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War can have a profound psychological impact on veterans and civilians alike. The trauma of war can manifest in a variety of ways, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions.
Get original essayVeterans who have served in combat roles are particularly vulnerable to the psychological effects of war. They may experience flashbacks, nightmares, and other symptoms of PTSD. These symptoms can make it difficult for veterans to reintegrate into civilian life and can lead to problems with employment, relationships, and overall well-being.
PTSD is a common psychological condition among veterans, which can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. PTSD can cause symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and avoidance behaviors. These symptoms can make it difficult for veterans to reintegrate into civilian life and can lead to problems with employment, relationships, and overall well-being.
Depression is another common mental health condition among veterans, which can be triggered by the trauma of war and the difficulty of adjusting to civilian life. Depression can lead to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and a lack of motivation.
Anxiety is another mental health condition that can be caused by the trauma of war. Veterans may experience symptoms such as constant worry, restlessness, and difficulty sleeping.
Other psychological conditions that can be caused by the trauma of war include:substance abuse as many veterans turn to drugs or alcohol as a means of coping with the psychological effects of war;anger management issues as some veterans may have difficulty controlling their anger, which can lead to problems in personal and professional relationships; suicidal ideation and behaviors as war can have a profound impact on a veteran's mental and emotional health, leading to thoughts of suicide or self-harm.These conditions can have a long-lasting impact on veterans' lives, and can make it difficult for them to reintegrate into civilian life. It's important for society to recognize the psychological effects of war and provide support for veterans, such as counseling and therapy.
Civilians who have lived through war also experience psychological trauma. They may have witnessed violence, loss of loved ones, and displacement. They may also experience anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions. Children and youth are particularly vulnerable to the psychological effects of war, as they may have experienced violence, trauma, and loss at a young age.
Additionally, the psychological impact of war can extend beyond the immediate aftermath of conflict. The long-term effects of war can include higher rates of mental health disorders, addiction, and suicide.
Furthermore, war can have a profound impact on the social and cultural fabric of a society. The trauma of war can lead to a breakdown of community and family structures, which can further exacerbate the psychological effects of war.
In conclusion, the psychological impact of war on veterans and civilians can be devastating. It can manifest in a variety of ways and can have long-term consequences for individuals, families, and communities. It's important for society to recognize the psychological effects of war and provide support for those affected by it, in order to help them cope with their trauma and reintegrate into civilian life.
Vocational Education and Training system (VET) is a social mechanism that enables the distribution of knowledge, training, skills, work competencies, needs and values to all members of the society. Therefore the VET system restructuring, planning, underpins with latest global experiences, implementing, annually analysis is unavoidable to all beneficiary to emulate those countries precedence through this domain. we will concentrate our study on Methodology and description of VET in Lebanon. And analysis public governance of vocational education. Also to analyze and distinguish between the bet situation through a survey of Germany, Belarus as a case study to outcome an optimum mechanism that values to the labor market and the specialized ministries. Hence we may suggest a strategic plan to reach an optimize system, and issue a recommendation objectives , and strategic plan, model, factors, for the Government and Ministry of Education , Ministry of Labor, and the Director of the system in order to obtain an advanced and effective system , to provide the labor market with skilled anticipators and technician and raise the economic level of the country.
Get original essayThe general goal of vocational education is represented by currently updating in the structure, organization, and methods of the education system, and particularly in the content of the system and the ways of their implementation, also the influence of the trained student by involving them at the labor market, companies, and industrial sector aspects. We have searched an elaborate and a complete statistics data tables that illustrates the number of employee according to discordant vacant profession and to investigate whether these profession do cross ponds the global dedication, taking into account the sequential layout of the most advanced countries to integrate a strategic approaches into an entire plan to deduce a practical model emulate major industrial power for consolidating economic legislation with prospects afford. The VET system is shown in Fig1: However, this system is to be studied and modern approaches and implementations may be integrated inside. With the hint of Methodology of curriculum development in vocational and education, Dr minor, Iska Maksimovic, 2000).
In Germany VET system is the combination of a workplace-based apprenticeship with a classroom-based education. And all the system is managed by the Federal Government. Meanwhile, Belarus national TVET is managed by Ministry of Education (MoE), other republican institutions of state government and other state organizations under the authority of the Government, local executive, and administrative institutions.
Germany is the lowest unemployed among youth through Europe but Belarus labor market has not cured itself of its old illnesses. The state-run economy uses its financial and human resources inadequately and limits potential growth. While building industry demands people, many manufacturers need to fire some.
IN Germany the functioning of the VET system is a cooperation between many partners such as the federal government, regional governments, vocational schools, chambers, companies, labor unions. In Belarus, many partners such as institute, labor, labor market, companies, industrial section, and financial donors are corroborating too.
Both cases the causes of the failure to provide access to an initial training lie in the market mechanisms that govern the system.
Technical and updated programs are integrated into the VET in order to qualify well train labor to encourage industry and labor market, thus increasing the cost of economic through Germany. This integration is limited in Belarus.
An obvious cooperation between the VET system, universities, and companies all are plan and well control by the Government and specialized ministries.
The VET institutes and worked-base places are scattered and unfairly distributed through all the country as a clear decentralization in one place where the capital area has achieved the lion's share allocation. The reason that the Government should pay a high-level attention to entire plan of vocational education and training related with the global concerning and the basic needs for vacant and a shortage of professionals in the labor market.
Lebanon TVET should launch a consolidated strategic plan, implementation, and more development objectives covering the education system’s role to achieve economic and social objectives. The plan must be annually and operationally updated and revised every four years.
A reasonably systematic set of procedures and processes that are based on principles of accountability, transparency, and effectiveness are to take place, in order to ensure that the behaviors and activities of all actors engaged in VET are in the targeted direction.
VET governance is too centralized. And the Ministry initiates policies, that has a role in major decision-making and acts as the main financier for public TVET system from Government revenue, and the minister is a strategic actor.
Technology integration has to be placed in a renewed emphasis which provides solid technical skills that are required by market demand. The area always worked aggressively with the local businesses to provide qualified applicants to meet the employment needs of the business community.
There should be a quickly and efficiently respond to the educational needs of their communities. Continually evaluate and improve instructions provide educational opportunities and simulate a real-life work environment to educate for the workforce.'
The idea was concluded and highlighted by Consultation on Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the Middle East and North Africa Workshop (Report Amman, 2016).
A highlight was extracted from the mapping vocational education and training, governance gemm for employability in the Mediterranean, European Union, 2016.
The Government should identify clearly the respective roles, responsibility, and accountability of the Ministry, Director, and the diverse ministries and public-sector units that have a central role in the management and leadership of VET systems and reforms.
A coordinated and agreed vision for human resource development should be developed involving all actors; a stronger involvement of the business sector and the civil society should be sought to engage them in the whole VET cycle, planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. (Lebanon country strategy paper 2017)
MEHE should consider with its government partners how best to make financing and funding methods, procedures and reporting more transparent, with a view to ensuring sufficient funds and a more appropriate sharing of responsibilities for management decision making with VET providers. Funding mechanisms should also consider allocation based on results of the VET provision rather than on the number of students only.
MEHE should now activate the Higher Council for VTE engage with employers and their organizations more systematically, and to bring other member organizations into formal, organized dialogue. The modus operandi of the Higher Council for VTE should be negotiated with its members so that it can act as the umbrella for a partnership-based approach to VTE governance.
Employers’ organizations, Chambers, etc. should review their policies on identifying labor market needs and on education and training policy, and they should analyze carefully how to build up their organizational capacity to deal with these issues. They should accord continuing training higher priority in terms of planning and provision.
The trade union federations should consider how they might be better prepared in terms of policy and organization to be partners in VTE governance. They should make a strong case for continuing training to be given a higher priority.
Germany vocational education and training system case study.
The post-secondary education system in Germany is divided into two domains, the academic and the vocational. The dual system of VET has been the feature of vocational education in Germany. This system is the combination of a workplace-based apprenticeship with a classroom-based education. Practical training allows apprentices to acquire a solid foundation of market-relevant skills for their professional future while studying at a vocational school allows them to investigate the scientific and theoretical aspects of their trade. (Muehlemann & Wolter, 2014).
