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Parenting is the manner of marketing and assisting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual enchancment of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the factors of elevating a infant aside from the organic relationship.

Parenting is normally accomplished through the natural dad and mother of the toddler in question, although governments and society take a role as well. In many cases, orphaned or deserted young adults get maintain of parental care from non-parent blood relations. Others can also be adopted, raised in foster care, or placed in an orphanage.

Performing the characteristic of a guardian through care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the infant by means of a herbal or alternative parent. The mother or father helps the child by way of using exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, amazing conduct in response to the kid's needs. Parenting differs from child rearing in that in little one rearing the emphasis is on the act of education or bringing up the children and the interplay between the dad or mum and child, whilst parenting emphasizes the obligation and traits of exemplary conduct of the parent.

Conceptions of who mother and father are and what represent the nice stipulations for elevating young adults fluctuate widely. From basic anthropological and human improvement perspectives, parenting frequently is described as a imperative mechanism of socialization, that is, a essential viable of coaching and making geared up adolescence to meet the needs of their environments and take reap of chances inside these environments.

Attachment safety is a central thing of enchancment that has been described as a kid's sense of self assurance that the caregiver is there to meet his or her desires. All children improve attachments with their parents, then again how mom and father interact with their younger children, which include the extent to which they reply appropriately and consistently to their kid's needs, in precise in cases of distress, influences whether the attachment relationship that develops is impenetrable or insecure. Young youth who are securely attached to their dad and mom are furnished a sturdy basis for wholesome development, consisting of the group of sturdy peer relationships and the capacity to empathize with others. Conversely, young youngsters who do not turn out to be securely connected with a essential caregiver (e.g., as a end result of maltreatment or separation) may moreover enhance insecure behaviors in childhood and doubtlessly suffer other detrimental consequences over the life course, such as intellectual fitness disorders and disruption in different social and emotional domains.

More recently, developmental psychologists and economists have described dad and mom as investing resources in their young human beings in anticipation of promoting the kid's social, economic, and psychological well-being. A characterize this advertising of kid's wholesome improvement as taking two forms:

1. material, monetary, social, and psychological sources;
2. provision of support, guidance, warmth, and love.

Parental obligations start soon after the delivery and play a significant function and go away an affect on child's normal life. Most of the parents generally strengthen their own parenting fashion generally based upon amalgamation of elements such as children's temperament and parenting fashion influenced via their own upbringing, what they observed in other families, what they have been skilled and the surrounding culture. There is no difficult and fast rule about parenting. It usually evolves with the passage of time as teenagers grow up and develop their personalities. The fantastic of parenting is an necessary impact on children's intellectual, emotional and social development.

In 1960's a very well-known concept about parenting was developed via Diana Baumrind. This concept used to be based totally upon three parenting style named authoritative, permissive and authoritarian. Later, every other necessary element named uninvolved used to be delivered via Maccoby and Martin. Diana adopted a large and properly managed way to learn about on extra than 100 preschool-age children. She used a number of procedures the usage of naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other lookup methods. This huge learn about helped her to discern out and recognize four important components of parenting which encompass disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, verbal exchange patterns and expectation of maturity and control.

How parents put in effort to respond and correct their adolescents significantly affects how they progress in my opinion and socially. A child's improvement manner is influenced with the aid of several factors, for instance, the people and conditions he comes into close contact and interaction. Parent's influence is the best on a child's development. The positivity as properly as negativity in a child's mind-set and conduct is due to the fact of mother and father brought up and parenting style.

Parents these days ought to be strict with everything and suggestions on being strict with youth unfold fast across. And, parenting these days require blogs, FB pages, speeches to research over the same.

Our grandparents had more than two children but focussed on each one of them independently, nurtured them properly, taught training of existence valuably. However, the execs and cons usually are part of life. But the parenthood remained pure. The parenthood did now not require KT for it was felt from within.

To summarize, his era focusses and aims at well-planned family. But the point, where a many would agree would be that even with simply two or one teens it is challenging to grow them.

In David Foster Wallace’s article, “Consider the Lobster,” he persuades the audience that cooking lobster and eating them is cruel and that it is wrong to eat lobster “alive for our gustatory pleasure.” Wallace applies thought provoking information that exhibits whether it is right or wrong to boil lobsters “for our gustatory pleasure.” Wallace emphasizes with details the various ways lobsters are cruelty prepared. He also provides the readers with outside resources and calls attention to the of the MFL and how they mention that Lobsters have no pain, “no brain, no cerebral cortex, which in humans it is the area of the brain that gives the experience of pain,” but Wallace claims to be “incorrect.” He supports this case with multiple further reasoning. Although, Wallace article portrays a controversial view, he can persuade the audience to reflect on the morality of boiling lobsters alive for food consumption. Wallace relies on facts and descriptive details, pathos, logical reasoning, which praises his view on lobsters to an audience of those who attend the Maine Lobster Festival, gourmet food eaters, chefs, those against animal cruelty and the public.

Wallace uses an immense of detailing to exhibit the concerns of pain in lobsters and how unnecessary the deaths are, specifically at the Maine lobster festival, also providing factual support for his argument. Wallace depicts how Lobsters are prepared at the Main lobster event and in one’s kitchen. Wallace goes into great detail explaining the environment surrounding the Maine lobster festival in order to convey the idea that people ignore the massacre of thousands of lobsters right beside them. When it comes to cooking at home Wallace’s describes “the lobster will try to cling into the container or even hook its claws… like a person trying to keep from going over the edge of a roof.” he bluntly affirms how lobsters act just like any human that is in pain would. To prove that Lobsters feel pain Wallace includes sources that confirm lobsters pain. In his article he corrects sources that said Lobsters do not feel pain, when they do, allowing his article to be more credible, and therefore having the audience to really appreciate his knowledge on Lobsters. To further strengthen his point, Wallace points out how when a Lobster is scrabbling, this shows an important indicator of suffering, concluding that Lobsters do in fact feel pain. According to an article by U.S. News, “Some say the hiss that sounds when crustaceans hit the boiling water is a scream (it’s not, they don’t have vocal cords)”. This leads to an assumption that consumers think lobsters may feel pain as they enter boiling water, but perhaps we do not care enough or enjoy the flavor too much to care.

In addition, Wallace creates appeal to pathos and connects to the readers emotions. When comparing the Maine Lobster Festival to how a Nebraska Beef Festival the audience draws a sense of guilt. Wallace states, “at which part of the festivities is watching trucks pull up and the live cattle get driven down the ramp and slaughtered right there…” Most times people will feel sorrow for the cattle, but what about the Lobster? Wallace applying the context of the cattle and how one feels bad for them but not the Lobsters, also ties with hypocrisy. He outlines this to accurately show the hypocrisy of people’s attitudes surrounding the mass slaughter of the lobsters when they find the mass slaughter of any other animals horrific. Again, Wallace adds a dreadful metaphor, The lobster will sometimes cling to the container’s sides or even hook its claws over the kettle’s rim like a person trying to keep from going over the edge of a roof,” which really shows how inhumane the general cooking method can seem when envisioning the process of boiling lobster. Another comparison used by Wallace is when he mentions how Lobsters were for the lower class and how feeding lobster was thought to be cruel, once again using a simile, “like making people eat rats.” This draws a sense of disgust and discomfort to the readers. As Wallace bring disgust to the readers, there are numerous other people who will fully support Wallace. “Lobsters are very good as article of commerce, and pretty enough to look at, after they are boiled but, as to eating them, I prefer castoff rubber shoes”. Wallace metaphors can be triggering to the audience which can enable to really understand the wrong in boiling lobster what they go through, and but oneself in the perspective of a lobster.

