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From the poetry of the early age [Charyapada app. 10th A. D ] to the modern era (20th century-present), Bengali poetry underwent a vast chronological evolution. In this changing pattern of literature, Jibanananda das played a significant role to propel the stream of modernism in Bengal poetry. Though considered as a poet of “Ruposhi Banglar Kobi”, most of his works reflect the urban environment and experience. His works illustrate real experience of urban life accompanied by surreal feelings of human mind diverted the conventional stream of romance based literature practice into modern Bengali poem. This term paper aims to analyze his literature practice for exploring the context and subject matter of his writing to construct a visualization of Bengal colonial city experience.

Keywords: Bengal colonial city, Literature, city experience, modernist poet.

Jibanananda Das (17 February 1899 – 22 October 1954) was a Bengali poet, writer, novelist, and essayist. Dimly recognized during his lifetime, today Das is acknowledged as the premier poet of the post-Tagore era in India and Bangladesh. Jibanananda scholars Seely, Clinton (1990) has termed Jibanananda Das as "Bengal's most cherished poet since Rabindranath Tagore". About his poetic works, Sengupta & Dutta summarized that, ‘He is considered one of the precursors who introduced modernist poetry to Bengali Literature, at a period when it was influenced by Romantic poetry. During his lifetime he published only 269 poems in different journals and magazines, of which 162 were collected in seven an were theologies. . . ’(Sengupta & Dutta 2016, p06 ) Jibanananda remained solely a poet who occasionally wrote literary articles, mostly on request. Only after his death a huge number of novels and short-stories were discovered. Towards the latter half of the twentieth century, the poetry of Jibanananda has become the defining essence of modernism in twentieth-century Bengali poetry. Colonial city experience through his literature Thematically, Jibanananda's literature are largely autobiographical. His own time constitutes the perspective. While in poetry he subjugated his own life, allowed it to be brought into his fiction. About his literature inspiration, Swarup Dey stated that, ‘He delineates the artistic conscience of his soul self which is enlightened by his lively spirit, movable by his mind and by his emotions.

Every poem of this composition is packed with a fine sensation of life-based on various word pictures. ’ ( Dey,p02,2015)Jibanananda Das started his teaching career as a tutor in English department of City College, Calcutta. From that lonely city life perspective, he wrote a poem titled “Nilima” and announced his entrance in Bengali literature in 1926. This poem is based on colonial city Calcutta, where he passed most of his adulthood. He compared the Calcutta city with a prison city which is filled with grey smoke. Houses seemed like a charcoal pit, smoke was an essential part of the city. He recalled the concrete of buildings with the hot sand of the desert, people were running, jostling without knowing their destination, they were obsolescent human being. In this poem, he expressed his desire to escape from this smoke-filled prison city to nilima, a distant place where he wants to merge with the bright blue cloudless sky. He inscribed it, “ nissohay nogorir karagar prachiler pare!---- udbeliche hetha garo dhumrer kundoli ugro chullibohni hetha onibar uthiteche joli, …Ogonon jatriker pran Khuje more onibar pay-nako pather sondhan“( Nilima, Das Jibanananda, 1927, p05-06)In childhood, Jibanananda witnessed a peaceful world, where people conveyed truth, beauty and the touch of humanity. He passed his adulthood at Barisal city for a certain time, his compassionate relationship with nature grew during that period. But it didn’t affect him to frequent use of urban example in his poem.

When he returned to Calcutta he portrayed his perception of cities both physical and moral underpinning through his literature. Though the emergence of motorcars, railways, trams facilitated the urban industrialization. He couldn’t celebrate it, rather he was suspicious about the velocity, it bought to peaceful urban life. This unexpected growth of city life seems unwanted and lifeless to him. In his poem “ Unnissho choutrisher ( 1934 )” he wanted to celebrate a breathing city enriched with natural elements, rather than this jostling and hustling urban gloomy city. he wrote the verse : “ ekta motorcar er path – motorcar sob somoy ie amar kache khotkar moto mone hoyeche, ondhokarer moto. ami oto taratari kothaou jete chai na ; amar jiban ja chay sekhane amar hete hete pouchabar somoy ache, pouche onekkhon bose opekkha korbar obosor ache … ” (Das Jibanananda,1954 cited in Syed mannan, 1994,p467)Jibanananda passed his whole personal life in torment, he fought with poverty and suffered misery throughout his life. Urban city experience was never a peaceful experience for him. While analyzing his all famous works like “ Hajar bochor dhore”, “ Buno has“, “Banglar rup ami dekhiyachi “, “Bonolota sen“ it is observed that he tried to escape from the harsh reality by memorizing the nature of beautiful rural Bangla. His composition not only delineates the natural images but also he gives keen inquisitiveness towards the image of sharp realism. Later period of his life he witnessed the horrible Second World War, the partition of India, the great famine where he felt that not only his life but humanity is losing the light of hope gently. But as a man beyond his time, space and context, he felt that the greater world’s dream was also collapsing with time, he is just a bearer and a played a part of this torment. He wrote, ‘ manusher sovvotar morme klanti ase / boro boro nogorir buk vora betha ‘ (Das Jibanananda, 1948a cited in shahadzzaman, 2017,p215)“kothay somaj,orthoniti?-shorgogami siri?Venge giye payer niche rokto nodir moto… “(Das Jibanananda, 1950 cited in shahadzzaman, 2017,p216)

A fundamental question about world progress, development, indiscriminant society, economic freedom was haunting him. Are these all just tools for absorption of power for proletariats? When he looked back to history, he didn’t find any significant chapter to answer his inquiry --- “ manushera bar bar prithibir ayute jonmeche;nobo nobo itihas soikote vireche;tobuo kothao sei onirbochoniyoshopner sofolota nabinota shuvro manobikotar vor?” (Das Jibanananda, somoyer kache 1952 cited in amitananda, 2006, p97)From this agony he wrote from frustration “prithibir somosto rup omey timir mritodeher durgondher moto …”(Das Jibanananda, 1948b cited in shahadzzaman, 2017,p217)Before his tragic death on 1954 by tramcars, he was deeply concerned with Poverty, scarcity of jobs, corruption which were the common phenomenon of that period. Das in his poem “Odvut adhar ek, (1954)” laments how the cruel and the heartless have come to assume power, while the compassionate and the virtuous face prosecution:“Odvut adhar ek esheche e-prithibite aj,jara ondho sobcheye beshi aj cokhe dekhe tara;jader hridoye kono prem nei-priti nei,korunar aloron neiPrithibi ochol aj tader suporamorsho chara …”(Das Jibanananda,1954 cited in Syed mannan, 1994,p602)