The outcome of skilled workers, allowing employers to save on hiring costs, contributing to youth employability and supporting individuals in their transition into the labor market. In order to ensure that VET contributes to the desired goals, VET is governed by a comprehensive legal framework that includes national and mandatory standards that must be followed by federal states. The functioning of VET system, therefore, rests on the cooperation between many partners, especially with regard to the definition of complementary study and apprenticeship contents, the coordination of alternating learning locations and regular updates of curriculum and quality standards according to market demands.
Another cooperation between partners and stakeholders of the VET. Cooperation between employers, vocational schools and other social partners Cooperation between partners and stakeholders is a key element of VET. Cooperation is particularly important in the process of defining the number of apprenticeship spots that are offered each year, in the delivery of training and instruction, and in the final examination and awarding of the diploma. In addition, cooperation is essential to quality assurance within the system and in the updating mechanisms that match curricular contents and standards to labor market demands. (Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training [BIBB], 2015).
Federal Government underpins the process of quality assurance and the way in which curricula are adapted to meet market demand. The most important actors at the federal level are the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The First is generally responsible for monitoring how the system is functioning, while the latter is mostly responsible for the work-based side of dual VET. The system of vocational education in Germany is underpinned by a structure of intense cooperation. Social partners must reach an agreement on vocational education policy. Consensus between stakeholders increases the acceptability of vocational training, although it may also be an obstacle to reform and innovation. Working together, stakeholders help secure the many positive benefits that the system produces. (Rindfleisch & Maennig-Fortmann, 2015).
Challenges facing the dual system of vocational education the first indication that all may not be well with the German VET system has come from the steady decrease in participation rates for dual apprenticeships. While it may seem paradoxical against the backdrop of a decreasing population of apprentices, the dual VET system in Germany is also facing a challenge of accessibility and satisfaction of demand. Every year around 150,000 youths fail to engage in initial vocational training, moving into the job market without any kind of completed post-secondary education.
Given this potential workforce gap, the importance of Germany’s vocational training system cannot be over-estimated. Decreasing participation in dual VET and the failure of the system to provide access to many youths interested in a vocational program are therefore serious problems that affect the whole of the national economy as well as society at large. If dual VET is to meet these challenges, it must be made flexible enough to adapt to today’s educational, social and economic context. (BMBF, 2014)
Germany’s dual system of vocational education and training is highly acknowledged.
With the lowest youth unemployment rate in Europe 6.7% in 2017, Germany’s dual VET system is highly recognized abroad. The majority of their workforce received its high qualification through the dual VET-system. The dual VET-system is an integral part of the general education and training system in Germany. Where training takes place both in firms and public training schools. The dual education, German companies turn apprentices into customized specialists at low net costs through in-house training. While there is a close partnership among all social partners. The dual VET-system is strongly integrated into the German economy and society. So dual study programs are on the rise. Fig2: (Clemens Wieland, and Eduard Lezcano, 2016). Statistics was viewed from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics.
The goals and principles of the state policy of the Republic of Belarus on vocational education are aimed at its democratization, continuation, and concern for the interests of the individual. Fig3. The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus made provision for the introduction of a new List of Integrated Teaching Specialisms, which would be multi-profile and flexible in available choice of models of vocational education and training at regional and local levels, and assure the continuity of educational curriculum for vocational training at different levels, implementing of an individually centered approach, provision of social partnership in vocational education; Introduction of information technology into the management of teaching establishments and the educational process; Monitoring teaching staff needs; management of the quality of training for employees and specialists, based on educational standards and a special system of control indicators. Intake into state vocational education and training establishments is via agreements with enterprises and organizations.
Responsible organizations, including social partners two opposite trends, were typical of the management of vocational education in Belarus, the trend to centralization and to decentralization.
The logic behind the devolution of authority to different management levels was driven by the importance of the goals to be achieved. But the most pronounced trend in vocational education and training management was the tendency to decentralize and to transfer many functions from the Education Ministry to regional bodies and educational institutions. The most important aspect of this delegation of authority to lower management levels was firstly the transfer of financial provision for vocational colleges from the Republic Budget to regional budgets and secondly the transfer of Republic property to ownership at the regional level. At present, the regional management level is the legal subject of vocational education and training property and financial resources. The vocational education and training institution is itself the awarding body of the funds and property allocated to it. Unfortunately, there still has been no special law for the allocation of management functions to different education levels, and these are therefore regulated under general Republic legislation. Further, there has been a firming up of the trend to centralize the management of vocational education. Today, the following functions are part of the management remit. (The National Observatory of Belarus, 2001)
The mapping and further analysis of VET governance in Lebanon which is illuminated with the global footsteps in this domain lead to a number of recommendations to support the design, plan, implement and keep under review further action and reform. Because the system concerns governance specifically, the recommendations refer to aspects of governance. These have implications for the efficiency and effectiveness of the VET system as a whole, but the recommendations attempt to keep governance clearly in the frame. Consolidating the government’s strategic approach to VTE governance.
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Get custom essayWe conclude that the level of the theoretical knowledge had to be improved and the practice must focus and purposefulness strengthened. Another conclusion is the need to set up regional tertiary colleges and, through them, offer specialists appropriate higher education and reinforcement of their practical focus. A model specialist] was developed.
“Reservoir Dogs” is a crime film released in 1992 written and directed by Quentin Tarintino. The film depicts six gangsters that use color-based aliases who plan to rob a jewelry store for diamonds. The film is very violent in nature and has many examples of hyper-real violence and disregard for human life. The film also depicts ritualistic violence, symbolic violence, racist language, homophobia, misogyny, and displays of masculinity as an important trait.
Get original essayOne pattern that immediately emerges in “Reservoir Dogs” is the disregard for human life. The gangsters in the film repeatedly hurt and kill innocent people with no remorse. At one point in the film, the gangsters tie up a cop they kidnapped and brutally beat him to learn how the police knew the heist was going to happen.
Later in the film, Mr. Blonde dances around the room while “Stuck in the Middle With You” plays on a radio. The upbeat song is a stark contrast to the sickening torture that Mr. Blonde subjects the cop to. He slices off the cop’s ear with a razor blade, smiling while doing so, covers him in gasoline, intending to set him on fire, before he is shot by Mr. Orange. Mr. Blonde shows no remorse whatsoever while torturing the cop, and he actually seems to enjoy it.
The jewelry store heist is shown during Mr. Orange’s backstory flashback. Mr. White and Mr. Brown are seen in the getaway car and police cars approach them. Mr. White fires two high-powered pistols into the police car, instantly killing the officers. Mr. White does not show any remorse and he immediately moves on.
After Mr. Blonde is killed, Eddie, the mob boss’s son, shows up to the warehouse where Mr. Orange and the tied up cop are. Mr. Orange tells Eddie that Mr. Blonde was going to set the cop on fire. Eddie replies, “Oh, that cop?” and shoots him in the chest, killing him. Eddie does not even consider his decision and murders the cop.
There was also a theme of racist language in “Reservoir Dogs.” In one scene, Mr. Blonde and Mr. White are having an argument in the warehouse. Mr. Pink tells them to stop acting like “arguing niggers.” In a later scene, four of the gangsters are in a car. They are talking about black women and make gratuitous use of the n-word during the scene.
A pattern of masculinity, misogyny, and homophobia is also present. In the opening scene, Mr. Pink refuses to tip by default and a fellow gangster asks him if the waitress has to perform sexual acts on him to receive a tip. Later in the film, Mr. Pink is told by Joe, the mob boss, that his chosen alias was Mr. Pink because he is “a faggot.” All of these prejudiced behaviors are presented unabashedly and usually with a hint of humor.
I feel the themes presented in “Reservoir Dogs” convey a sense of a scary world. In a world like the one in “Reservoir Dogs,” violent gangsters constantly kill people with no remorse, in an almost casual fashion. They also speak negatively of groups that aren’t straight, white men. They repeatedly belittle women, use racist terms, and kill anyone that might stand in their way.
I think this film says that violence is power, but that it also may be your downfall. In the end, Mr. Pink hides under the stairs during the final shootout and is the only gangster that survives. He was picked on by Joe during the film and was never really an alpha of the group. After the Mexican standoff in the warehouse, Mr. Pink is able to take the diamonds and leave. The masculine ego of Mr. White gets him killed in the standoff with Joe and Eddie. Mr. Pink understood that the prize was more important than pride.
