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1. Women’s Rights in Colonial Times
Anne HutchinsonAnne BradstreetAbigail Adams

Throughout the course of history, there have been many strong women who have proven that they are not less valuable than men, and fight for equal rights. These women are known as feminists. In colonial times in America, women were provided with less legal rights than men. Even with fewer legal rights, women were still able to influence the course of events, and left lasting impressions. Anne Hutchinson, Anne Bradstreet, and Abigail Adams were strong women who provided strong evidence that women are not of a lesser power than men. Anne Hutchinson pushed for women’s rights through her bold bible studies. Anne Bradstreet was an advocate for women’s rights through her poetry, and Abigail Adams pushed for women’s equality with education and legal rights.

Women’s Rights in Colonial Times

In Colonial America, women were presented with less rights than men. Women were not permitted to vote for elected officials of any type, and exercised no political rights or representation (Daschofsky, 2017). Unmarried women were allowed to own and sell land, create contracts, and were allowed responsibility for actions that took place on their land. After marrying, these rights were transferred to the husband. Widowed women occupied the same rights as unmarried women, and could also inherit their husband’s property after his death, and operate his business. Anne Hutchinson was one of the first known feminists in America.

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was born in England, and is the daughter of Francis Marbury (Heppler 2006). In her childhood, she was educated by her father while he was under house arrest for his religious indifferences to the Church of England. In addition to the valuable education she received from her father, she was encouraged to question everything. Anne Hutchinson was taught to think for herself, and introduced critical thinking to the colonies upon her arrival. She led the first organized attack on the Puritan religious establishment that was controlled by an all-male council.

Anne Hutchinson arrived to the new world in 1634. While living in the Massachusetts Bay colony, she occupied the position of a mid-wife. She was influenced and inspired by the preaching’s of John Cotton. John Cotton was an Anglican minister, who believed that redemption was through God’s grace, and not by the actions and good deeds preformed by an individual. As time went on, Anne Hutchinson began to host gatherings in her home to discuss the “Covenant of Works” with other women in the community, and review John Cotton’s sermons.

The first meetings lead by Anne Hutchinson in her home were strictly to hear and discuss sermons preached by John Cotton. As the meetings continued, the discussions evolved to Anne Hutchinson’s interpretations of the sermons. These gatherings became more popular throughout the Massachusetts Bay Colony, attracting as many as seventy to eighty people per meeting. Not only women attended these meetings, but men did as well. Hutchinson held the unspoken role as minister. As Hutchinson’s popularity increased, the colony officials became angry and accused her of attempting to upset the masculine role throughout households. Colony officials believed that it was a sin for a woman to lead a worship service of any type. They did not believe a woman was capable of doing so. While the majority of townspeople supported Hutchinson, the few that were on the council with strong influences opposed her.

After stating that God had presented himself to Hutchinson, Hutchinson was forced to leave the Massachusetts Bay colony. Her family traveled to Portsmouth, and later to Newport settlement. After her husband’s death, her and her children relocated to New Netherlands and were later killed during an Indian raid. Throughout Hutchinson’s teachings and actions, she proves that women can be independent. She displays individuality and fights for true religious freedom. She pushed for women’s rights, and taught women that they are able to think for themselves and should question things as well. Anne Bradstreet valued female independence and wanted women to be able to express themselves freely.

Anne Bradstreet

Anne Bradstreet was another female who pushed for women’s rights in early America. She wrote many poems, that are still reflected upon today. Throughout her works, she displays the conflicts she experienced as a woman, writer, and Puritan. Anne Bradstreet was the first female recognized as a New World Poet (Anne Bradstreet). The first book containing her works was “The Tenth Muse”. Bradstreet’s poems were stolen by her brother-in-law, John Woodbridge. He took her works back to England without her knowledge or consent. Prior to publishing, John Woodbridge constructed a few of his own works to be published as well. He believed that by adding them to Bradstreet’s poems, he would be able to justify his custody of her works without her consent. He published “The Tenth Muse” in hopes to gain praises for himself. This action affected him negatively. Once people read the book, as they were able to see that a woman had written the poetry in it based off the point of view situations and individuals were projected.

Among Bradstreet’s works, is the poem “In Honour of that High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth”. This poem is about the power and strength Queen Elizabeth ruled her country with. In the poem “In Honour of that High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth” Bradstreet states,

Was ever people better rul’d than hers?

Was ever Land more happy, freed from stirs?

Did ever wealth in England so abound?

Her Victories in foreign Coasts resound?

Ships more invincible than Spain’s, her foe

She rack’t, she sack’d, she sunk his Armadoe.

Her stately Troops advanc’d to Lisbon’s wall,

Don Anthony in’s right for to install.

She frankly help’d Franks’ (brave) distressed King,

The States united now her fame do sing.

Bradstreet’s poem was published in “The Tenth Muse, where she praises the accomplishments of Queen Elizabeth. She gives credit to Queen Elizabeth, showing that a woman is fully capable of ruling a country, and that the country will still prosper. She also states how Queen Elizabeth assisted a King in a stressful time. She attests that men are not more powerful and look to women for aid in stressful situations. England prospered most when under Queen Elizabeth’s rule. She open’s the eyes of individuals, proving that women do not need a man to think or act for them. As women start pushing for more rights, Abigail Adams advocates for females to have access to the same quality education as males are exposed to.

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams was born in 1744. She was married to John Adams, the second president of the United States of America. She was an intelligent individual, and soft spoken. When John Adams was overseas and unable to be home for long periods of time, she ran the family farm and sold goods that were imported to her from Europe so her family would remain financially stable. This was uncharacteristic of a woman to do during this time period. Though she was slightly uncomfortable handling these tasks at first, she became comfortable doing so and was very successful. When the Declaration of Independence was being created, Abigail Adams wrote John Adams stating: “In the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands'. She encouraged her husband to consider women’s rights and for them to be included in the creation of laws that would affect them. During her husband’s presidency, she advocated for laws that would require education options for women. She believed that women should have the same educational rights as men. Abigail was also financially wise.

Throughout Abigail and John Adam’s marriage, they were financially stable. Abigail was perspicacious with her business interactions. She managed the finances while John was away. Many historian’s wonder if she is to credit for John Adam’s financial success. After John Adam’s death, his wealth allowed his family to own his estate for another hundred years. Following the death of many other presidents, the families were forced to sell what was left in order to escape financial debt. Without Abigail Adams, John Adams would not have been such a prosperous man. Abigail Adams was an inspiration to John Adams, leading him to a prosperous life. Abigail Adams claimed her independence, and went against laws that were sexist.

After Abigail Adam’s death, it was discovered that she left most of her property to her granddaughters. At this time, there were laws that stated after a woman’s death, her estate would be left to her husband. Abigail Adam’s was aware of this law before leaving her estate to her granddaughters. She went against the sexist laws, knowing what she did was illegal, to provide wealth and prosperity to her lineage. Abigail Adams played a strong role in the advancement of women’s rights, as she fought for women’s education, was the backbone of her marriage, encouraged her husband to create more laws to benefit women, and fought for her granddaughters to have an inheritance.

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Women have been fighting for equal rights since colonial times. Without the contributions of Anne Hutchinson, Anne Bradstreet, and Abigail Adams, women’s rights would not be as advanced as they are today. These women risked their reputations and lives in order to gain legal equality. They were the first fighters for women’s rights in America and their contributions continue to be an inspiration for women.

Although Cleopatra was successful in life, you must know that you shouldn’t do things how she did. What things did she do?

What She Looked Like

Historians don’t know for sure how Cleopatra really looked like. She is often portrayed with fair skin, dark brown hair, and dark brown eyes. Sometimes she is showed with blond hair, but only rarely. She is often represented on coins with a hooked nose.

Early Life

Cleopatra’s full name is Cleopatra VII Philopator and she was the daughter of Cleopatra V Tryphaena of Egypt and Ptolemy XII Auletes. She was born in 69 B.C.E. in Alexandria, Egypt. People don’t know for sure about Cleopatra’s nationality. While it was believed that she had a Greek descent, some claim her to have an African background.

