task 1 Template Instructions

Project Title (Place the name of your project here)

Problem Identification

Please note: In the writing of this Capstone paper, avoid the use of first person. Examples of first person are the following: I, me, we, our, and us. You may refer to yourself as the author or the student.

Please identify a nursing problem within your specialty track: Nursing Education or Nursing Leadership and Management. Discuss why the problem requires an evidence-based practice change, quality improvement, or innovation. How did you identify the problem? Is it a nurse sensitive indicator that you or your peers have identified? What observations of your own or comments made by your peer group, management team, and other members of the transprofessional team help identify this problem?

For project ideas, please see your Field Experience Course of Study – Introduction section. The scope of your project must address all aspects included in the course evaluation rubric. The Field Experience Course is designed to guide you to the successful completion of your Capstone project planning. You will plan an evidence-based practice change, quality improvement, or innovation during the Field Experience course; this may require up to 12 weeks. Then you will implement your evidence-based practice change, quality improvement, or innovation within your Capstone course; this may require up to 6 weeks. Your project should be completed within 18 weeks from start to completion, including writing your project report. If you are considering a large-scale project within your work setting that will exceed these time frames, you should identify a way to narrow the scope of the project to meet these course requirements. Your project must be REASONABLE with the goal of graduation in mind.

This section will include a general description of the evidence-based practice change, quality improvement, or innovation that your organization is interested in, actively engaged in, or willing to support. This will provide a framework for your actual Capstone project, which is comprised of the action steps that you will actually, complete (or have completed) in support of your organization’s practice change, quality improvement, or innovation. You will need to be specific. For example, your organization may be interested in changing the policy or approach to patient triage in your emergency department. However, this policy change/process improvement will take several months and system wide resources to complete. You will not have sufficient time or resources to complete the entire policy change/process improvement within the scope of your Capstone project.

In addition, due to organizational constraints or your position in the organization, you may not have the capacity to effect the policy/process improvement in its entirety. Nevertheless, you are in a position to influence change by developing a specific component in support of changing the triage process. Therefore, your project will involve a smaller scope, which you must fully develop. Your part of the project may involve the following: 1) Developing a schematic for the new triage process, 2) Developing a new policy for implementing the new triage process, 3) Developing a new educational offering about the new triage process, and/or 4) Providing a presentation of the evidence that supports changing the triage process to stakeholders that are in a position to effect the change that you are advocating.

Your Capstone project will then focus on what you will do (or did) to influence change within your organization; your specific component can be part of the larger change that is taking place within your organization. The goal is for you to be succinct, yet provide sufficient detail to ensure readers have a clear understanding of what your specific contribution to the organization’s practice change, quality improvement, or innovation is all about.

Rationale for Change, Quality Improvement, or Innovation

This section includes a description of why the change, quality improvement, or innovation is required. Please respond in paragraph format. A paragraph contains a minimum of five sentences. Each paragraph supports a separate and distinct idea.

Causes of the Problem

This section involves factors, issues, or phenomenon that helped to create the problem. Please respond in narrative paragraph format. Each paragraph supports a separate and distinct idea. What is the cause of the problem in your area of practice? What are you and/or your peers seeing in your practice setting? What factors contribute to the problem?

Identification of Stakeholders

Your stakeholders are people internal or external to your organization that have a key interest in or can have a significant impact on your proposed change. Examples of stakeholders include, but are not limited to patients, nurses, physicians, administrators, support or ancillary care staff, family members, volunteers, etc. You will need to include the positions or roles each of the stakeholders hold in your discussion. For example, the CNO, unit manager, staff nurse, educator, quality improvement office, spouse, etc.

Stakeholders’ interest, power, and influence. This section involves a more detailed discussion about the specific interest, power, and influence (role) that each stakeholder has in relation to your proposed change. For example, hospital administration or the administration of a university can be stakeholders. They would have a heavy interest in any changes made within their facilities and have the power to approve or deny your project. Physicians, practitioners, or nurses may have a positive or negative influence on your project. Informal leaders also have power and influence. Your challenge is to identify the specific interest, power, and influence each of the identified stakeholders has in relation to your specific project. Please be sure to address all three aspects of interest, power, and influence for each stakeholder group identified.

Purpose of Project

This section should include a detailed description of what the proposed evidence-based practice change, quality improvement, or innovation will accomplish. What specific change will your project bring about? What do you hope to accomplish for the organization and/or stakeholders by implementing your proposed change?

Proposed Solution

This section involves presenting a succinct and clear description or statement of your proposed evidence-based practice change, quality improvement, or innovation. The description must include specific information about what you intend to do (change). Based on your current position within the organization, this may also involve what you plan to do to influence change. You may serve as a change agent within your organization. Your proposed solution should include who will be involved, what will be done, and where your proposed project will take place.