I think that “Reservoir Dogs” tells a fantastic and engaging story, however, it does present very violent and disturbing situations. The scene where the police officer is brutally tortured by Mr. Blonde is one of the most disturbing scenes I have ever seen in a film. I think the way Quentin Tarintino uses violence in film could be called an artistic medium, but it could still be problematic. Showing innocent people being brutally slaughtered has the potential to desensitize people to violence that happens in the real world.
I don’t know if you could classify a film like “Reservoir Dogs” as good, bad, or mediocre. Violence is a central and essential part of the film, and if you do not enjoy films that use violence as a story-telling mechanism, it will not be the film for you. While the gangsters do not show direct remorse for their actions, the film does show the consequences. All the gangsters except one are dead by the end of the film, which they may have deserved after everything they had done. I think that “Reservoir Dogs” is not a film for children, and that it is a well-made film with an engaging story, but it should only be viewed by those mature enough to handle such violent media.
I think we should educate people about what the implications of films such as “Reservoir Dogs” are. It is a very violent film, and because of that, it should only be viewed by mature people. Quentin Tarintino tells complicated, violent, and sexual stories. I think that portraying hyper-real violence in films can be an issue if parents allow young and impressionable children to view such films, but hyper-real violence can be an engaging storytelling tool for mature audiences.
Overall, “Reservoir Dogs” is a film for people that enjoy violent crime movies. The film uses racist and misogynistic dialogue to appear edgy, and the generous amount of violence and killing serves as a substitute for a deeper plot and expanded character development. We are generally not told a great deal about the gangsters, and we are told to enjoy their story of hyper-real violence, betrayal and regret.
When innovating, it must be kept in mind that people’s happiness is important and emotions are priceless. This should always be obeyed or societies will struggle to move on. When this rule is broken and people lose their emotions and happiness, something must be done to restore them to allow a better future. In the novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury conveys that to achieve happiness, one must stand up for themselves and act on what they believe is right, sometimes acting against the rules.
Get original essayFirst, Bradbury helps to show his message through the development of Montag throughout the story. Bradbury starts the book off by having Montag state, “It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed”. Montag enjoys his job at first and likes to see all the houses and books burn. However, suddenly he meets a new neighbor, Clarisse, and starts talking to her, and she brings all-new perspectives to what he thought previously. At the end of their first talk, she asks him, “Are you happy?” (Bradbury 7).
Clarisse leaves right after she asks this because her mom calls her, so Montag is left thinking about her question. He is confused with the question because he thinks it is stupid. He laughs at it and thinks that it is obvious that he is happy, because why wouldn’t he be. However, throughout the story, he begins to question if he is happy and realizes that with everything that is happening, he isn’t. While arguing with Mildred, he explains, 'No, I don't want to, this time. I want to hold on to this funny thing. God, it's gotten big on me. I don't know what it is. I'm so damned unhappy, I'm so mad, and I don't know why I feel like I'm putting on weight. I feel fat. I feel like I've been saving up a lot of things, and don't know what. I might even start reading books' (Bradbury 61-62).
Not only does Montag finally admit and realize how unhappy he is, but he starts to break the rules. Montag realizes how unhappy he has become and wants to learn how to become happier. However, he doesn’t know what to do to become happier, so he starts to accept that he might start breaking the rules because reading is one of the few things he hasn’t tried. He has trouble understanding what he reads, so he meets with someone who can help him. Montag meets with a man called Faber, who he had seen was marked for a future investigation, so Montag knew he would be able to help him with his request.
As they talk, Faber jokes about a plan to rebel against the rules. Faber exclaims to Montag, “Now if you suggest we print extra books and arrange to have them hidden in firemen’s houses all over the country, so that seeds of suspicion would be sown among these arsonists, bravo, I’d say” (Bradbury 81).
Montag takes Faber's joke seriously because he is at the point where he will do almost anything. Faber wasn’t confident to speak up and had been living in the darkness. However, Montag is willing to go against the rules to gain what he wanted. Through lots of running after setbacks in the plan, Montag escapes the city and finally isn’t unhappy anymore.
Moreover, Bradbury also uses many kinds of figurative language to help deliver his message. When the firemen get a call to investigate a house, they find many books hidden inside. Montag finds himself alone in a room full of books and it is said that, “Montag’s hand closed like a mouth, crushed the book with wild devotion, with an insanity of mindlessness to his chest” (Bradbury 34).
This simile is used to compare Montag’s hand to a mouth when closing to grab the book. Bradbury uses this simile to show how at the moment it kind of just happened and Montag didn’t think to do it. This helps to prove that Montag wanted to be happy so bad, that he involuntarily grabbed a book and didn’t even think about it. He didn’t think once to put it down; it never crossed his mind.
Later in the story when Montag arrives at the firehouse with Faber ‘in his ear’ he plays poker with the firemen and becomes very nervous. It was described that “his fingers were like evil ferrets that had done some evil and now never rested, always stirred and picked and hid in pockets moving from under Beatty’s alcohol-flame stare” (Bradbury 101). Related to how Montag’s hand closed like a mouth, Bradbury uses another simile to compare his fingers to ferrets that had done evil. Similar to before, this is giving his body a mind of its own, showing how all of this was meant to happen and must have happened.
Montag is at the point where he can’t control himself anymore because he just wants to do what is right. He just goes through with many things he wouldn’t have before if he hadn’t realized he wasn’t really happy. He stood up and acted on what he believed was the right thing, even involuntarily, because of his hunger for happiness.
Alternatively, Bradbury conveys his message through the audacious tone of his writing. Montag becomes very reckless as the story moves on, and almost gets out of control doing what he thinks is right. Montag is talking to the ladies that his wife invited over, and grows very angry at the way they think. He becomes very angry and recklessly he, “was gone and back in a moment with a book in his hand” (Bradbury 94).
Montag brings out a book and starts to read it to the ladies that Mildred had invited over. This act is very thoughtless and stupid to do right after making a plan with Faber. If he exposes himself now, they will never be able to go through with the plan and he will get them both caught. Later when Montag is caught and is talking to Beatty with a flamethrower in his hand, he again makes a stupid decision. Beatty was then described as, “a shrieking blaze, a jumping, sprawling, gibbering mannikin, no longer human or known, all writhing flame on the lawn as Montag shot one continuous pulse of liquid fire on him,” (Bradbury 113).
Montag once again decides at the moment that is stupid just because he thinks he is doing the right thing. This helps deliver the message with this audacious tone, because Montag wants to do the right thing so bad that he commits these reckless actions. He starts to want to rebel so much that he becomes very reckless, however because of his recklessness he is able to continue to move on and become happy in the end.
In conclusion, happiness is very important and is worth breaking the rules to obtain. If people believe they aren’t happy, they should act up and do what they believe is right so they can gain their happiness. In the novel Fahrenheit 451, Rab Bradbury uses characterization, figurative language, and an audacious tone to convey his message that to obtain happiness one must act on their beliefs, sometimes against the rules. He shows how Montag gains his happiness by acting, sometimes audaciously, and constantly is using similes and many other forms of figurative language to help deliver the message.
The stories of the American writer Raymond Carver at first glance seem to be devoted to purely everyday topics, but in fact they reveal serious social problems.” Something like that is written everywhere in the net. Firstly, I did not believe that fact (simple short story, a few characters, everything is clear, no metaphors and personification etc.) But behind this really unremarkable base a huge number of questions and issues are hidden: theme of light and darkness, pure love and relationships between people, sight and blindness, faith and its projection in real life.
Get original essayRaymond Carver's style is minimalism. He uses simple language, ordinary situation and characters describing their real empty lives. Nothing special. Carver does not describe characters in the story and does not even mention where the story takes place. Actually, we do not know even the name of the narrator who is one of the principle characters.
The purpose of writing is a such style is to give the readers chance to guess what might characters feel and have, to develop understanding the emotions and impressions of the characters through short exclamation and phrases.
Raymond Carver's style is dirty realism (whiting style in America of the 70-80s of the 20th century). Carver requires such a saving of words that every description is subjected to a basic minimum. The rest is given to the dialogues of outstanding, non-complicated, unremarkable characters. As a representative of dirty realism, he focused on middle-class characters depicts the harsh realities of their ordinary lives full of sad memories and problems such as drug and alcohol abuse, divorce and death of the nearest and dearest. And with such minimalism, Carver story (several pages in size) contains serious drama, or even tragedy, of his 'outstanding' characters.