Furthermore, Wallace seeks logical reasoning to properly expand the readers knowledge on Lobsters. When gaining knowledge on Lobsters readers can comprehend and come to realize how unethical and inhumane it is to boil Lobsters. Wallace provides research about the large well-known and highly acclaimed Maine Lobster Festival which thrives each summer. After mentioning the Main Lobster event and including horrifying aspects to the event many individuals may not want to participate in the event after reading Wallace argument. Wallace is able to give the audience clarity and a new understanding to what takes place to have a lobster in one’s plate. Although Lobsters Wallace “discuss the boiling of lobsters with a negative viewpoint, there are many people who truly enjoy eating Lobster and feel no need to stop. Many individuals view Lobsters as “more than food: It is an idea, an event, a challenge, a happening, a celebration and Indulgence”. Ultimately, Wallace provides support using facts, appeal to pathos, and logical reasoning to why Lobsters should not be boiled/cooked for consumption. Wallace exhibits how Lobsters feel pain and how inhumane it is to kill a Lobster. He is incredibly convincing and allows the audience to truly “consider the Lobster.” After reading Wallace essay one is convinced to really think about the morality of boiling Lobster for consumption and to really ponder about the food one puts in their mouth, partially a lobster, because it was once a living breathing creature.

Works Cited

1. Wallace, D. F. (2004). Consider the Lobster. Gourmet, 64(8), 150-165.
2. Griswold, W. (2006). “Consider the Lobster.” Wallace Studies, 4(2), 1-9.
3. Humane Society of the United States. (n.d.). Consider the Lobster: Pain and Consciousness in Crustaceans. Retrieved from https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/consider-the-lobster-research-paper.pdf
4. Regan, T. (1985). The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press.
5. Singer, P. (1990). Animal Liberation. Harper Perennial.
6. Korsgaard, C. M. (2011). The Status of Animals in Kantian Ethics. In T. L. Beauchamp & R. G. Frey (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics (pp. 87-108). Oxford University Press.
7. Hursthouse, R. (2000). Ethics, Humans and Other Animals: An Introduction with Readings. Routledge.
8. Hargrove, E. C. (2012). Killing for Food: Eating Animals and the Limits of Ethics. University of North Texas Press.
9. DeGrazia, D. (2002). Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
10. Lymbery, P., & Oakeshott, I. (2017). Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Topic analysis
3. Conclusion
4. Bibliography

Introduction

Peter Abelard had been a well known French teacher and philosopher who was punished to live as a monk in his life. This was due to him impregnating his student, Heloise. During his life as a monk, he practiced Scholasticism, which is questioning religious questions based on logic and reason, causing St. Bernard of Clairvaux to condemn him intensely.

In this essay, I will argue that Abelard’s approach on religious questions are strongly influenced by the authority of the Bible and Greek Philosophy, which is the major reason why he is solving religious content while ignoring the authority of the Church. As a result, this brings Bernard’s antagonism to rise for Abelard is daringly questioning the writings of the Church based on human logic.

Topic analysis

Firstly, Abelard is using logic or Greek Philosophy, as the highest authority on solving the writings of the Church because he argues based on Greek Philosophy. “Aristotle, the most clear-sighted philosopher of all, advised his students to embrace this questioning with complete willingness” so that we can perceive the truth after questioning. It is clearly cited that Abelard thinks highly of Aristotle by praising him and using Aristotle’s wisdom as his principle in his life. He insists that we must question and doubt to be better readers and better christians, so we must decipher our own conclusion based on evidence.

Therefore, Abelard is judging the Church’s writings based on greek philosophy and suggests that the key to better christians is by following Aristotle’s wisdom. Moreover, Abelard believes that when the writings of the saints are contradicting with each other, then there is an error in translation or the text have been corrupted. In simple words, Abelard is using greek philosophy by saying that if things could not be understood logically, then they are caused by human error. However, if Abelard thinks that the Church has higher authority, he wouldn’t dare question them, let alone argue about the writings in the first place.

Instead, he would judge greek philosophy based on the church’s writings. Furthermore, Clanchy (1997, p.229) states that “Abelard’s Theologia, on the other hand, is written in a debating style”. This proves how Abelard is using Greek Philosophy intensely when arguing since the debating style, which is being argumentative to stimulate critical thinking, is highly used in the Socrates Method. Thus, by having Greek Philosophy as a foundation of his arguments, proves how significant the authority of it in Abelard’s arguments.

Furthermore, the second highest authority on Abelard’s approach is the Bible for he is using Bible quotes as part of his arguments and he practices the Bible’s teachings. For example, Abelard uses Bible lines from Wisdom and Matthew, such as “the saints shall judge nations” and “it is not you who is speaking, but the Spirit of your Father who speaks through you”. According to this, Abelard afterwards makes a hypothesis that it is the writer that lacks spirit causing the lack of understanding on the reader. Therefore, Abelard is still holding onto the Bible’s teaching and blaming the mistake on human error. He still believes of the Spirit of the Father. Moreover, Murray (1997, p.151) states that according to Abelard, we must use knowledge for it is God’s gift. In addition, Abelard believes that “the testimony of the Fathers must be true, but we must examine the evidence we have” (Radice 1974, p.37).

The belief of Knowledge is given by God comes from the Bible and by using this knowledge shows that Abelard is practicing the teaching of the Bible. Furthermore, Abelard says that the Gospels may be experiencing scribal error, but the Church Father still holds far less authority then the bible. Even Though the Bible sometimes contradict each other, Abelard is saying that it is because of human mistakes, not because of the wrong teaching of the Bible since Abelard still applies Bible’s teaching in his arguments. By saying the Church Father holds far less authority is basically the same as saying the Bible or Gospel holds far more authority. Hence, the Bible holds authority in Abelard’s arguments.

Lastly, Bernard is opposing Abelard’s writing and thinking because Abelard is questioning the writings of the Church, which is the main source of Bernard’s faith. According to Bernard (Letters 238, ex.2), “mere human ingenuity is taking on itself to solve everything, and leave nothing to faith.” Faith is not supposed to be questioned for it cannot be solved by human logic and it is above reason. Instead, we must believe and accept that we are only humans with limited capability.

Furthermore, Bernard is mad on Abelard because he is boasting his opinion while disregarding the Church Father’s authority. For Bernard, the Church Fathers are never wrong and Abelard does not have the rights to oppose the Church Fathers because he is merely a monk and he is tainting the Church’s image. Based on Clanchy (1997), “the role of a monk was to weep and not to teach”. Therefore, it is very wrong for Abelard to criticise when he is far inferior than the Church and it is not his job to begin with. Thus, Bernard’s significant antagonism on Abelard is because his work is a threat for the Catholic Church and It’s faith.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in criticising the Church’s writings, Abelard uses Greek Philosophy as the highest authority for he is solving them using theories in Greek Philosophy and he is using logic and a debating style as part of Greek Philosophy. Furthermore, the authority of the Bible is also important because other than stating that the Church holds less authority than the Bible, he applies the Bible’s teaching in his arguments, as well as practising them. As a consequence, Bernard’s wrath on Abelard is risen due to his ignorance on the authority of the Church by questioning them and preferring on his own opinion more when he is only a monk.