Evidence Summary

This involves a narrative discussion summarizing the five scholarly sources that were reviewed. The Evidence Summary should not be an Annotated Bibliography (separate critique) of the five sources. Instead, it should identify the areas where consensus among the various authors of the sources exists. The findings, positions, and recommendations included in your Evidence Summary should be consistent with the recommendations you are proposing for your Capstone project. This section will require the use of in-text citations using each of the five sources. A reference list for the evidence summary in APA format that includes five scholarly, peer-reviewed sources that were published within the last five years will be included in the References section of the paper. Remember, this evidence summary is your preliminary support for your project. Be sure your support is adequate.

Implementation Plan

Plan of Action

This section should provide a detailed plan of action. You will need to provide information about the specific steps that will be required to complete your Capstone project. This section may also include a description of meetings and agreements (support commitments or negotiations) in preparation for your project prior to actual implementation. You should include proposed meetings with your preceptor and/or stakeholders, plans for educating stakeholders (if necessary), goals, and any additional steps for the successful implementation of this project. While an exact step-by-step plan is not needed and may not be possible to include at this phase of your project development, you must provide a clear, succinct explanation of your proposed plan of action.

Timeline

Your proposed timeline should include general information about when the various milestones in your project are anticipated to be achieved. For example, Week 1 of the project will include…. Weeks 2-4 will involve….. Week 5 will involve…. Weeks 6 and 7 will provide for…. etc. The timeline can be displayed using a variety of options including tables, graphics, in addition to a narrative discussion of the milestones. You do not need to provide specific dates, however; you should provide an estimation of the time involved with each step.

Required Resources and Personnel

This section involves a narrative discussion about any resources required for the planning and implementation of your project. Resources may include financial support, time, classroom space, printing costs, equipment, personnel adjustments, or reallocation of staffing.

Proposed Change Theory

This discussion should identify the specific change theory you have chosen to guide and inform your project. You will need to include the details of the change theory you believe will be most effective in your area of nursing practice. This detailed discussion should correlate the actions/activities relevant to your project with each stage/phase/step of the Change Theory you identify. In-text citation(s) are required in this section.

Barriers to Implementation

This section involves a discussion about potential barriers you may encounter with the implementation of your project. This discussion may include ways you plan to address or mitigate the potential barriers.

Learning Objectives and Outcomes

NOTE: This section only applies to Education Specialty track students. This section requires a description of the learning objectives and anticipated outcomes associated with your Capstone project. For example, you will need to identify objectives and outcomes if you are planning an education offering, training module, simulation, training exercise, return demonstration activity, new or revised course or curriculum. Learning objectives and outcomes should be articulated in clear and concise terms. In-text citations may be required to support your chosen objectives and outcomes.

References

Please note that this document outline is only a guide. The written paper, including all in-text citations, must be written in proper APA style. All references (sources) should be identified using in-text citations in the body (narrative portion) of the paper. All of the included sources should be included in the References section.

Finkler, S. A., Jones, C. B., & Kovner, C. T. (2013). Financial management for nurse managers and executives (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Park, S. H., Blegen, M. A., Spetz, J., Chapman, S. A., & De Groot, H. (2012). Patient turnover and the relationship between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. Research in Nursing & Health, 35(3), 277-288. doi:10.1002/nur.21474
Park, S. H., Boyle, D. K., Bergquist-Beringer, S., Staggs, V. S., & Dunton, N. E. (2014). Concurrent and lagged effects of registered nurse turnover and staffing on unit-acquired pressure ulcers. Health Services Research, 49(4), 1205-1225. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12158
Staggs, V. S., & Dunton, N. (2012). Hospital and unit characteristics associated with nursing turnover include skill mix but not staffing level: An observational cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(9), 1138-1145. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.03.009
Sullivan-Havens, D., Jones, C. B., & Carlson, J. (2014). Chief nursing office retention & turnover, 2013: Is the crisis still brewing? Retrieved from http://www.aone.org/conference2014/Handouts/2014_Concurrent_Handouts/Additional%20Handouts/S330H_BN2.pdf

Filed a $3 million medical malpractice lawsuitFiled a $3 million medical malprac ...

Filed a $3 million medical malpractice lawsuit

A patient has filed a $3 million medical malpractice lawsuit against St. Patrick Hospital. In light of the patient’s litigious background and the facts of the case, hospital administration is adamant that it is not liable. It has instructed its legal counsel to proceed toward trial, where it may be absolved of liability.