Simple story. Simple people. Simple language. These are rules for Carver’s short story “Cathedral”. There is absence of wide descriptions, beautiful adjectives and adverbs, extended metaphors and monologues that give some shades of meaning. In contradiction, he allows facts, actions and events dictate the core of proceeding. For instance, the opening of the stories is too simple: “This blind man, an old friend of my wife’s, he was on his way to spend the night.” Carver focuses on the simple events, routin of everyday life.
The story is written in 1st type of narration. The narrator, whose name is actually we do not known, drinks too much and has misunderstanding with his wife. Paradoxically, he tells us story but during the conversation between blind man, narrator and his wife the second one takes the passive position (he said some words to show that he was present in the room). It seems he could not understand not only his wife but also himself until Robert opens his eyes on his real problems to show how can he live in a kind of communion with the world and what connections he could have with it.
Is there any love in the story? On the first glance there is any. The couple has so much misunderstanding and unwillingness to hear each other that it seems they live in different worlds.
The wife wants to speak, she needs this communication. I think that is why she records letters to the blind man and tries to compose poetry. Her husband does not realize importance of support her. He listens her poems but without any pleasure and even emotions.
On contrast here is another couple in the story - Robert and his wife. We do not know a lot about their relationships but this short description about death of the Robert’s wife says a lot. To the very death Robert does not leave his beloved and he saves a half of the coin (another half he put into the hearse) which reminds him about his love.
I imagine an ordinary person living with primitive instincts, limited in his mind. His life is like a sticky liquid sucking in, from day to day. One day, in such a stable world, someone invades him that does not fit into it at all. From the very beginning we know about the blind man. We easily recognize that the narrator does not like the blind man and the blind in general. Blind. Vision is the most important organ of perception and 'such' existence in the dark terrifies the protagonist. There is disgust, misunderstanding, but only until the moment when this someone opens up for him another world, a world without borders and frames, where the main thing is what the soul feels, and not the body. How can a blind person explain to a blind man what it looks like that he had never seen in his life? That is why Robert asks to draw a cathedral, buttress arches, but the narrator shows him only the walls and the cold stone. Then he asks to close his eyes and allow the blind draw people with his hand in the cathedral, put the soul in the line of walls and stone. He shows a world that can only be seen by one who closes his eyes. The spiritual world and it is much more beautiful than the visual. To believe and feel, eyes are not needed at all.
The theme of light and dark is also interpretation of theme of sight and blindness. This is shown through the character of Robert, who is literally blind. Literally! But he is not considered the one who lives in the dark but, paradoxically, in light. However, we could understand that the narrator, who actually could see, is 'blind' metaphorically in a number of ways. Indeed, Robert teaches the husband to close his eyes, feel and see with his senses and, draw. At the end of the story they both draw a cathedral with closed eyes laying on the floor. There is a hope for boosting light in narrator's soul through the cathedral as a symbol of the light.
This is shown through his selfishness and also his inability to see how his actions are impacting his relationship with his wife, who is increasingly annoyed by his insensitivity and rudeness.
Other paradoxical thing is that Robert has two TV (one colorful and one black and white) and could understand what TV he is watching (or listening). This is another provement that Robert is not blind and powerless. He tries to get new information through other perceptions of the body.
A cathedral is a symbol of faith, religion and the process of drawing it becomes the climax of the story.
The sighted hero is trying to explain to the blind man what a cathedral is. He talks about stones, architectural details, sizes. But for a blind person, these are not characterizing signs, for him the idea of objects is built on the basis of other categories: a cathedral has been built for centuries, people begin to build it, knowing that only grandchildren or even great-grandchildren can see the result.
“Do you believe in God?” he asks the man, when he finds it difficult to choose words that are understandable for the blind to describe another architectural detail. During description of the cathedral, husband thinks about the house: “I drew a box that looked like my house”. Here is a very strong image of transforming house into a cathedral, because cathedral is made, is built for people. That is why the blind man asks to draw people near the building.
The essence becomes visible through the form, the sighted person closes his eyes and feels the walls disappearing, for the Cathedral is something that cannot be perceived by the eyes, but only by something else, free from the fetters of a given shape.
To sum up, it should be mentioned that it’s impossible to ignore Carver’s immense talent.
A short story about the first meeting with the blind. It was written professionally, but not dry - it was easy for me to feel the whole situation and especially the climax. This is because a short story shows how easy it is to go from a world where you, like the main character, do not want to meet someone who is also blind, or even have any problems, to the world where you understand that you yourself were blind, and all that you have been doing lately you could do, feel, think on a completely different, better level. I am sure that everyone had such moments in their lives, but the problem is that they are, firstly, rare, and secondly, it is very easy to forget about them and continue to get stuck in the gray world, forgetting about other possibilities.
So, the author is faced with the task: to show how an unpleasant, limited, prejudiced subject from the beginning of the story becomes a person who holds a blind hand at the end of the story.
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Get custom essayThus, the narrator has finally “opened his eyes” in the sense that he can push beyond the limits and broke all frames of being blind. There is something rare and beautiful that we can only access through our minds.
Rebecca Solnit’s “Walking and The Suburbanized Psyche” expounds the alarming ramifications that suburbanization and the devaluation of walking has in today’s society. Suburbanization has forced us to lose a connection to our minds and bodies, which lead us to lose with our imagination along with damage to our mental health. Solnit illustrates the “golden age of walking,” as a time when walking flourished. People scheduled a date for a walk more than for a meal or drink, unfortunately, that time has expired. With the suburbanization of the modern world, walking has become nearly impossible; “it has become a sign of powerlessness or low status…the new urban and suburban design of the contemporary world disdains the walker” (Solnit 56). As suburbanization rules the modern world, we continue to maintain a significant loss in our imagination and creativity; we diminish our privilege to walk, attack our mental and physical health and become bereft of our freedom.
Get original essay?Suburbanization has affected our imagination in many ways and is heading to a path of total loss of sense, vision, and creativity. Suburbanization has twisted our views on walking which leads to a disconnection between our body and our mind resulting in a loss of imagination and creativity. Walking has a way of connecting us to our bodies, it permits us to open up our minds, allowing us to submerge ourselves with nature. Imagination makes it possible for us to utilize that connection with our minds; it will enable us to cope with stressful situations in our lives and to think and enhance our creativity. “Wild” by Cheryl Strayed portrays a crucial importance that imagination holds for our bodies and minds. Cheryl Strayed grew up with an abusive father when she was six years old. Her mother struggled to provide a home for her and her siblings. Later on, her mother ended up passing away from cancer, which led to Strayed’s depression and self-destructive behavior. She then started a journey, a path to recovery and stability. Strayed expresses “perhaps being amidst the undesecrated beauty of the wilderness meant I too could be undesecrated, regardless of what I’d lost or what had been taken from me, regardless of the regrettable things I’ve done to others or myself….” (Strayed 103). Strayed is able to imagine a different mindset, a different life, and most importantly a better future. Her encounter with nature not only allowed her to open her mind and imagination to a better life but also allowed her to believe that life has better things in store for her. Escape, as she points out that “The wilderness had a clarity that included me” (Strayed 103). Not only does walking and submerging with nature spark our imagination, but it also allows us to think coherently and believe in our desires. Suburbanization is taking over, as it robs us of being able to open our mind and imagination to help ourselves physically and mentally. As Solnit expresses “Suburbs are bereft of natural glories and civic pleasures… suburbanization has radically changed the scale and texture of everyday life” (Solnit 55). With our everyday life changing and the values of walking and nature decreasing, it is rare and near impossible for us to be able to connect to our mind and spark our imagination.
In another sense, the modern world has deprived us of a privilege and a blessing. Most people take walking for granted nowadays and do not see it for the benefit that it is. Back in “the golden age” walking was a sacrament and a blessing, that’s now fading away. As Solnit expresses “Walking was a sort of sacrament and a routine… walking as a cultural activity, as a pleasure, like travel, a way of getting around, is fading” (Solnit 55). No longer is walking am enjoyable activity nor is it a way of getting around, our society doesn’t notice how crucial walking is, and unfortunately, we deem it useless. Automobiles are what diminished walking the most, “making it possible to place people’s homes ever farther from work, stores, public transit, schools, and social life” (Solnit 56). With suburbanization, everything is spread far apart making it even harder for walking to be an option. The bigger problem is that our society even refuses to walk walkable distances, even if it’s more effective. We have lost the sacrament of walking to automobiles and the modern suburban world, Solnit mentions “I routinely see people drive and take the bus for remarkably short distances that could be covered more quickly by foot.” Most people don’t realize how much of a privilege, blessing, and the enormous role it plays in their lives until they have lost it, choosing a drive over a simple short walk that is quicker, healthier and more efficient for you is what is leading our society into a crisis. “The Chair,” by Dave Dawson perfectly represents why walking is for everyone a blessing and a sacrament. Dawson enlisted in the army the week after he turned eighteen years old, he was the average guy joining basic training in the military. After joining extra assignments, he gained experience and moved on to combat missions and other higher-level military duties. A few weeks before finishing his tour and getting ready to go back home Dawson was hit with a tragedy, while walking a “secured” traversed field, he experiences a sharp pain in his back dropping him to the floor and taking away his ability to walk. Dawson described the area as a beautiful flowered field, and while expressing its beauty his ability to walk taken away from him, revealing that walking is a blessing that we all have and should take advantage of before we lose to ability to do so. Instead of driving everywhere and placing walking as our last option, we should use that to appreciate the privilege and blessing that we have spark our imagination and our minds, making us physically and mentally healthier.?
?Freedom stands as the most important thing to society, everyone wants their freedom, and if that is threatened people get mad. It’s quite ironic how we are all willing to go the distance for our freedom, yet we choose not to have it every day of our lives. We restrain ourselves on a daily basis; we can go anywhere anytime we like because we are “free” however being free means nothing when there is nowhere to go. Solnit refers to Kays Asphalt nation “Children watched four times as much television because the outdoor world offered them a few adventures and destinations” (Kay 25), how are these children free yet so restricted? Cars took away the privacy of space, public building become surrounded by conventional design and traffic, leaving nowhere to go and putting cuffs on our freedom and our society. Developments of televisions, transport, and lack of public or private space have made it less necessary to go out into the real world, and we have adapted to the deterioration of open spaces and social conditions. Our freedom gets more restrained day by day, and we choose to sit by and allow it to happen by devaluing walking and not seeing its crucial advantages. Giving up our freedom to suburbanization and advancements our imagination and liberty will slowly fade, along with our privilege to walk, and that is where we lose all hope.
The manner we view walking in, and our adaptation to suburbanization must be changed, to save the creativity and the society of the human race. We must take realize the dangers and the harmful ramifications that the lack of walking has on our community. The restraint of freedom, loss of imagination and connection to one’s mind, and of a sacrament must be brought to attention and fixed if we want to save our society from the modern world take over. We must walk as much as we can, and learn again how to connect ourselves with our minds, submerge with nature and recover our imagination and health of souls and bodies once again, and we must reclaim the golden age of walking.
Nursing practice especially in terms of registered nurse (RN) practice should address the aspects of person-centered care along with evidence based practice in order to include the elements of preventative, curative, formative, supportive, restorative and palliative in the delivery of care to the patients. The delivery of care by the RN requires maintenance of therapeutic as well as professional relationships not only with the individual patients but also with their families, along with groups and communities. In this paper the major focus will be on the two standards of Registered nurse standards for practice that is implemented by the AHPRA nurses while providing health care to the clients.
Get original essayThe first standard is that the RN “Thinks critically and analyses nursing practice” and the second standard mentions that the RN “Engages in therapeutic and professional relationships”. Using the Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle the reflection of the situation will be presented where the above mentioned RN standards of nursing had been implemented.
While I was allocated as a student nurse and was placed in the oncology ward, there an elderly patient was admitted suffering from stomach cancer. She belonged to the Aboriginal community. On the arrival we found that this patient had some difficulty in hearing and proper verbal communication. Therefore it occurred to me that an important part of providing care to the patient was to calm the patient through proper communication and show compassion in order to attend to her needs. At this time I implemented the RN standards which required me to think critically and analyze the nursing practice along with engaging in a therapeutic and professional relationship with the client.
The feelings regarding this whole incident was that I understood that I need to quite mindful while delivering care to this patient as she had certain communication problem and also because of the fact that she belonged to the indigenous community which according to the standard requires that the RN nurse should “respects all cultures and experiences, which includes responding to the role of family and community that underpin the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and people of other cultures”. In terms of therapeutic communication there was also a need to “communicate effectively, and is respectful of a person’s dignity, culture, values, beliefs and rights”.
As I was providing care to the patient by following the first standard I critically analyzed the condition of the patient by using the best available evidences in order to provide safe quality practice to her. I used my experiences in terms of knowledge, feelings, actions and beliefs so that I could be able to shape the practice according to it. I also documented the prevailing condition of the patient along with the nursing plan and treatment that was provided to her along with the other required details. In terms of the second standard which involved maintaining of therapeutic and professional relationships with the client, I successfully established a relationship with the patient keeping a boundary between the personal and professional relationship. Although she had difficulty in communication, I tried to use some hand signs and gestures so that effective communication can be carried out in a way that the dignity of the patient is not harm. I tried to make her comfortable and tried to developed her trust towards me and other staff.
The RN standards of nursing care that we have focused upon are the first and the second standard which includes that:
Standard 1: Thinks critically and analyses nursing practice. The registered nurse:
Standard 2: Engages in therapeutic and professional relationships. The registered nurse:
In accordance to the above mentioned standards it is required that people with such conditions must be provided with a holistic care approach which involves patient centered care. Regarding correspondence it should join both verbal and non-verbal types of correspondence. It is required by the nursing proficient to make eye contact, look and tune in, assign more opportunity for the patient and furthermore be intelligent and communicative. Another aspect of this involves that since the patient belongs to the Aboriginal community there is a need to show cultural competency during the delivery care. It is required that the professionals show respect for their culture, their beliefs and traditions while providing care. It also should be kept in mind that the RN is able to recognize that these individuals are the specialists in the experience of their life.
From this experience, I will be more careful in future with respect to the significance of being emphatic and apply demonstrable skill practically. In this current circumstance being an understudy I was not able to execute the part of counsel and referrals in expert connections to accomplish enhanced wellbeing results as there was lack of team work in the ward therefore I will be more careful regarding this from next time. The insights that I have gained from these standards will help me to provide best service in future through the proper implication of these standards. Additionally I will be able to develop strong working relationships with the other healthcare professionals present so that through a multidisciplinary team approach care can be provided to the client, in order to increase the levels of team cohesiveness and the quality of patient care.
In the future, I aim to be more proactive in dealing with a situation regardless of my role within the team or level of experience; this includes dealing with a stressed service user, ensuring that information is passed on to the relevant staff and intervening when I believe that is a risk to a service user’s health or mental wellbeing. From next time I will ensure that I have met all the factors of the RN standards so that I do not fail to provide a holistic care to the patient. I likewise mean to reliably and certainly execute the standards and qualities that are set out by the guidelines like regarding the pride and good wholeness of each individual without conditions or confinement.
In this assignment I will review what regulative, normative and cognitive context is and explain the differences between the contextual approach versus the cultural approach on the example of McDonalds company.
Get original essayI chose McDonalds for this case study because it is world-wide corporation. Most everyone can recognize their signature golden arches. According to Fox News, McDonalds has 34, 480 restaurants in 119 countries.
Regulative Context
The central rudiments of McDonalds regulative context are their policies and work rules. McDonald’s policies are defined by their code of conduct which you can find on the McDonald’s corporate website. All employees have to certify that they have read and will abide by McDonald’s code of conduct, “employees also complete regular training on the Standards, anti-bribery laws, and various other laws, regulations and company-specific policies”.
Normative Context
The central rudiments of McDonald’s normative context are their work roles, habits and norms. McDonald’s has a hierarchy of their work roles. At the top is the restaurant manager, next is the assistant manager, then shift manager, then area manager, then goes host and crew trainer and then lastly is the crew member. All employees of McDonald’s contribute to their success.