Bibliography

1. Abelard, P 2019, Yes and No Extract, Trinity College Foundation Studies, Melbourne.
2. Bernard of Clairvaux 2019, Letters of Bernard of Clairvaux Extract, Trinity College Foundation Studies, Melbourne.
3. Clanchy, MT 1997, Abelard: A Medieval Life, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
4. Murray, VA 1967, Abelard and St. Bernard: A study in twelfth century “modernism”, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
5. Radice, B 1974, ‘Introduction, in P Abelard, The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, Penguin, London and New York, pp.9-55.

Religion, especially Christianity, offers an outlet for Phillis Wheatley to communicate with and influence her audience. Religion was a subject that Wheatley could easily relate to with her audience considering the vast differences between herself and her audience. She was a former slave, a reformed savage saved by god, and they were (her audience aka white Christians of America) elite, superior to Phillis Wheatley in every way. Despite Wheatley’s prominent differences between herself and her audience, she readily embraced and accepted their religion — Christianity — without imparting criticism or emphasizing the hypocrisies within Christianity. Nevertheless, Wheatley’s newfound religion did not deter her from addressing the injustices of slavery within her poem. In “On Being Brought from Africa to America”, Wheatley seeks to promote Christianity whilst, at the same time, accentuating redemption, so as to covertly insinuate the significance of equality and the belief that all African Americans are capable of being saved.

The opening four line of Wheatley’s poem “On Being Brought from Africa to America” affirms the principles of Christianity: “’Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand that there’s a god, there’s a savior too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew” (Wheatley). Within these lines, she is accrediting god’s removal of her from her pagan homeland — Africa — a blessing, and a free act of compassion from god himself. Wheatley’s grateful outlook is a modest recognition of the virtues of a Christian county like America. Rather than opening with a firm reproach of slavery, she calls it “mercy brought me from my pagan land” (Wheatley). In addition, she suggests that her discovery of god and savior was what allowed the redemption of her soul. The white society during this time period would have, without a doubt, appreciated and valued her poetry considering Wheatley was openly praising and promoting Christian values. Wheatley merits slavery as having a positive influence on her life because it led to her discovering Christianity; her Christian faith was pure and genuine, yet her faith was the only safe topic Wheatley could broach to interact with her audience. Wheatley using the subject of her faith and religion to relate with her audience allowed her to subtly use a play of the Christian words and language to portray the message she wished to get across without being denounced by white Americans. She utilizes the line “mercy brought me” and the title “On Being Brought” (Wheatley) in order to significantly deemphasize the violence nature in which she was stolen from her home, endured horrendous conditions in her journey to America, and the inhumane manner in which she was sold into slavery. On another note, Wheatley’s choice of words could be interpreted as refuting the power to the whites that captured and enslaved her; she does not yield herself to them but administers all the credit to god.

In the last four lines of “On Being Brought from Africa to America”, Wheatley installs the idea of equality between all races: “Some view our sable race with scornful eye, “their colour is a diabolic die.” Remember Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, May be refin’d, and join th’ angelic train” (Wheatley). The biblical reference of Cain in Wheatley’s poem is utilized to depict a parallel between the racist notion that African Americans are predisposed to being slaves because they are cursed, therefore slavery is justifiable, and that Christianity is a religion of redemption and forgiveness, thus there is no justification for slavery existing. The belief that slaves were the descendants of cursed biblical people is used by Wheatley to emphasize the fact that even if there was a prospect of these people being cursed, it should not result in or be deemed appropriate to enslave the African American race.

Wheatley enunciates her awareness of black struggles in a white-dominated society in this poem. While she believed that god rescued her from sin and perdition by leading her away from her pagan land, she condemned whites for their superficial understanding of spiritual equality. In the line “Their colour diabolic die”, Wheatley indicates that while others affix unfavorable associations to blackness, she would not. Her view was that if the whites were truly Christian at heart, they would not judge others by their color, nor deem an entire race of people as evil because they were born black.

Wheatley has crafted an image of Christianity being the sole force of which she can attribute to her redemption and the eventual redemption of the African American race. Throughout her poem she applied religion and Christianity to relate to her audience but to also incessantly urge for racial equality. Though her writing of the injustices of slavery through her poem is mild, Wheatley is not entirely devoid of racial consciousness and covertly attempts to declare for reform with the use of Christian ideologies to portray the immorality and unchristian way the whites treated African Americans. Wheatley continuously reminded the white Christians about their religious hypocrisy; they were “Christians” that followed certain beliefs, and they did not accept that god viewed everyone as equals, including the African American race whom they had already deemed were beneath them in every aspect. Wheatley was able to put herself in a position to advocate for the African American race by assimilating herself in the religion that played an important role for the white society at that time. 

Works Cited

1. Wheatley, P. (1773). Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. London: A. Bell.
2. Carretta, V. (2002). Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage. University of Georgia Press.
3. Perry, R. B. (2008). The Souls of Black Folk: The Writings of W. E. B. Du Bois. Library of America.
4. Andrews, W. L. (2004). The Oxford Frederick Douglass Reader. Oxford University Press.
5. Gaustad, E. S., & Noll, M. A. (2004). A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1877. Eerdmans.
6. Gates, H. L. (2011). The Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters with the Founding Fathers. Basic Civitas Books.
7. Richardson, M. A. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the African American Slave Narrative. Oxford University Press.
8. Williams, C. (2008). Phillis Wheatley and the Romantics. University of Tennessee Press.
9. Ferguson, M. (1998). Forever Free: Nineteenth-Century African American Autobiography and the Ideology of Progress. University of Illinois Press.
10. Brown, S. E. (2008). African American Autobiography and the Quest for Freedom. University of Illinois Press.

Throughout history, perhaps the most widely talked about philosophical pair has been that of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Due to their stark philosophical viewpoints, these men have been used as discussion points throughout classrooms to implement discussions on a variety of topics. Hobbes and Locke both had their own, greatly differing, viewpoints on a number of discussions ranging from society, the role of the state, and even basic human nature. However, perhaps there greatest contribution was their greatly differing viewpoints on how one should view the law. Both Hobbes and Locke are important to any discussion about the law as they provide the progression by which we understand the modern social contract.

While both of these men adhere to the idea of a social contract, governing what rights and privileges we give up for the good of society, they greatly disagree on what exactly this contract pertains. For Thomas Hobbes, in order to gain the advantages of society people must give up their own rights and liberties to a supreme sovereign. Thus, they maintain no individual rights but instead completely subject themselves to the whims of their ruler; according to Hobbes this creates the ideal society. In addition, according to Hobbes to rebel against the actions of your sovereign ruler would be to violate one’s social contract as a person forfeits all of their civil liberties in order to become a part of this system. According to Hobbes, this system of rights is one by which the giving up of one’s rights in totality ensures a society by which the maximum overall good is reached.

Though John Locke also believes people within a society have agreed upon a social contract, his idea of said contract greatly differs from that of Hobbes in that it allows for the retention of some basic human rights or principles. Locke states for example that when we accept the social contract we retain the right to life and liberty, and in addition gain the right to just, impartial protection of our property. This means to say, that under Locke’s philosophy, people are not only able to retain many of the rights and liberties they would have possessed before society, but due to their accepting of society’s social contract have actually received added liberties which would not have been available to them otherwise. The main liberty which Locke feels has been added by one’s adherence to the social contract is the right to impartial protection of one’s property. That is to say, under a pre-society system, one’s property could only be protected by one’s self; thereby creating a huge discrepancy in justice as those with more power could protect their property better. According to Locke, by adhering to the social contract people agree to a system of law in which all people’s property is equally protected.

While this pair of philosophers is often utilized in debates to provide two polar arguments, both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes subscribe to some version of social contract theory. In fact in many ways the ideas of John Locke, which many still interpret as the basis of modern government, are merely a progression of the more basic ideas of Thomas Hobbes. While Hobbes thought the social contract worked best when abolishing all pre-existing rights in favor of a sovereign authority, John Locke much more progressively realized that there are certain individual rights and liberties which should hold ultimate protection under a society’s legal system. For this reason, both Locke and Hobbes should hold a place in philosophical history as the precursors to the modern legal system.

The movie The Dark Knight, written by Christopher Nolan, Jonathon Nolan and Bob Kane does do a good job of presenting the philosophical themes of dualism and mimetic desire through its two main villains. During the course of the film Batman, the alter ego of billionaire Bruce Wayne, fights to protect the city from both Joker and eventually his friend turned villain Two Face, also known as Harvey Dent.

Mimesis or mimetic desire is the idea proposed by Rene Girard that states that desire for things is inspired by our innate need to imitate others. This imitation of others can then lead to us imitating desire. For example going from wanting the same sports car as someone else to wanting that specific car they have. This causes conflict and rivalry among people spreading until it can affect the group as a whole. Once someone obtains the desired those without it grow angry and vengeful and so the cycle continues. Girard believes this is the reason that violence exists in the world. The Dark Knight displays the consequences of mimetic desire on the people of Gotham city. After the mob has been found hiding money within Gotham banks, Gotham begins to take a stance against organised crime in the city. At the front of this stand is Harvey Dent, Gotham’s perfect district attorney who uses the law and Batman the dark symbol of Gotham who uses force. They both seek to be symbols to be imitated, Harvey Dent inspires the City of Gotham to work harder on getting organised crime out of the city, while Batman’s actions are literally copied by citizens in similar costume trying to help him.

The mob scared of the City in turn hires the Joker, a sociopath in clown makeup, to escalate the situation. He has power with the mob because how afraid they are of him and Gotham City. This mimics Batmans tactic of having power over criminals because of how scared they are of him and his presence in the CIty. Girard states that when fear and chaos threaten the very structure of society, the community will choose a single person to put blame on in order to restore the previous peace, this is known as the scapegoat. However, the scapegoat is a lie as no one person could ever be fully responsible for such unbridled fear and chaos. Therefore, peace does not last long and eventually the cycle will continue. Girard believed that because mimetic desire and rivalry are innate in humans the cycle could not be broken unless the scapegoat is replaced with a christ like figure to inspire non violent imitation among the community. Harvey Dent as the white knight of gotham seems to be that figure, fighting crime with law not brute force. Even Batman supports the idea of Harvey Dent replacing him and creating a Gotham that no longer needs Batman. However, the Joker ends up corrupting Harvey Dent and destroying the mimetic desire of peace Harvey was inspiring among the people and Gotham’s government. With the burning of fifty percent of his body, the loss of his lover Rachael and some persuasion from the Joker, Harvey becomes Two Face. He begins, through imitation of the Joker, spreading fear and violence through Gotham by attacking police officers. And so our figure of purity and peace has been corrupted and false victim to the fear he was supposed to remove from the City. In the end Gotham turns again to the scapegoat, picking Batman as the person to blame for the crimes committed by Two Face and the Joker. So in the end the symbol of Batman and the mimetic desire through our heroes have been destroyed and Gotham sees relative peace for a short time.

The Dark Knight is also a movie filled with dualism, The Dark Knight of Gotham; Batman wants a Gotham in which he can be replaced with Harvey Dent; the White Knight of Gothams legal system. However dualism is most present in the theme of order and chaos, Harvey eventually comes to represent this dualism through his character arc. Starting off as the white knight of Gotham and then later becoming Two Face, a villain who just like the Joker relies and chaos. He physically embodies this dualism when he burns half of his face and body and his coin which was once the same on both sides now is burnt on one side turning it into a normal coin.

The Joker throughout The Dark Knight is trying to show Batman and the Police of Gotham that underneath the act of kindness and civility all humans are violent animals who only look out for their own survival. This is similar to Thomas Hobbes view of humanity in his book “Leviathan” as he believed true human nature was just this. The Joker himself believes in the philosophy of nihilism, meaning he doesn't believe in anything. When asked what he does believe in his answer is meaningless saying “I believe whatever doesn't kill you makes you simply makes you stranger”. When asked about his scars on his face each time he gives a different story because it doesn't matter. The Joker however does plan out his acts of violence in order to send his message that, acting good is only an act, once people are put in true danger they will climb on the backs of others to save themselves. The Joker uses this fact to his advantage, having is henchmen kill each other over money from the bank, mob members killing each other in order to survive, and blowing up hospitals in order to send people into mass panic including the police. The Joker finally manages to corrupt Harver Dent, who once stood for the law and safety of the people turns to believe only in chance, using is newly burned coin to decide whether he kills his victims or not. Just like his burned face and burned coin Harvey has been corrupted to show his true side just as the Joker believed.

However Batman the entire time is trying to prove the opposite, never once throughout the movie does he kill anyone, upholding his morals and proving even the criminals of Gotham deserve life. This is demonstrating during the ferie scene which depicts a scenario similar to the Prisoner's Dilemma. The Prisoner’s Dilemma is a situation in which two people with out contact with each other must pick optimal choices for their own survival. Usually including an option negative for the other party and one in which a compromise is found. In The Dark Knight the Joker has rigged two ferry boats with explosives, and each boat has the detonator to the other boat. However one boat is carrying the most wanted criminals of Gotham while the other holds ordinary citizens, physically putting chaos and order against each other. He tells them that in order to survive they will have to blow up the other boat but if neither boat blows up the other he will blow them both out of the water.

This is the ultimate test of Joker and Batmans ideas of people and in the end neither boat blows up the other and Batman prevents the Joker from blowing them up, proving Batman’s idea true that the people of Gotham are worth saving and are good.

In conclusion, The Dark Knight does a good job of presenting philosophical themes through the ideologies of its two main villains and they way people change and act throughout the film. The Dark Knight is subtle with its presentation of philosophical themes, not shoving them in your face but intertwining them with the story of the film.  

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. 'The Tyger': literary devices
3. Conclusion

Introduction

William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. He wrote a very interesting poem published in 1794 in London as part of the Songs of Experience collection framed as a series of questions. In summary, in the poem Blake is wondering about the creator responsible for such a fearsome creature as the tiger. “The Tyger” was written to express Blake's view on human's natural ferocity through comparison with a tiger in the jungle, an opposite depiction of the innocence found in “the Lamb”. Blake expresses his views of this extravagant creature; he is questioning the ‘great but deadly power of nature’ through the use of different poetic devices to enhance the poem's meaning.

'The Tyger': literary devices

'The Tyger' is six stanzas in length, each stanza four lines long. Much of the poem follows the metrical pattern of its first line and can be scanned as trochaic tetrameter catalectic. A number of lines, however, such as line four in the first stanza, fall into iambic tetrameter. 'The Tyger' lacks narrative movement.

The poet has used many poetic devices in the first stanza, “Tyger Tyger, burning bright.” Is an alliteration, repetition and an apostrophe which has created a musical quality in the poem as well as an assonance which is repeating the vowel sound ‘I’ in “burning bright” is in alliteration too, the line means that the tiger which is in the forest is burning like fire or in other words looking like yellow fire in the dead of night, “the forest of the night” is a metaphor in which he compares the tiger with darkness and repression and there is another device which is Imagery is used to make the readers perceive things with their five senses. Blake has used imagery to show the unique creation of God such as, “What immortal hand or eye”, “Burnt the fire of thine eyes?” and “In the forests of the night.” “Could frame thy fearful symmetry” is alliteration as well a question symbolizes the existence of both good and evil.

The use of alliteration, repetition and assonance in this stanza gains the reader’s attention through the repetition of a consonant sound such as ‘Burning bright’ and a vowel sound to help enhance the poem’s meaning and the development of image created by words as well as to convey the poet’s message that is awe-inspiring and fear-inducing.

In the second stanza first line, “In what distant deeps or skies” is an allusion which has the meaning of hell or heaven also there is alliteration in the words ‘distant deeps’ the speaker wonders in which far-off depths or skies the tiger's fiery eyes were made. The poet uses allusions in this poem because he is talking about God’s creation of good and evil, which has to do with both time period and event. Usually, allusion can be used in poetry to easily communicate a message to readers. When a person reads an allusion, they will pick up on references from history, literary texts and/or religion. These devices allow the poem to flow and have rhythm, making the poem simpler to understand. In the second line, “Burnt the fire of thine eyes?” is a metaphor in which Blake is comparing the tiger’s eyes with fire or something evil. ‘On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand, dare seize the fire?’ here the reader will notice that there is a rhythm in the whole poem as well as a repetition in the world ‘dare’ in both lines. Also, there is alliteration in the words ‘what wings’. Blake is asking that did the tiger's creator have wings, and whose hand would be daring enough to create the tiger? The purpose of asking those questions is to let the reader wonder who has created this fearsome tiger.

In stanza three, the speaker imagines the kind of effort and skill that must have gone into creating the tiger, wondering who would be strong enough to build the tiger's muscular body. Whose hands and feet were the ones that made the tiger's heart start beating? In the first line of this stanza there is a repetition in the words ‘what’ in the first line of this stanza and another repetition of the word ‘dread’ at the end of this stanza meant to question who is that strong, dread creator that is powerful like that? The use of this poetic device is to also ask and wonder who is that strong creator who builds and creates that strong tiger. Another poetic device which is alliteration in the words ‘began to beat’.

In stanza four, the speaker wonders about the tools the tiger's creator must have used, imagining that the tiger's brain was created in a forge. What terrifying being would be so daring as to create the tiger? It is almost about rhetorical questions such as ‘What the hammer? What the chain, in what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? What dread grasp.’ Rhetorical question is a question that is not asked to receive an answer; it is just posed to make the point clear. The point in which Blake wants the readers to identify what is the meaning of the poem and who is the creator of that tiger. In those questions Blake is also comparing the creator to a ‘blacksmith’ who is shaping and creating perfect and strong things such as ‘the hammer’ also there is repetition of the words ‘what’ ‘dread’ ‘dare’.

In the fifth stanza, the speaker mentions a time when the stars gave up their weapons and rained their tears on heaven. At this time, wonders the speaker, did the creator look at the tiger and smile at his accomplishment? And was the tiger made by the same creator who made the lamb? Here the speaker uses personification in the quotes, “When the stars threw down their spears And water’d heaven with their tears:” it is personification because he considers stars as humans. There is repetition of the words ‘Did he’ talking about the creator or the ‘god’.

In stanza six, the speaker addresses the tiger again, this time wondering not just who could create this fearsome beast — but who would dare.

Conclusion

In conclusion, there are many characteristics that a well written poem such as ‘the Tyger’ possesses and those are; sound, imagery, symbols and literary devices. These unique characteristics do a good job at outlining the theme of the poem that is essentially about God’s creations of good and evil. Blake expresses his views of this extravagant creature; he is questioning the ‘great but deadly power of nature’ and questioning about mostly the creator of this creature throughout the poem through the use of different poetic devices to enhance the poem's meaning and clarify its purpose and theme which is creation and origin. The speaker is in awe of the fearsome qualities and raw beauty of the tiger, and he rhetorically wonders whether the same creator could have also made 'the Lamb'.

Where there is an existence of crime, many areas of the criminal justice system are involved in resolving the outcome. A key point of concern is police accountability, the essay defines whether the justice system is able to be held responsible and answerable for deviations from its goals and values when resolving such affairs, a matter of accountability. When investigating highly controversial issues and events, it is relevant to question the accounts of truth, if it is possible for there to be a final definitive version of the truth or when faced with conflicting accounts, who's account is to be believed. When the policing systems are inadequate towards the circumstance, it is vital to be able to differentiate between organisational and individual accountability and ways it can be countered.

The most current system for police complaints is the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) established in 2018 from the Policing and Crime Act, which had replaced the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) which was established in 2004 from the Police Reform Act in 2002. The IPCC originated from the wide calls for change amongst the system including the Macpherson inquiry into the murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence and the overall questioning of the police service itself. Before the introduction of the IPCC, the first police complaints system was the Police Complaints Authority (PCA) but the system struggled to achieve any sort of credibility, to counter this, the IPCC and IOPC place strong emphasis on their independence due to the fact that they are not a component of any government department and completely independent from the police service. Features of the IPCC and IOPC include the fact they can both independently investigate, manage or supervise investigations into all deaths following police contact and other serious allegations and the investigators involved have all the powers of a police constable. The duty of these organisations is to improve the police's handling of complaints, improve the confidence in the system and ultimately determine where responsibilities lay within the system.