Family

You might think Cleopatra’s family is pretty weird. But back then it wasn’t. Cleopatra’s family liked to marry in their family to preserve the purity of their bloodline. Most people believe that Cleopatra’s parents were siblings. Her father’s name is Ptolemy XII Auletes, her mother’s name is Cleopatra V Of Egypt. She had four siblings, two sisters and two brothers. Their names are Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Arsinoe IV Of Egypt, Ptolemy XIV Of Egypt, Berenice IV Of Egypt She had four husbands, Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Ptolemy XIV, Mark Antony, and Julius Caesar. She had four children, Caesarion, Cleopatra Selene, Alexander Helios, Ptolemy Philadelphus.

Later Life

Cleopatra was handed down the throne at the age of 18, after the death of her father. She married both of her brothers. When she and Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, she fled to Syria, fearing her brother would kill her. At Syria, she made an army and fought for the throne. She had an affair with Julius Caesar and had a child, however, Julius died. She went back to Rome and dressed like a goddess. She and the emperor, Anthony, had an involvement and got 3 children over time. But a man called Octovian wanted Anthony’s power. Octovian started telling lies about Cleopatra, and people were starting to go against her. Finally Octovian started a war against Egypt. He captured Cleopatra but she escaped. However, Anthony thought she was dead so he killed himself. Fearing to return to Rome as a prisoner, she killed herself. She was involved in the murder of two of her siblings, one brother and one sister, to make sure she had the throne for herself and her son, Caesarion. Cleopatra’s older sister was executed after being accused of murdering their mother, in an attempt to take over the throne. Her younger brother died mysteriously after returning from a trip from Rome. Julius Caesar and Cleopatra killed Cleopatra’s older brother by drowning him in the Nile. Mark Anthony executed Cleopatra’s younger sister, following the instructions of Cleopatra.

Octovian wanted to avenge his great uncle’s (Julius Caesar) death, so he wanted Mark Anthony’s power. Octovian’s advantage was that Mark Anthony really liked Cleopatra so he said in his will if he were to die, his wealth and power would go to the children he had with Cleopatra and his body would be with Cleopatra. Hearing this, Rome declared war with Anthony and Egypt. Octavian won, got the power he wanted, and got all of Egypt’s treasures. Egypt also became a part of Rome.

Death

Nobody is really sure how Cleopatra died. What most say is that she let a poisonous asp bite her and she died. Some say she hid poison in a hollow comb she wore in hair.

My advice to you, be like Cleopatra. Be brave and smart. Why? Because Cleopatra was able to get two important Roman people on her side, and she successfully ruled Egypt for a long time. She was able to get the throne all to herself.

Table of contents

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Discussion
1. Distinct cell fatesa. Apoptotic VSMCsb. Senescent VSMCs2. Multiple levels of regulationsa. Transcriptional Regulation: myocardinb. Post-Transcriptional regulation: miRNA3. Lineage-tracing: embryological origin-dependence
4. Conclusion
5. References

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is by far the most prevalent cardiovascular condition that leads to death in the United States. According to a report filed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the disease causes as many as 370,000 deaths annually. Over the years, investigators have been able to identify the major underlying factors that would either directly or indirectly lead to CAD such as atherosclerosis (AS), miRNA regulations, and hypercholesterolemia. In addition, different biomarkers were carefully examined, and cell-specific lineages were traced back to study the proliferation and differentiation of different cell types involved in AS. However, there still had been much controversy and debate over the specific roles of VSMCs. The goal of this review is to rigorously evaluate the current research perspectives on the involvement of VSMCs in AS progression, and how different factors interacting with VSMCs could have contributed to distinct pathological phenotypes.

Introduction

In order to implement and refine any current therapeutic methods to the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), it is critical to understand the underlying biochemical and mechanical causes that lead to the initiation and progression of the disease. Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common chronic condition that begins progressing from one’s childhood. AS is usually initiated by hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, which damages the thin endothelium layer of the artery, resulting in an aggregation of white blood cells, especially the macrophages and other macrophage-derived cells, to degrade accumulating low-density-lipoproteins (LDL) and any potential pathogens. The chronic presence of WBCs at the damaged site eventually led to the formation of fibrous plaque, which is composed of multiple lipoproteins and necrotic debris from WBCs, capped by VSMCs and fibrous tissues. Once the plaque has grown to a size that is comparable to the diameter of the arteries, patients are facing the danger of acute fibrous plaque rapture which consequently leads to the notorious coronary artery disease (CAD) due to blood clotting (or thrombosis) and immediate cardiomyocytes death.

VSMCs are involved in various aspects of the disease progression of AS. VSMCs are the dominant producer of extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to atherogenic signals such as INF. By secreting multiple kinds of adhesion molecules including VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, VSMCs also serve as docking sites for monocytes and leukocytes to stabilize the damaged cell layers against apoptosis and promote atherogenesis with the help of platelets. Previously, this process is well-known to be a protective mechanism of damaged vessel walls. However, recent investigations have revealed a different story in which they discovered that the phenotypes and lineages of VSMCs have a major contribution in determining the trajectory of disease progression. A variety of lipoproteins and ligands could induce a drastic change in both the morphology and the functionality of the VSMCs, altering them from inhibiting the AS to promoting it.

Despite the amount of effort being put into elucidating the underlying mechanism of atherosclerosis (AS) and coronary artery disease (CAD), the academic society is still trying to characterize VSMCs’ biochemical and mechanical properties from three major perspectives: 1) fate of the VSMCs, whether they are normal, senescent, or apoptotic; 2) biochemical interactions through epigenetic regulation or ligand-receptor binding; 3) the origin of the VSMCs by lineage-tracing to determine the cell-type specificity of biomarkers. Though not able to discuss the full picture of the situation, this paper will cover the experimental setups, critical results, and potential caveats extensively within these three topics.

Discussion

1. Distinct cell fates

a. Apoptotic VSMCs

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play an important role in the post-injury vascular regeneration process due to its ability to produce a large number of structural proteins, including collagen type I and III, for damaged ECM reconstruction. It was long observed in vitro culture that the presence of VSMCs within monocytes culture would inhibit their apoptosis, which correlates to the phenomenon of accumulation of macrophages at the wounded site, causing chronic inflammation. However, the pathological responses of the presence of apoptotic VSMCs were rarely mentioned in previous studies. Bennett et al. from the University of Cambridge noticed this gap and conducted a series of experiments trying to elucidate the governing biochemical factor behind the anti-apoptotic phenotype of VSMCs. Using transgenic mice with a VSMC-specific toxin-receptor (hDTR) and being atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient, his group was able to elucidate that the death of VSMCs is insufficient to induce inflammation or any kind of vessel remodeling. However, if apoptotic VSMCs appeared in the established plaque, they would acquire the ability to induce atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability solely. Even though rarely seen in vivo, Bennett et al. further demonstrated that this apoptotic phenotype of VSMCs is powerful enough to trigger undesired clinical outcomes at an earlier stage of AS. Again, hDTR transgenic mice were used as an animal model to study the consequence of VSMC apoptosis by administrating diphtheria toxin (DT), which binds to hDTR and induces cell apoptosis, continuously for 10 to 15 weeks with a high-fat diet, mimicking pathological hypercholesterolemia. It was widely accepted that VSMCs are essential in the process of vascularization. Nevertheless, with only minimal presence of apoptotic VSMCs in the early stage of AS, pathological features such as fibrous cap thinning and necrotic core development can already been observed in the treated mice arteries, indicating that this apoptotic phenotype of VSMCs may be a useful biomarker in predicting disease progression in early stages as well as evaluating the possibility of plaque breakout in late stages.

While Bennett et al. are trying to argue that apoptotic VSMCs have a detrimental effect on the wellness of patients, a set of proteins called NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/ Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, identified by a group of researchers in Showa University School of Pharmacy, helps to regulate the fate of VSMCs by sensing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce oxidative stresses due to vascular injury. Their results showed that Nrf2-induced VSMCs apoptosis may contribute positively to the formation of the neointimal layer and other vascular remodeling events after vascular injury. By down-regulating the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule Keap1 and up-regulating Nrf2 in an event of injury, in vivo models demonstrated significantly faster revascularization with VSMCs apoptosis, preventing the system from experiencing hyperplasia.