In his novel Suthirtho (no date )he remarked these people as inhuman while indicating the rural workers as the true human– “manush, mane jara maron-ostro, shell toiri korte pare? Tar cheye zara talpatar bag toiri korte pare tara beshi manush … babui der sathe manusher kono mil nei – ki kore sthirota pabe manush ”It is clearly visible that Jibanananda relies largely on imagistic and symbolical means to express in his poems a complexity that grapples with the subjective realities of modern urban life. He was unhappy with the conditions of modern living, was hopelessly impecunious and often expresses a deeply tragic sensibility. From this agonizing experience, he developed a deep moral understanding of city life, for that reason he can portray successfully distressed humanity as well as the depression, frustration, and loneliness of modern urban life in his poems.

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The hopelessness and discord of material exploitation, overpopulation, and poverty, the poet’s awareness of an eternal beauty and Love struggle to penetrate the veil of appearances, questioning, probing and finding significance in unlikely circumstances. Introspection is also an important characteristic of his poetic genius. His poems merge a concern for the present and a sense of history. Though Jibanananda shared deep feelings for nature, eloquently describing the beauty of rural Bengal in various poems and earning the appellation of Rupasi Banglar Kavi (Poet of Beautiful Bengal). Many critics believe that his modernism, evoking almost all the suggested elements of the phenomenon, remains transcended to date, despite the emergence of many notable poets during the last 50 years. His success as a modern Bengali poet may be attributed to the facts that Jibanananda Das in his poetry not only portrayed the tract of the slowly evolving 20th-century modern mind and city experience but also reflects the sensitivity and reactiveness, full of anxiety and tension, that he invented through his own diction, rhythm, and vocabulary, with an unmistakably indigenous rooting and colonial city experience.

Beowulf, as a character, is often described as the original model for the hero found in literature from antiquity to the modern day. New interpretations of the text, however, focus more on Beowulf the man rather than Beowulf the hero of Heorot. If we focus less on the struggle between good and evil found in the poem, and more on this new idea of Beowulf as a man and representative of mankind, then each of the three monsters that he faces in the poem symbolize three distinct turning points or stages in any man’s life.

Beowulf is largely untested in the eyes of the Danes when he arrives on their shore to rescue them from the terrorizing Grendel. If Beowulf and his band of warriors were as well known as Beowulf himself would like to believe, then Wulfgar would not have needed to consult with Hrothgar before allowing them an audience. Indeed, it appears that Wulfgar knew nothing of the supposedly heroic Beowulf, as he describes the shore party as simply “people from Geatland,” rather than the courageous warriors they supposedly are (line 361). He comes to them with a clean slate, neither good nor bad, neither heroic nor cowardly. He is, in effect, a newborn. This idea is explored more in his battle with Grendel in the mead hall.

Grendel is descended from the biblical Cain, who committed the first murder upon his brother Abel, and as a consequence was made to wander the earth without the warmth of a home. Grendel inhabits the swamps and outskirts of civilization, where he “[haunts] the marches, [marauds] round the heath and the desolate fens,” and lives a solitary life as an outcast from happiness and other joys of life (103-104). He attacks Heorot because he “nursed a hard grievance” against the din of the loud banquet hall and was jealous of the songs sung of man’s creation and relationship to God (87). It is clear Grendel represents a type of evil, but what that type is can only be determined by analyzing one more device: the mead hall, Heorot itself.

The battle takes place in a familiar and enclosed space, one that Grendel is foreign to and Beowulf is comfortable with. Since Beowulf comes to the Danish shore with no recognizable history other than his paternal lineage, he comes to Heorot to make a name for himself and to get started on his life as a legendary warrior. Because this is his start as Beowulf the great hero, Heorot symbolizes the womb from which he is born. Before the battle begins, Beowulf strips himself of his armaments, saying that “when it comes to fighting, I count myself as dangerous any day as Grendel” (677-678). Beowulf chooses to fight Grendel without the aid of man-made or socially constructed influence in the form of weapons or armor. The choice to face Grendel naked is not a choice at all, however, as the fight takes place within the womb. As Beowulf has not yet been born, he must rely on the weapons he is built with to lead him to victory. He cannot bring weapons or armor into the fight because they are products of the society outside the womb. This idea is reiterated in the Geat’s attempt to come to Beowulf’s aid by slashing with their swords at Grendel’s body, only to discover that their blades have no effect on his enchanted skin.

Thus, since Grendel and Beowulf do battle with each other, both naked, within the womb, and Grendel is a personification of a type of evil, then the type of evil that Grendel represents is the evil that man must overcome within himself, by himself, and with his own power. This harkens to the debate of nature versus nurture, as an explanation of why humans act the way they do. The poet argues that men are born evil and must learn or fight to not be so. So, when Beowulf emerges from Heorot victorious with Grendel’s arm as his trophy, he is a newborn, and ready to begin his journey into adulthood. Clearly, though, the battle is not completely over, as Grendel still lives to die another day by the hand of Beowulf, symbolizing the constant fight against evil and sin that all men must partake in.

The setting of the story takes place in a heavily patriarchal society. Women in the poem seem to only exist to serve their husbands and bear children. This theme is interrupted by the introduction of Grendel’s mother. While she, like her son, is a monster, she is not entirely dissimilar to the Danes or the Geats. While she is a monster, grotesque and frightening as Grendel, she retains a familiar quality known to both the Danes and the Geats: the desire for revenge. Grendel’s mother adheres to the same blood feud ritual that Beowulf and the others do. She is in this way otherworldly and yet not completely alien. The mother’s differences and similarities to the men of the poem are a sort of Anglo-Saxon version of saying that men are from Mars and women are from Venus.

