Our Previous Samples

In Antigone, Antigone perseveres through all her hardships and decisions with her morals and set of values. Antigone throughout the play is noticed to transform from being stubborn and underestimated to courageous and open-minded. This would eventually lead to her death, but she dies with pride and has no regret because she believes her act was morally the right thing to do by going against Kreon’s rule. Kreon’s rule was not to bury Antigone’s deceased brother, but she was willing to sacrifice her life for it. This shows Antigone’s motivations are love for her family and the divine law which she puts above all else. Antigone motives are shown throughout the play and there three key scenes to help prove that.

At the beginning of Antigone, Antigone and her sister Ismene return to Thebes in an attempt to help their brothers. The sisters learned that both of their brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, are dead which led Kreon to become the new ruler of Thebes. With this authority, he grants Eteocles an honorable funeral service for his brave fighting, whereas Polynices was a traitor, and was refused to be given a worthy funeral. Antigone clearly disagrees with Kreon’s inexcusable command and declares she will go against his rule so that his soul can be at peace. Entirely aware of the consequences of this action, which is death, she continues to vow her love for the family. This proves to the audience her strength and determination towards her brother. However, this great feeling of pride will eventually lead to her downfall as she is willing to give up everything for her family. In this scene Antigone develops into an admirable character in which she portrays her defiance and courage, pride and open mindedness, and sense of moral righteousness to show vital character growth as the play progresses.

In the next scene, Ismene rejects to take part in the crime against Kreon leaving Antigone all on her own. Ismene states “why rush to extremes? It’s madness, madness” (Sophocles 80). Ismene fails to comprehend the logic behind her sister’s desire of giving a burial for her deceased brother. Ismene gave countless attempts to reason with Antigone on why it is not worth doing the crime, but Antigone’s overbearing sense of pride blinds her to the downfall she will encounter. Antigone decides that “there is only one way: to do it herself, since it must be done”. Antigone has shown Ismene her commitment to the final decision she has made to stand by her brother being blinded by her poor sense of pride. This pride has an effect on her thinking and clouds her from using good judgement. For example, it is difficult for her to admit to anything wrong that she has done.

Finally, towards the end of the play, Antigone is unhappy not because of what she has done or her behavior but rather saddened by the unjust reasoning of Kreon and his death sentence. This does not mean she had regrets and that Antigone is fully aware of the actions and does not back down or show fear. In the end, she accepts the consequences given, but refuses to acknowledge what she had done was an unlawful act. She argues to Kreon that “if this hurries me to death before my time, why such a death is gain”. This just mean that her crime is reasonable and that her death would be honorable along with her brother. This strong support and loyalty to the divine laws rather than state laws allow her to defy Kreon’s orders. She listens and pleases to the Gods rather than a tyrannical ruler. By demonstrating her rebellion against Kreon, Antigone has nothing to hesitate about other than the moral values she has set for her brother.

Overall, Antigone demonstrates valuable character growth and maturity throughout the play that shape her as a character. She transforms from being open-minded and stubborn to an accepting and courageous woman. She accepts the consequences and is willing to give her life for the honor of her family. This sense of pride helps her to combat destiny but also leads to her ultimate death. Her overbearing amount of pride has taken control of good judgment skills and has affected every decision she encountered. Antigone’s strong and steady foundation of defiance helps her to overcome the opinions of the people and commit to helping her brother no matter what the state laws are. She ignores what everyone says and does only as she wants. She is powerful, both physically and mentally, and is successful in her tasks. Antigone matures into a commendable and respectable character in which she depicts her rebelliousness and bravery, pride and tolerance, and sense of moral righteousness to demonstrate fundamental character development in the play.

Works Cited

1. Sophocles. (2010). Antigone (P. B. Murray, Trans.). Oxford University Press.
2. Segal, C. (1986). Tragedy and Civilization: An Interpretation of Sophocles. University of Oklahoma Press.
3. Griffith, M. (1999). Sophocles' Antigone: A New Translation. Cambridge University Press.
4. Knox, B. M. W. (1998). The Heroic Temper: Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy. University of California Press.
5. Winnington-Ingram, R. P. (1980). Sophocles: An Interpretation. Cambridge University Press.
6. Goldhill, S. (2010). Sophocles and the Language of Tragedy. Oxford University Press.
7. Derrida, J. (2001). The Law of Genre. In Acts of Literature (pp. 221-252). Routledge.
8. Rocco, C. (2016). Tragedy, Identity, and History: The Theoretical Implications of "Antigone". In The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy (pp. 182-202). Cambridge University Press.
9. Segal, C. (2001). Antigone's Anarchic Struggle. The Classical World, 95(3), 225-234.
10. Whitlock, R. (2014). Tragic Wisdom and Beyond: Studies in Sophoclean Thought and Literature. De Gruyter.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. History
Denarius of CharlemagnePalace at Aachen
3. Conclusion

Introduction

The Cambridge Dictionary defines the phrase ‘melting pot’ as a place where many different people and ideas exist together, often mixing and producing something new. Today, the rule of Charlemagne and his court is often described as a cultural melting pot, but is this true of the art and architecture produced there? Yes, the art and architecture of the Carolingian period can also be described as a cultural melting pot because old and new ideas in art and architecture, as well as cultures, come together to make a style of art and architecture that is new. I will show this by first discussing the history of Charlemagne and his court and then discussing the works silver denarius of Charlemagne, and the art and architecture found in the palace of Aachen complex, showing how they reflect the aspects of a cultural melting pot, as the court of Charlemagne did.

History

Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, was a Frank and ruled during a period that is called the Carolingian period. His empire was a combination of many kingdoms that him and his predecessors had conquered over the decades and this empire was located in the area that is now modern day France and part of modern day Germany. Charlemagne continued, and intensified an alliance with the Catholic Church that his father, Pippin the Short, had begun. This alliance was useful to both parties because the Church needed Charlemagne’s Empire to defend it and Charlemagne needed the Church as a way to legitimize his rule and authority. This alliance was intensified when the Pope crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor in the year 800.

The rule of Charlemagne was unique in that it brought together many kingdoms in Western Europe that had not been united for a long time. Due to the fact that he was ruling over so many different kingdoms and people who had different cultures and languages, he became invested in creating a consolidated empire with continuity throughout. There were many initiatives that he started in order to obtain this goal. He began by using education and religion to bring everyone together. He wanted the upper classes to be educated, especially members of the church so that they would be teaching the same and correct messages to the regular civilians. Charlemagne brought in educators from all over the world in order to increase education within the empire. He returned to the use of Latin in what he believed to be its original classic form and had many people learn this form of Latin so that there was a common written language. In addition to this he created Carolingian Miniscule, which was a new script to be used in manuscripts. He created this because it was uniform and easy to read so that every literate person in the empire would be able to read any manuscript that they picked up. Charlemagne was focused on correcting, reforming, and standardizing in order to bring the empire together as a whole.

Another focus that Charlemagne had was the revival of the Classics, especially that of Ancient Rome. He was fascinated with Constantine who was the Roman Emperor that brought Christinity to the Romans. Charlemagne sought to emanate Constantine in any way that he could because he saw himself as similar, as a Christian Holy Roman Emperor.

Denarius of Charlemagne

The first work that I will be discussing is the Silver Denarius of Charlemagne. This is a coin that was created during the Carolingian period. The denarius is a clear example of how Charlemagne emanated Ancient Rome, but combined it with new ideas. On the front of the coin is an image of Charlemagne in profile, which is clearly an idea that came from Ancient Roman coins. However, even though he is clearly copying the style of Ancient Roman coins, the back of this coin is different from those of Ancient Rome. On the back of the Denarius of Charlemagne is an image that shows a church with a cross in the middle. The Ancient Roman coins have the image of a pagan temple on the back. Clearly Charlemagne took this general idea, but changed it and added new ideas, Christianity, to make it relevant in present day while still referencing the past. This is an example of a cultural melting pot because the ideas from the past and the present are coming together in order to make something entirely new.

Palace at Aachen

The Palace at Aachen was one of Charlemagne’s most important palaces and he resided there frequently. The palace is located on the site of an old Roman town and the remains of Roman baths still exist on the site. In addition to this, the chapel that is found in the palace complex is one of the most well-preserved Carolingian buildings and is therefore one of the most famous. The Palace at Aachen is a large complex that consists of several different buildings. The main structures are the throne room, the gate, and the chapel. I will discuss each structure and how it reflects the characteristics of a cultural melting pot.

I will begin by discussing the throne room. This building is in the northern part of the complex and connected to the gate by a two story walkway. The throne room is two stories and has three apses. This three apse style is called a triclinium and is reminiscent of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli, which has a very similar three apse style. In addition to this, there are other references to Rome in the building, such as the recessed windows that are reminiscent of Constantine’s audience hall in Trier. These are two major ways that this building is drawing on ancient styles and ideas. This building shows the combination of Ancient Rome, Christian Rome, and new styles are all coming together in order to make an entirely new style that is known as the Carolingian style.

The next building in the palace complex that I will discuss is the palace chapel, also known as that Palatine Chapel. As aforementioned, the palace chapel is one of the best preserved examples of Carolingian buildings as is one of the most famous. The chapel has a central plan that is octagonal in nature. The inside has an ambulatory around the central nave with a second story gallery above and a dome over the nave. This specific type of plan is reminiscent of two famous buildings. The first being the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy and the second being the Golden Reception hall of the Sacred Palace in Constantinople. This shows the influence of both Rome and early christian Byzantine art going into this new church, bringing ideas and influence from different places and periods together to create a new idea. The chapel also has a throne for Charlemagne and it is believed that this throne was placed directly underneath the image of Christ showing the connection between Charlemagne and his rule and higher powers. Another major aspect of this chapel is that Charlemagne used spolia in its creation. This means that material from other works of art from Ancient Rome were removed from where they were originally placed and were transported to Aachen, Germany and used to build this new chapel. An example of spolia used in the palace chapel is columns that were used in the archways of the gallery. These columns serve no structural purpose, so their only purpose is a deliberate and symbolic use of ancient materials to show a connection between Charlemagne and his empire and Rome. This chapel shows a continuation of Carolingian art and architecture being the culmination of old and new ideas to create something entirely new.

The last two works at the Palace at Aachen that I will discuss are the pine cone and the bronze doors. The first work, as the name would suggest, is a bronze pine cone that was found inside of the palace chapel. On the pine cone, there are four allegorical figures that represent four different rivers. It is thought that the pine cone is unfinished and it was initially intended to be a fountain. This work is clearly modelled after the ancient pigna in the vatican which also resembles a large pine cone. The last work is the bronze doors of the chapel. These bronze doors are similar to the pine cone in that they also take their inspiration from classical ornamentation and Ancient Rome. The most relevant aspect of the bronze doors is the door handles. The door handles are ornamented lion heads that would have had ring pulls. This is a style that clearly was inspired by Ancient Rome. The ancient pigna is a work that comes from Ancient Rome and bronze lion heads with ring pulls also pulls ideas from Ancient Rome, so both of these works that are found in the palace chapel at Aachen are more ways of tying Charlemagne and his empire to Rome and show how Carolingian art brings together many varying ideas.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Silver Denarius of Charlemagne and the various art works and architecture found at the Palace of Aachen, including the throne room, palace chapel, bronze pine cone, and bronze doors, all show how art in the Carolingian period brought together many different ideas from various periods of time throughout history to create a completely new style and a new set of ideas that is unique unto itself. This shows that the art and architecture that was produced under Charlemagne can also be described as a cultural melting pot, in addition to his court. The history of Charlemagne’s empire and initiatives that he started, such as uniform script, education, and a standardized Latin, all support the idea that every aspect of Charlemagne’s empire was about bringing different people and ideas together in order to create a new and unique whole. These ideas match the definition of a cultural melting pot - a place where many different people and ideas exist together, often mixing and producing something new.

Table of contents

1. Maintaining faith in god and his religion
InhumanityMental health

The book Night is a memoir of Elie Wiesel, his family, and other fellow Jewish practicing people's experiences during the Holocaust. The word Holocaust is used when there is “destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war.” - Google Dictionary. The Holocaust that Night is written about was specifically the people who practiced the Jewish religion. In the average life, there are many important decisions to make including choosing your Career path, buying a house, and knowing when to quit. Many people do not have the same major decisions that Eliezer, his family and other people that practiced the Jewish religion faced. Each and every decision they were faced with could lead to death which made the decisions pressured and very important. Elie Wiesel was a Jewish adolescent who was abducted from his small town of Sighet and taken to the Auschwitz concentration camp in cattle cars with 79 other Jews. In this essay I will analyze Eliezer's experiences, such as struggles with maintaining faith in his God/religion, with inhumanity, and with mental health. These decisions Eliezer made have impacted him throughout the story along with his life.

Maintaining faith in god and his religion

During Elie’s time leading up to the Holocaust as well as his time in the concentration camp, Elie and other Jews were punished for who they were and what they believed in. At the beginning of the situation, the Jews were forced to wear a yellow star known as the Star of David. This symbol used to be a symbol for their religion, tying in mankind with god (the two triangles one pointing to the sky/God and the other to mankind). The Star of David was forcefully changed and put upon the Jews during the Holocaust to symbolize martyrdom which means someone who dies or suffers for advocating, it turned their religious symbol into a target. “Some of the men spoke of God: His mysterious ways, the sins of the Jewish people, and the redemption to come. As for me, I had ceased to pray. I concurred with Job! I was not denying His existence, but I doubted His absolute justice.” In this quote by Eliezer, he has stopped praying as he is awaiting a transfer to another camp, he had been separated from all his family except for his father. He was uncertain whether his sisters and mother were alive or had been killed and demonstrated a major loss in faith from this quote. “How could I say to Him: Blessed be Thou, Almighty, Master of the Universe, who chose us among all nations to be tortured day and night, to watch as our fathers, our mothers, our brothers end up in the furnaces? Praised be Thy Holy Name, for having chosen us to be slaughtered on Thine altar?” Said Eliezer when in the Buna concentration camp on the Jewish new year when many prisoners assembled to form a solemn service in the memoir Night. Eliezer didn't feel comfortable praising the God that had allowed for many of his kinds to be slaughtered.

Inhumanity

Not only did Eliezer's struggle affect him religiously it had also affected his views on humanity. Eliezer, after being treated so poorly and losing his father and two sisters to the Holocaust, lost trust in humanity. Not only did the mistreatment that the Nazi’s gave each other effect his views on humanity, but how his own people treated each other during such a hard time that has also made a major impact on Eliezer. Eliezer's experience of the Holocaust showed him just how terrible a human being can really get. At the beginning of the book when Eliezer was first introduced to the Nazi’s in the book Night he stated “Our first impressions of the Germans were most reassuring. Their attitude toward their hosts was distant but polite.” He quickly learned otherwise during one of his first experiences with the Nazi’s. Where they shipped them in a cattle car of 80 Jews with two buckets of water and a basket of bread for a 3-day train ride to their first concentration camp. IN that same experience of t6he Holocaust it is where he saw his first example of his own people mistreating each other in the first ride there. During a time like the Holocaust where one kind is being punished, one would think that kind would stick together instead of bashing poor old Madame Schächter for seeing a flame and screaming during this scary time.

Mental health

In the missed treatment of people he had witnessed in the holocaust it affected his view on humanity, as well as took a toll on his mental health. After the exposure of mistreatment in the holocaust he began to have rash thoughts, these rash thoughts were leading to suicidal thoughts and just giving up. In the memoir when Eliezer arrived at the concentration camp Auschwitz, he stated ’’It would be easier to run into the barbed wire… easier than a slow death in the flames… if I was going to kill myself this was the time’’ this quote states that even in the beginning of the Holocaust Eliezer had thoughts of suicide from the mistreatment and fear of other types of death. The quote also shows Eliezer knew his odds of making it out alive were very slim. 70 % of mental illnesses are onset during early childhood and adolescence according to The CAMH (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health). This means children and adolescents in the Holocaust were extra prone to mental health illness.

Elie Wiesel had faced many challenges throughout his life especially in the 1940s facing the Holocaust. In the Holocaust, Eliezer had struggles with maintaining faith in his God/Religion, with inhumanity, and with mental health because of the graphic things Eliezer had to endure during his time in the concentration camps. These struggles have impacted him throughout the story and throughout his whole life.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), refers to many different conditions characterized by challenges with such things as social skills, repetitive behaviors, verbal and nonverbal communication, and unique strengths and differences. There are many different types of autism and it is a lifelong condition that spans all socioeconomic level. Autism is caused by different combinations of genetic and environmental influences.