While acknowledging the validity of their point of view from both investigators, it was noticed that neither gender nor age of the mice used was specified in the former experiments, and only male mice were used in the latter. Gender plays a critical role in the case of cardiovascular events, and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk profile is particularly associated with females’ reproductive status and menopause transition. In addition, unlike humans, female mice reach their age of sexual maturity within four to six weeks, so that their hormone level, as well as other physiological features, could’ve skewed the experimental results in a great extent. Hence it would be desired to specify the gender and reproductive status of animal models used in any cardiovascular research.

b. Senescent VSMCs

Ras has been identified as a powerful stimulus in diverse cellular events that involve vascularization and angiogenesis. In the case of arterial injury, Ras can be activated to induce vascular smooth muscle cell senescence in the progress of atherogenesis. Minamino et al. presented evidence for not only Ras activation but also downstream signals like ERK signaling, and immunostaining images for both in vitro and in vivo histological samples, demonstrating the co-localization of senescent VSMCs with chronic inflammation in the established atherosclerotic plaque by antibodies against senescence-associated ?-galactosidase (SA-?-gal) and ?-smooth muscle actin. (Minamino Tohru et al., 2003) These pieces of evidence suggest that there might be a heterogeneous population of VSMCs within the established plaque to help reach the homeostatic state of the neointima layer formed by ECM proteins, macrophages and macrophage-derived lipids, and various forms of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that are functioning cooperatively yet distinctively. Nevertheless, the biomarkers that used to identify the precise subpopulations of this heterogeneous healing complex may not be specific enough to justify the statement that these antibody-stained populations were exclusively VSMCs. This particular caveat will be discussed in the later sections where other investigators questioned the validity of using those surface proteins as unique biomarkers for VSMCs through the method of embryonic lineage-trancing to study the proliferation as well as differentiation of progenitors of VSMCs.

2. Multiple levels of regulations

a. Transcriptional Regulation: myocardin

Recent efforts to further characterize the phenotypical traits of VSMCs within the atherosclerosis plaque have revealed new pieces of evidence that chronic cholesterol loading of VSMCs drastically alters them to a dysfunctional macrophage-like phenotype. The Fisher group observed in culture plates that VSMCs can undergo phenotype-switching with the presence of cholesterol by staining specific markers for vascular smooth muscle cells (ACTA2) and macrophages (CD68). Their biochemical results were supported by transcriptome profiling and qRT-PCR to quantitatively analyze the expression level of these proteins. With this evidence, they further tested if the external stimulation caused the downregulation of two crucial genetic components for VSMCs contractility: transcription factor myocardin and its co-activator serum-response factor (SRF). Indeed, the Fisher group reported that SRF level was reduced by about 60% to that in the control group, and myocardin level was downregulated to only 25% to that in the control group, indicating a significant loss in VSMCs contractility and mobility to migrate to the wounded site and participate in revascularization of the damaged vessel wall. Though lacking data from in vivo study, which would have been more clinically relevant, this result still profoundly complicates the controversy over the definitive functionality of VSMCs since it’s extremely difficult to directly monitor the physiological condition of a patient in real-time. Ackers-Johnson et al. also reported the inhibitory role of myocardin to the activation of VSMCs, preventing inflammatory response by downregulating the expression levels of multiple cytokines, chemokines, and adhesive molecules for macrophage anchoring. Attenuation of macrophage accumulation was also observed by Ackers-Johnson et al. in ApoE -/- hypercholesterolemic mice models administered with adenoviruses coded with myocardin compare to that of the control group. These results provide insights to further understanding of the physiological regulation of VSMCs on transcriptional levels, yielding potential therapeutic targets for AS and CAD to mitigate the adverse effects from your immune system and lower the risk of AS plaque rupture with CAD disease progression.

Nevertheless, Yuliya et al. and Ackers-Johnson et al. presented several potential therapeutic targets to alleviate hyperplasia and proposed possible interactions between VSMCs and dysfunctional macrophages due to their phenotypical similarities.

b. Post-Transcriptional regulation: miRNA

Choe et al. focused their research on microRNA-regulated VSMC proliferation and differentiation. MicroRNAs are single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules that can bind to the 3’ untranslated region of the mRNA to control the post-transcriptional activity of that particular mRNA. Of major interest, Choe et al. showed that miR-34c plays a crucial role in the process of neointimal hyperplasia both in vitro and in vivo, along with a protein named stem cell factor (SCF). By investigating carefully, these researchers found that miRNA-34c targets SCF, which was reported to induce VSMC proliferation and migration in the early stages of atherosclerosis. Histological staining samples of rat arterial tissue were analyzed under the microscope to study the pathological effects of overexpression of miRNA-34c in vivo, and significant downregulation of SCF is observed with severely attenuated atherogenesis and vascularization. One caveat when comparing these data with those done by other researchers is that Choe et al. used male Sprague-Dawley rats while previous investigators widely utilized ApoE -/- hypercholesterolemic mice models. Still, these results qualitatively illustrated that the VSMC proliferation, migration, and differentiation potencies are regulated by a combination of both genetic and epigenetic factors, and further investigations need to be conducted while considering all these different regulators to accurately characterize the pathogenesis and progression of coronary artery disease.

3. Lineage-tracing: embryological origin-dependence

An even more profound controversy is whether VSMCs are to blame for the deterioration of atherosclerosis due to plaque rupture for several reasons: 1) there’s been no definitive biomarker for VSMC due to antigen loss or transfer by contact during disease progression; 2) VSMCs derived from different embryological origins tend to have distinctive functions and marker expressions; 3) there are other tissues or cell types that express ACTA2 and MYH11 at different stages of differentiation. Cheung et al. presented a possible solution to this problem by artificially inducing different types of VSMCs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) using growth factors, hormones, or chemicals. After the initial differentiation induction, there are three intermediate lineages: neuroectoderm (NE), lateral plate mesoderm (LM), and paraxial mesoderm (PM). Cheung et al. showed that these origin-specific subtypes of VSMCs require different differential stimuli for fate commitment and distinct biological responses to cytokine stimulations. These results may start a new chapter on researching VSMC characteristics and yield unexpected therapeutic targets due to the change of classifications and the necessity of method refinement.

Conclusion

We conclude that there are some major controversies over the exact functions and phenotypical traits of VSMC during the progression of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Though much effort has been put into elucidating the characteristic similarities and potential interaction between VSMCs with neighboring endothelial cells and accumulating macrophages, there are still plenty of questions left unanswered due to the extreme complexity of biological systems. Evidence of both AS-promoting and AS-inhibiting have been brought up by different researchers trying to argue the specific function of VSMCs at a specific disease stage. However, in the case of understanding a life-threatening condition like coronary heart disease, multiple factors should always be considered to oversee the systematic response.

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Finally, we believe that it would be impossible to elucidate the full picture of VSMC-induced CAD without definitive and rigorous characterizations of VSMC interactions with other micro/macromolecules. Therefore, further investigations should be conducted before the selection of any therapeutic targets on human patients.

References

1. Ackers-Johnson, M., Talasila, A., Sage, A. P., Long, X., Bot, I., Morrell, N. W., … Sinha, S. (2015). Myocardin Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Inflammatory Activation and Disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 35(4), 817–828. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.305218
2. Ashino, T., Yamamoto, M., & Numazawa, S. (2016). Nrf2/Keap1 system regulates vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis for vascular homeostasis: role in neointimal formation after vascular injury. Scientific Reports, 6, 26291. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26291
3. Beery, A. K., & Zucker, I. (2011). Sex Bias in Neuroscience and Biomedical Research. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002
4. CDC, NCHS. Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2013 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released 2015. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2013, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed Feb. 3, 2015.
5. Cheung, C., Bernardo, A. S., Trotter, M. W. B., Pedersen, R. A., & Sinha, S. (2012). Generation of human vascular smooth muscle subtypes provides insight into embryological origin–dependent disease susceptibility. Nature Biotechnology, 30(2), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2107
6. Choe, N., Kwon, J.-S., Kim, Y. S., Eom, G. H., Ahn, Y. K., Baik, Y. H., … Kook, H. (2015). The microRNA miR-34c inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia by targeting stem cell factor. Cellular Signalling, 27(6), 1056–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.022
7. Clarke, M. C. H., Figg, N., Maguire, J. J., Davenport, A. P., Goddard, M., Littlewood, T. D., & Bennett, M. R. (2006). Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells induces features of plaque vulnerability in atherosclerosis. Nature Medicine, 12(9), 1075. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1459
8. Clarke Murray C.H., Littlewood Trevor D., Figg Nichola, Maguire Janet J., Davenport Anthony P., Goddard Martin, & Bennett Martin R. (2008). Chronic Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Accelerates Atherosclerosis and Promotes Calcification and Medial Degeneration. Circulation Research, 102(12), 1529–1538. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.175976
9. Doran, A. C., Meller, N., & McNamara, C. A. (2008). The Role of Smooth Muscle Cells in the Initiation and Early Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 28(5), 812–819. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.159327
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14. Vengrenyuk Yuliya, Nishi Hitoo, Long Xiaochun, Ouimet Mireille, Savji Nazir, Martinez Fernando O., … Fisher Edward A. (2015). Cholesterol Loading Reprograms the MicroRNA-143/145–Myocardin Axis to Convert Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells to a Dysfunctional Macrophage-Like Phenotype. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 35(3), 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304029