Surrounding the police departments themselves and their ability to cause fatality, by law and policy it is an individual police officer's responsibility to decide whether to shoot or not and by the Criminal Law Act 'A person may use such force as is reasonable in the prevention of crime'. In the case of Jean Charles de Menezes (JCDM) and his fatal shooting on 22 July 2005 this was not the circumstance. In response to 4 previous suicide bomb attacks and a further 4 failed attempts of attack the police developed tactics for special circumstances including a system named Operation Kratos, this operation enables the police to fire with no warning with the intent to incapacitate the target. According to this operation, instead of an individual officer's decision, the decision to shoot relies on the command of the designated senior officer, in this case, Cressida Dick. The police identify one of the bombers as Hussain Osman and choose to stake out his address and question residents. The surveillance team arrive before the firearms team and there are not enough officers to question everyone, JCDM leaves the occupancy without being identified as a possible suspect. Surveillance officers spot JCDM and identify him as matching Osman's description and follow him onto a bus, JCDM leaves the bus to go to the tube station which is closed so proceeds to get back on the bus however his movement is interpreted as an act of anti-surveillance and officers are persuaded he is the suspect. Once at the tube station, Cressida Dick declares 'stop him' to the surveillance officers who ask what to do, as designated senior officer with the command to shoot this comment is extremely ambiguous in the circumstance. JCDM gets onto the tube and is surrounded by officers, firearms teams arrive in the tube station and approach JCDM, he gets up to leave the tube unaware of the situation but is pushed back down by force and subsequently shot at 11 times to the head with 8 shots hitting him. After the attack, public witnesses are kept to be interviewed and a member of the public provides the account where he interpreted 3 firearms officers running through the station to instead be 2 firearms officers chasing a target and this broadcast and thereafter taken as fact Scotland Yard. The head of Scotland Yard gives an interview, repeating as fact the account given on TV, therefore releasing entirely inaccurate information to the public and press. The case was not conducted orderly but was a result of panic and pandemonium.

As a result from this, the head of home office asks the IPCC not to investigate the case however the IPCC attempts to fight back for control, and this delay in referral of the case for investigation creates a suspicion. The IPCC was not effective for this case, only recently established in 2004, the system had only been set up for a year and was new and inexperienced and when faced with conflicting accounts from officers, officers delaying to collaborate their notes and inaccurate information being presented to them by the Metropolitan Police Station, there were many features making it a challenging investigation which ultimately caused the IPCC to come to no conclusion of responsibility.

In instances where police are armed and make potentially fatal mistakes, public confidence in these authorities can be seriously undermined. Structures that help ensure accountability involve procedures such as reviews which is what Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) intends to do. In the public interest, HMIC provides independent assessments of the effectiveness and efficiency of police forces, interpreting the evidence to make recommendations for improvement based on questions they believe the public want answering. They assess the Police Effectiveness, Efficiency and Legitimacy (PEEL) of all 43 police forces in and Wales by drawing together evidence from annual all force inspections, for example rising themes from the 20182019 report praised the use of digital technology to achieve faster responses and increased knowledge and awareness of protecting people with mental health but also picked up on some forces having in-experienced and under-qualified officers investigating high volume crimes without appropriate supervision which was a matter of concern. Further to this, in 1951 the establishment of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) followed by the Human Rights Act generally provided a very strong legal framework for authorities which would make them accountable and responsible for their actions on occasion where authorities have breached rights. The IPCC also takes into account the Human Rights Act when investigating into complaints of misconduct among the police. The HMIC and ECHR provide a brief guidance for authorities conduct.

The HMIC supplies advice to the home secretary, the police authorities and the police forces, and these three components make up part of a tripartite system of accountability for the 43 forces in due course from The Police Act. The system allocates responsibility between the home office, the police authority, and the chief constable, providing accountability through the local police authorities to local populations and also to parliament through the home office. Endorsing this tripartite system are later legislations such as the more recent 2002 Police Reform Act. The inclusion of a hierarchal ranking structure provides an organisational accountability which is directed to give a controlled service, this accountability is an aspect of being able to distinguish between 'organisational and individual dimensions of accountability' including the 'direction and control of organisational policing policies concerned with overall priorities'.

Police accountability is addressed by a wide range of agencies, however it is still argued that some of the key components of the system are not truly independent which in turn undermines accountability. Up until the establishment of the IPCC and IOPC, police investigations were carried out by the police themselves, only changed with the introduction of the IPCC to allow independent investigation. Similarly, surrounding HMIC, in operation HMIC has previously conducted within limits bound by the home office or home secretary which does not aid to reduce criticism surrounding the issues of accountability, up until the appointment of Lay inspectors, it was only from the ranks of senior police officers in which inspectors were specially recruited. Human Rights matters also continue to be challenged and arise discomfort within the public surrounding diverse issues through issues such as unlawful circumstances where a member of the public has been shot by a police officer much to the like of JCDM and also the investigation into the fatalities during or following Police Custody which over the last 10 years varies from 14-23 deaths per year.

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The most effective approach authorities could adopt when under pressure is the ability to remain open to points of scrutiny and criticism and to also be accessible to the public. By maintaining a relationship with the public it will ultimately result in stronger community policing which will be able to retain respect.

Occupational therapy is known for being a low-stress job and for having high job satisfaction rankings. In fact, according to U.S. News, occupational therapy is ranked #17 in Best Healthcare Jobs and #28 in 100 Best Jobs. Of course there are benefits of occupational therapy, but in this essay we will mention not only them. Here we will understand how therapists help people restore their ability to execute everyday tasks and what struggles can be in occupational therapy. Depending on the patient’s needs, therapy can be mental, physical, emotional, or developmental. They treat people with pain, injury, illness, or a disability that makes it hard for them to do everyday tasks. After talking to a patient, the occupational therapist will articulate a complete plan that works toward helping the patient meet certain goals. Occupational therapists work with people of all ages, from infants to teenagers, adults, and seniors.

Although occupational therapy has amazing satisfactory ratings, workers in this field face a daily challenge of having bad news conversations with their patients. ‘Bad news conversations’ in healthcare are perceived as crucial clinical tasks, and one of the most difficult tasks that any type of healthcare worker may have to partake in. In 1847, the American Medical Association's first code of medical ethics stated, “The life of a sick person can be shortened not only by the acts but also by the words or the manner of a physician. It is, therefore, a sacred duty to guard himself carefully in this respect and to avoid all things which have a tendency to discourage the patient and to depress his spirits”. When a therapist is pushed to have so many of these ‘bad news conversations’, it can lead to burnout. The stress that these tough discussions cause can push a therapist to their breaking point. Although having these ‘bad news conversations’ is such a difficult task, there is very little concrete instruction on how clinicians should go about having these discussions with their patients.

Furthermore, many occupational therapists agree that they have very meager training in having ‘bad news conversations’. Many of them do not agree on how to address, however, when they are asked about how to address training and support needs. There was a general understanding that confidence in their ability to have these conversations comes with experience. Many believe that training would help but experience is the best way to learn how to manage these conversations. Four distinct training mechanisms that therapists find useful to help them when having ‘bad news conversations’ are role-play, supervision, and reflective practice and use of a staff support group.

There is no single definition for a ‘bad news conversation’. Although, it can be described as an interaction between an occupational therapist and a person with a disability where the discussion centers on expected limitations in function. In many instances, patients with physical or mental impairment ask direct questions about the probable long-term levels of disability and associated limitations in body function. For example, a stroke survivor, whom occupational therapists decided would be a lifelong wheelchair user may ask, “Why don’t you give me a time frame for when I should be able to walk again as you did for the patient in the bed next to me?” Another example: when an 18-year-old stroke survivor with a no longer functioning arm is asked about his current goals, he replies, “I just want to work on getting my arm functioning again”. After having these conversations with their patients, occupational therapists find it difficult to decide how they should further the discussion about their patient’s recovery.