What source of law is the patient’s lawsuit likely to be based on?
Is the hospital’s decision to proceed toward trial a wise one? Why or why not?
What other options does the hospital have?
Besides the financial resources required to legally defend itself, what non-monetary factors must the hospital take into consideration when deciding to proceed toward trial?
What risks does the hospital assume when it takes a case to trial?
Is it the hospital’s or the legal counsel’s decision to try the case or settle? What decision-making authority does the hospital’s insurance company have?

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Please number your responses so that I know which questions you are answering. Questions 1 and 3 probably only require one sentence. The remaining questions require a few sentences or a paragraph! Be sure to cite your sources!

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized.

Final Project Closure Assessment Sample PaperThe approval by the project’s spo ...

Final Project Closure Assessment Sample Paper

The approval by the project’s sponsor and host facility is complete. Approval was attained by reviewing the charter and signing against the titles of assigned parties. The scope and charter of the project consisted of implementing a standardized accurate integumentary informatics system for assessing and documenting Pressure Injuries, PrI. Reinventing the practicum site facility’s electronic medical records was mandatory. The first phase of intervention entailed educating physicians and nurses on approaches of utilizing CMS QRM in reporting PrI (Eslami, Sardar & Abbasabadi, 2020). The second phase was training the care providers on dual skin management and assessment via admitting the nurses and physicians in an accredited wound ostomy department.

All organizational governance processes were executed as required. Proper communication procedure were applied to convey information to all stakeholders, including the sponsors, project manager, IT manager, team members, nurses and physicians (Muszynska, 2016). Communication involved reporting the progress, alerting team members of upcoming events, serving as reminder for meetings and acting as reminder for training sessions during the processes of project initiation and implementation.

The defined project management processes were applied avidly. The Gantt Chart provided a graphical representation that assisted the process of planning, coordination and tracking the EMRA gateway project (Baim-Lance, Onwuegbuzie & Wisdom, 2020). The managers applied change management improvement via teams, measuring change processes, risk management and a reliable communication plan.

The parties involved completed the administrative closing of all procurements and contracts, while all contractual obligations toward each other were signed off. In addition, completion of the project was formally recognized including transition of operations. Significant components of the closure include monitoring and controlling measures as well as reviews. Worth-noting, the benefits of the projects were validated against the business case. The specific advantages of the project consist of augmentation of documentation and identification of PrI, with consequent increase in competency and accuracy in documentation and treatment (Eslami, Sardar & Abbasabadi, 2020). Also, integration of EMR will assist in identifying and documenting PrI.

Notable lessons were completed including the roles of teams in project implementation, establishment of adequate risk management strategies and assignment of tasks to project teams to meet the project schedule (Baim-Lance, Onwuegbuzie & Wisdom, 2020). Engagement of different stakeholders in the project could be done better, particularly the executive management such as the facility’s Chief Executive Officer and governmental agencies.

The project resources were disbanded, making them free for other projects. The resources included the Electronic Medical Record Algorithm, additional desktop computers and stationery for the health personnel to use during the training. Nonetheless, the facility had existing desktop computers with an EMR that has been running efficiently. The incorporated algorithm was added as an update to the latest version of the CMS QRM software.

The project deliverables to the consumer demonstrate seamless operations and support. Regular updates and trainings to the health care providers ensure that the Electronic Medical Record Systems are reliable and free from redundancy, besides other complications. Providing the required skills to the technical teams ensures proper running of EMR systems for a more satisfying patient experience.

References

Baim-Lance, A., Onwuegbuzie, A. J. & Wisdom, J. P. (2020). Project management principles for optimizing productivity of mixed methods studies. The Qualitative Report, 25(3), 646-661.
Eslami, S. N., Sardar, S., & Abbasabadi, N. (2020). Identification of Effective Factors related to Implementation of Electronic Health Records in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Management Strategies in Health System. https://doi.org/10.18502/mshsj.v4i4.2488
Muszy?ska, K. (2016). Towards Project Management Communication Patterns. Studia Informatica Pomerania, 2(40), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.18276/si.2016.40-1

Steps: Making sure all the work that needed to be has been done.Completed: Yes/No1. Is approval by the project’s sponsor and customer – internal or external – complete?Yes2. Have all organizational governance processes been executed?Yes3. Have defined/expected project management processes been applied?Yes4. Has administrative closing of all procurements and contracts been completed by both parties; have all contractual obligations toward each other been completed/signed-off?Yes5. Has completion of project been formally recognized including transition of operations?Yes6. Have benefits of project been validated against the business case?Yes7. Have Lessons Learned been completed, including what could have been done better, documented, reported to leadership?Yes8. Have project resources been disbanded, freeing them for other projectsYes9. Have all project deliverables to the customer been transitioned demonstrating seamless operations and support?Yes

Final Project Closure Assessment – Appendix A

Type of Project Closure _________ Project Manager____________ Date: