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The Knights of Medieval Europe and Samurai of Shogunate Japan shared a number of similar characteristics such as a strict code of behaviour which emphasised honour and loyalty, and both were mounted warriors that relied heavily on their swords. However, the Samurai also had the obligation to commit ritual suicide if they dishonoured their daimyo and the knights had metal armour made of iron or steel to protect them from archers and long swords, but the samurai wore a much lighter and more flexible armour.
Get original essayThe difference between longsword and katana is that longsword is a sword of a kind used in mediaeval Europe for slashing and thrusting it is well suited to two-handed use in combat, but some can also be used in one hand while katana is a type of Japanese longsword, having a single edge and slight curve. The term longsword is ambiguous and refers to the bastard sword.
From the 14th century knights wore metal armour made of iron or steel plates which covered their whole body but it was very heavy and it was difficult for them to move on. The samurai also wore full body armour, but it was made of different to the metal armour the knights wore the samurais armour was a combination of leather and metal. It was held together by silk cords and was much lighter and more flexible than that of the knights.
Both Samurai and Knights had a code of conduct, in which they had certain rules they must follow as a warrior. They both had to make promises of loyalty and honesty to their lords. The code of conduct for samurai was called ‘Bushido’, and the code of conduct for knights was referred to as ‘Chivalry”.
Bushido was the code of conduct for Japan’s warrior classes from perhaps as early as the eighth century through modern times. The principles of bushido: emphasised honour, courage, skill in the martial arts, and loyalty to a warrior’s master above all else. The Code of Chivalry was a moral system which went beyond rules of combat and introduced the concept of Chivalrous conduct qualities idealised by the Medieval knights such as bravery, courtesy, honour and great gallantry toward women. The Codes of chivalry also incorporated the notion of courtly love.
There were several types of knights who fought in an army during wartime or performed guard duty in a castle. The largest group was composed of household knights, those who permanently served a specific lord and rode with him in war. Then there were those who were obliged to serve a lord as a knight as a form of feudal service. Young noble males would have been trained in weaponry from the age of around 10, and they would have become squires from age 14 and then were formally dubbed knights at 21. The skills they learned where how to ride a horse and stay steady while carrying a lance and how to fight using wooden swords and shields. The samurai trained with there swords and a bow and a weapon called a naginata which is a spear like weapon. While training samurai would also use wooden weapons to practice. The samurai would use wooden weapons to fight each other and they would use metal weapons on dummies made of wood or straw, they could also practice their techniques on prisoners or slaves.
The knights both have a strict code of conduct they both where strict to their code and loyal to their code. The armour and weapons where a bit different as the knights sword was straight and the samurais sword was bent, the knights armour was very heavy and protective but the samurais armour was light and protective it was light so they could move around more easy and the knights armour was heavy but it didn’t matter to much because they where on horses most of the time.
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two philosophical political theorists whose ideas regarding human nature and the social contract between man and government were shaped by their life experiences and positions in 17th century England and Europe. These experiences gave each man differing views on what role the government should have in an individual constituent’s life, and shaped how both men conceptualised and understood the essence of human nature, and the relationship between human nature and its need to be controlled and governed.
Get original essayThey both agreed that power is to be given by the people to their government, as in granted by some means to a political authority in either a constitutional or contractual way by a social contract between the people and government. However, this is the only point that both theorists agreed upon, and they both had conflicting ideas regarding how much power a government should have, primarily how the rights of the people are affected by those in power.
Hobbes view on human nature was quite bleak, stating that man was not a social creature, and that left to their own devices would wage continual war against each other. His most well-known writing Leviathan published in 1651 noted that a strong and supreme leadership was necessary to form society and that none could exist except by the power of the state. His theory was one of philosophical absolutism, with power residing in the sovereignty of a Monarchy – Hobbes was a royalist.
Hobbes spent a number of years tutoring members of the Cavendish family, as well as keeping close company with other strong supporters of the royals during the civil war. He fled to France in 1640 to escape prosecution during the uprising and a potential civil war in England where he wrote several theories on the concept of political authority and natural law.
Human nature for Hobbes was an existence of continual fear, and that in a state of nature men could not know what is right or wrong, needing guidance and command from a common law or authority to show them morality. Hobbes believed that as humans following natural law, there is a natural desire to live by well means, although never satisfied with accumulated power and authority and a continuous drive to acquire more power (Harrison, 2002).
His belief that all people are created equally also means that each individual is equally killing and harming another in their quest for more power, and that without a common authority to unite the individual, there would always be a reason to war against each other. Absolute freedom is all that individuals have in Hobbes’ state of nature, each can take what they want from others and there is constant threat of danger and death. In Leviathan, Hobbes writes that the life of man would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Hobbes, 2009).
This state of nature motivates individual to come together to relinquish their rights of freedom in exchange for the protection and security offered by an authority of supreme power. Hobbes states that the fact that life in this state is better than the natural state leads to this absolute sovereignty. Along with giving up freedom people will collectively relinquish their right to revolt, the only occasion an individual can resist the sovereign force is to preserve their own life. This would mean that even if an individual disagreed with the sovereign, they had no right to rebel against the state unless by direct threat of life.
Hobbes view of human nature leads him to develop his vision of an ideal government, believing that a common power was required to keep men united, creating a social contract for people to group together to give power to a ruler or political authority, agreeing by this social contract to wholly submit to a chosen authority, in turn assuring their self-preservation.
In Hobbes’ social contract theory, he wrote in his works Leviathan of a ruler with complete authority, who had been given this absolute power by each citizen willingly in order to enforce state law. To preserve an individual’s life they would be required to submit to the sovereign in Hobbes’ Leviathan State unconditionally. This would ensure that through complete self-subjugation that the citizens would be in return protected by the state authority, which therefore had the power to make any demands on its subjects that it saw fit. In modern terms, this could be explained as an authoritarian government however it ensures the preservation of man as Hobbes’ Natural Law dictates.
Even though John Locke lived during the same period in England’s history as Hobbes, his experiences that shaped his views on human nature and political authority were starkly different by means of who he associated with and which side of the political authority he related to. Locke spent much of his time with those in parliament that rejected the Monarchy, and some of these associates were speculatively involved in plots against the reigning monarch (Thomas, 1995).
During this time, a faction of merchants, landowners and former parliamentary bureaucrats formed a group called Whigs, who opposed the monarchy’s absolute power over the freedom and liberty of its citizens (Berkay, 2019). One of these, the First Earl of Shaftesbury, was a patron of Locke’s and a great influence on his political bearings. Locke later exiled himself from England to Holland, where he composed the bulk of his First and Second Treatise on Government. The primary aim of the Second Treatise was to show that absolute monarchy is an illegitimate form of government and lacks the right for its citizens to obey it.
Locke had a slightly less negative view of human nature comparatively to Hobbes. This difference is best explained by each view of state of nature, with Hobbes arguing that without absolute government, humanity would descend into lawless chaos, and life would be so unbearable that they would be forced to find a strong leader to give absolute power to ensure their survival. John Locke on the other side claimed that the state of nature promotes freedom and equality, where the individual has the power only to give consent in a free and voluntary manner to a form of government, which is decided upon by the collective of individuals.
For example, Locke believed that people had the God-given natural right to freedoms and that these freedoms need to be interpreted and punishment handed out to violators of these natural rights. This was where the need for an authority is appropriate, and the power of the sovereign is justified only when that power is used to protect the rights of the people and for the benefit of the individual. An absolute Monarchy as described in Hobbes’ Leviathan was not an appropriate structure for society or the preservation of man according to Locke. He believed in a separation of powers, and supremacy of law over the power of a single sovereign authority.
He likened monarchy to that of a father having control over his child: the monarchy’s power is derived from the right that a father has to command obedience from his children, a right that is divinely ordained and giving complete power over their liberty and property, much like a father has over his children. Also, that the monarchy/father analogy extends to the loss of the right for the people to question this authority, to rebel or overthrow such a form of government (Thomas, 1995).
Equality and the individual’s rights had completely different meaning for both Locke and Hobbes. As mentioned above, Hobbes believed that it was human nature to act in a self-preserving manner, and based on this theory, that the only definition of what is right or wrong is solely up to the individual, society or political authority decides. Hobbes believed that when people group together to gain power and form governments, that they are consenting to become governed and do this in order to maximise chance of survival by handing power to the strongest member of a group and giving up their rights of independence to a powerful political authority. This is Hobbes social contract theory.