The British Journal of Occupational Therapy conducted a study by interviewing occupational therapists to collect data about ‘bad news conversations’. Throughout the interviews, the researcher noticed that common themes and sub-themes arose. For example, under the theme ‘bad news conversations’, sub-themes such as ‘integral part of the work’, ‘functional focus’, and ‘discharge planning’ were determined. Every participant confirmed that ‘bad news conversations’ were essential to their field of work. They also stated that they were consistently having this type of conversation with their patients. According to the study, patient 003 stated, “ I think it is the nature of what we are doing here, you can not work with this client group without addressing some of these issues, you can not fob people off; it will not work”. Another strong reason for having these difficult conversations is when the patient is being discharged. Frequently, a person with a disability does not want to go home until they are back to being fully functioning again. Participant 007 described how some therapists think it is dreadful when they have to talk about discharge because if the patient is not back to normal, they often ask “how can you possibly send me home the way I am?”

There are many types of ‘bad news conversations’, such as one where treatment is complete but recovery is limited. Sometimes discharging the patient back to their home is not safe, therefore the patient and the therapist must have a conversation about another alternative. Many patients do not even want to think about going to a nursing residential home. Sometimes these difficult conversations can actually help a patient realize the reality of their situation. Participant 004 stated, “I have actually had good, positive experiences of breaking bad news as well. I have had people who did not actually realize their true situation and they were glad now that they understood the picture so that they could plan more about what they were going to do”.

The participants of the study commonly used five strategies to help them when having ‘bad news conversations’. The first common strategy is pre-discharge home visits. When the patients return home, they realize they will not be able to manage everyday tasks, making them aware that they need more therapy. Another strategy is goal setting. Setting goals with a short time frame, such as 2 to 4 weeks, keeps the patient on track and motivated. Using others is an effective strategy as well because therapists valued being able to lean on their co-workers for advice and opinions when configuring a plan for their patients. Maintaining an optimistic attitude while not giving the patient false hope is another very effective strategy when having ‘bad news conversations’. Communication is also an important aspect of these conversations. The therapist must select a communication style that corresponds to the patient. Active listening, taking the emotions of the patient into account, and using proper non-verbal cues are all proved to be effective communication skills.

I interviewed an occupational therapist named Kristie Liter on the stress level of her job. When asked, “What’s a problem you face every day at work?”, she responded, “Having to always be concerned with productivity. Sometimes patients are not ready to work or are involved in other activities. If they are not available, then you have downtime not billable”. I also asked her what she thought was the most difficult thing about her job. She answered, “Seeing someone who has the potential to overcome their deficits but not having the motivation and being okay with someone else caring for them. On the other hand, someone may have the drive to be independent, but due to safety reasons or the extent of their deficits will never be independent again”. I also asked her about her experiences with ‘bad news conversations’ and whether she was familiar with them. She stated, “Yes. During these types of conversations patients, family, and other team members are included in a case conference meeting to discuss realistic expectations for progress and family needs for the patient to return home”. This interview was beneficial because it further proved my research on the problems that occupational therapists face today.

Burnout and job satisfaction in occupational therapy have been studied internationally for the past 30 years. Burnout is defined as “A state of chronic stress that leads to physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism and detachment, and feelings of ineffectiveness and lack of accomplishment” (Lyon). I have had a personal experience with a burnout in the athletic world. I played volleyball for about 11 years of my life. I have a passion for the game, but I played the sport for so long that I got burnt out, which is why I decided not to play in college. ‘Bad news conversations’ causes high-stress levels among healthcare professionals, which leads to job dissatisfaction. Burnout among occupational therapists is a very convoluted issue, but a common cause of it is proven to be ‘bad news conversations’. Occupational therapists are more susceptible to burnout because they often have a feeling of personal failure. Many of these clinicians feel a loss of meaning and purpose in their work. A lack of dramatic improvement in their patient’s recovery can make a therapist question their own ability and expertise in their field.

The physical and emotional demands of rehab are physically exhausting. Not only occupational therapists, but many healthcare workers put their all into their work. Workers in this field laugh with their patients, as well as cry with them. This type of work takes a toll on their bodies and minds. Although, clinicians found certain coping strategies to help decrease their chances of burnout, such as maintaining work-home boundaries, staying in touch with coworkers and friends, having self-awareness, and concentrating on satisfying aspects of the job. Health care environments that encourage worker engagement and resiliency are crucial to preventing worker burnout. Although burnout is a problem throughout the healthcare field, the importance of it tends to get neglected. Burnout can negatively affect the person receiving rehabilitation, the person administering rehabilitation and his or her family, and the employer. It has also been linked to alcoholism, drug use, illness, and depression.

On the other hand, if a therapist is able to make breaking bad news to a patient easier and less stressful, their likeliness of getting burnt out is less likely. When interviewing Kristie Liter, I asked, “Are there ever situations where patients do not want to listen to what they are being told to do? If so, how do you deal with this?” She replied, “Definitely! There are times patients do not want to follow recommendations for completing tasks safely. I always encourage safety but if the patient is adamant to do things their way I have them show me they can safely without my help. Typically, they are not able to and will eventually do what I am asking in order to get home faster. When I first became a therapist, I wanted every patient to be successful. When I would come across someone like this, I tried everything possible to get the patient to participate and follow recommendations. Now, I just explain that it is their choice if they follow or not. I can not make them do what they need to in order to get home, it is up to them. I then have to explain that insurance will not cover for them not to participate”. Out of the entire interview, this statement stood out to me the most because I never thought about this aspect of the job. Personally, I am not the best at standing up to others. I am a very non-confrontational person. However, to be successful in this field, I am going to have to stand my ground with my patients. My patients are not always going to get good news and they are not always going to want to listen to me. In order to avoid creating more stress for myself, I will need to be confident in my decisions and my ability to assess their situation. I will be the trained professional and hopefully, I will be able to help them fully recover. My patients will not always want to listen to me and sometimes I will just have to explain to them that it is their choice if they want to get better or not.

I have always dreamed of being an occupational therapist. I have known that this is what I wanted to be ‘when I grew up’ ever since I was a freshman in high school. I do believe that this is the perfect job for me because of my nurturing and compassionate personality. Being in a work field where I am able to better the lives of patients in need every single day will fulfill my passion for helping others. I love that I will be able to make a difference in people’s lives. In my personal life, I strive to please everybody; which can be a good and bad thing. This trait of mine can make being an occupational therapist harder because I will not always be able to please everybody in this job. There will be times when I will have to sit down with a patient and tell them things that they will not want to hear. This will definitely be the hardest thing about the job for me. It will break my heart if I have to tell a patient that they will never fully recover. However, I know I will be able to overcome this with experience and support from my co-workers. I believe that the positive aspects of this job overcome the negative ones.