Cognitive Context
The central rudiments of McDonalds cognitive contact are their beliefs, values and assumptions. McDonald’s mission statement is “to be our customers' favorite place and way to eat and drink. Our worldwide operations are aligned around a global strategy called the Plan to Win, which center on an exceptional customer experience – People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. We are committed to continuously improving our operations and enhancing our customers' experience”.
Contextual or Cultural Approach
For McDonald’s I believe that the cultural approach is more efficient than the contextual approach. The organizational cultural approach is stated as “the actions, ways of thinking, practices, stories, and artifacts that characterize a particular organization”. Every employee of a company or organization contributes to its culture.
The cultural approach examines the employee’s workplace interactions, their norms, what they value, etc. This is more efficient than the contextual approach because the cultural approach focuses on the employees and what they contribute to the work place. Without good hard-working employees, companies would not be successful.
McDonald’s does an amazing job of making sure their employees are happy and healthy. Employees of McDonald’s enjoy working there because they offer so many amazing benefits such as: medical insurance, dental insurance, profit sharing, vacation, sabbatical program, employee and dependent life insurance, incentive pay and recognition programs.
Fundamentally, subjective opinions arise in attempting to understand the reasoning behind the establishment of a terrorist group. “Bruce Hoffman…has defined terrorism as violence — or equally important, the threat of violence — used and directed in pursuit of, or in service of, a political aim” (Ward, 2018). Opinions on why terrorist groups emerge, and attack had increased following the September 2001 attacks which saw the hijacking of two aircrafts and eventually being flown into the World Trade Centre. Following al-Qaeda taking responsibility, a known terrorist organisation, it sees scholars such as Matthew Bunn and James Dingley publishing reports on what ‘fuels’ such groups. It becomes important to understand the ‘fuel’ for terrorist organisations, with attacks becoming much more frequent with the likes of populated cities such as London and New Zealand being targets. Nonetheless, the articles like Bunn’s and other scholars complex the understanding of why such groups emerge. This essay will focus on the period between the 1950 – 2019 and discuss three prominent reasons; firstly, whether or not religion forms the basis for terrorist groups, secondly, whether or not they are driven by their poor economic conditions and lastly if they are desiring liberation from a form of oppression. It becomes clear that from research, the idea of what Abrahamic religions believe in has been tainted because of individuals formulating their own ideology with the use of religious principles. As a result of this, it is clear that religion is not a foundational factor but instead sees groups forming as a result of desiring some form of liberation, either from a country or oppression. “Lyons and Haribson found the average terrorist…[to be] normal, which suggest[s] that terrorist behavior was normal” and not psychologically ill, Could it be that we are living in a world full of terrorists who are yet to be ignited on their radical journeys for liberty?
Get original essayThe claim that ‘religion’ is a foundational factor in the creation of terrorist groups is becoming much evident because of recent attacks. Critics such as James Dingley identify reasons to justify Abrahamic religions as supporting the idea of terrorism. It is highlighted through religious housing becoming a center for 'learning a…social activity, a meeting place both for prayers and discussion of local events and centre and the centre of the local structure of relations'. Dingley shows the influence of religion with the concept of the “Ummah” as provoking reactions. This becomes clear as the term stresses “the idea of an Allah-given order, whose form was revealed through the Prophet: how men should live together in an ordered structure of relationships, bonded by ties of moral obligation to other members of the “ummah”, thereby creating peace and harmony”. Alongside this, the “the very word Islam means surrender or submission (to the will of Allah), which implies also to the will of the “ummah” and brings order and harmony. One consequence of this is that whatever appears to attack the community and an established order, it is seen as an attack on God (Allah)'. Therefore, it becomes clear that the impact religious housing and radical religious leaders have on vulnerable individuals can lead to a case of indoctrination. This can be the case with a large influx of individuals visiting such centres, making it an ideal breeding ground. Although it is important to note, this is only the case with radical religious leaders being present in such facilities. Nonetheless, this argument holds weight as a result of the Islamic State wanting to attack the Western countries because they are a threat to their values and the encounters between both sides in ‘Muslim countries’. Dingley mentions the influence of Christianity on radical individuals as, any form of modernity “undermined the sense of order and community the Catholic Church represented as morally sacred”. In this instance, it is clear that their values like Islam are cherished and any form of attack will be greeted with protection. In essence, this suggests inevitable attacks due to individuals not being like-minded.
Dingley highlights a trend; of such religions retaliating against some form of attack which shows that they are attempting to liberate themselves from this form of oppression. In line with this, the desire to “build[ing] an ideology based on the idea of supremacy against other groups in society and the idea of true faith” shows a form of communitarianism – a value stressed by religions. The desire to ensure their group is superior in comparison to others aligns with the likes of the Islamic state who want to eradicate the idea of the “Islamic countries versus the West” (Meierrieks and Krieger, 2009). This demonstrates the case of religion being against states which is evident in a majority of the recent terrorist attacks such as the London 2017 attacks.
Bjorgo emphasises a similar line to that of Dingley but shows a correlation between the methods of attack to religious values. The number of deaths by al-Qaeda alone in 2001 saw “3000” through a suicide bomber which evidently is their favourable option as seen through another attack in Kenya 1998 - killing “224”. Suicide terrorism can be justified a case of “religious fanaticism'(Bjrgo, 2004) which aligns with the following Islamic principle of “self-sacrifice [being] Allah’s will, and the description of the rewards guaranteed for Shaheed’s (martyrs) in paradise” (Bjrgo, 2004). This demonstrates that religious values motivate such attacks. The root ideology behind islamist terrorist groups today can be seen to have been because of Salafi Jihadism, a militant Islamic movement which aimed to call upon other Muslims to defend the ‘Muslim Land’ from foreign occupation. The ideas of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1998 with Dr Fadl highlighting Jihad as a constant and natural state of Islam. Fadl refers to Osama Bin Laden and highlighted that “Muslims could take effective military action inspired by select Islamic principles”. The exposure to conservative Islamist scholars and his work with Arab militants in Afghanistan provided the theological and ideological basis for his belief in the puritanical Salafist Islamic reform in Muslim societies and the necessity of armed resistance in the face of “perceived aggression”. It becomes clear that such principles align with the idea of Dingley in protecting their Ummah but also justifying their “retaliation for…aggression in the Islamic world”. Al-Qaeda are a clear example of religion providing foundations for their group. This is as a result of their end goal being an ‘Islamic State’ with the need for “The Quran-Based Authority to Govern”. The state would be based on the Sharia law. One principle of the law is the immediate death upon those who degrade the Quranic verses. The desire to fulfil such a state has come at great cost following the Charlie Hebdo Shooting in Paris 2015, and also the London bombings in 2007. Therefore, it becomes clear that religion is a foundational factor in this instance with the method in they utilise but also their justification for attacks. Al-Qaeda are an example of adhering to ‘Islamic’ principles in carrying out their attacks and forming their ideology on ‘Islamic principles’.
On the other hand, the idea of religion being a foundational factor holds a lack of weight when comparing it with the true form of religion. Eposito highlights religion as not being a credible explanation for the formation of terrorist groups. It is revealed that “the Islamic scriptures in the Quran were actually far less bloody and less violent than those in the Bible [and that] the laws of war that are laid down by the Quran are actually reasonably humane” (Esposito, 2015). Eposito highlights that Islam has been painted wrong through justifying the need to understand the historical context behind quotes used by terrorist organizations. Many individuals were living in “tribal society and environment” (Esposito, 2015) meaning “tribal raids and warfare were considered normal and lawful unless a truce had been concluded between tribes”, however “Chivalry forbade killing noncombatants like children, women, religious leaders and old people” (Esposito, 2015). It becomes clear that the attacks committed by such islamist groups are wrongful. This is enhanced by the verse from the Quran - “Had Allah wished, He would have made them dominate you and so if they leave you alone and do not fight you and offer you peace, then Allah allows you no way against them” (4:90). Meirrieks demonstrates that they cannot “conclude whether religious factors (as well as ethnic ones) drive terrorist attacks” following empirical research. In order to understand the arguments posed by critics such as Dingley of Islam being a cause of terrorist attacks, one must mention Islamism. Both variations hold similar values but differ fundamentally. The focus of Islamism sees “their effort to build a way of life based purely on the Shar'i laws, Islamists strain to reject all aspects of Western influence - customs, philosophy, political institutions and values”. Whereas the traditional Islam focuses more on peace. In light of this, it is clear that a majority of the scholars and critics have confused their understanding of what form of Islam a majority of such terrorist groups believe in. It is also important to mention the impact of Islamism as an ideology that is out of touch. Alongside this, it is also important to note that rather than adhering to a religion, they are adhering to what is known as an ideology. This is identified as a result of ISIS wanting a reformed society based of their ideas, whereas Islam accepts and has evidently integrated into modern society. In light of this it is clear that that “terrorists don’t kill for their religion”. Therefore, it justifies and demonstrates that modern day religions do not form the foundational factor for terrorist groups but instead have been confused with subbranches. It is important to note that it shows signs of wanting liberation from the western philosophy.