The only real differences between Grendel’s mother and Beowulf are actually very superficial, dealing with lineage, physical characteristics, and the dwellings of each. So really, if we ignore the horrific descriptions of her personage and the hyperbolic appeals to our senses of disgust and fear, then Grendel’s mother is actually quite representative of women in general. As slanderous as this may sound today, it may not be all that far off considering the very pro male society of the poet’s time. Beowulf’s task of defeating Grendel’s mother is symbolic of the struggle for men to understand and ultimately conquer the opposite sex.

The sword that Unferth gives Beowulf before his swim to confront Grendel’s mother is ineffectual against her skin, just as the Geat’s weapons did little to turn the tide of the battle with Grendel. The sword, Hrunting, as with the weapons from the battle with Grendel, represents all the knowledge of Beowulf’s forefathers, and it is unable to help him in conquering the woman. It is only the sword kept by the mother herself that can kill her, which happens to be the largest sword that Beowulf has ever used, and probably the most phallic. Beowulf here learns that he must rely on knowledge he learns from the mother in order to conquer her. Again weapons don’t work. Interestingly, though, he was protected from her attacks by his armor, as well, signifying that the knowledge about men that Grendel’s mother had was inefficient in helping her slay him, and they were on even ground in terms of ability. It is no mistake that the giant sword is the only weapon that can slay the mother, nor is it a mistake that ordinary weapons cannot harm either Beowulf or Grendel’s mother, for in the greatest conflict man will ever face, the battle for the heart of another, a little out of the box thinking is required.

It seems clear that by the time Beowulf gets back onto land, he has undergone a sort of rebirth, a transition from a brave but somewhat reckless warrior into a wise and steadfast leader. The remainder of this section of the poem is dominated by elaborate formal oratory detailing the characteristics of successful participation in society. In particular, Beowulf receives advice from Hrothgar, his adoptive father, about how to comport himself as a man and as a ruler.

While Beowulf had seemed virtually invulnerable to the effects of innate evil in men found in the womb, and was able to successfully find and conquer a suitable mate, his last battle, with the dragon, does not go over quite as well. As Beowulf feels his own death approaching, the dragon emerges from the earth, creating the feeling that the inevitable clash will result in his death. The poet emphasizes Beowulf’s reluctance to meet death, to “give ground like that and go unwillingly to inhabit another home in a place beyond” (2588–2590). So, actually, the dragon is entirely the embodiment of old age and death, (as well as impotence as depicted by the breaking of his sword), a battle that must come to all men. It is fitting that Beowulf loses to the dragon, but still manages to deliver a fatal blow. By being able to kill the dragon, Beowulf is saying that he no longer fears his inevitable old age and death, and is finally willing and able to die without regret. This is shown in the treasure that Wiglaf returns with from the dragon’s lair. The treasure that Beowulf receives from slaying Grendel and his mother are splendid representations of his valor and heroism. The final encounter ends with Beowulf clutching objects whose decaying state epitomizes his own proximity to death. The poet seems to be telling us that in the long run, metal rusts, and we are all dead.

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Beowulf was a hero. He defended his honor, his people, and his king in the only way a hero can, with a blade and with the strength of his hands. But underneath the tale of the hero is the journey of a simple man, who like any other man must face certain obstacles along the road of life. He must first fight the temptation of evil before he is even born. He must next find the love of a mate, and learn how to speak using her language and act using her tools. Finally, every man must look into the face of death and either flinch in fear or strike it down, walking willfully and courageously to the other side. Each of these inevitable tasks in any man’s life are paralleled in Beowulf’s epic battles.

References

1. Helterman, J. (1968). Beowulf: The Archetype Enters History. elh, 35(1), 1-20. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2872333)
2. McNamee, M. B. (1960). " Beowulf": An Allegory of Salvation?. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 59(2), 190-207. (https://pdfslide.net/documents/beowulf-an-allegory-of-salvation.html?page=1)
3. Hardy, A. (1969). The Christian Hero Beowulf and Unferð Þyle. Neophilologus, 53(1), 55. (https://www.proquest.com/openview/c1358d3e4d7c7c19cc413c7c314f006a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817933)
4. Reynolds, W. (1978). Heroism in Beowulf: A Christian Perspective. Christianity & Literature, 27(4), 27-42. (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014833317802700407)
5. Neidorf, L. (2020). On Beowulf and the Nibelungenlied: counselors, queens, and characterization. Neohelicon, 47(2), 655-672. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11059-020-00541-2)

Head south...which way to go south? Ask the station “what is my location?”...but no reply. Fuel time left: three hours; what does one do in this situation? Many pilots and sailors face this type of situation when they enter the Bermuda Triangle. The Bermuda Triangle is a dangerous area of the Atlantic Ocean, where many mysterious disappearances of ships and planes have occurred. Many theories attempt to explain the Bermuda Triangle’s inscrutability, but no one knows the real explanation. The Bermuda Triangle is a formidable and precarious place known throughout the world.

First of all, what is the Bermuda Triangle exactly? It covers an area of about 500,000 square miles off the southern coast of the United States in the Atlantic Ocean. The area is an imaginary triangle shape with apexes at 1)Miami, Florida, 2)San Juan, Puerto Rico, and 3)Bermuda Island (“Works” 1). Many know the Bermuda Triangle for its rough seas and stormy weather, and for rumors that tell of more than 1,000 ships and planes that have vanished without a trace inside its borders (Exposed 1). Bermuda Island was once known as the “Isle of Devils” because of the treacherous reefs that ensnared ships that sailed too close to the shores. When the certain triangular area began stirring trouble and mystery, it seemed all too familiar to this Isle of Devils along the shores of Bermuda (“Works” 1) Out of this came the name “Bermuda Triangle”.

Despite its familiarity now, the Bermuda Triangle was not always so famous. Many people tried to say that the danger there meant nothing, ships and planes disappear all over the world at any given time. But Gian J. Quasar, author of the article “Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World’s Greatest Mystery”, believed differently. He requested Coast Guard records of ships and planes that have traveled through the Bermuda Triangle (“Works” 2). Records revealed that over 300 ships and vessels went missing or overdue in just the past couple years. These reports do not even include yachts, charter boats, and private aircrafts. Quasar then compared these reports to two records: 1)428 missing vessels across the world between 1955-1975, and 2)just a handful of aircraft disappeared off the New England coast in 10 years, while 30 disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle (“Works” 2). This proved just one instance that the Bermuda Triangle showed its reality and dangerous. The Bermuda Triangle gained great fame as disappearances were compiled, many reports and articles came about, and rumors spread across the world (“Works” 2). This is the Bermuda Triangle and its rise to fame.

Second of all, are all the rumors true about the Bermuda Triangle? As the records and reports in the previous paragraph showed, yes, the Bermuda Triangle proved real. No one knows much about it though; to its mysteries, scientist Richard Weiner commented, “We probably know more about the moon than our own planet...we’re learning more about Mars than...Earth’s waters” (Exposed 1). This having been said, one should take a look at the historic exodus in the Bermuda Triangle, of which we know hardly anything about. The first notable disappearance happened early on to the U.S.S. Cyclops 1918. The ship served on the east coast in World War I, and then got assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation service (“Works” 3). The ship scheduled to sail to Brazil so it could refuel British ships. It set out from Rio de Janero on February 16, briefly stopped in Barbados from March 3-4, and from there was never seen or heard from again (“Works” 3). But this was just the beginning.

Many years later, the really devastating disappearance took place. The next well known disappearance occurred on December 5, 1945, just six months after World War II. Lieutenant Charles Taylor led a training mission for five Avenger aircrafts, which left from Fort Lauderdale in Florida (Exposed 1). However, at 2:30pm, with five and a half hours of fuel time left, Commander Don Poole at the station in Fort Lauderdale received a call of trouble. Taylor reported that they were “unable to confer our current position…”; Poole answered “head west”, and Taylor replied “we don’t know which way is west” (Exposed 1). Come early evening, radio man Baker from Port Everglades heard the last report from the Avengers. By 8:00pm, there was no fuel time left for them. A rescue plane was then sent out after them, but it too vanished 27 minutes later (Exposed 1). What happened to them, still no one knows today.

Less than 20 years later, another major mystery took place in the Triangle. The S.S. Marine Sulphur Queen headed towards Norfolk, Virginia, to Beaumont, Texas, carrying 15,000 tons of molten sulphur in heated tanks. On February 3, 1963, the captain radioed his routine position report; he reported the ships location at near key west in Florida Straits (“Works” 6). This proved the last communication heard from the captain. Three days later, Coast Guard searchers found a single life jacket floating 40 miles southwest of the tanker’s position. The article states that “It’s likely that leaking sulphur may have caused an explosion. Escaping sulphur gas could have poisoned the crew and prevented them from sending a distress call” (“Works” 6). Honduran officers reported that they ran into “a strong, acrid odor 15 miles off Cape San Antonia” (“Works” 6). Later, still more proof was found that the ship ran into trouble: much wreckage washed up, and the area seemed infested with sharks and barracuda, so no bodies were ever found (“Works” 6). These are just a few of the hundreds of disappearances of ships/planes in the Bermuda Triangle.

So what could possibly be the cause of all these disappearances? Well, there are many theories; the first came from the incident of a north sea oil rig that burst a methane gas bubble, which almost sunk the oil rig, in 1985. Researcher Phil Jiles thought this option could prove key in finding a reason for disappearing ships. Jiles conducted an experiment in which he took a methane line, drilled holes in it, and stuck it underneath the water (Exposed 2). This produced methane bubbles that spurted out at the surface of the water. Jiles then put a sailing boat right in the middle of the bubbles to see if the boat would sink, but it did not; the upward flow of water kept the boat afloat while in the middle of the spurt of bubbles (Exposed 2). But Jiles would not give up on the experiment; he moved the boat to the outer edge of the methane bubble spurts, and watched what happened next. The plain water had less density than the boat, so the front of the boat stayed afloat; but the water with the methane bubbles had more density than the boat, so the back of the boat started sink. Within a few minutes, the boat sunk completely (Exposed 2). This experiment proved successful, and could thereby be a reason for some of the disappearances in the Triangle.

Another theory to explain the mysteries of the Bermuda Triangle is human error/pilot disorientation. Even the most skilled pilots or sailors can make mistakes when communication and orienteering tools stop working and the waters and islands all look the same (“Top 10” 2). A third explanation for the Bermuda Triangle is crazy weather patterns. Hot and cold air masses collide, the gulf stream runs straight through the Triangle, and the deepest part of the Atlantic - the Puerto Rico Trench - lies deep on the floor of the Triangle. These factor into turbulent waters, weather that can change in minutes from calm to tempestuous; imagine what kinds of troubles this causes for ships and planes (“Top 10” 3). Many believe that the magnetic fields beneath the Triangle are askew. This would explain why compasses spin out of control. In fact, pilots/sailors have to adjust their compasses to compensate for the compass variations in the Bermuda Triangle; so this could prove a good explanation for the compass disorientation (“Top 10” 4). These theories consist of natural causes, but many believe several crazy theories as well.

Although a number of theories seem quite unreasonable, some people really believe these not-so-natural theories. An especially wild theory is that Atlantis lies below the Bermuda Triangle, and the intense energy crystals that fueled the city now interfere with plane/ship electronics. Theorists say they have found Bimini Road, “a strange rock formation composed of uniform, seemingly sculpted towers of rock just off the coast of Bahamian Island of Bimini and claim it was once a dock” (“Top 10” 5). Another crazy theory involves UFOs/Aliens. Some believe that the Bermuda Triangle serves as a portal for interplanetary, interdimensional creatures. The myth is that when human ships/planes get caught in the portal at the wrong time, they end up trapped between dimensions (“Top 10” 7). Some also believe that government is doing testing in the Triangle. They say the government “calls this base AUTEC (Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center)...and it’s where the Navy tests out subs, weapons, and sonar” (“Top 10” 7). Of all these theories, not very many seem feasible.

A few of these theories seem feasible. In fact, a few of those theories combined add up to all the disappearances and mysteries of the Bermuda Triangle. First, the magnetic fields are askew, and that causes navigation and communication tools quit working in the Triangle. The crazy weather theory is also feasible. All kinds of things can happen because of weather, especially on the open sea. And finally, human error/pilot disorientation plays a role in the danger of the Triangle. Humans make mistakes all the time, even trained and experienced humans, and sometimes the results are tragic. In short, the Bermuda Triangle’s danger is from natural causes. Combining these three theories could result in all of the incidents and vanishings within the Bermuda Triangle.

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The Bermuda Triangle is world-famous for its puzzlements and peril. The Triangle is a treacherous area of water, where many a ship and plane have vanished without a trace. Near thousands of sailors and pilots have perished and lost their lives to the dangers of the Bermuda Triangle. There are theories to try to explain the Triangle’s secrets, but no one knows the real story. The mystery of the Bermuda Triangle lives on!

Born: January 26, 1892 Atlanta, Texas Died: May 1, 1926 Jacksonville, Florida African American aviator Bessie Coleman was the first African American to earn an international pilot’s license. She dazzled crowds with her stunts at air shows and refused to be slowed by racism (a dislike or disrespect of a person based on their race).

Bessie Coleman was born on January 26, 1892, in a one-room, dirt-floored cabin in Atlanta, Texas, to George and Susan Coleman, the illiterate (unable to read and write) children of slaves. When Bessie was two years old, her father, a day laborer, moved his family to Waxahachie, Texas, where he bought a quarter-acre of land and built a three-room house in which two more daughters were born. In 1901 George Coleman left his family. Bessie’s mother and two older brothers went to work and Bessie was left as caretaker of her two younger sisters.

Education for Coleman was limited to eight grades in a one-room schoolhouse that closed whenever the students were needed in the fields to help their families harvest cotton. Coleman easily established her position as family leader, reading aloud to her siblings and her mother at night. She often assured her ambitious church-going mother that she intended to “amount to something.” After completing school she worked as a laundress and saved her pay until 1910 when she left for Oklahoma to attend Langston University. She left after one year when she ran out of money. Back in Waxahachie Coleman again worked as a laundress until 1915, when she moved to Chicago, Illinois, to live with her older brother, Walter. Within months she became a manicurist and moved to a place of her own while continuing to seek—and finally, in 1920, to find—a goal for her life: to become a pilot.

After befriending several leaders in South Side Chicago’s African American community, Coleman found a sponsor in Robert Abbott (1868–1940), publisher of the nation’s largest African American weekly, the Chicago Defender. There were no African American aviators (pilots) in the area and, when no white pilot was willing to teach her to fly, Coleman turned to Abbott, who suggested that she go to France. The French, he insisted, were not racists and were the world’s leaders in aviation. Coleman left for France late in 1920. There she completed flight training at the best school in France and was awarded her Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (F.A.I.; international pilot’s license) license on June 15, 1921. She traveled Europe, gaining further flying experience so that she could perform in air shows.

Back in New York in August 1922, Coleman outlined the goals for the remainder of Bessie Coleman. Reproduced by permission of the Corbis Corporation her life to reporters. She would be a leader, she said, in introducing aviation to her race. She would found a school for aviators of any race, and she would appear before audiences in churches, schools, and theaters to spark the interest of African Americans in the new, expanding technology of flight. Intelligent, beautiful, and well spoken, Coleman often exaggerated her already remarkable accomplishments in the interest of better publicity and bigger audiences. As a result, the African American press of the country, primarily weekly newspapers, quickly proclaimed her “Queen Bess. “In 1923 Coleman purchased a small plane but crashed on the way to her first scheduled West Coast air show. The plane was destroyed and Coleman suffered injuries that hospitalized her for three months. Returning to Chicago to recover, it took her another eighteen months to find financial backers for a series of shows in Texas. Her flights and theater appearances there during the summer of 1925 were highly successful, earning her enough to make a down payment on another plane. Her new fame was also bringing in steady work. At last, she wrote to one of her sisters, she was going to be able to earn enough money to open her school for fliers.

Coleman left Orlando, Florida, by train to give a benefit exhibition for the Jacksonville Negro Welfare League, scheduled for May 1, 1926. Her pilot, William D. Wills, flew her plane into Orlando, but had to make three forced landings because the plane was so worn and poorly maintained. On April 30, 1926, Wills piloted the plane on a trial flight while Coleman sat in the other cockpit to survey the area over which she was to fly and parachute jump the next day. Her seat belt was unattached because she had to lean out over the edge of the plane while picking the best sites for her program. At an altitude of 1,000 feet, the plane dived, then flipped over, throwing Coleman out. Moments later Wills crashed. Both were killed. Coleman had three memorial services—in Jacksonville, Orlando, and Chicago, the last attended by thousands. She was buried at Chicago’s Lincoln Cemetery and gradually, over the years following her death, achieved recognition at last as a hero of early aviation.

Works Cited

1. Gubert, B., Austin, C., & Schlesinger, J. (1998). Bessie Coleman: Daring to fly. Penguin.
2. Thomas, K. (2020). Bessie Coleman: First Black Woman Pilot. National Women's History Museum.
3. Bessie Coleman Biography. (n.d.). Biography.com.
4. Whelan, D. J. (1993). Bessie Coleman: Pioneering black woman aviator. Enslow Publishers.
5. In Their Own Words: Bessie Coleman. (n.d.). Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
6. Yount, L. (2010). A to Z of women in world history. Infobase Publishing.
7. O'Brien, C. D. (2003). Bessie Coleman: First licensed African-American pilot. The Rosen Publishing Group.
8. Koestler-Grack, R. A. (2009). Bessie Coleman: Pioneering pilot. Infobase Publishing.
9. Bessie Coleman. (n.d.). National Aviation Hall of Fame.
10. McWhorter, D. (2012). Breaking the chains: The crusade of Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe in support of Bessie Coleman and Mary McLeod Bethune. In Carry the Songs: A Tribute to Bessie Coleman (pp. 67-84). UPNE.

Pregnancy is the most precious gift for women. Though it is tough and stressful, sometimes it is a little scary too. Women experience all kinds of crazy sensations during pregnancy. By this time some of Pregnancy Gadgets may help you to relief from few unwanted situations. In pregnancy period every woman should follow some daily routine or To-Do list. Like they need to set occasional visit plan to the doctor, aware of morning sickness, continuous monitoring of baby health etc.