The title for my project is “Wetlands Convention” – Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, also known as the Ramsar Convention, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971 came into force in 1975, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. Background and significance The initial call for an international convention on wetlands came in 1962 during a conference which formed part of Project MAR (from “MARshes”, “MARécages”, “Marianas”), which was organized by Dr Luc Hoffmann ,a programme established in 1960 following concern at the rapidity with which large stretches of marshland and other wetlands in Europe were being “reclaimed” or otherwise destroyed, with a resulting decline in numbers of waterfowl. Finally, at an international meeting organized by Mr. Eskander Firouz, Director of Iran’s Game and Fish Department, the text of the Convention was agreed on 2 February 1971 and signed by the delegates of 18 nations the next day. The Convention entered into force in December 1975, upon receipt by UNESCO, the Convention Depositary, of the seventh instrument of accession to or ratification of the Convention, which came from Greece.

Since its adoption, the Ramsar Convention has been modified on two occasions: by a protocol (a new treaty which amends the original treaty) in December 1982, and by a series of amendments to the original treaty, known as the “Regina Amendments” of 1987. Convention’s Mission "The conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world". Originally, the Convention was set up to protect wetland habitats for the conservation of waterfowl but it now seeks to ensure the protection of all important wetlands. The significance of the wetlands are-: Wetlands provide fundamental ecological services and are regulators of water regimes and sources of biodiversity at all levels - species, genetic and ecosystem. Wetlands constitute a resource of great economic, scientific, cultural, and recreational value for the community.

Wetlands play a vital role in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Progressive encroachment on, and loss of, wetlands cause serious and sometimes irreparable environmental damage to the provision of ecosystem services. Wetlands should be restored and rehabilitated, whenever possible. Wetlands should be conserved by ensuring their wise use.

Research questions

1. What is the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and why conserve wetlands? What Wetlands are Included in the Convention?
2. Why an intergovernmental convention on wetlands and Why do nations join the Ramsar Convention?
3. Who may join the Ramsar Convention and What are the commitments of Parties joining the Ramsar Convention?
4. What are the objectives of the Ramsar Strategic Plan and the “three pillars” of the Convention?
5. How does the Ramsar Convention synergies with other environment-related conventions? How does the Ramsar Convention work?

Research methodology For the purpose of this project, I have taken resort to the methodology of secondary sources. A secondary source of research methodology incorporates the use of books, articles, journals as well as the use of online resources and websites. Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic and social benefits. This research paper will focus on a successful aspect of the implementation of the Ramsar Convention. The paper will describe the significance of wetlands and the role played by different nations in the convention.

The paper will discuss the mission and working of the convention. It will also suggest that how the international implementation of the Ramsar Convention is better linked with the implementation of other multilateral environmental agreements. The paper will also highlight the urgent need for geospatial information on wetland extent, type, and change.

A central theme in "Much Ado about Nothing" is that of the literary tradition of a heroine within the social conventions surrounding women. The literary tradition of the time (and indeed, in many cases, up to the present day) bestows the conventional heroine with beauty, modesty and etiquette, submissive and obedient to men's will. Literary convention also presents the heroine with a variety of obstacles which, through no fault of her own, she is forced to overcome. Ultimately, she prevails and the Shakespearean tale typically ends with a joyful marriage ceremony, often an alliance between two families. However, modern literary tradition breeds the unconventional heroine, an independent, assertive and articulate young woman, overcoming prejudice and injustice. In "Much Ado About Nothing", Shakespeare presents us with both the Elizabethan conventional and (the more modern) unconventional heroine in Hero and Beatrice, using a variety of effective literary methods, to demonstrate the extreme differences in character.

Social expectations of women in Elizabethan society were that they should submit to their fathers' will, marry men of their fathers' choosing, often as a way of forming propitious family alliances, and remain submissive to their husbands. They had no role or autonomy in their own right, only within the contexts of their menfolk. Expected to be beautiful, modest and chaste, "fair" Hero, at the beginning of the play, fits the role perfectly.

Claudio has effectively been chosen as her husband by her father, with Hero submitting uncomplainingly to her duty to "be ruled by your father", thus matching the social norm of the time. Indeed, she had originally believed herself to be wooed by Don Pedro, and yet, when Claudio was presented as the actual wooer, had no apparent misgivings in switching to accept his suit - she is simply at the disposal of her father. The discussions between Don Pedro and Claudio about the proxy wooing reveal no suggestion whatsoever that Claudio's suit could be rejected by Hero; the thought that she might have any free will does not even loom as a possibility: "I'll unclasp my heart......And the conclusion is, she shall be thine".

Shakespeare gives Hero virtually no speeches in the first act, although she is central to much that is happening, and she is early presented merely as a chattel to be discussed and "allocated". The traditional female modesty is clearly portrayed; on her wedding eve, her virginal anxiety shows through all of her fussing over her clothes, and in answer to a ribald statement of Margaret's, her modesty, even in private, is such that she exclaims "Fie upon thee! Art not ashamed?". Even Hero's fainting away at the altar on her wedding day, when her honour is besmirched, seems not only a dramatic device, but also a literary tool to demonstrate her female modesty and sensitivity. (One can scarcely imagine Beatrice reacting in such a way.) Moreover, the later continued feigning of death is not the idea of Hero, which would have shown her to be taking control of her own fate, but instead is the idea of yet another man, the Friar: "Publish it that she is dead indeed". Thus, even at the moment when her reputation, indeed her entire future is under threat, Hero remains passive, at the disposal of men.

The deathlike faint, essential to Shakespeare's plot, is possibly the ultimate in female submissiveness.

Throughout the play, Hero is presented as the archetypal traditional heroine, the romantic ideal. The language used in descriptions of her are flowery and tender: "jewel", the object of "soft and delicate desires", "the sweetest lady that ever I looked on". Moreover, for such a pivotal character, her actual speeches of any substances are few, usually only speaking when spoken to, and almost always in blank verse - traditional feminine reticence is clearly shown throughout.

However, the Elizabethan tradition of submissive and meek women was being breached by Queen Elizabeth I herself. A strong, confrontational, independent and clever woman, the queen was challenging the contemporary perceptions of women and their place in society. Such a woman was Beatrice.

At the opposite pole from Hero, and completely in contrast to the traditional heroine, Shakespeare presents us, in Beatrice, with a heroine we are more familiar in seeing in modern drama. Shakespeare gives us a heroine capable of two different interpretations. Either we can see a jaded, aging, cynical and embittered spinster, who uses her wit and repartee defensively to gain attention, or we see Beatrice as an independent and feisty woman, courageous and loyal, determined not to fall into the expected role of submissive wife.

"He that is more than a youth is not for me and he that is less than a man, I am not for him."

The Beatrice that I find in "Much Ado" is the strong, independent atypical woman. It is interesting that this play is one of the few comedies in which none of the leading female characters dress up as a man in order to speak forthrightly or bluntly. The character of Beatrice has been written in such a way that this is her usual manner of speech. In her first interchange with Benedick, we see a woman who could not be more different from the reticent and passive Hero. We are given a woman who wants to dominate the conversation, who is witty, aggressive: "he wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever changes with the next block". Indeed, throughout the play, she is so direct as to be sometimes bawdy, with many references to stuffing and horns, allusions usually restricted to men. This provides a stark contrast to Hero's prudishness discussed earlier. Similarly, in what is usually a masculine conversational style, Beatrice makes many hunting allusions - "I will requite you, taming my wild heart to thy loving hand." (a falconry allusion).