When asked “What are the best things about being an occupational therapist?”, Kristie Liter responded, “Being able to help people overcome deficits incurred from illnesses/accidents to restore their independence. It is a great feeling when someone enters your care needing max assistance to take care of themselves and is able to leave being independent because of the instruction and treatment provided.” This made me feel a lot better because although having difficult conversations with patients will be hard, the reward of helping people in need surmounts that. I know this job will be great for me because I love meeting new people. This job will help me create personal bonds and lifelong connections with each of my patients. Yes, I will have to have tough discussions with them, but the bonds I will create will be worth it. There are various fields in occupational therapy such as geriatrics, pediatrics, hand therapy, vision therapy, etc. Therapists can choose the one that seems the most interesting to them. They also have the option to work on a part-time or full-time basis. Therefore, I believe the positives of this job outweigh the negatives.

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There is a massive demand for occupational therapists in the U.S. today. This field of work is always going to need people to step up and help the patients that need rehabilitation to live a normal life. ‘Bad news conversations’ in healthcare are perceived as crucial clinical tasks, and one of the most difficult tasks that any type of healthcare worker may have to partake in. Having many of these stressful conversations can lead to burnout among many therapists. Although having these ‘bad news conversations’ is such a difficult task, there is very little detailed direction on how clinicians should go about having these discussions with their patients. Overall, I know that having these conversations will be difficult but the rewards of this job are well worth it and I can not wait to have a career in this field.  

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Project Planning
3. Scheduling
4. Resource Allocation
5. Conclusion

Introduction

Burj Khalifa, which is also known as Burj Dubai, is one of the tallest buildings in the world with a length of 828 Meters. It was established in January 2004 and opened in January 2010. It is located in the UAE in the center of Dubai that is the most famous city in terms of tourist and commercial progress. The tower Burj Khalifa was built under the supervision of Emaar at a cost of $ 1.4 billion. It was co-built by 14,000 workers and engineers and the work was continuing under the hard weather and all conditions.

Burj Khalifa has one of the largest hotels in Dubai with 160 suites, also has 900 apartments that can serve 12,000 persons in the same time, offices, parking, garden, fountains, as well as 6 restaurants that are considered as one of Dubai's largest restaurants. This is the only tower in the world, which has apartments and residential spaces. Burj Khalifa has 57 elevators of the fastest elevators to provide passengers with the maximum speed to move between the floors. They also have elevators designated only for emergencies cases.

Project Planning

Project planning is the first phase of Burj Khalifa project life cycle. In order to make a good plan the architectures should know the purpose, mission, vision, objective, requirements, risks, schedules and budget. In additional they should determine the availability of the resources and budget in order to start allocate resources.

Planning is very important for any project since that will avoid us from losing money, time and will make everything easier from the first time. In the Planning stage, they should determine the primary purpose of the project and the impact as well in order to establish good plan with a set of activities with all detail, so everyone will work in this project will be able to know exactly what to do and what should be done, with the specific time to be done. That also will make them know all the required resources they will be needed in order to deliver the project successfully without wasting time, scope and money by knowing when they will need each resource. Planning will help to complete the project with high quality in order to meet their expectations and satisfaction without exceeding cost or time that is required by the client. When we create the plan, we should put into consideration to make the project outcome meets the organization goal or objective. The plan should cover the project activities and risk planning, budgeting: Estimating Costs and Risks, Scheduling and Resource Allocation.

Project planning is the most important phase since if they do it in good way, the project will success. In the Project Activity and Risk Planning, they include and write everything and all details for each task in the project from the beginning to the end in order to meet the project objective. Architectures discussed this project with Dubai government, Also After meeting and agreeing on everything, they determined the Project Charter Elements that will be explain in chapter 3 in this report. Next, they determine which activities could be done sequentially such as the beginning of construction or simultaneously such as Advanced and final stages in construction. When they finished all that they stat identify, analyze and response for the risks.

In risk management, they will start looking for problems with high-threat potential, then start looking for a solution for it in order to reduce the problem that will occur or to happen to be. One of the risks they faced was the design; the engineers are working on the design to avoid the two big challenges, which are gravity and wind. The shape of the building is designed to avoid the wind that can damage it, and even the doors have a system that shows if it is safe for them to open it or no based on the analysis of the wind if it was in a high speed and strong.

The project manager will prepare the project budget by estimate the cost of labors, materials equipment and risk. They do this step in order to control and monitor the budget and avoid the increasing in the cost expenditures.

The initial planned about height and cost was different at the beginning they was planned to build 728 meters with cost of 876 millions. However, the cost was doubled to almost 1.5 million dollar based on some problems they faced that make them make a major change in the planning and the scope as well such as making the building highest up to 828 meters and made changing in the design.

Increasing the prices of the raw materials or changing in the plan are one of the major obstacles such as adding a 100m of the first design has raised the costs. Plus, all the changes in interior design, the Labor Strikes that happened twice in March 2006, Dubai Economic Crisis that happened in 2009, All these factors are delay the project and increased the cost.

Scheduling

As we said before, Burj Khalifa was planned to be completed within 4 years only but the total taken time to build this tower was 2192 days that means almost 5 years. Every month they nearly build 10 floors. They used Gantt chart technique or model in order to manage the schedule of this project but this model is not good as 'Critical Path Analysis' and Flow Diagram. Below is the Construction timeline schedule of Burj Khalifa:

• January 2004, Excavation started
• February 2004, Piling started
• March 2005, Superstructure started
• June 2006, Level 50 reached
• January 2007, Level 100 reached
• March 2007, Level 110 reached
• April 2007, Level 120 reached
• May 2007, Level 130 reached
• July 2007, Level 141 reached
• September 2007, Level 150 reached
• April 2008, Level 160 reached
• January 2009, Completion of Spire
• September 2009, Exterior cladding completed
• January 2010, Official launch ceremony

Resource Allocation

The resources management is one of the most important key to make the project completed such as money, workers, raw meterials and equipment. Burj Khalifa management selected the best and most experienced workers and engineers, In addition to the best and highest quality of raw materials and equipment and provide the enough money to meet their goal. For example, 'Samsung engineering and Besix', build Burj Khalifa by the 'mixed reinforced concrete' to avoid the risk of the heavy wind and pressure and stand against it.

PQP (project quality plan can be developed in a process of quality manual, quality procedures, contact requirements, inspection and test plan, statutory and regulatory requirements and last but not least the project specific procedures and work instructions / method statements.

The Burj Khalifa was located in the middle of Dubai Development and there are favorable Access & Security (Air, Water, Road, Rail), mutual interface with other Burj Dubai project (Dubai Mall & Lake, Development Plan). The construction access is a crucial factor for safe and timely transport of material, equipment and manpower. Tower Section is enclosed by Podium - Tower Section works, like stocking, lifting & concrete pumping, occur at the same time with Podium Works. Comparatively long distance from gate to Tower and disrupted by Podium construction.

Conclusion

The successful completion of the Burj Khalifa tower is mainly attributed to the adoption of latest construction technology, construction materials and Auto-climbing formwork in addition to the excellent Project Quality Plan, which encompasses Logistics plan, Equipment Plan, Spire Erection plan and consistently adhering to Inspection Test plans for materials, equipment, and work inspections. The Burj Khalifa Tower becomes an objective evidence of „Quality Icon?, which demonstrates the construction of an Ultra High skyscraper which meets all the technological and constructional challenges and stands as a benchmark for future construction of super ultra-high sky scrape.