Too many doctor visits or continuous checkup baby health at the hospital is a painful thing for a pregnant woman. So why not Smart Pregnancy Gadgets? Lists of Smart Pregnancy Gadgets that may help make your pregnancy even more interesting. Wonder side will discuss some interesting Smart Pregnancy Gadgets which is designed for listening to your unborn child's heartbeat, defending off morning sickness, monitoring contractions, talking to the baby-to-be and more. All smart gadgets are gift-able gadgets to a pregnant woman.

Shortcut list of Pregnancy Gadgets before going full review: Listening music is our regular habit. In a different mood, different location always you are trying to listen to different music. So Why not share the music or other interesting sounds with your baby? Some research has shown that babies can remember the music that was played to them in the womb for up to a year after birth. The Smart Pregnancy Gadgets BellyBuds system can send "Memory Sharing Sounds" directly to the womb. BellyBuds speakers allow you to safely play music and messages from loved ones directly to the womb from your iOS, Android or any standard audio device. A hearing is the first-sense that connects baby-to-be with the big world outside. There’s also an earphone splitter, so you and your baby can both listen at the same time. It will be a Great gift for Mom to Be. Review Discussion of this Product from Amazon Verified Purchase: Customers give a comment for this product is priceless because of it increases their bonding with baby by hearing the baby’s moving and playing sound. Its quality is great taking inputs from my close neighbor. Some people purchased this Pregnancy Gadgets for their sisters, daughters who are expecting mothers.

In pregnancy period it is difficult to sleep well at night. This Pregnancy pillow is a pillow of a large size, but U-shaped, bean-shaped. Most pregnant women find a lot of comforts using these pillows, chiefly in sleeping at night. Pregnancy Pillows are useful in many ways, such as: provide body support, stimulate deep sleep, best for baby support, relax your muscles, lower heart rate, allergy free and improves blood circulation. Queen Rose Pregnancy Body Pillow is high density and extra soft it provides comfort for side sleeping and fulfills above mentioned all useful things and good for longer use. It also supports in reading, nursing, watching TV, and breastfeeding. It is one of the best Pregnancy Gadgets for expecting mothers. Review Discussion of this Product from Amazon Verified Purchase: Too many expecting mothers brought this product for comfort side sleeping. It also helps them to relief from back pain and positioning. Some customers have experience with others pillow they also recommend this after using this Pregnancy Pillow. It also fits for larger or fatty women.

It is a popular Gift for a Newly Pregnant Couple. You will get best results when used after 16 weeks. Womb Music allows you to hear your unborn baby's heartbeat, hiccups and kicks. It's helping Mommy bond with the baby. It includes two sets of earphones for both mom and loved ones to listen to baby sounds at the same time including baby heart rate. Review Discussion of this Product from Amazon Verified Purchase: It is a great relief from visiting the doctor multiple times to check baby heartbeat after a small incident. It has saved too many hours at doctor’s room and can give rest pregnant women. Womb app is super with some album and customizing the songs to your baby’s name.

It is a very similar Pregnancy Gadgets like Womb music. Bundle Tumble amplifies baby’s Sounds to hear baby's heartbeat, kicks, hiccups and more. It's dual listening feature so Mommy and Daddy can listen at the same time. It can record sounds for later playback. So easily you can Share your baby's sounds with friends and family. Review Discussion of this Product from Amazon Verified Purchase: Sometimes customer faces a problem with recording baby sounds. Because of they did not follow right instructions. After figuring out how to record they said it is a great product. Another finding is couldn't hear much. Mind it after 11 weeks baby's heart rate is strong so before that, you may not be able to hear much.

Comfy Sure is almost similar to Queen Rose Pregnancy Body Pillow with different features. This Pregnancy Pillow is designed U shaped for expecting mothers or breastfeeding mothers. It can replace all other bed cushions and body pillows for you to enjoy full comfort and other therapeutic benefits. Its removable cover is hugely soft and comfortable. Also gives a bonus cover for long-lasting use. This is an extra-large full body pillow measure 39" x 59", great even for queen and king sized beds. Review Discussion of this Product from Amazon Verified Purchase: Few of pregnant women were having back problem. After using this pillow they mention it “This pillow was a savior for me”. Some customer mentioned their wife feel much better and loves that. They also love the size of this Pregnancy Pillow. After using 9 months one woman highly recommends this pillow to anyone who is pregnant or even if you’re not!

Bjingles Heartbeat Baby Monitor is another Pregnancy Gadgets which work as a Sound Amplifier. It is very lightweight and portable to listen to their precious unborn baby’s heartbeat and other movements simultaneously. Also, it has some great features such as take fun pictures, soothing music for your unborn baby. Review Discussion of this Product from Amazon Verified Purchase: Hearing baby’s heartbeat is a precious gift. Most of the customers were happy after hearing their unborn baby’s heartbeat. Few customers were recommending this product without any hesitation because of easy to use. Some customer has reviewed that Bjingles app was not updated and request to update Bjingles app.

Best friend essay

Best friend. I want to write an essay on this topic, as this was a term I held close to me since young. Having a best friend provided me with a platform to share my thoughts, without being subjected to any judgement. However, a forced change in environment compelled me into making a new best friend, which was especially difficult during our teenage years. Within a few days of uncertainty in secondary school, I found someone whom I was comfortable being around. For that alone, I felt a strong liking towards her and we naturally became best friends. I don’t know when it started.