Locke had a different view of human nature and ones preservation of their individual lives, one that put the power into the hands of the individual. He felt that since mankind is governed by natural laws handed down from a creator or God, then man must have individual rights as well. These rights as John Locke saw them are similar to what we now have as human rights in modern times. Speaking on the differences between each theorist’s view of equality and rights, Hobbes views humans as individualistic, while Locke sees man as communal.
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Get custom essayFor Locke, equality is not dependent on who is the strongest as is with Hobbes, because we are all subject to the same societal rules under the creator. This makes any form of political authority subject to being created by the social contract, however for Locke it requires that any governing body must be subject to the common law and answer to it, whereas in Hobbes’ view because the political authority comes from survival of the strongest, it decides what is the law, and what rights its subjects have or do not have.
Movies and books are both great sources of entertainment. They are two very different ways to present ideas. Books use descriptive text to bring words to life and create vivid imagery. On the other hand, movies supply the visuals to the audience to bring a story to life. When a book becomes popular it is often adapted into a movie. This process can either cause cynical criticism or profound praise. Many viewers and readers criticized Stephenie Meyer’s book-to-movie series Twilight. The same critics of Twilight overlooked the movie adaptation of her adult science fiction novel, The Host. Meyer’s novel The Host was extremely well adapted to the movie screen.
Get original essayThe Host is an unconventional alien invasion story. It takes place in a futuristic setting on Earth where the human race has been invaded by aliens. These aliens are relatively non-hostile. They come to a new planet and take residence in the native species. Each alien has its own human “host” which it uses to navigate Earth and live a human lifestyle. The aliens do not change anything about the planet they inhabit; instead they “perfect it”. After the aliens invade on Earth there is no war, no hunger, and peace for all. Even with the seemingly “good” changes brought by the aliens, it becomes clear that humanity will not surrender their planet without a fight.
The book is told through the point of view of Wanderer, an alien “soul” who is later nicknamed “Wanda,” She takes residence in Melanie Stryder’s human body after Melanie is caught being part of the human resistance. Wanda is tasked by the Seeker to extract Melanie’s memories and reveal where the human resistance is hiding. To Wanda and the Seeker’s surprise, Melanie is still active and can talk to Wanda through their shared consciousness and occasionally take control over her own body again without Wanda’s permission. Melanie and Wanda fight for control over the same body while Wanda fights with herself to choose what is morally right: revealing the human resistance or helping them.
A small difference between the movie and the book occurs when the narrator tells the audience about Melanie’s background. The movie does a short flashback memory of Melanie and explains that she grew up in Louisiana with her brother, Jamie. The flashback shows that their father committed suicide when the Seekers came to invade them. The movie explains that she has been on the run ever since then. The book, however, explains that Melanie “was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico” and “was in Los Angeles when the [invasion] became known to her” (28). The reason for this change in the book-to-movie adaptation is unclear. It does not impact the story later on in either the book or the movie. In the movie Melanie does have a slight southern accent, which could have been explained with her novel origin in Albuquerque as well as her movie origin in Louisiana.
The first movie visual and novel imagery conflict the audience sees is the appearance of the Seeker. In the novel, the seeker “wore black from chin to wrists” (24) and “her hair was black, too” (25). In the movie, the Seeker is dressed in all white clothing and has blonde hair and blue/grey eyes. This was a necessary and intelligent change by the movie producers. The book is able to describe the Seeker’s aggression and attitude in her tendencies and expressions. The movie is unable to do this, so instead she is portrayed with an aggressive appearance so that the audience will still get the same impression of her as they do in the book. The movie producers did not make this change unnecessarily and that helped the success of the transition from novel to movie.
The largest difference between the book and the movie The Host is the loss of dialogue within the first scene. The first four chapters in the novel equates to about nine minutes in the film. The book is extremely lengthy, with 60 chapters spread over 600 pages. It is completely understandable that the movie producers had to cut out the less important dialogue in many places; otherwise the movie would have been too long. The dialogue happens between the Healer, the man in charge of transplanting Wanda into Melanie’s body, and the Seeker, the woman who caught Melanie. Much of their conversation explains Wanda’s background and information about the other planets that their alien species has inhabited. The dialogue enhances the depth of the story, but is not necessary in the movie because of the movie’s stunning visuals during this scene. The movie version shows Wanda in her pure form, before she is placed into Melanie’s body. The visuals make up for the lack of dialogue.
There are many subtle changes in the book-to-movie adaptations. It can be an extremely daunting task for a filmmaker to convert a book into a movie. Certain details have to be cut out of a film in order to meet time restraints. The makers of the movie The Host, a movie adaptation of Stephenie Meyer’s adult science fiction novel did a spectacular job. They were able to keep the main storyline intact while altering scenes to better the progression of the story. The Host is a must-watch movie and a must-read book.
The Odyssey of Homer and the Epic of Gilgamesh are two popular legendary works with heroic characters. Comparing the attributes and heroic aspirations of these two mythological figures via literature can assist us to recognize how exclusive they are. This Odyssey and Gilgamesh evaluation has aided in identifying the parallels and contrasts between the two works. Both the Gilgamesh Epic and the Odyssey are regarded in excessive regard for using literature because they furnish a historical portrayal of the heroes and their friends. When we examine them, they conjure up photos in our brains based on the size and effort spent writing them. The writing techniques, characterization detail, and most important thoughts of these two epics are starkly different. They each discuss the narrative of a lost guy who sooner or later finds his way. The purpose of this thesis is to discover the predominant characters' trips; in particular, one must center of attention on the protagonists' motivations and how both Gilgamesh and Odysseus have been changed over their adventures. This debate may additionally shed mild on the values and ideas of people who lived thousands of years ago.
Get original essayThe Odyssey and the Gilgamesh Epic are two legends about ordinary men from historical Mesopotamia and Greece who had been given magnificent abilities. However, they, like all men, make errors as they go through life. Gilgamesh used to be the ruler of Uruk in Babylonia and the hero of the epic Gilgamesh. He was once a monarch with a lot of flaws. People claimed he was cruel and slept with brides before their husbands on their wedding ceremony night. He was once arrogant and had no situation for his humans at the beginning of the story, as he would govern over them but not protect them. He was massive and strong, and he thought he was once higher than them. The hero of the Odyssey, Odysseus Odysseus is the ruler of Ithaca, an island nation on the Greek island of Ithaca, and a legendary Trojan War leader. He is additionally assured. In contrast to Gilgamesh, Odysseus was blessed with mental abilities, used to be intelligent, and wanted to study and trip new things. He lacked a heavenly beginning and used to be thoroughly human and good. While coming home, he overcame several obstacles, inclusive of several monsters, but he remained focused. He was once dependable, and human beings cherished and admired him.
The epics of Gilgamesh and Odysseus illustrate the story of two heroic Odysseus' from one-of-a-kind ancient durations who had been both in quest of the motive of existence due to their valor and capability to do splendid matters whilst dealing with deities and human creatures alike. Gilgamesh is a semi-mythic ruler of Uruk from early Mesopotamia, while the Odyssey epic is based totally on Greek mythology. However, regardless of all of epic poetry's commonalities and patterns, there are several distinctions, such as character attributes and the nature of the heroes' challenges.
Gilgamesh was a popular and essential discernment in Mesopotamian culture, according to historians. He was once expanded to the divine position of a god as a result of his bravery. Odysseus used to be a distinguished hero in Greek mythology, and he was regularly portrayed as godlike, practically identical to Zeus. While each Gilgamesh and Odysseus confronted adversity on their trips, the whole thing that happened to Gilgamesh was once his fault, whereas Odysseus' difficulties seemed to be the outcome of terrible luck.
Certain traits bind Gilgamesh and Odysseus together; they each possess godlike traits that resource them in defeating their otherworldly foes. While they have been each powerful, they made decisions primarily based on their may at instances and inconsiderate choices at other times, simply like any different guy. They additionally appear to research about themselves through situations and aid in the teaching of existing classes thru the problems they encounter. Women played a position in both stories, with Gilgamesh and Enkidu having to fight the Bull of Heaven, which was despatched down by a goddess, and Odysseus being challenged by the goddesses. When it comes to life classes that we can follow to the boundaries we face in life, the two tales seem to reflect every other. As stated in Gilgamesh's epic, 'Fill your bell with goods, Gilgamesh: day and night, day and night, dance and be cheerful, feast and delight. Allow yourself to be clean, bathe in water, experience the small toddler who holds your hand, and make your wife comfortable in your embrace; all of this is necessary.'
To begin, it is critical to discuss the motives in the back of the legendary heroes' departure from their birthplace. For example, Odysseus used to be compelled to participate in the Trojan War. He wished to continue to be in Ithaca from the beginning, but he was once forced to join Agamemnon and Menelaus' army. Gilgamesh, on the different hand, was keen to embark on this expedition. Furthermore, he is influenced by numerous factors. For example, he is willing to sacrifice a semi-god named Humbaba to acquire repute and respect from others. Overall, this instance can shed light on the cultural distinctions between Ancient Greece and Sumer. Odysseus' actions exhibit that Greeks valued loyalty to their native land or families. As a result, Sumerian society placed a top rate on strength and glory. It's also vital to talk about how the trip affected both Odysseus and Gilgamesh. Odysseus faced several challenges on his journey, and in sure cases, he had to count on cunning, ruthless force, and even brutality to live and return to Ithaca. He additionally has the option of staying with Calypso. Despite this, he has dedicated to his wife Penelope and his motherland. Gilgamesh, in turn, transforms as a result of his exploits. He has a hard time accepting the reality that he is mortal. Odysseus, on the different hand, does now not attempt to attain the rank of a god. Again, the fundamental characters' experiences can indicate significant cultural contrasts between Greece and Sumer. The Greeks have been aware of a person's limitations. However, the equal might also be said of the Sumerian civilization, in which men and women could declare deity status.
Odysseus and Gilgamesh are comparable in the way they both fight for awareness in their dangerous careers, but what motivates them and helps them to strengthen as heroes at the top of the story is what is necessary and different. When Odysseus enters the land of the Cyclops, he ought to find a way to escape. In this time of crisis, Odysseus is thinking about saving no longer solely himself but additionally his team with the aid of coming home to see his family. Odysseus' self-sacrifice and skill are evident in his willpower to keep his people. However, the proud king Gilgamesh needs to kill Humbaba just to prove to the humans of Uruk that he, simply a mortal man, has killed the god. Gilgamesh says, 'I, Gilgamesh, would see! Whose identity is regarded in all the earth, I will hunt him in the forest of cedars? I will make the world a land' Initially, Gilgamesh's explanations behind many of his selections were to seek attention, however when his first-class friend, Enkidu, died suddenly, a surprising change occurred for Gilgamesh, and his explanations changed. Gilgamesh comes to receive the divine order and is greater cozy with his role as king. The first of these changes in preserving his love for Enkidu and the flood of Utanapishtim is when Gilgamesh sees it as better to shop a life than to ruin it. Thomas VanNortwick explains that 'Although it is questioned whether Odysseus is experiencing personal development or not' like Gilgamesh, others can see how he is learning to adapt to the trials that have been reserved for him. Odysseus finds approaches to use much less and much less violence in his journey, however, in the end, Odysseus is viewed as a dry character.
Odysseus and Gilgamesh both epic characters become heroes through the challenges they face in their variety of journeys. In every character's journey, you research the characteristics that a leader and a hero must have. They both begin as guys and leaders with mistakes 'and the trials they face in their experience educate them to overcome their mistakes and end up higher leaders and heroes. An actual leader must be free and alone. Gilgamesh suffers from loneliness extra than once at some stage in history. At first, he is so lonely that he behaves like a dictator, ignores his duties as a king, and pursues younger children and virgins in the course of his empire in search of friendship. on the different hand, trapped on the island of Calypso for seven years with no hope of returning home, he longs to return home to his wife and son, however, he has no boat and no one. workers who should assist him in getting there.
A common theme is heroism in both Epic stories. They are guys of tremendous power and stature. Heroes provide us with the full energy of the thought and on the different hand, to recognize the electricity of the physique of heroes in particular. Both heroes confronted the loss of life and went their way with courage and admiration and the family of Odysseus who faced adversity for his lengthy ride in pursuit of understanding and wealth. Both characters destroy up into heroes and dictators. Gilgamesh succeeds in his study of the reality that man dies soon. He also understood that not be counted what man's success was, even if he used to be like a god to Gilgamesh, man appreciates small things. It took Gilgamesh one day when Odysseus' journey multiplied to twenty years to realize that each person has to have a life. Gilgamesh and Odysseus are designed to tackle the external boundaries of human lifestyles and restore the facts extracted from this supernatural standpoint (Launderville). Gilgamesh is unkind to the beast and kills it with the proper recommendation from Enkidu, who says: ‘Kill Gilgamesh now. Do not exhibit favoritism or foolishness to a foxy enemy.’ Taking the advice, Gilgamesh cuts off the beast. Odysseus, on the different hand, notwithstanding Athena's divine help, and Telemachus, alongside a few different shepherds, had been capable to kill all lovers. Katabasis is often referred to among many others as a ride to the underworld. Katabasis has been marketed for a day trip throughout the country to some other airport in the match of an underground time out.
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Get custom essayOverall, comparisons of these manuscripts may want to beautify readers' understanding of Sumerian or historic Greek culture. Homer's music displays such values 'as faithfulness in marriage, devotion to one's homeland, and acceptance of human limitations, mainly death. On the different hand, the Epic of Gilgamesh emphasizes power, prestige, and the recognition of others. Both legendary heroes have shown that everybody has the accountability to face challenges and analyze from experience. Thus, the familiar theme of both fiction texts suggests that heroic characteristics can be obtained by means of everybody as long as he is prepared to face challenges. However, there are some aspects of the place Odysseus is very special from Gilgamesh. The latter, for example, is involved in misleading practices, while the former is remarkably involved in these round him.
This research is based on entertainment which is the major part of our lives. Everyone needs a kind of story which must satisfy their desires through showing, happy ending, thrills, comedy, love and something which they all want in their lives. As Hollywood have different areas of entertainment, likewise there are two important Universe, the first is Marvel and later is DC. Both of them includes superheroes who protect their world from threats, aliens, and villains using their powers.
Get original essayMarvel Entertainment, LLC, a completely claimed backup of The Walt Disney Company, is one of the world’s most noticeable character-based amusement organizations, based on a demonstrated library of in excess of 8,000 characters included in an assortment of media more than seventy-five years. There comes legend of wonder universe, who gave this a sort of expectation too Stan Lee was a great comic-book maker who co-propelled superheroes like the Fantastic Four, Spider-Man, Doctor Strange and the X-Men for Marvel Comics. I have chosen this topic for proving that Marvel is better than DC. Before the evidences starts to prove that Marvel is better, DC also contains good material in their comics and cinematic world but not good as marvel do. The reason behind this research is to explain everybody here as being DC fan, they should consider what actually marvel universe is, and why your universe is so dumb.
Marvel Comics turned into an exceptionally prominent establishment, and Stan Lee was elevated to article chief and publisher in 1972. He later moved toward the West Coast to be engaged with Marvel’s film adventures and in the end progressed toward becoming administrator emeritus.
Take for example the Guardians of the Galaxy 2 trailer. The investigation discovered 78% of watchers as ‘sweethearts’ of the trailer, refers to its tune decision and wisecracking characters as the most compelling motivations why. Following with a 75% was Captain America: Civil War. By examination, the principal DC film to rank on the rundown was Justice League, netting a 71% and Batman versus Superman, which hit a 60%.In short, the characters seem to resonate more long-term, while the big action and special effects have more short-term results. Considering the fact that there are good characters and high grossing cinematic movies in DC, but marvel wins in the end as we can not merely consider only few things apart from whole in a universe. A person must recognize not believing on the hype and emotions only but people should give a look on facts and figures with audience connectivity. Hence the above discussion proves that Marvel is better than DC.
DC fans uses this point to argue on marvel is not good because it does not give a room or change in their characters, likewise Iron man. The answer we can give them is how will you supposed to feel about that particular character if any universes changes it. Like almost none of us would cry over the death of superman but majority did on Tony Stark’s death. DC fans complains that marvel universe does not give a damn to their universe. The reason is, DC fans has only darkness and intensity but we do have choices of hundreds of colors to show what is going on exactly, instead of them making movie with black and green color for kryptonite, poor DC.
The battles turns into humor when DC fans talk about comic book of both comparing that DC is much better than that of marvel comics. This does not make any sense because DC Universe failed to shape their characters correctly into cinematic world. This reason can be supported by the fact that there are more population who watch movies instead of reading books.
In the climax of Batman VS Superman, Henry Cavil used kryptonite knowing that someone else could do it without getting harmed by, but he did it foolishly and die because it was his weakness. There was wonder women who could have done it without losing superman without any reason. DC tends and enforces their fans to cry. On the other hand, we have iron man, in the last scene of Avengers End Game, Iron Man sacrifices because there was 2 options, whether to let any other person to snap, he did it instead. Because someone had to use the infinity gauntlet, and Tony Stark sacrificed for the rest of avengers.
As well as, in infinity war time, Marvel hides the character and plot of Ant-man because they had to make a great plot about how the end game twist will work upon this only character. But at the time of justice league, the whole team of superheroes just teamed up to defeat the villain. This shows that DC is rushing Marvel worked on their each character’s legacy. Marvel’s perfect casting when it comes to its Characters – Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark – continues to lead to success at the box office. Marvel also hasn’t been shy when it comes to recasting characters such as the Hulk and Punisher and took risks casting unfamiliar actors like Chris Hems worth as Thor and Letitia Wright as Shuri.
Stan Lee has continued to praise the performances of many Marvel actors including Chris Evans as Captain America and Tom Holland as the most recent Spider-Man, stating he hopes ‘we stay with them forever.’ With the recent announcements that Ben Affleck and Henry Cavil are leaving their respective roles as Batman and Superman, it appears the DCU has ultimately lost the fight. He is correct that the main fruitful DC properties as of late have been Wonder Woman and Christopher Nolan’s Batman films. Millar kept, multiplying down on his hypothesis acclaimed comic book writer Mark Millar (who has written for DC and Marvel, and penned a number of comics adapted into films) offered a controversial theory to Yahoo for why one is better than the other, 2018, I believe it’s extremely straightforward. The DC characters aren’t true to life. Furthermore, I state that as a monstrous DC fan who very much wants their characters to Marvel’s. Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman are a portion of my top choices yet I think these characters, except for Batman, they aren’t based around their mystery personality. They are based around their super power. Though the Marvel characters will in general be based around the identity of Matt Murdock or Peter Parker or the individual X-Men, it’s about the character. DC, outside of Batman, isn’t about the character. With Batman, you can get him and you can stress over him yet somebody like Green Lantern, he has this ring enables him to make 3D physical indications and green plasma with the considerations in his mind however he’s oversensitive to the shading yellow! How would you make a motion picture with that? In 1952 that appeared well and good however at this point the group of onlookers have no clue what that is about.
Now, it’s essentially acknowledged as certainty that Marvel motion pictures are impartially superior to those from DC. Simply take a gander at their normal Rotten Tomatoes score, with DC at 48 percent and Marvel almost twice that at 84 percent — and that is notwithstanding considering the broad Marvel list that incorporates like Thor 2.
So would might it be able to be that props up wrong over at DC? Without a doubt, they put to an extraordinary degree an over the top measure of trust in Zack Snyder. For sure, they enroll people like Ben Affleck to play Batman.
I have picked this theme for demonstrating that Marvel is superior to DC. Before the confirmations begins to demonstrate that Marvel is better, DC likewise contains great material in their funnies and true to life world however not great as Marvel do. The purpose for this examination is to clarify everyone here as being DC fan, they ought to think about what really wonder universe is, and why your universe is so stupid. What supports my research is based up on an article by, Matthew Aguilar, 2018. Comicbook.com, ZappisStore tested a viewer’s emotional engagement with several Marvel and DC movie trailers using facial coding and emotional recognition technology called Affectiva, and here is how it works. As viewers watch the trailers, Affectiva has the ability to measure moment to moment expressions and emotions via webcam, and the results display on a dashboard.
Presently, this is consigned to simply trailers, yet ZappiStore is as yet ready to pick up a great deal from the procedure. It features which parts of the trailer play out the best and resound most with the watchers, and that painted a reasonable picture between the two properties. The DC trailers got positive reactions amid the areas with embellishments and enormous activity, yet less when simply the characters were available. That is in direct opposition to the Marvel trailers. In those trailers, viewers reacted strongly to the superheroes themselves, and also reacted in a positive way towards the humor, thus creating more emotional engagement.
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Get custom essayThis entire research leads towards the conclusion which is supported by the facts which have been discussed above, all it takes is the emotions of the fans, legacy of each character, facts and the ratings.
Compassion is the key attribute that holds unilateral weight in all fields of nursing. Compassion holds nurses accountable for every interaction they have and is often what is expected by the public. Compassionate care is composed of two major characteristics; being able to realize the factors that make up an individual while also being able to empathize with their situation and condition. Nurses perform routine procedures and skills throughout their shift. The first hallmark of compassionate care is context. While the medical tasks are structured and routine, their relationship with the patient is not. Every compassionate act is subject to the situation of the patient. Additional factors such as determinants of health and external and internal influences must be addressed in order to treat the patient as a whole. The second trademark of compassion is empathy. Through a therapeutic relationship empathy can be used to make the patient feel heard and validated leading to positive outcomes both medically and behaviorally. This paper will look at the impact of compassionate care on individual’s experiencing homelessness. Issues of barriers both systemically and individually will be addressed in addition to what factors influence positive and negative outcomes.
Get original essayIt is important to be considerate of the deficits and disparities in this population in order to serve them best. The issue of homelessness is complex and there are a number of reasons why an individual may experience it. An individual may be experiencing homeless due to an economic issue or might be experiencing more of a chronic homelessness due to mental health and addiction problems (Katz, 2017). In America, more than 500,000 individuals are homeless at any time with 3 million experiencing homelessness throughout the year (Landefeld, 2017). The median age for this population is 50 years old as of 2017 (Landefeld, 2017). The composition of this population includes women, children and families in addition to single men (Katz, 2017). These individuals have arguably the worst healthcare and often only seek help when in crisis through emergency departments. The life expectancy is only 47 years (Withers, 2011). This low number can be attributed to many factors but lack of healthcare resources is a major contributing influence.
This population is at risk for many health factors both physical and psychological in nature. Compared to the general population, individuals experiencing homelessness are more likely to report conditions associated with an increased prevalence and severity of chronic pain (Landfield, 2013). In a study done in by Landfield (2013) looking at the rate of chronic illness in middle aged adults, it was reported that 79.9% of 305 participants reported experiencing chronic pain which was classified in the study as any pain lasting longer than three months. Participants also reported physical and mental health disorders, substance abuse, tobacco dependence and histories of childhood physical and sexual abuse (Landefeld, 2017). With 32% of this population living unsheltered, the climate also contributes to risk factors (Katz, 2017). Environments are often harsh and ultimately end up increasing pain by leaving individuals exposed to different elements such as violence, overcrowded shelters, lack of bedding and requirement of walking long distances (Landefield, 2017). Lack of sanitary living environments has crucial impacts that can affect more than the population of topic. For example, in 2017 in a city in California there was an outbreak of Hepatitis C among drug users and those experiencing homelessness that resulted in 600 cases, 395 hospitalizations and 19 deaths (Katz, 2017). This is just one of many findings that illustrate the need for proactive care in this population and the requirement for sanitary facilities.
As stated previously, individuals in this population are aging and experiencing many chronic illnesses that require constant medical attention in addition to medication management. When seeking medical care in this population it is often neglected due to individuals feeling stigmatized by both nurses and providers which leads to lack of health adherence (Ogrady, 2018). Healthcare providers and the general public are often quick to stereotype these individuals labeling them as “lazy”, “addicts” or “hobos”. It is often assumed that this is the life they chose when in reality homelessness can affect anyone. Certain behaviors are linked with this population including; drug use, needles scattered in the streets and shopping carts and tents in public areas which has been reported as civically frustrating (Katz, 2017). These behaviors diminish the drive for assistance or aid from the public. In an effort to decrease this stigmatization providers must first educate themselves on causes for homelessness in order to be able to provide context for an individual’s situation which will then lead to compassionate and empathetic care.
Through advocacy, education and implementation of new programs, nurses and all healthcare providers can step up as leaders to care for this underserved population by formalizing the idea of street medicine. Street medicine is a trending method that is a more drastic attempt than traditional methods in creating an accessible healthcare setting for those who have been largely marginalized in our system of organized healthcare (Withers, 2011). Street medicine puts an emphasis on healthcare delivery and education in hope to bridge social and economic disparities. This concept recognizes the deficits and proved strategic resources that address these issues that are often ignored. A critical element is being able to mobilize healthcare in order to bring it to a specific community. Oftentimes it is hard for this population to find affordable and consistent transportation. It has also been reported they will ignore important health issues rather than attempt to access institutional health services who they perceive as failed resources in the past. (Ogrady, 2018). Typically, these services are offered free of judgement, with no expectation of pay configured to fit the unique need (Ogrady, 2018). This concept encompasses a vital element of compassion discussed earlier. Out of empathy, providers are going directly to the patient, establishing an element of trust and building a solid foundation to begin at (Withers, 2017). With a willingness to understand context, nurses and healthcare providers must take this pivotal step in providing care to this marginalized population in order to begin to bridge disparities.
Individuals experiencing homelessness did not happen overnight and will not be fixed overnight. It is the cause of many social and economic barriers and requires efforts from all areas of a community to combat. As stated before, context and empathy are the two major components that encompass compassionate care. In order to breakdown stigmas and biases nurses and providers must take the first step in getting to know and understand the population at risk. If this population can be provided their basic healthcare needs then it creates a solid foundation for them to pursue other live endeavors such as employment, education or housing.
Those activities and skills judged essential to perform the duties of a specific position (Tas, 1988, p. 41). Competencies specify how to perform job tasks, or what the person needs to do the job successfully. A brief overview of the definition of managerial competencies Perhaps CH. Woodruff defined this problem the best, when in his article: What is meant by a competency he claims that managerial competence is used as an umbrella under which everything fits, what may directly or indirectly relate to job performance. He defines it as "a set of employee behaviors that must be used for the position that the tasks arising from this position competently mastered." According to him, the competent manager must fulfill three basic conditions at the same time to fulfill their tasks.
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To understand the concept of managerial competence and it's the practical use, the best contribution is from Boyatzis, R. E.( 1982). According to him, managerial competence consists of two components, which are different from each other. One of them is a task that is necessary to fulfill and the second is the skills that workers must have to fulfill the role at the required level. In other words, we distinguish between what we do and what behavior is needed to fulfill the task in an excellent way. S. Whiddett and S. Hollyford ( 2003), define managerial competencies as "sets of behaviors that enable individuals to demonstrate the effective performance of tasks within the organization." N. Rankin says that "competencies are essentially the definition of expected performance, which should as a whole provide a complete picture of the most valuable behavior, values, and roles required for the success of the organization."
Armstrong .M. & Stephens. T ( 2008) perceive the managerial competence as:
F. Krontorád and M. Trcka (2005), define the concept of managerial competence as "a combination of knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviors that an employee uses in carrying out their work and they are critical to achieving results which are consistent with the strategic goals of the organization.
According to Lojda J (2011), managerial competence is "the ability of the person (employee) to perform the job, to the required extent and desired quality of a particular job or activity." Managerial competencies also reflect the ability to flexibly react to the changing conditions. In life, we encounter situations where workers are not aware of their managerial competencies, however, they take the view that they have these competencies, even if they do not. The authors of this article argue that managerial competence perceives the ability, which effectively raises the characteristic behavior of the manager, whose results can be achieved above-average performance for the manager position. 10 begin with, the word "competencies" today is a term that has no meaning apart from the particular definition with whom one is speaking (Zemke 1982). Some examples of efforts to define the term from SMEs representing each of the groups in the sampling plan include:
Some of the more frequently cited definitions from the literature include:
Again, these definitions were extracted from a number of different sources:
A cluster of related abilities, commitments, knowledge, and skills that enable a person (or an organization) to act effectively in a job or situation. Competencies refer to skills or knowledge that lead to superior performance. Measurable skills, abilities and personality traits that identify successful employees against defined roles within an organization A competency is more than just knowledge and skills. It involves the ability to meet complex demands, by drawing on and mobilizing psychosocial resources (including skills and attitudes) in a particular context. A measurable pattern of knowledge, skills, abilities, behaviors, and other characteristics that an individual needs to perform work roles or occupational functions successfully.
Competencies, therefore, may incorporate a skill but are MORE than the skill, they include abilities and behaviors, as well as the knowledge that is fundamental to the use of a skill.
Conceptual framework
The rise of knowledge on economy and socio-economic transformation of the societies have led knowledge to be the fundamental means of wealth and prosperity (Drucker, 1993; Hope and Hope 1997; Bozbura, 2007). From the business perspective, knowledge seems to be a key factor for organizations’ success in the long run (Mansell and When, 1998; Stewart, 2001; Tat and Hase, 2007). Due to that, leveraging the knowledge resources effectively and efficiently appears to be a vital issue in order to gain the competitive advantage and to ensure the sustainable development for the societies, as well as for the organizations (Nonaka, 1998; Davenport and Prusak, 1998; Storey and Barnett, 2000). In the knowledge economies, there is a shift from task-based approaches to competency-based approaches. Therefore, the popularity of competency management systems has gained a special concern both from practitioners and academicians (Clardy, 2008). Competency management can contribute to organizations knowledge base and increase the knowledge utilization capability of an organization. Hence, it became an important research object in the more general area of knowledge management and is often integrated with learning management systems (Draganidis and Mentas, 2006). Recent studies in this field, clarified that individual competency management is an area of research attracting efforts to leverage personal development, knowledge generation (Abou-Zeid, 2002), development (Bhatt, 2000), sharing (Sveiby, 2001), and utilization (Bender and Fish, 2000), organizational learning, innovation and effectiveness (Malhotra, 2000).
In addition to being regarded as a focal point for planning, organizing, integrating and improving all aspects of knowledge management and human resource development systems. Competency management modeling is also regarded as an approach focused on improving organizational performance. The main objective of this study is to compose a useful individual competency model in services industries based on the “banking model” of employee competencies, which consists of three major dimensions: core competencies, managerial competencies and functional (task-related) competencies (Stephen and Uhles, 2012). Secondly, this study aimed to analyze the effects of the aforementioned dimensions of competencies on individual and organizational performance. Based on the provided data, 2679 questionnaires collected from 30 different companies of services industries in Turkey. The data analysis indicates that there is a positive linear correlation between the aforesaid key dimensions of competencies and both individual and organizational performance.
There is a variety of research that clarifies the relationship between competencies and employees’ job (task) performance (McClelland, 1973; Liu, 200; Dainty, 2004; Levenson, 2006; Ryan, et.al, 2009). For example, findings of Ahadzieet.al.’s (2009) study demonstrate the suitability and potential usefulness of their competency-based model that reflects elements of both performance behaviors and outcomes in predicting the performance. Similarly, there is other research (Ryan et.al, 2009; Spencer, et.al 2008) highlighting the validity and utility of competencies in predicting employees’ work performance. Furthermore, there are studies that indicate the effects of certain competencies on individual job performance. For example, Qiao and Wang, (2009) suggest that team-building, communication; coordination, execution, and continual learning are critical competencies for the success of middle managers in China. Likewise, there empirical evidences indicating the relationship between competencies such as HRM (Fleury and Fleury 2005; Liu, et.al, 2005; Collings, et.al 2010, Anwar, et.al, 2012), leadership (Clark and Armit, 2010; Asree, et. al, 2010; Pereira and Gomez, 2012). The relationship between individual competencies and organizational performance is also stated. However, there is less empirical evidence found in this issue (Levenson, et.al, 2006, Ryan, et.al. 2009; Gammie and Joyce, 2009). On the other side, despite the increasing tendency in using competency models, there are still some confusion and skepticism about the relationship between competencies and performance. These are mainly because of the difficulties in assessment of competencies (Currie and Darby, 1995) and the complex and lengthy process required for identifying the appropriate competency performance relationship (Vakola, et. al., 2007). In addition to that organizational performance has many dimensions, yet it is not easy to connect individual competencies to organizational performance (Liu, et. al., 2005; Vakola et.al. 2007).
The concept of “competency” is a confusing term and particularly mixed up with “skill”. It is mainly because different terms have often been used interchangeably. From the management perspective, competencies are defined by two main streams: organizational or personal. Human Resource Management (HRM) literature focuses on the individual competencies. McClelland (1973) used the term as a symbol for an alternative approach to traditional intelligence testing. According to the author, competence is a characteristic trait of a person that is related to superior performance and a demonstration of particular talents in practice and application of knowledge required to perform a job. Boyatzis (2008) also analyzed managerial competencies and defined competencies as an underlying characteristic of a person that could be a motive, trait, skill, aspect of one’s self-image, social role, or a body of knowledge which he or she uses. These characteristics are revealed in observable and identifiable patterns of behavior, related to job performance and usually include knowledge, skill, and abilities. In another definition, competencies are specified as a mean of ‘being able to perform a work role to a defined standard with reference to real working environments’. It is generally seen as “a cluster of related knowledge, skills, and attitudes that affects a major part of one’s job (a role or responsibility), that correlates with performance on the job, that can be measured against well-accepted standards, and that can be improved via training and development” (Özçelik and Ferman, 2006). Dingle (1995), adds awareness to this definition. According to Dingle, competence is a combination of knowledge, skill, and awareness. In this definition, knowledge refers to the understanding of fundamental principles required to accomplish the task in hand, skill refers to the application of this understanding and awareness refers to the proper application of skill, in accordance with professional and corporate “good practice”. In addition, Pate et.al (2003), distinguish individual competencies from the epistemological standpoint as rationalist and objectivist. From a rationalist perspective, competence is a specific set of attributes used in performing a job. In the rationalist perspective there is a distinction between job and worker. Thus, job oriented side of competence is associated with characteristics of high performing employee such as motives traits and social skills that can be learned through education, experience or vocational training. A task-oriented aspect of competence, on the contrary, deals with the behavior of particular individuals and how they act in the organizational environment. From the subjectivist perspective, worker and work are considered as one entity. Accordingly, competency is composed of a person’s experiences and personality combined with job-related factors that stem from the formal and informal organization. Hence, this approach focuses on the interaction between the individual and the job, thereby, taking into account what the individual brings to the job and the characteristics of the job itself. Behavioral Competencies Life skills are problem-solving behaviors used appropriately and responsibly in the management of personal affairs. They are a set of human skills acquired via teaching or direct experience that are used to handle problems and questions commonly encountered in daily human life. Examples are Communication, Analytical Ability, Problem Solving, Initiative, etc.
There are nine behavioral competencies, split into three overarching groups: Working with others, Delivering Results and Focusing on the Future. Each-competency has a descriptor to give an overview of what it means. Each of the overarching areas contains three competencies, each split into four levels of achievement.
Functional (or Technical) Competencies Functional Competencies relate to functions, processes, and roles within the organization and include the knowledge of, and skill in the exercise of, practices required for successful accomplishment of a specific job or task. Examples are Application Systems Development, Networking, and Communication, Database Analysis and Design, etc. Professional Competencies are competencies that allow for success in an organizational context. They are the accelerators of performance or – if lacking in sufficient strength and quality – are the reason people fail to excel in jobs. Examples are Business Environment, Industry and Professional Standards, Negotiation, People Management, etc.
The OECD proposes three categories of competencies needed to operate successfully in the knowledge economy:
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Competitive strategies are considered as the key to success of any firms. Operating in technology area, Lenovo is seen as the leading company, not only locally but also globally. The achievement of Lenovo was descended from appropriately competitive strategies including corporate strategy, international strategy and sustainability. The importance of competitive strategies, especially corporate strategy, international strategy and sustainability and the application of these strategies in case of Lenovo is discussed in this report. The key reason for the competitive ability and success of Lenovo lies in the effective application of strategies including corporate strategies, international strategies and sustainability. The first point that Lenovo considered whilst implementing corporate strategy was relocating corporate portfolio. It not only helps to enhance the position of the company but also align with the core value of Lenovo, which is innovation. Moreover, the achievement of Lenovo in many countries are considerably descended from international strategies. The sustainability strategies of Lenovo were recognized and Lenovo branches in China and United States were awarded for their contribution to society and environment. These awards not only prove the social responsibility of Lenovo but also help to enhance the reputation and strengthen the position of Lenovo in the global market. These strategies by Lenovo has been applied effectively in a long period of time and help to turn Lenovo into one of the most successful PC makers in the world.
Get original essayThe world is becoming flat and it opens doors for many industries to expand their business globally. There are a large number of opportunities available to companies. However, in order to take advantage of globalization and be successful, firms also have to face and overcome lots of challenges. One of the most notable challenges is the competition. The reason why competition plays an important role in the growth of any firms is that in the era of internationalization, firms not only compete with local firms in the same industry but also competitors from various countries. Additionally, competition in business also aligns with the improvement in economic efficiency and the satisfaction of customers (Ford & Hakansson, 2013). As a result, competitive strategies are considered as the key to success of any firms. Operating in technology area, Lenovo is seen as the leading company, not only locally but also globally. The achievement of Lenovo was descended from appropriately competitive strategies including corporate strategy, international strategy and sustainability. According, this report will demonstrate the importance of competitive strategies, especially corporate strategy, international strategy and sustainability and the application of these strategies in case of Lenovo.
Chevalier-Roignant and Trigeorgis (2012) insist that although internationalization opens many chances for companies, there are only a few have managed to take advantage of all opportunities, meanwhile, the majority of firms has been struggling to come up with competitive strategies. Notably, Grundy (2017) believes that the idea of 90% of business plan is only at the average level and is not able to make breakthrough or innovation to the business performance. Hence, managers are always under pressure of creating the most effective competitive strategies as they are the core value of the successful business. There are some popular types of competitive strategies, which are business strategy, competitive dynamics, corporate strategy, acquisitions and structure, international strategy, cooperative strategy and sustainability. Although all strategies are important, the priority for each strategy is not identical among companies, even companies in the same industry. Specifically, for McKinsey, the leading global consulting firm, corporate strategy, international strategy and sustainability are three priorities.
The first strategy that firms have to focus on all the time is corporate strategy. Corporate strategy is defined as the combination of corporate policies and plans in order to achieve corporate long-term objectives (Lynch, 2006). Furthermore, Johnson et al. (2008) add that corporate strategy should consider all business units of the corporate as well as deal with challenges, especially corporate portfolio management and resource allocation. Particularly, among all considerations of a business, the first point that firms have to give thought about is corporate portfolio management. The reason is that corporate portfolio management is related to which business should be involved in the operation of the firms, how the capital should be disbursed into business units and guarantee the alignment of individual goals with corporate goals (Pidun et al., 2011). As a result, corporate portfolio management is able to lay the groundwork for a business.
Apart from corporate portfolio management, resource allocation is also at the center of corporate strategy. Resource allocation describes the distribution of raw materials, human resources, technology and managerial resources to all parts of an organization (Morris & Jamieson, 2004). Huang et al. (2011) highlight that allocating resources plays an important part in business operation as it helps to guarantee each business units are provided with the appropriate resources and balance the demand of business departments and the availability of resources. Additionally, resource allocation is not consistent all the time because it depends on the priority and goals of firms in different period of time (Huang et al., 2011). Thus, distributing resources in a suitable way is likely to help firms to avoid the scarcity of materials as well as immediately adapt to any changes in company objectives.
Internationalization means that the boundaries among countries is blurred as a result of free trade (Velho, 1999). Accordingly, globalization lays the groundwork for the establishment of multinational enterprises and one if the requirements for multinational companies is that they have to reassessment their international strategies continuously to improve the financial and social performance (Hitt et al., 2016). In particular, firms need to identify their core values that satisfy the strict requirements of customer globally whereas the rivals are not able as well as set an identical guideline for both local staffs and international staffs to assure the mutual objectives of the firms (Collis, 2014). One of the benefits of globalization is that companies can take advantage of overseas materials and resources to make up for the limitations of local resources whilst introducing the outstanding strengths to international customers as well as reducing cost (Luo & Bu, 2018). As a coin with two faces, when a firm decide to go internationally, it also has to deal with discrepancies in foreign laws and regulations and find ways to adapt with diversification of cultural values (Reynolds, 2016). Hence, going international is not only a chance but also a challenge for both big firms and small firms. With the aim of optimizing the benefits of globalization, firms have to consider all advantages and disadvantages to set up the most appropriate international strategies.