Unlike Hero, Beatrice is not portrayed as the gift of a father to a husband. Instead, we are very aware of a woman determined to be in charge of her own destiny, disdainful of the tradition of romantic love: "I would rather hear my dog bark at a crow than a man swear he loves me". Indeed, the early Beatrice rejects even the idea of marriage, "Not till G-d make men of some other metal than earth", and is again presented as the antithesis of the traditional heroine. (There is evidence that her cynicism springs from a failed earlier entanglement with Benedick, which may go towards explaining her rejection of all romantic conventions: "once before, he won it (her heart) of me with false dice".)

If this aggressive banter and rejection of feminine wiles and aspirations were all that we saw of Beatrice, Shakespeare would have given us a very one-dimensional character, with little appeal. Instead, Beatrice appears as much more rounded. She is described as a very happy person: "There is little of the melancholy element in her" and clearly is devastated by the wrongs done to Hero. Not only is she given weaknesses such as a love of eavesdropping that Hero, Margaret and Ursula exploit in convincing her of Benedick's "love" for her, but also we see a fierce loyalty to Hero when she is falsely accused of infidelity. Indeed, such is the depth of Beatrice's loyalty to her cousin, that it never occurs to her to doubt Hero's innocence, and she makes the demand of Benedick that could be seen as very unfeminine: "Kill Claudio". She bemoans the fact that, as a woman, she cannot use force to avenge the wrong done to her cousin, and has no hesitation in using Benedick's avowals of love as a tool in her own desire for revenge: scarcely the archetypal submissive and dependent woman. (It is also likely that in this time of her own grief, she sees the opportunity to test the nature of Benedick's love by demanding that he puts her needs above his friendship with Claudio.) Nonetheless, one can only admire Beatrice's total loyalty to Hero and her determination to avenge her name.

Beatrice, like all heroines, is given her own obstacles to overcome, and unlike passive Hero, who achieves her goal through the efforts of others, Beatrice struggles with herself. Having so vehemently dismissed the notion of love and marriage, refusing to "sigh hey-ho for a husband", possibly because of an earlier hurtful rejection, she must learn to show the flexibility of a mature character in accepting the (supposed and then real) love of Benedick. At the end of scene in which Beatrice hears of Benedick's supposed love for her, and then accepts it in her own mind, Shakespeare has her speak in blank verse (III,i) (as Hero virtually always does) rather than in the blunter prose which she usually uses. It therefore feels as though we are being shown that despite so many masculine traits shown by this unconventional heroine, she still remains at heart womanly. "Benedick, love on; I will requite thee"

It cannot have been easy for Beatrice, of all characters, to discover that she has been tricked into falling in love with the man she has constantly and publicly ridiculed, but she is strong enough to put that to one side in her attempts to use the situation to avenge the wrongs done to Hero. Such a reaction takes the courage to put friendship before oneself.

Even in her acceptance of Benedick, however, at the point of marriage, the continued verbal sparring between the two leaves us with the conviction that this is a marriage of equals and of mutual respect, not a passive submission to the expectations of society. Beatrice, one feels, retains her integrity. Can that be said of Hero?

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Thus in "Much Ado about Nothing", William Shakespeare gives us two very different versions of heroines: the conventional, submissive, passive, Elizabethan literary ideal and the independent, witty self-determining Woman. Even in his contrasting use of language, largely blank verse for Hero and prose for Beatrice, Shakespeare draws sharp contrasts. One is buffeted by forces around her, at the disposal of the whims of men, the other strives to control her own destiny, and proves able to adapt and change in a mature and self-knowing way. Hero in many ways appears little more than a two-dimensional stereotype of her time. Beatrice jumps off the page as a person both believable and worth knowing today. I prefer Beatrice.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Norms
3. Culture
4. Identity

Introduction

Conventional constructivism, though less an International Relations theory than a social approach, further expands the purview of classical realism by providing a sociological examination of security concerning norms, culture, and identity. Based on the idea that global politics is a social realm marked by the dynamic and mutually constitutive relationship between actors (primarily states) and structures (primarily the nature of the international system), constructivists are concerned with the processes, such as ideational factors like norms, culture, and identity that are behind current realities in the world.

The mid-1990s work of Alexander Wendt, in particular, is credited with giving currency to the conventional constructivist approach, which draws from structuration (i.e., structure and agency) and symbolic interactionist sociology (social interaction through symbols).According to Wendt, law and norms govern most domestic policies, while coercion and self-interest seem to rule international politics.

In addition, the way international politics is carried out is made, not given, since state or government identities, used interchangeably in this research, and interests are socially constructed and sustained by intersubjective practice.Security interests, for instance, are defined by state actors who respond to cultural determinants.

Conventional constructivism is best defined about identity insofar as it “treats identity as an empirical question to be theorized within a historical context.”It also underscores how states construct their national interests and formulate relevant means to address them,such as threats and the response to threats.

Consequently, its ultimate focus is the national military security of the state.To that end, it emphasizes discursive power and the shared ideas or meanings, whether explicit or implicit, that are assigned to material objects or forces, such as borders or national flags, rather than the mere existence of the objects themselves. A conventional constructivist analysis emphasizes the importance of meaning and shared beliefsbut assumes the existence of an a priori reality, which places the approach on a middle-ground between classical realism and feminist geopolitics in security studies.

Norms

According to conventional constructivism, norms are collective expectations that define or regulate proper behavior for a given identity. At times, for instance, norms function like rules defining (and thus “’ constituting’”) an identity, while at other times, they have “’ regulative’” effects, functioning as standards for the proper behavior of an already defined identity. As a whole, then, norms (i.e., anarchy, states, sovereignty), which are intersubjective, establish expectations about who the actors will be in a given environment and about how these specific actors will behave particularly, about security behavior.

Further, norms can be strong or weak, which explains why the presence of norms does not always prompt compliance. Accordingly, conventional constructivism focuses on the impact of norms, such as male-as-norm and their frequent empowerment through institutionalization in national and international law in international security. Norms constitute actors and meaningful action by positioning both in social roles, such as state or military organizations, and social environments, such as the international system or the transnational security profession.

Additionally, for conventional constructivists, ideas are not just rules for guiding action, but rather ideas are conveyed “’ all the way down” to influence actors and actions in global politics. Put another way, when ideas are norms, they not only constrain but also constitute actors, which enables their action. For example, international law not only delineates legitimate state practice but also legitimates states and permits them to behave in ways that have meaning for other international actors. States, then, behave in ways that they perceive most appropriate.

Further, conventional constructivists see international norms as shaping similarity in state action and form, irrespective of the material resources of states.All states, for instance, despite the enormous differences in their ability to exercise internal control and exert international power, recognize each other as sovereign. Some conventional constructivists also recognize the impact domestic norms have on state action and behavior, which explains the differences between state behaviors. Norms, then, that are distinct to national organizations and communities are viewed as shaping distinct national military styles and organizational ways of war though research has also shown that some military norms originate outside of the state.

Culture

Culture refers to a set of evaluative standards, like values or norms, and to cognitive standards, like models or rules defining what actors (i.e., individuals or states) and entities (i.e., organizations) exist in a system and how they function and interrelate. State policies thus reconstruct or reproduce institutional or cultural structures.

According to Wendt, culture is a self-fulling prophecy to the extent that state actors act based on shared expectations, which tend to reproduce these expectations. Additionally, culture is fluid, continuously in motion, even as it reproduces itself. It is what people make of it, an “ongoing accomplishment,” even though it is a constraining force that informs their behavior at any given moment. Despite this conservative trait, culture is characterized by more or less contestation among its bearers, which serves as an ongoing resource for structural change?thus making culture, a social construct, both fluid and static.

Based on these premises, Wendt offers three cultures of anarchy in the international system: Hobbesian, Lockean, and Kantian. Each culture is constructed by a fixed idea regarding the basic relationships between states. A state, depending on its wants, may perceive its other as an enemy (Hobbesian culture), a rival (Lockean culture), or a friend (Kantian culture.). For instance, Hobbesian culture involves “’ threatening adversaries who observe no limits in their violence towards each other;’” Lockean culture, involves “’ competitors who will use violence to advance their interests but refrain from killing each other;’” and, Kantian culture involves “’ allies who do not use violence to settle their disputes and work as a team against security threats.’” Thus, states interacting in a particular culture come to know one another as the bearers of specific identities.

At the same time, three elements of cultural internalization (coercion, self-interest, and legitimacy) as a result of state interaction intersect with all three cultures of anarchy. These three cultures, according to Wendt, inform state identity and interests, which are secondary products, and generate different tendencies in the international system. Consequently, culture matters in national security and international relations because it is a decisive factor in how secure or insecure states feel. Culture, therefore, plays an important role in “determin[ing] the quality of their interactions under anarchy.”