Although we continued talking everyday, my gut instincts told me that we were no longer close. I realised that she was not someone who would tell me “I’m here for you” whenever I was feeling nervous. I always had to be the first one to apologise in this friendship. However, I kept convincing myself that I was over-paranoid and it was just her personality.I never knew that I was barely a friend to her until I saw her message which wrote, “I’m trying so hard not to hate you already, but you keep testing my patience”. This unexpected change threw my life out of balance all of a sudden. For the next few days, I lived in denial, trapping myself in “jail”, trying my best to hypnotise myself to believe that it was not meant to be a personal attack. Deep down, I knew that it was because I did not want to start all over again, rather I believed that I didn’t have the capability to do so. I was uncomfortable striking a conversation with someone else; I was afraid of being labelled as “tryhard”; I could not believe that my safe haven had been destroyed overnight. I hated her, to the extent I wanted to cut off everything I had in common with her. When others told me that I became more extreme, I reacted in a hostile manner, because I did not want to admit that I had changed from being hurt emotionally. For the longest time, going to school was a torture. I had to constantly act strong, because I felt that everyone was mocking me for being ditched by my best friend. It just struck me one day, after months of denial, that I was no longer the former me. I had become extremely exclusive and even aggressive. I enclosed myself in my own tiny social circle and locked up my private thoughts.

I realised I was no longer as patient and well-mannered than I was before. The majority of people would view such changes in my personality as negative, but I chose to admit them because I knew even I would despise myself if I did not do so. I’ve changed, and pain made me that way. It was not until I admitted the alterations in my personality and the environment I was in that I was able to redefine myself. Most people are unwilling to acknowledge change, because they fear judgement and failure. Things might end up better, or worse, who knows? But if we avoid change, then we don’t grow. If we don’t grow, then we aren’t really living. Trapping a living soul in the past is not a wise thing to do. Embrace change.

Best friends are needed in life, and we all have them at some point in our lives. Some of us have had best friends that are imaginary, for some of us is mom, dad, or a family member, and for the rest a best friend is some stranger person that they meet along the way. For me, my best friend growing up was one of my younger cousins. He was 9 months younger but always acted like the oldest, toughest, and meanest one. We had a plan on what to do when we were old, we both dreamed on having a taco/Mexican restaurant. We both loved tacos and every Thursday after school we would go around the corner from his house and buy tacos from “Don Michael,” a super affordable place to eat where you would get way more than what you actually paid for.

We were very closed and almost every weekend we wanted to sleep at each other’s house. After a few times staying at my house, he only wanted me to stay at his house, but he would not stay in my house for any reason. I thought it was a bit weird at first but I would always agree with him, and we would stay over at his house. One time, after several months of me constantly asking, he finally decided to stay in my house. Everything was going well and we were having a great time: eating a lot of food, candies, played video games, table games, playing soccer in the middle of the street, and watching movies. When it was time to sleep, we turned the lights off and the silent night began only to be torn apart with the noise of someone crying. At first I thought it was out side in the street, but as I listen closely and carefully I noticed the noise was coming form inside the house, inside my room. I quickly turned my light on and realized it was my cousin crying. “I haven’t done anything wrong, I haven’t said anything mean” I thought to myself. After a few seconds of crying with the light on he said he wanted to go home and see his mom. I was 8 years old and I had watched a lot of movies so I was thinking, “he must be sensing something, and we have to go see what’s going on with my aunt.” After having my parents drive for 45 minutes, we arrived at my aunt’s house and found out there was nothing wrong with my aunt and I started to wonder why my cousin was crying.

A few years later, he agreed to stay over at my house again. The same thing happened over and over again so I knew that there had to be something wrong. It wasn’t until 6 years later when my cousin went to see a doctor and he was diagnosed with Schizophrenia. At the age of 17, I didn’t understand what that really meant and I wanted to help my cousin any way possible. Helping him was not very easy since my family and I had moved to a different country when I was 12.

Living with schizophrenia doesn’t just take a toll on the person that has the disease but it also affects the family members. Managing it is not impossible and living a joyful long life could be very possible. Before covering the treatments and how to manage schizophrenia we will first discus what exactly is schizophrenia. Then, we will move on to the causes of the disease. Last, we will talk about the treatments and management of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder that involves severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes. During a schizophrenic episode, people lose their grip on reality. They become engulfed in an entirely different inner world, one that is often characterized by mental chaos, disorientation, and frustration (CITE). According to Psychologytoday.com, there are at least 21 million people in the world that have Schizophrenia.

In Spies by Michael Frayn, the description of Keith as Stephen’s ‘best friend’ does not suit him nearly as much as the ‘officer corps in [their] two man army. Keith is very obviously depicted as pushy, bossy, dominant and a bully on some occasions, always needing to be in charge, always needing to ‘have someone to be braver than.’ It is these times when we see just how little of a true friend Keith is to Stephen, and how he acts more like his leader than his equal.

Right at the beginning of the novel in chapter 2, Stephen feels as if he has ‘good fortune in being Keith’s friend’ which shows just how much Stephen is grateful towards Keith, to the point where he is willing to be pushed around and led by him. During Stephen and Keith’s first interaction, Keith’s social standing is much higher than Stephen’s as he lives in a posh, impeccable house, ‘number 2. Chollerton. The Haywards.’ And the boys are ‘socially color coded’ as Stephen goes to a public school while Keith goes to a private school. It is also worth noting that Keith is most likely the way he is due to his home life. Mr. Hayward is depicted as apathetic, formal and it has even been blatantly stated that he abuses Keith.

In the third chapter, as Stephen and Keith are investigating Mrs. Hayward, Keith misspells words in their log book multiple times. Despite this, Stephen doesn’t call him out and late in the novel when Mrs. Hayward realizes that Keith has misspelt ‘private’ as ‘privet’, Stephen has half a mind to take responsibility for it as to spare Keith the embarrassment. This shows how low Stephen is willing to stoop for Keith, perhaps because he thinks he owes it to him.

When Mrs. Hayward visits Braemar and tells Stephen that Keith is ‘easily led’, Stephen is left staring at her in disbelief, unable to even imagine Keith being led by him. He wonders how Keith manages to fool both their mothers into believing that Stephen is the leader. This leads to sympathy towards Keith for a change rather than Stephen, as Mrs. Hayward’s words imply that Keith is pushed around at home, presumably by his father.

Keith is also depicted as a flat out bully in various scenarios as he does not acknowledge Stephen’s bravery and often undermines, belittles and mocks him, such as when Stephen gives Keith the sock that he found in the tin box or when Stephen offers theories about Mrs. Hayward’s whereabouts. Keith ignores him and his ‘eyelids come down’ in disapproval to show that Stephen that his ideas don’t deserve acknowledgement and all ideas that are not Keith’s are invalid. Juxtaposition between Keith and his father clearly show the same condescending sneer and arrogant expression.