In recent years, with the aim of enhancing reputation, companies should not only care about the operational performance but also be responsible for community, environment, ethics and all stakeholders (Wagner & Svensson, 2014). In other words, economic, society and environment need to be taken into account by firms whilst implementing business activities (Asif et al., 2011). Furthermore, Bini et al. (2018) emphasize that engaging sustainability strategies into competitive strategies considerably support firms to reach long-term profitability. The reason why firms should also give a huge attention to sustainability strategies can be explained by symbolic capital theory. Specifically, symbolic capital illustrates good reputation and good brand name which can lay the groundwork for firms to expand their business or enter into new market (Gergs, 2003). Moreover, symbolic capital is able to act as a leverage for companies to strengthen their position in the market (De Clercq & Voronov, 2009). Therefore, to a certain extent, the role of sustainability has become undeniable and sustainable development has been given more attention. However, it is never easy to come up with suitable sustainable strategies for business. Teh and Corbitt (2015) argue that managers have to consider long-term objectives and have a clear vision on each step to implement sustainable strategies. In addition, companies have to balance the responsibility to society and environment with economic and financial development, which is very complicated and require thorough consideration of the board of managers (Borland, 2019). In spite of all requirements, in the long run, sustainability is still one of the final desires of any company and sustainable strategies are still the key concept of competition.
Initially founded in China back in 1984, Lenovo now is among 500 companies in Fortune Global list and operating in 180 countries all over the world (Lenovo, 2019). Furthermore, according to annual report of Lenovo for the year of 2018/19, Lenovo is the leading company for innovation by always looking for new technology such as applying 5G technology and one of the top five companies which saw the fastest growth. Within 35 years, Lenovo also expanded their business from a developing country to 180 different market, including top developed markets such as the United States and United Kingdom. Although Lenovo has been developing at a very rapid level, managers of the company always prioritize to develop a global sustainable business. The key reason for the competitive ability and success of Lenovo lies in the effective application of strategies including corporate strategies, international strategies and sustainability.
The first point that Lenovo considered whilst implementing corporate strategy was relocating corporate portfolio. When managers realized the rapid development in mobile market in recent years, in 2018, Lenovo decided to transfer US$135 million which was supposed to be spent on advertisement into investing in core markets of mobile business (Lenovo, 2019). The result of this capital reallocation is the increase in financial assets by US$126 million. It can be seen that Lenovo distribute a certain amount of corporate portfolio in an effective way by investing in innovation. It not only helps to enhance the position of the company but also align with the core value of Lenovo, which is innovation. Apart from capital reallocation, other resources such as materials and human were also reallocated into markets that saw the bloom of mobile business. According to annual report of Lenovo (2019), the change in corporate strategy works successfully when the market share of Lenovo was improved, which led to the growth of total revenue by 15%. Therefore, the change in corporate strategies take a huge impact on the competitive ability of Lenovo in global market.
The achievement of Lenovo in many countries are considerably descended from international strategies. With the aim of expanding business into developed countries, one of the first steps of international strategies is acquiring IBM Personal Computing Division in 2004. As IBM was located in United State and the workforce of the firm was 25,000 globally, the acquisition of IBM Personal Computing Division immediately turned Lenovo into the leading global personal computer manufacture (Guo, 2018). Although there were lots of limitations at the beginning as Lenovo came from a developing market and the business culture in two countries are remarkably different, Lenovo still built a creative strategy when going abroad. Holstein (2014) explains that the way Lenovo accessed to global business is different from the other Chinese companies when Lenovo has been willing to invest a huge amount of money to make their brand name recognizable among other firms and always offer the most updated technology to customers. The outcome of the international strategies is massive when Lenovo now stands among 5 biggest PC makers in the world.
Along with the fast business development, Lenovo also pay lots of attention to sustainable development. As a PC manufacturer, Lenovo had to use a large number of materials which are proved to be harmful to the environment. Nevertheless, in recent years, Lenovo acts as a pioneer who make use of recycled plastic in their products (Lenovo, 2018). In additional, Lenovo also take advantage of natural materials such as bamboo and sugar cane to pack the finished goods (Lenovo, 2018). In terms of stakeholders, Lenovo has been trying to involve more stakeholders by undertaking surveys or questionnaire. Based on the information provided in surveys, Lenovo was able to deal with lots of controversy issues about conflicts minerals, human right protection and reduction in carbon emission (Lenovo, 2019). The sustainability strategies of Lenovo were recognized and Lenovo branches in China and United States were awarded for their contribution to society and environment. These awards not only prove the social responsibility of Lenovo but also help to enhance the reputation and strengthen the position of Lenovo in the global market.
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Get custom essayIt is never easy for any firm to be outstanding in the global market. As a result, in order to reach the purpose of expanding business, firms have to come up with creative and appropriate competitive strategies. In particular, firms have to make a decision among lots of specific competitive strategies such as corporate strategy, competitive dynamics and so on. However, managers need to depend on long-term objectives and vision of firms to establish strategies. In case of Lenovo, they mainly focus on corporate strategy, international strategy and sustainability to make them different and unique compared to the competitors. These strategies by Lenovo has been applied effectively in a long period of time and help to turn Lenovo into one of the most successful PC makers in the world.
Competitive advantage can be defined as superior performance relative to other the industry average performance. A company is said to have competitive advantage over its rivals when its profitability is greater than the average profitability and profit growth of other companies competing for the same set of customers (Jones & Hill, 2008). Organizations need stay relevant for as long as possible and to do this, a company must create clear goals, strategies, and operations to build sustainable competitive advantage. Michael Porter outlined the three different strategies companies can use to achieve a competitive advantage.
Get original essayThis strategy involves choosing a business model that will do everything possible to lower its cost structure so that the company can make and sell goods or services at a lower cost than its competitors. These strategies include functional strategies designed to improve its operating performance, and competitive strategies intended to influence industry competition in its favour. Using the cost-leadership model, a company will seek to achieve a competitive advantage and above average profitability by developing a model that positions it on the value creation frontier as close as possible to the lower cost axis. This strategy gives the company an advantage because it will be more profitable than other companies because of the lower costs and lower cost structure. This is achievable by offering the same kind of value from a product at a lower price will attract more customers which leads to increased sales and profits (Jones & Hill, 2008).
This strategy allows an organization to create a unique product that is viewed by the consumers as distinct in some important way. A company that differentiates its products gains competitive advantage because it has the ability to charge premium prices by satisfy consumer needs in a way that its competitors cannot. A company can achieve differentiation by providing a unique or high-quality product that is valued by consumers at the same price or premium price (Johnson, Scholes, & Whittngton, 2008). Companies typically achieve differentiation with innovation, quality or customer service. Innovation means you meet the same needs in a new way. Quality means you provide the best product or service. Differentiation strategy allows a company positions itself more on branding, advertising, design, quality and new product development rather than efficiency, outsourcing or process innovation. Customers are willing to pay higher price only for unique features and the best quality (Barney, 1995).
In this strategy the company chooses to combine the differentiation and focussed, generic business level strategies to specialize in making distinctive products for one or two market segments. The company can differentiate in terms of cost where it targets market niches where consumers are prices sensitive, or differentiation focus where it targets niche markets with luxury or added value products. It focusses on one kind of consumer or product (Barney, 1995). The company is able to better meet the needs of consumers in a particular segment. A competitive advantage is developed because the company possess better knowledge about a specific segment of consumers or superior expertise in a given field. The focused strategy also allows the company to be more responsive to consumer needs and sometimes allows the company to develop innovations more quickly (Capon, 2008).
This is an extensive study of competitive analysis of a wood cutting products, Stihl chain saw. Stihl chain saw is two leading chainsaws brand available in Nepal. Stihl Chain saws quality are top notch with great fuel efficiency and less carbon emission. Stihl chain saws brand is major players in global chainsaw market. In the process of competitive analysis, we will use marketing mix 4p’s to analyze the product in respect to its direct competitors.