Moreover, it could be said that terrorist organisations form as a result of poor economic conditions. To begin with, it is important to define that in order to judge what constitutes a poor economy, one must comment on social inequality and a lack of economic prosperity. In this instance, there will be a focus on an impoverished economic systemic. It is clear that such conditions leave individuals with no other options but to gain revenge as “a combination of poor economic and institutional conditions may matter to the genesis of terror”. The combination of both instruments failing in a country leads to individuals resorting to revengeful methods against the government or in most cases against foreign countries. The involvement of other countries has evidently resulted in severe economic sanctions being made to the weaker country. Many countries identify themselves as intervening on the basis of geopolitics and globalisation. However, the impact of ruining the economy of a country leaves humans to tap into their nationalistic feelings but also their human nature of wanting revenge. This may also come about through domestic terrorism too.
An example of impoverishment had occurred in Iran with America stopping all forms of petroleum sales with Iran and the banning all investment in the country. Consequently, this resulted in a severe impact on the economy of Iran. Choi highlights that Iran had experienced an increase of “145% in domestic terrorism during the periods of economic sanctions between 1979 – 1981 – 1984 and 2002… their natural reaction is to lash out against the rich and the government [who control the country]”. It becomes clear that terrorists had formed groups and been triggered as a result of foreign countries intervening and being able to ruin their economic prosperity and growth. This is because of the pervasive and one-sided nature of globalisation. A report in 2018 highlighted developed industrialised countries as benefitting the “most from globalisation because increasing globalisation generates the largest GDP per capita gains for them in absolute terms” (Petersen and Jungbluth, 2019). This case was evident in Iran following the banning of the U Turn financial transactions by the US and also being able to control them, as seen through the changes they made to their country and instructing other countries to cease trades. As a result of this, it was clear USA benefitted from their relationship. Scholars such as Newman have highlighted that that the “poverty of resources, combined with poverty of prospects, choices and respect, help enable terrorism to thrive” (Newman, 2006). Alongside this, the “reconstructing of labour markets and creating [more] grievances [sees individuals] become unemployed as a result of economic change”. This was evidently the case in Iran following “48% of Iranians….[not having enough] money to buy food or provide adequate shelter for themselves” (Choi, 2014). The inevitable outcome of this was a “violence trigger… thus intensifying their economic misery and generating poverty-related political violence” which in our case transferred to terrorist attacks because of the hostile environment. As a result of poor conditions, it contributes to individuals losing belief in their current government and sees their use of attacks increasing in the hopes of removing their government through fearful methods. This is as a result of a discrepancy between “what individuals think they deserve and what they actually receive through the economic (distributive) process”. Consequently, it leads to an alienated group in society who become victim to the economic changes made as a result of their governments decisions. In most cases, it also sees the weakening of their government due to the state diluting some form of power following relations between countries being on an economic basis. As a result, it it “provide[s] the space and oxygen for terrorist’s groups to flourish”. This vacuum of power is utilised by terrorists through the use of propaganda and also manipulating vulnerable individuals. A case study that demonstrates poor economic conditions as triggering terrorist actions is highlighted through the Islamic Republican in Iran. Following the overthrow of the Shah monarchy who had become dependent on “foreign industries” (M. Vedat, 2003) and the United States it saw a lack of prosperity for Iran, which frustrated its people. An example of its economic downturn is highlighted through the 1978 budget ending up with a “$7.3 billion deficit” (M. Vedat, 2003) due to the badly executed plan of “depend[ing] on imports and foreign trade” (M. Vedat, 2003). As a result of removing the Shah monarchy, the republican then decided to turn on those who contributed to the economic downfall of their country. Many examples have occurred since 1983 through terrorist methods. One significant attack on the US was seen through the support for the September 2001 attack but also in 1983 with the taking of hostages of US officials. The inflicting of fear upon them is a method of terrorism. Bjorgo highlights the ideological reasoning for individuals wanting to support their state through Durkheim. This sees the mentioning of a social duty but also a form of altruism in which they enact through terrorist attacks to enhance their country and a form of revenge. All in all, it becomes evidently clear that the impact of poor economic conditions because of impoverishment sees individuals resorting to terrorist methods to fulfil their social duty and improve their conditions. This could also show those in Iran as feeling entrapped as result of lack of economic prosperity and wanting economic liberty.
However, poor economic conditions cannot be seen as the most important reasons for the creation of terrorist groups. Newman highlights that “Nasra Hassan (2001, 37) interviewed nearly two hundred and fifty people involved in the most militant Palestinian groups: “none of them were uneducated, desperately poor, simple-minded, or depressed. Many were middle class and, unless they were fugitives, held paying jobs” (Newman, 2006). Although this is only one example, it is clear that a lack of economic prosperity does not contribute to terrorists’ groups forming. This is because ‘successful’ terrorist supports their campaigns through funds they have access to and would not be able to exceed their desires. All of which would not occur if they were living in poor economic conditions. One example of this is Osama Bin Laden whose wealth amounted to “$29 million” (Anon, 2016) . It is clear that one of the largest terrorists known in history was not motivated because of poor economic conditions, but because of the opposite. The instance of Iran being a weighty example of highlighting poor economic conditions as fueling terrorist methods is only to a certain degree. This is as a result of political and cultural reasons being driving factors for the Islamic republican. Shah had been highlighted was one who was a threat to Iranian culture but also his “regime seemed quite authoritarian”. As a result of this, “Terrorism is thus often linked to a sense of injustice and impotence rather than sheer poverty”. This is highlighted through the Tamil Tigers (LTTE) who had suffered injustices in the work and education sphere by the Sinhalese party – Sri Lanka Freedom Party – who won elections in 1956, 1960 and 1970. Following the failed attempt by the Tamil United Front in 1972 who attempted to introduce another state through peaceful methods, it saw Velupillai Prabhakaran forming his own group from this party in 1976 which became known as the LTTE. The lack of justice saw the use of Guevara’s tactic and a Marxist-Leninist terrorist style with the use of suicide attacks “against the Sri Lankan government. LTTE forces would often ambush government troops and attack in “waves,” meaning here that the LTTE would first swarm the enemy and then engage in suicide bombings, which would often confuse and scare Sri Lankan government forces”. It is clear that the idea of liberation had been more of a reason to form their own terrorist group rather than economic conditions, even though they had not been the best following their recent colonial encounters. Ultimately, it is clear the poor economic conditions do not fuel terrorists, due to it being as a result of more substantial factors combined. Alongside this, there is no specific terrorist group which had been formed directly on the basis of a lack of economic prosperity in their country.