Further in the novella, Keith also mocks Stephen for ‘hiding [his] face like a little baby’ when he sees the man near the tin box. The hypocrisy of this statement shines through soon after though when they hear someone approaching, and they both hide their face in the mud. That is the first time we see the boys as equals with the second being when they ran back to the Close after terrorizing the tramp, ‘neither of [them] leader, neither of [them] led.’ This shows that fear is the equalizing force between the boys and it also shows that Stephen has now started realizing Keith’s role and so now is trying to take more of a leadership position.

Another example of Keith’s dominant nature arises when he makes Stephen take an oath on the bayonet that Stephen would not tell anyone otherwise Keith would kill him. His arrogance is also shown in how he must always take the binoculars and walk in front of Stephen and in how Stephen comes to fear him, letting him boss him around and being grateful to just be allowed near Keith. This causes the reader not only to be enraged at Keith for bossing Stephen around but also for the reader to be enraged at Stephen for letting Keith push him around and for hero worshiping him.

This novella claims to be about two best friends, but by the way the reader is shown Keith and Stephen’s interactions, their relationship and their dynamics, it is made obvious that one of them is definitely the leader while the other one is led. Overall, it is impossible for the reader to feel no sympathy towards Stephen in his immense misfortune in being Keith’s so-called friend.

Do you wonder what to do with the small gardens? Even if you do not have much outdoor space, there are a lot of things you can do to get the most out of it. We have a lot of great design ideas to make the most of your space.

To get the most out of a small garden, one of the best ideas is planting in pots. Besides being a decorative factor, will make the plant does not grow too much and you can move it easily. If your property is rented, the plants in containers will be able to take them with you since it is not necessary to dig the garden.

An excellent idea to take advantage of the little space of your garden is to place a bench or seat, surrounded by flowerbeds or large pots with leafy plants. The idea is that the plants cover the dividing walls or fences of the garden, that way you will have the illusion of being in the middle of a forest or jungle. By hiding the divisions and borders, the optical illusion of amplitude is created.

The curves or diagonals give the illusion of larger space. This is one of the tricks most used by garden designers. By breaking the geometry and right angles, the notion of the dimension of space is lost a bit. Take advantage of this idea, as in the images below.

The optical effect of the mirrors of enlarging the spaces is well known, so why not use this resource in the garden. The mirror will look like a door or window open onto another garden, which will give you a sense of spectacular open space. You can use old, cheap mirrors, so you do not have to spend a lot of money.

The paths surrounded by vegetation often give a sense of space, because you are "breaking" the real limits of the garden. You can use wood, tiles or stones. If you want to add a pool and you have little space, these images can help you achieve a garden with well-defined and very functional areas. A small pool can be more than enough to relax the elderly or fun for the little ones.

They can be decorated in many ways and using various elements, such as stones, wood, tiles, large pots. In the following image, for example, wood and square stones have been used, with a small fountain in the center, achieving a space of great peace and freshness. Large pots in vertical can help us add many colorful plants and flowers, without needing much surface in the ground. You can hang lamps from a tree or bush. And of course, colorful cushions and beautiful prints are another resource very used, effective and very economical. A central area to build a fire can be a very nice decorative element to enjoy at night. The use of different levels can be another way to make a garden look bigger than it is, as well as being much more interesting.

The stones are another resource that you can use to define and separate areas within the garden, in addition, they allow the soil to absorb water from the rain. This type of gardens, where wood is mixed with stone, often gives a very relaxing feeling.

Take advantage of holidays and good weather to play outdoors with children, be in contact with nature and especially share unforgettable moments together. Here you have some games to have fun in the garden, in the park or in the countryside.

Balloon race

A fun and refreshing game to do on hot days is a water balloon race with kitchen scoops. Getting the balloon does not fall is not easy. But this is not the only activity you can do with water balloons, if you want to try other games you can do it here.

Garden twister

Red, blue, yellow and green spray cans are the only thing you need to do this outdoor game. The whole family will have fun with this idea that you can paint on the garden lawn. A game in which all ages can participate and show their skill, flexibility and balance.

Horseshoe throw

This release is a traditional game. You can use decorative horseshoes, made with lighter material, or create your own with wood that you can paint your favorite colors. To play you have to have a metal rod in which you will have to try to anchor the horseshoes.

Races of soap boats

For the hottest days we offer outdoor games based on boat races in the water. The first thing you have to do is create the boats with soap bars, toothpicks and cardboard. The next thing is to get a gutter and a hose, and finally put your boats to navigate, which will be the fastest? You can also make your boats with sponges or corks.

Mini golf

Sure you love this authentic homemade mini golf. Here are some ideas, but you can create the holes with whatever you have at hand, let your imagination fly! Ideas to create the holes: balloons and wire to make a bow, a bucket lying down, and hardback books opened in the middle in the form of a tent or cereal boxes converted into castles.

To make the golf clubs you can use a tube and a PVC elbow. And for the flags that indicate the number of each hole, sticks of wood, triangles of cloth or cardboard and a circle of paper with the number painted.

The benefits of outdoor games

Outdoor activities are fundamental for the proper physical and psychological development of children. For their psychomotor development because outdoor activities encourage coordination, balance, temporal space organization, fine and gross motor skills, muscle capacity, precision. It helps them to reinforce the march, the race, the jump, the climbing, going up and down ramps and stairs ... the use or of all their body in an environment of freedom. When the child moves outdoors, it changes their way of meeting adults and other children. They learn to live together and share moments and games in an environment that relaxes them and makes them feel freer.

In the classroom we observe our almond tree , when it is left naked when the first shoots come out, the new leaves, the flowering, the exit of the almond tree ... it is a precious resource to observe the nature in its full development. We do not need to see the changes in a book (although we love stories), we experience them with the five senses.

Our garden in spring is another of the outdoor activities that we like the most. Planting the buds and seeds, watering them, taking care of them and observing their growth is a precious experience for our children. Outdoor activities lend themselves to imagining other worlds, other environments from which to dream. Do you come to dream with us?