Get original essayDirect competitors chosen for Stihl are chain saw giant Zhejiang Zomax Garden Machinery. The objective of this competitive analysis on Stihl is to provide insight on how Stihl have competitive advantage over its direct competitors. The research method used for this analytical purpose are secondary sources books, journal articles, newspaper articles and website. Keywords: Chainsaw, Stihl, Husqverna, Oregon, Two stroke(2T), Chain, Chain Bar guide, Carburetor, Spark plug. Competitive analysis of Stihl Chain sawsA chainsaw is a power tool which can be carried by hand and it is powered by electricity or gasoline-powered engines. Chainsaws are mainly used in various wood cutting applications like bucking, pruning and cutting of the woods. Stihl is a premium chain saw brand produce and marketed by Andreas Stihl AG & Company KG. Andreas Stihl AG & Company KG is a German manufacturing company of chain saws and handheld power equipment’s including trimmers and blower.
Stihl was founded in 1926 by Andreas Stihl. Andreas Stihl is one of the innovator of the chain saws. Stihl is the world's best-selling brand of chain saws and the only chain saw manufacturer to make its own saw chains and guide bar. Stihl uses carburetor from Chinese manufacture Zama. inc and Spark plug of NGK a Chinese manufacture. It is powered by two stroke engine. Two stroke engine provides greater efficiency and power than four stroke engine. The Chainsaw Market is expected to exceed more than US$ 745 million by 2022 at a CAGR of 1. 19% in the given forecast period (Pitzer, 2018). The Chainsaw Market report gives a clear overview of the current market including the past and the projected future of market size concerning volume, technological advances, and economic elements in the Chainsaw industry (Pitzer, 2018). According to Technavio’s analyst, the global chainsaw market is anticipated to grow at a steady rate and will post a CAGR of close to 5% during the forecast period.
The diminishing cost of gas will drive the development prospects for the worldwide cutting apparatus advertise until the finish of 2021. As per the statistical surveying data, gas cutting tools section is the biggest portion of the worldwide cutting apparatus advertise regarding the power source. Likewise, since these machines are controlled with two-stroke petroleum motors, they are profoundly subject to fills to do their capacities. It has been noticed that in the previous three years, the raw petroleum import costs have essentially dropped, which, thus, will build the offers of gas cutting tools items and drive the rate of income age in the worldwide cutting apparatus advertise. Moreover, the pattern for imports of unrefined petroleum is likewise expanding in different nations, for example, India, China, Canada, France, Germany, and the US. [image: ]As indicated by the business inquire about report, the worldwide cutting apparatus showcase is exceedingly aggressive and broadened because of the nearness of countless and universal merchants over the globe. It has been seen that these merchants are progressively going up against one another in view of elements, for example, gear wellbeing, control, weight, ergonomic plan, natural supportability, cost, and simplicity of upkeep. Besides, a few sellers are progressively concentrating on enhancing the security highlights of Chain saws, for example, the chain break alternative that empowers the administrator to stop the chain saws promptly. Below given pie chart is of market share of key competitors in chain saw industry.
Other competitive vendors in the market include Blount International, Craftsman, ECHO, Sunrise Global Marketing, QVTOOLS, Remington, STANLEY Infrastructure and TTI. Indirect Competitors in this markets are:1. Circular Saw industries2. Band Saw Industries3. Axes industriesBelow is the import data of Nepal of Sawing and cutting tools in Nepal (Source: Indexmundi,2018). [image: ]Source: Indexmundi, 2018Fig: Nepal Yearly Imports in US Dollars – Sawing/Cutting off machines.
In Nepal cutting machinery imports are increasing by more than 100 percentages yearly. In recent years due to devastating earthquake there have been significant rise in import and sale of the chain saw in market. Chainsaws are the effective and less time consuming way to cut wood for building houses and fire wood. After earthquake many house in urban and rural area were destroyed. So, there is huge demand of the woods to build house. So many woodworkers opted to use chainsaws for wood cutting process. Traditional way of cutting the tree with axes and six feet saw blades requires huge manpower and its more time consuming. Porters five forces of analysis: - Porters five forces explain about business dangers that any enterprises are vulnerable because of fundamentally outside business factors. Any industry must be appealing if these five model leads any industry to accomplish a benefit (Porter, 1979). Using the Porter’s five Forces model we will try to perform the competitive analysis of Stihl in the Chainsaw industry.
New entrance comes to the current market and endeavors to have a piece of the market share by utilizing the limit, putting weight on cost, price and rate of speculation which eventually can possibly shake the business profitability (Porter, 1979). In nepal there are many chain saw brands that are Zomax, BS, Treecut, Agrikut, Huskqverna, Hongda, Woomax, etc. Since, there are so many existing brands in Nepal therefore its not an ideal time for any new chainsaw brand to enter the market. Bargaining power of supplier: As stihl manufaccturing unit is in china and take some parts of the machinery from chinese manufacture. As we know China has the lowest labour cost and many benefits in setting up the manufacturing plant, that’s why Stihl has based its manufacturing unit in China. As in this time using the Chinese resources are the chepest way to manufacture the chain saw. Any industry with low bargaining power of suppliers always has more competitive advantage over their competitors. If the governtment policies changes in China and the raw material suppliers tend to increase prices a lot about the product then Stihl will definitely have some serious problems, it tends to increse in production cost and that will eventually led to price hike of the product.
At the point when a solid gathering of purchasers is available in the market, it can essentially affect an organization's item and offering choices. The most grounded control that purchasers can apply is to bring down costs, which thus impacts the benefit potential. Purchasers can likewise request higher nature of administrations or items, and increment intensity by compelling diverse organizations into value wars. These variables wind up diminishing the appeal of the business by bringing down its productivity. Dealing intensity of purchasers will be solid and ground-breaking relying upon: Qualities of a market and its conditions and the level of offers income they gives. In the event that switching costs are low for a purchaser, at that point any disappointment with a manufacture or an item will prompt loss of business as the purchaser will have the capacity to locate an other with least problem and burden.
Threatsof new substitute are comparativeely low in terms of the chain saw industries because there are not many those type of machinery innovated in the market. Stihl focuses to provide their product to the wood workers or carpenters. Although there is a new kind of machinery named as alligator saw that can be used to cut branches of the tree. But it limits the user due to its functionality. Alligator saws are mostly battery powered or electricity powered. Takes those alligators saw to work in forest are kind of unpractical. So, new substitute is not going to effect the chain saw market for around 10 years.
In this global market place, there are many competitors. Competitors are increasing gradually. In this century global market place has opened up easy way to import and export machinery. So, many multi nation companies tend to sell their product worldwide. As demand for chain saw is increasing in the global market, new brands are being introduced regularly. For example: I have been selling chain saws for past 3 years. In past three years I have sold many brands of chain saws. Since Nepalese retailors always choose profit margin in compare to brands. In year one I just had three to four brands of chainsaw to be sold at the market. But now I have more than 20 different brands of chain saw to sell. As we can see how gradually new brands are being introduced in the market. Some direct competitors for Stihl are Zhejiang Zomax Garden Machinery, BS chain saw, Husqvarna, Agrikut, Woomax, Honda, Yamaha, Super Ganapati, Super Ganesh, etc. Traditional way to cut tresses using axes and saw blades can be viewed as the indirect competitors for the chainsaw industry. As Zomax is the main competitor for the Stihl in Nepal, as Zomax provides its chainsaw with same quality build and parts in very low price.
Zhejiang Zomax Garden Machinery:In context of Nepalese market, Zomax only has one dealer in Nepal. All product and parts are only imported by HS overseas. So, Product availability and parts are very limited in Nepalese market. As it uses chain and carburetor of the other manufacture it always has threats of bargaining power of the supplier. Stihl:In context of Nepal, Stihl weakness can be seen as its high copy duplicate products. There are many duplicate products of the Stihl available in the market. So, many customers are having trust issues on the products. Due to lots of duplicates available of the Stihl brands Stihl can suffer in terms of customer loyalty. Customers are bound to switch products. ConclusionStihl is the top sellers and market pioneer of chain saw in the chain saw industry with its robust design and quality engine.
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Get custom essayZomax has been competing with the Stihl to increase its market share. Customers loyalty can be seen in terms of the brand. Stihl is the customers first choice brand. Since most companies are not focused on distribution channel in chain saw industry, Stihl has strong distribution network channel throughout the world. With the competitive analysis of Stihl, it can be summarized that there are still a lot of aspects Stihl has to improve in terms of price and its duplicates in the market. If Stihl improves on its weakness, then no any company can compete with it for market leader place. Finally, it can be concluded that Stihl can improve its business all across the world by analyzing market strategies of other competitors and efficient marketing strategies to keep their customers away from duplicates.