Identity

Conventional constructivism centers on identities, such as corporate, type, role, and collective identity, which is considered more fundamental than their interests; as such, identities, which are influenced by cultural norms, provide the basis for interests in any given situation. Corporate (state) identity, for instance, which is based on the idea that states are sovereign actors who always possesses a material base, such as land and people,is viewed as the foundational identity from which all other identities flow, such as internal (i.e., nationalism) and external (i.e., distinct interests from other nation-states) identity.

Such identity is not only heavily influenced by social interaction within the international system, but also by domestic factors. For instance, states have certain needs that stem from their nature as self-organized political entities: needs for autonomy, physical and economic security, and collective self-esteem specifically, the group’s need to feel good about itself. Interests are therefore both objective and subjective though as Wendt argues, the “desire[s]” and “belief[s]” or subjective interests of states are partly defined by their “security needs” or objective interests. Most significantly, corporate identity has a memory and awareness of self as a particular site of activity and thought; as such, corporate identity sees the collective identity of individuals as fact.

Equally important, ideas of self and the environment (i.e., cultural and institutional elements), such as international sovereignty norms and practices, tailor interactions and are tailored by interactions otherwise known as mutual construction. In this way, social reality is created. Most significantly, nationhood or statehood identities, which often overlap with each other, not only arise through interactions with others, but they also essentially determine what kind of security environment will prevail.

Constructivism, for instance, holds that national identity (and cultural context or related historical experience) assists in determining the content of national interest, and, as a result, the way a particular state will behave in international relations. As Ted Hopf argues: “In telling you who you are, identities strongly imply a particular set of interests or preferences concerning choices of action in particular domains, and concerning particular actors.”

However, as Hopf further argues, “’ any state identity in world politics is partly the product of social practices that constitute that identity at home.’” Consequently, attention should be given not only to how a state’s identity is formed through social interactions with other states, but also how its identity is being formed in interacting with its own society and the many identities and discourses that make up that society. It is therefore important that both collective and corporate identity (at home and abroad) is taken into account when looking at how a state’s interests are defined and what security policies they give rise to. I

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n addition, for constructivists, state identity is relatively stable something to be unearthed or discovered through analysis; Nevertheless, at the international level, there are times when identity may overcome self-interested identities (which may lead to a change in identity). In certain security environments, for instance, powerful states may find that it is within their self-interest to establish cooperative-based institutions. One of conventional constructivism’s main strengths is its emphasis on national identity in determining the content of national interest in matters of war and national security, and, in turn, state behavior.

Introduction: Stress is the way a person reacts to a need or situation and majorly occurs when someone feels anxious. It can be from a positive perspective like when preparing for a wedding or on the negative like when dealing with a disaster like death. We humans, being that we are exposed to different circumstances in one way or another, we have to feel one of the either forms of stress. At moments it can be beneficial in that it can aid one to develop the courage and the skills to deal with the threatening moments of life. On the other hand, it can be useless when it takes control of a person and makes him to mess up with his own life or that of the neighbors. Thesis statement: In this article, we are going to discuss how to cope up and manage with stress.

Topic sentence: The core cases of stress in our everyday work is associated with our work places. Some of the common the common reactions to stressful situations may include: shock, feeling a lot of frustrations, anger, tension, loss of appetite or even the use of the hard drugs. Evidence & citing: Therefore managing and coping up with stress is aimed at controlling the level of a person’s stress, majorly for the purpose of improving daily performance and activities (Figley 2016). There are several healthy ways to cope up with stress. Some of the normal reactions to stress may include feeling nervous, having a lot of trouble during breathing or even difficulty during sleep.

The normal reactions can be easily managed as compared to the severe effects that can arise from the same feeling. Taking care of ones’ self is one of the ways to cope up. Evidence & citing: Balanced diet accompanied by clean healthy meals is one of the strategies to take care of oneself. A balanced diet has all the nutrients that are required by the body hence the body will have that it needs for itself. Exercise on a regular basis too is another strategy to keep one self-safe. Exercise is believed to relax the brain hence release all the tension that a person may have. More often during stressing moments, one needs to take a break to have himself relaxed. All the three parameters are considered when thinking of keeping oneself safe from stress (Schwarzer 2014).

Topic sentence: Another technique to manage stress is to identify the core causes of stress and avoid them completely. Coping up has to start with the identification process. After the identification, one has to adjust to the new situation that may be created by the changes. A stress journal can be used to track some of the major causes of stress in one’s life and develop a strategy on how to tackle each of them. Practicing the 4A’s of stress management is another way to cope up with stress. Evidence & citing: Being that stress is usually an automatic response and do results from the nervous system, some potential causes can be foreseen hence the need to avoid, alter, adapt and accept.

Normally when reacting to the predictable sources, it is advisable to alter the situation hence when deciding on the option to use, it is of importance to consider the A’s (avoidance, alter, adapt and accept). Having the need to say no, avoiding people that can stress, having control of our environment and having a close analysis of our schedule, responsibilities and daily tasks is key to controlling stress(Meichenbaum 118).Open sharing of the stressing ideas is one of the strategies to do away with stress. A problem once shared is half way solved applies in this case. Talking to others, letting them know of your problems and how you feel can help to do away with some stressing situations. Expressing feelings instead of keeping them is the key to being openness.

If one feel bothered then he has all the freedom to share his concerns with in an open and very respectful way. Counselors and psychologists are skilled enough and can provide advice whenever necessary to the stressed persons. Evidence & citing: If one doesn’t air up the feelings, then resentment may build and stress will automatically increase (Figley 2016).Often when people feel stressed the last people do think of getting up and having some exercise. Physical activity is a stress reliever. It releases the hormone endorphin that is responsible for the feeling of pleasure hence distracting from the daily worries. Having some music and dance, a walk and mindful rhythmic exercise will break out the negative thoughts that do accompany stress.

Proper time management can be a strategy for managing some forms of stress. Running here and there keeps one from being calm hence not having any focus. One will have to cut down on other things like socializing with others and even having a short sleeping time. There is need to have a balance between the work life and the social life hence manage stress too (Schwarzer 2014).Conclusion paragraph: Stress coping and management is essential for one to have a healthy life. We need to manage stress effectively to avoid the side effects that can arise if not managed effectively. Let’s prioritize on our tasks, manage a healthy lifestyle, have time for fun and for one another and practice the 4A’s of stress management to have a stress free life.

References

1. Schwarzer, Ralf. Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Taylor & Francis, 2014.
2. Meichenbaum, Donald. "Stress Inoculation Training: A preventative and treatment approach." The Evolution of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Routledge, 2017. 117-140.
3. Figley, Charles R., and Hamilton I. McCubbin. Stress and the family: Coping with catastrophe. Routledge, 2016.

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

Table of contents

1. Health-Environment
NursingPatient
2. Conclusion

Nursing means being more than just a partner in health to the patient, it means being a partner in life. Whereas I once believed that nurses exclusively served the patient’s physiological needs, I now understand, through the course of my evolution and growth as a nursing student, that nursing is about holistically treating the patient. It is a process that starts with compassion and dedication within the nurse and then moves out to help patients along their health journey. Nursing climates in systemic reforms that help better the environment of healthcare for everyone.

Health-Environment

Before any progress can be made in helping patients or improving nursing, health must first be understood as comprehensively as possible. Even before I began nursing education, I was aware that health went beyond just the physical to include the psychological as well. Nevertheless, through my courses and practice experience, I found there were many other facets to health as well including the emotional, social, environmental, and more. These many aspects can be overwhelming if they are not placed within their proper context.

The Roy Adaptation Model offers a vision of health that I have found influential for understanding my own responsibility as a nurse. In essence, the Roy Adaptation model states that “Health is a state and process of being and becoming integrated with the whole”. In this context, the whole is the environment of the client. This is why I have essentially united these two paradigms of nursing as intrinsically related to another. So long as the patient is not in accordance with their environment, they will be in a state of ill health.