Overall, it is clear terrorist groups form as a result of desiring liberation of some type. This argument holds an incredible amount of weight as it aligns with the aims of the terrorist groups discussed in this essay but since the 1950s. It is important to define what liberation actually means – the Oxford Dictionary defines it as wanting “Freedom from limits on thought or behaviour” [and also from] oppression” (Fowler, 2012). Two examples of terrorist groups demonstrate this argument. The Irish Republican Army emerged in the 20th century and had attempted to gain full independence of Ireland from Britain. This had been as a result of historical and religious conflict with Britain since the 17th century with the Battle of Drogheda. Although they had gained part of their objective following a split in Ireland between the South and the North, it still was not enough. Their main objective had been to ensure Ireland was free from Britain’s oppression due to the attacks they encountered because they were Catholics. In order to achieve their unified Ireland, “The violence that they used [was] to pressure the State. In a sense that the more they killed many people, the more the state will likely grant their wish)” (Pratiwi, n.d.). They had attempted to achieve “sympathy from the public” (Pratiwi, n.d.) in order to eradicate British rule over Ireland. This had been as a result of constant British oppression with the likes of the Easter Rising and Bloody Sunday which identify the case of a lack of freedom for their thoughts. This was clear as both events had seen the British attacking the Irish following their peaceful methods of wanting to achieve independence. The freedom of their behaviour was also restricted seen through the Martial Law being put in place at the start of the 20th century which inevitably created a hostile environment. It becomes clear that the IRA believed they were only able to remove this stronghold through inflicting fear onto Britain. Although the case can identify the group as being formed because of religious reasons, it is clear that their political objectives were of more significance as highlighted by Jackson and Sinclair. Similarly, the Palestine Liberation Organization show the desire for wanting liberation. The circumstances for the group to emerge had been as a result of the creation of Israel in 1948 following the Balfour Declaration. The United Nations had divided Palestine to allow occupation for both the Arabs and the Jewish. However, this cause a mixed response with the Jews accepting their gain but Arabs rejecting it. This hostile environment saw a two-stage war in 1948 and 1949 which saw Israel winning because of their use of militias and beating Arab armies. The impact of this war and further relations between both countries saw a displacement of people and also Israel intending on expanding to the West Bank. The hostile relationship had not been assisted due to no treaty being formed to end hostilities in 1949 which highlighted a case of wanting revenge. As a result of this, the movement had emerged with the purpose of wanting to liberate Palestine from Israel occupation. It had rejected the legitimacy of Israel and any form of partition and looked upon revolutionary violence. A covert arm of the Fatah emerged in what became known as the Al-Asifa which saw itself as tool for armed revolution. They had pledged to fight until Palestine is liberated. “After 1968 the PLO and its associated groups adopted a policy of terrorism against civilians” in order to liberate the Palestinians which, saw bombings and hijackings with examples including the bomb on the 22nd November 1968 at the Jerusalem Market. The Palestine National Covenant highlighted the partition as an illegal act due to it being “contrary to the will of the Palestinian people and to their natural right in their homeland, and inconsistent with the principles embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, particularly the right to self-determination…”. It becomes clear to critics that the formation of such a group had been on the basis of liberation. This is apparent through the movement attempting to eradicate any forms of oppression on their people. It is clear that this identifies liberation as being the most justifiable reason in understanding the formation of terrorist groups. This is because the PLO are attempting to eradicate the oppression that exists today and that had continued since the wars between both countries since 1948-67. Their main objective is to remove Israel occupation which exists upon oppression. Therefore, it is clear that many groups since the 1950s are retaliating against some form of oppression or restriction on their behaviour or thoughts.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, it is clear that religion is not a credible explanation for why terrorist groups form. This is highlighted as a result of groups such as ISIS which ‘represent Islamic principles’ being founded upon an ideology based of their personal aims. This is important to add due to many critics tainting the image of Islam and therefore depicting it as a religion of violence. Academics such as Eposito highlight that the likes of Dr Fadl has manipulated Quranic verses to support their out of date ideology. Similarly, the argument presented by critics posing the theory of economic reasons holding strength is also one that is not credible. This is as a result of a lack of terrorist groups being based off because of only economic conditions. History has highlighted that a combustion of societal factors such as politics influence and motivate their methods of revenge. Therefore, it becomes apparent that both arguments highlight that groups of such desire a form of liberation. This is clear either through desiring to prevent the ‘oppression of Western philosophy’ as stated by ISIS or attempting to ensure economic liberty. Modern and previous terrorist groups identify themselves as ‘normal citizens’ being restricted to enact freely and being restricted as seen through the Palestinians losing their land. Nonetheless, it is confirmed that a majority of the terrorist groups since the 1950s till today have formed upon the desire of wanting either economic, political or social liberty. This brings to light on what constitutes a valid form of liberation due to its subjective nature.
Human made of thousands of different organs, each organ is made of thousands of different tissues and those tissues are made of thousands of different cells and every cell consists of tiniest particle working together to work for a particular function, Everything inside a human body is so much organized and well maintained that such a big organize system could never have been created without a supreme organizer such perfection can only be created by a powerful creator.
Get original essayMoreover if we look around and observe the sun, the stars, the moon, the birds, the sky, the wind, the rain, the shifting of moon till the rising of the sun, from the thunder till the blowing of the breeze every single thing in this universe is with such perfection and this perfection can never be achieved without a creator. Humans have different opinions different views some believe in god and some believe in the existences of multiple god divide each as the controller of individual element of this universe which brings debates and different physiological theories because they are depended on the natural as well as the knowledge that has been passed on generations to generations.
This first cause must be powerful as it brought the whole universe into existence, and it must be intelligent as it caused the ‘laws of science’ which govern the universe. Also, this first cause must be timeless, space less and immaterial, because time, space and matter began at the ‘Big Bang’. Finally, since it is uncaused it must have always existedIf we look into the different religions Christians, Muslim’s, Jews, Hindu etc. all of these have proofs of the existence of God. However we come across different controversial ideas and many different arguments on the existence of God, Out of which we are describing the few:
Pantheism: (pan="everything" theos="God")Universe is divine.
Polytheism: is the belief that there are many gods. Breaking the word down, “poly” comes from the Greek word for “many,” and “theism” from the Greek word for “God. ”
Belief of Hindus.
Proves From Holy Books:
It is difficult for natural man to believe in something that he cannot see, touch or feel. if we look into Christians the problem is solved with the first verse of the Bible, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth" (Gen. 1: 1). The Bible is not a textbook that attempts to prove the existence of God - the Bible opens with a positive fact that God does exist.
In Islam the concept of god is defined in terms of singular meaning only one and is indivisible, the powerful and all knowing and the creator of everything in existence. Muslim believes in only one God and according to their holy book there are multiple different verses proving the existence of god.
If we take the example from Quran it says,God is the creator of the universe and all the creatures in it. [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Creator of the heavens and the earth, [who] made the angels messengers having wings, two or three or four. He increases in creation what He wills. Indeed, Allah is over all things competent. — Quran 35: 1And it is We Who have constructed the heavens (universe) with might and verily, it is We Who are steadily expanding it. — Quran 51: 47We created man from an extract of clay. Then We made him as a drop in a place of settlement; firmly fixed (Uterus of woman). Then We made the drop into an alaqah (leech-like suspended blood clot), then We made the alaqah into a mudghah (chewed substances,little lump of flesh), then We made out of that mudghah bones, then We clothed the bones with flesh, and then We brought it forth as another creation. So blessed be Allah, the Best of creators. — Quran 23: 12
They believe that Izra (Izrael) is the Son of God. Miracle mentioned in Quran that Allah made him sleep for 100 years in order to answer the question of destroyed nations rising on the Day of Judgment. Nation of prophet Muses (Musa) follows Ten Commandments.
The Prophet said,“Each child is born in a state of “Fitrah”, but his parents make him a Jew or a Christian. It is like the way an animal gives birth to a normal offspring. Have you noticed any (young animal) born mutilated before you mutilate them?” So, just as the child’s body submits to the physical laws which God has put in nature, its soul also submits naturally to the fact that God is its Lord and Creator. But its parents try to make it follow their own way and the child is not strong enough in the early stages of its life to resist or oppose its parents. The religion which the child follows at this stage is one of custom and upbringing and God does not hold it to account or punish it for this religion. When the child matures in youth and clear proofs of the falsehood of his religion are brought to him, the adult must now follow the religion of knowledge and reason. ” At this point the devils try their best to encourage him to stay as he is or to go further astray. Evils are made pleasing to him and he must now live in the midst of a struggle between his Fitrah and his desires in order to find the right road. If he chooses his Fitrah, God will help him overcome his desires even though it may take most of his life to escape, for many people enter Islam in their old age although most tend to do so before that.
The teleological or design argument is A posteriori; it uses our experience of ‘design’ in the world to argue for the existence of a designer; God. Examples of this could be the sky, the human brain, even emotions. The concept would say that if things exist they must have a designer. St Thomas Aquinas asserted that there were five ways to prove Gods existence, one of which is the teleological argument. He thought that the regularity in the universe shows design, which he referred to as ‘Design qua regularity’.
So which argument is the strongest? In my opinion the designer arguments were the strongest one.