This is evidenced in a variety of ways within health. For instance, when it comes to ‘disability’ the challenge experienced by a patient may not be so much a health issue as an environmental issue. For instance, while a paraplegic patient can undergo extensive physical therapy, if they or their environment does not change and adapt they may never experience well-being. It is the duty of nurses to help clients understand that no matter how life-changing their condition may be that they can still adapt and live a meaningful life. Indeed, according to the Roy Adaptation Model, such adaptation is at the root of meaning itself. Thus, working with clients to frame health as a way of becoming accountable to one’s own environment, such as in a healthier dieting program, is a foremost belief of mine. While this requires one to often think outside of the box, I enjoy this philosophical aspect of nursing practice.

Nursing

Because health concerns the individual’s relationship to their environment, a nurse must take on the responsibility of being a provider and advocate for the patient in all circumstances. The economic, spiritual, and familial pressures of patient care were surprising to me, however, I have come to realize that each of these must be taken as seriously as the patient’s physiological health if they are to find wellness. Nurses must be aware of how these forces influence and shape patient care so that they can provide high-quality patient-centered care.

I believe at the root of each of these three factors is nursing advocacy. Vaartio, Leino-Kilpi, Salantera, and Suominen (2006), define nursing advocacy as “an integral part of the nurse’s efforts to promote and safeguard the well-being and interest of his/her patients or client by ensuring that they are aware of their rights and have access to information to make informed decision”. I respect this definition and believe it should be enlarged to include the patient’s right to healthcare itself. So many people in the world do not have access to healthcare due to insufficient health insurance. To address this issue, I would like to use my license as a nurse to help those in need regardless of what their insurance coverage is.

My efforts to do so would take place both on the individual level with patients as well as through advocacy for systematic healthcare reforms which improve coverage and quality of care for all. To do this, I will need to be a leader in the field of nursing which is my long term goal. As a leader, I would have many responsibilities like delegating tasks, time management, and skill development.

Patient

To truly make strides in nursing, it is necessary to tailor health services to the needs of the patient. This is what patient-centered care is all about, “deep respect for patients as unique living beings and the obligation to care for them on their terms”. Relating to patients, therefore, can never be a formulaic approach. Rather, every interaction should be informed by the patient’s unique world view, wishes, social worlds, and involvement in healthcare.

I believe that my ability to deliver patient-centered care is partly aided by how diverse my experience has been as a nurse. I have worked as a nurse in my OB clinics and learned just how miraculous the start of new life is. Similarly, in my medical-surgical term, I found how precious life is when it unfortunately ends. This had led me to have greater respect for patients of all backgrounds and health conditions since we are all unified by the fact that we are unique. In the future, I would like to work in as many different health settings as possible in order to round out my ability to anticipate and serve diverse patient needs.

Conclusion

My personal nursing philosophy is one of growth and adaptation. Health is all about adaptation and as a nurse, it is my role to help tailor the medical system to the patient’s needs. This should be achieved through a focus patient-centered care throughout every aspect of healthcare.

Table of contents

1. So, what exactly is it?
2. Symptoms
3. Is the world overreacting to all of this?
4. What can be done?

Good morning, today I am going to give a speech on something that is hot in the news at the moment and could potentially harm us, that thing is a coronavirus.

So, what exactly is it?

There isn’t a huge amount to say about it as it is still being researched Novel Coronavirus a member of the coronavirus family that has never been encountered before. Like other coronaviruses, it has come from animals. Many of those infected either worked or frequently shopped in the Huanan seafood wholesale market in the center of the Chinese city.
What kind of risk does it oppose to us?
The risk to us is not huge, first of all, there is a 2% chance of it being fatal and it is more of a worry if you have it and you’re in the age range of 52-67.
We are also in north wales and the population density here is fairly low, this means that we are less likely to have people near us that have the disease, it is more of a problem in big cities where people are very close and piling on and off trains and busses. And anyway, there are only two cases of it In the UK and them in York.

Symptoms

The symptoms include a cough, runny nose, and a sore throat, this means that it is very similar to the common cold, this does not mean that if you cough or if you nose runs that you have coronavirus, you should only seek medical attention if you suspect that you been in contact with the virus.

Is the world overreacting to all of this?

I guess you can formulate your own opinion but to me, id say no,
Although there is not a huge amount of risk to us if we all had it think about how many babies, young children, and grandparents you have it. They are all the people that are susceptible to it and could be killed by it, I'm sure all of you will have relatives that either old or young and that could be effected, another bu risk is that the virus could mutate and that may mean that it will be more dangerous and kill many more people. Vaccines are being made but they take months to develop and test, then you have to produce them and get people to take them, by the white time it will have made its way around the world and could have caused a lot of damage.

What can be done?

Right now, not a huge amount. As I said before, vaccines cant be made instantly so the only thing that can be done is to look after people who have the virus and then quarantine people that are suspected to have it, a lot of major airlines are limiting flights out of china but I had a look and there are still flights arriving from Manchester that have come from within. At airports they are screening people using heat sensors, the people with the virus will have a raised body temperature, this method doesn’t always work though, this is because people can have the virus for 2 weeks without any symptoms. The virus is all around the world now but the cases have not yet been diagnosed as the people are showing no symptoms.

How much is true and what is false.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Justification of Chosen Theoretical Framework
3. Main Concepts of Google Inc Corporate Culture
4. Analysis of the Corporation Practices
5. Conclusion

Introduction

Corporate culture usually relates to share company or organization goal, same expectation, attitudes, and practices that characterize of a corporation and outline its nature. It is often rooted with an organization’s structure, strategies, way of operating organization, approaches of employment, customers and as well as investors for creating a greater workplace community. It is necessary important part of organization having a closely discussed concepts, corporate direction focuses to lead an organization or business success. “Corporate culture refers to the beliefs and behaviors that determine how a company’s employees and management interact”.

Google Inc. was officially born in August 1998, after Sun co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim caught attention of the demonstration Google’s search engine using PageRank technology and offered $100,000 investment. Larry Page and Sergey Brin are the founder of Backrub which was later renamed to Google. Google Inc began as online search engine, which celebrating 21st birthday as 2019. Google is a fast-moving multinational tech corporation that specialized in internet related service and products.

It’s Product and Services offering includes Search Engine, language translate, Chrome Internet browser, Google Maps, YouTube., Chromecast, Connected Home, Pixel mobiles and tablets, Google WIFI, Android OS, Wear OS, Chromebook, Gmail, Google Duo, Google Drive, Hangouts, and for business such as Google Cloud Service, AdSense, Analytics, Google My Business and venturing into more smart technology related solutions.

In August 2015, Google split up and became multiple subsidiary companies owns by Alphabet Inc. New CEOs for the companies appointed for managing subsidiary Google Inc. In light of the rapid technological development involved in the industry and the aggressiveness of competitors, Google’s corporate structure is expected to continue changing as a way of maintaining the company’s global market position. However, in this specific business case, the company maintains flatness as a major factor that influences functions throughout the corporate structure.

As it referring characteristics restructuring resources and processes based on business function. These characteristics of the company’s corporate structure influences business processes, such as top-down and bottom-up communications, as well as strategic management to solve problems encountered at various level of Googles’ organization. The restructuring features address the need of develop innovative and competitive products such as Artificial Intelligence, Cloud operation.

Alphabet’s individual divisions have flat organization structure and this provides business a ramification of benefits like lack of work, high level of flexibility and effective two-way communication between senior management and various staff.

Justification of Chosen Theoretical Framework

The focus of this case analysis is to identify the company culture practice of Google Inc.

The chosen theoretical framework will be Edgar Schein’s Cultural Model which applicable to Google Inc with their corporate mission which emphasizing “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”. It relates of Edgar Schein’s Cultural Model which defines the culture of a group as “A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaption and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”.

Google Inc corporate culture motivates employees to share information for the purpose of supporting innovation and learning organization. Some of the culture benefits for Google’s employees like having free foods, relaxing area, flexible working hours, pets’ zone, entertainment zone and more. Whereas Hofstede’s cultural dimension may not be applying for this study because it is understanding that the statistical survey as carried our should make everybody aware that people in other countries may think, feel and act very differently from individual, even when confronted with basic problems of society. Hofstede framework is also known as national culture which used to identify the differences of culture across countries and to discern the ways business is done across different culture.

Therefore, Hofstede’s framework couldn’t be applying on Google Inc as reason of being more practices transparency and employee priority which makes them most desirable workplace. ”Google is not a conventional company. We do not intend to become one. Throughout Google’s evolution as privately held company, we have managed Google differently”.

Main Concepts of Google Inc Corporate Culture

Google Inc’s success is linked to the effectiveness of its organizational structure and organizational culture in supporting excellence in maximize innovation. Qualities are enduring convictions which impact the general population in the association. It manages how the association shows up in open eyes. Edgar Henry Schein (conceived March 5, 1928), a previous Professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, is known for his work in the field of hierarchical improvement, all the more so in zones, for example, vocation advancement, ability the board, bunch elements and social improvements.

Edgar Schein’s Organizational Culture Model recognized three particular levels in organizational societies: ancient rarities and practices, upheld qualities and suspicions which came to be known as Schein’s three degree of authoritative culture.

Artefacts and symbols, which conjointly outline the artefacts mark the surface of the organization. They are the visible components within the organization like logos, design, structure, method and company dress code. Google Inc has superb workspace; associate degree might observe that it’s a very friendly place to work, where various type of amenities like endless meals, free cooking classes, gyms, massage for destress, free shuttle bus, and all are provided to its staff. There aren’t solely visible to the staff however conjointly visible and recognizable for external parties.

Next, Espoused Values, this issues standards, values and rules of conduct. However, will the organization categorical methods, objectives and philosophies and how they are measured. Problems could arise when the ideas of managers are not in the line with the basic assumptions of the organization. This is like having generous reward systems, lean organization culture, open informal or formal communication, extremely cohesive and cooperative smaller autonomous groups and high level of worker authorization. Google’s leader perceives that an organization culture isn’t about the statement of purpose or how much income was acquired in the past. Where it’s about the qualities held dear by the organization and its representatives. In a nutshell, of its great organization culture draws in top ability and prompts cheerful representatives.

Lastly, basic underlying assumptions, which are deeply embedded in the organizational culture and are experienced as self-evident and unconscious behavior. Assumptions are hard to recognize from within. The founders of Google have deliberately maintained the culture of the organization kind of like university culture to create more sustainable young innovation talents from university to Google Inc as swish as attainable. According to Moore (2011) Google doesn’t attract the Googler with best supported a high salary; rather, they are drawn to the casual work atmosphere and thin hierarchy. Many would argue it’s attributable to their relaxed and flat structure, where it is compatible with Generation Y desire workspace. Eaves believes that young, gifted 20-somethings don’t need to – rather, they won’t interested with nine to five traditional office working hours job. The Generation Y have been raised during the era of social networks, video chatting, instant e-messaging, the “Creative Class” demands that most common public service shed its layers of hierarchy.

The onion models which was most of time referring as Schein’s Organizational Cultural Model. The external layer is genuinely simple to adjust and simple to change. The more profound the layer, the harder it progresses toward becoming to modify it. Profoundly inserted in the center of the onion we discover the suppositions.

Around the center we discover the qualities. The ancient rarities and images can be found in the external layers of the onion and these can be changed all the more effectively. Between this layer and the layers wherein the qualities are implanted, there might be another layer where we discover the alleged “legends”; individuals who play or have assumed a significant job in the association and who are appreciated.

The center of the onion is comprised of suppositions. There are about “how the world works” as indicated by the every one of the general populations who have a place with the association and originate from encounters and observation. There have incompletely turned out to be oblivious suspicions and they are viewed as undeniable along these lines they need not be examined.

Analysis of the Corporation Practices

According analysis from Forbes Technology Council (2018), Google Inc the giant tech corporation has been named the best corporate culture. Primary reasons Google Inc is leading the corporate culture and why so many people envy the organizations atmosphere:

• Flexibility work schedule
• Freedom for creativity or innovate
• Fun and excite working workspace
• Friendly atmosphere
• Focusing on Googler satisfaction

According to Schein framework, first layer which the artifacts defines that Google, create a work environment, flexibility of working hours, communication hierarchy culture and encourages sharing and caring. Ten Value of the organizational which focus on user experience and provide best user experience whenever design new Google Chrome, continue to solve complex issue and improve service like Gmail and Google maps. Understand that time is a valuable, so to provide emphasis and correct result as fast as possible. Besides that, Google are people orientated where Highly collaborate where they value individual’s opinion or encourage feedback about their idea. Assumption that culture practice of Googler having better flexible and friendly environment makes stays in organization and brings more productivity to the company. Assumption also represent the actual values of a culture, where often not visible to contributors of the way of life and are usually bad described. Espoused value might also on occasion not correlate with assumptions, which might also cause inefficiency, loss of morale and frustration.

The founders of Google have intentionally maintained the way of life the organization just like university subculture because to maintain the less corporate type of environment as majority of the Googler are talented teenagers from reputable university around the world. A few criticism in this type of organization culture are also referred to along with the absence of a clear control shape due to the informal subculture it adopts and poor worker relations and work ethic.

A part of that, an article By Martin (2014), studies told us that Google’s model of work culture and motivation. Culture is way of life gathered characteristic of shared learning group as its solves its issues of outside adjustment and inward combination; which functioned admirably enough to be viewed as legitimate and, in this manner, to be educated to new individuals as the right method to perceive, feel, and carry on in connection to those issue. This amassed learning is an example or arrangement of convictions, values, and conduct standards that come to be underestimated as fundamental suppositions and, in the end, drop out of mindfulness.

The hiring system incorporating both recruitment and ideal strategies that involves 3 capacity steps which analyzing, recruiting and interviewing part of the Google HR practices commonly average company does. However, utilize the absolute best in light of the fact that gathering individual need to concede to every individual that is employed. The hiring boards of trustees at Google are normally comprised of pioneers in the particular association doing the enlisting. As value or belief of trust leader, often in an organization good leadership has to take risk and do something different to adapt innovation.

Holton, (2014) defines that “Adaptability of culture are those who encourage risk-taking, encourage failure as to learn from experiment, initiative of individual, sharp and quick analysis decision and ability to identify unique opportunities.

Conclusion

Google founder leads the organization with none traditional hierarchy and emphasizes Googler towards Learning Organization concept. Creating a learning-centered work culture isn’t that vital unless one would like to draw attention in expertise or talents and providing your staff with tools to achieve success and business growths. Because Google corporate culture innovates product and solutions that clearly to target millennial gen for their creativity and internet technology era. Peter Senge who introduced “The Learning Organization” based on five disciplines. In article by Sharma (2017), tells that 5 of following disciplines based on Peter Senge’s Practice for learning organizations.

1. Systems Thinking - also known as the collaborative learning culture. This discipline is the opposite four disciplines to change a learning organization to be realized. There should be a paradigm shift from being unconnected to interconnect to the full, and from blaming issue on one thing external to realization that however, we do tend to operate, our actions, will produce issues.
2. Personal Mastery – Mindset Lifelong learning. It is the personal level of discipline, whereby learning organizations need a forward-thinking mentality. In line with Senge, this involves personal mastery by deepening individual vision to develop or self-generated energy of mastering some practice.
3. Mental Models – Room for Innovation. It is considered mental model must first learn to evaluate and acknowledge challenge on the far side unfavorable behaviors.
4. Share Vision – Forward Thinking Leadership. It is understanding that to have forward-thinking and enthusiasm the same goal or vision.
5. Team Learning – Knowledge Sharing. Collaboration is the key for team learning, whereas collective issue and knowledge sharing infrastructure.

A learning-focused organization knows that to get information to stick and be useful to its employee it must distribute material in a way that makes sense for the task and in a push or pull style. A strong learning culture is accomplished mainly by making sure employees feel safe to ask questions and talk about their ideas without feeling as if they might be called ignorant. However, in Google Inc, they valued failure as a learning process to do things right.

Informal and continuous learning are now not just an ordinary thing but a highly encourage part of employee growth and one that is organized into systems as much as formal learning. Google have actually begun giving their employees time to pursue their own interests and have reaped the benefits of a workforce that feel valued and nurtured. Because a successful company doesn’t merely just provide formal training but cultivates a system that creates continuous opportunities for learning.

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Examples of formalized informal learning would include coaching, support tools, and training that can be requested at any time. In conclusion, as part of making Google Inc culture practice more effectively, “System Thinking” is recommended Senge (1992) accept that “System Thinking” is the foundation of Learning Organization. The flexibility to ascertain the bigger overall picture, and to differentiate patterns rather than conceptualizing modification as isolated events. Learning Cultures practices informal training, learn experimental, flat hierarchy like manager coach employee, takes risks, routine review of activities, and decision based on empirical data.