The clinical features that are essential in the diagnosis of autism is the impairment in social communication/interaction, and the restrictive repetitive patterns of behavior. Features such as aloneness, stereotypical behavior, and language/communication problems are associated with autism spectrum disorder. Children diagnosed with ASD may also be mute. If some language is present, they may be characterized by peculiar usage i.e. parroting what they heard in a high pitched tone, using “he” instead of “I”, using words that have meaning only to those who know the child, and the tendency to raise their voice at the end of sentences. Children with ASD may not engage in eye contact or display any expressions. Although unresponsive, these children are capable of showing strong negative emotions i.e. anger sadness and fear. A primary feature of ASD is the repeated stereotyped movements such as: twirling, flapping the hands or rocking back and forth. Some children with ASD may be self injurious even as they cry out in pain. These children exhibit self injurious behaviour by banging their heads, slapping their faces, biting their arms, or pulling their own hair. These children may also have frequent meltdowns. Consistency is important when it comes to children with ASD. Children with ASD may insist on having the same food everyday and are bound by ritual. Children who develop ASD appear to have failed to develop a differentiated sense of self. Despite their unusual behaviour, children with ASD may be high functioning. However, their intellectual development tends to lag below the norm. Children who function at an average level of intelligence still show difficulty in activities that require symbolism i.e. recognizing emotions, engaging in symbolic play, and problem solving. Individuals with ASD also display difficulty in attending to tasks that involve interacting with other people.

Early views of autism spectrum disorder focused on pathological family relationships. It was suggested that children with the disorder were raised by cold, detached parents. It was believed that the parents raised the child in an emotionally and socially miserable atmosphere in which the child’s efforts to develop language and social skills were not met. The child gives up on the efforts to develop mastery over the external world and withdraws. The pathological insistence on keeping things the same represents the child’s defensive efforts to maintain order and predictability. Although it was not confirmed that parents of children with ASD are cold, there is truth to the notion that children with ASDr and their parents do not relate to one another very well. Instead of rejecting their children, parents may grow somewhat tired because their efforts to relate to their children usually end in failure. Children with ASD have some difficulties that limit them to processing only one stimulus at a time. From the learning theory perspective, children become attached to their primary caregivers because they are associated with primary reinforcers. Children with ASD attend either to the food or to the cuddling and do not connect it with the parent.

From the Cognitive theory perspective children with ASD appear to have difficulty integrating information from various senses. There may be times where the children may seem hypersensitive to stimulation. At other times they are so insensitive that an observer might wonder whether they are deaf. Cognitive issues seem to negatively affect their capacity to make use of information i.e. to understand and apply social rules. This may impede the theory of mind. Theory of mind is the ability to appreciate that other people have a mental state that is different from our own. Children with ASD show difficulty in their ability to infer the beliefs, and emotions of others. Many impairments associated with ASD, i.e. intellectual disability, communications deficits, repetitive bizarre motor behaviour, and even seizures, suggest an underlying neurobiological basis. MRI scans show that children with autism spectrum disorder have a period of overgrowth of brain size early in postnatal development. This period is followed by significantly slowed growth resulting in a brain volume smaller than average for children aged 5 to 16. There is substantial support for the suggestion that genetics plays a significant role in the neurodevelopment of children with autism spectrum disorder, with susceptible genes on chromosomes 2 and 7 in particular. Multiple genes may be involved, and they interact with other factors i.e. environmental or biological. The cause of ASD remains unknown, and some recent controversial ideas are being examined. Some ideas point to the overload of hormones, the immune system, and viruses.

There is no cure for ASD, however, treatment programs have yielded the best results. Treatments that focus on behaviour, education and communication deficits are highly intensive and structured. These treatments offer a great deal of individual Psychological intervention programs are effective for many children with ASD, but early intervention is key. Research continues to support the necessity of early intervention programs; the more intense or comprehensive the therapy, the better it is in terms of helping children improve social and communication skills. Biological approaches have had limited impact in the treatment of ASD. One line of research has focused on drugs normally used to treat schizophrenia, i.e. Haldol, can be helpful in many cases for example reducing social withdrawal and repetitive motor behaviour, aggression, hyperactivity, and self-injurious behaviour. We have not seen drugs lead to consistent improvement in cognitive and language development in ASD. Some children with ASD go on to achieve college and university degrees and are able to function independently. however, Others need continuing treatment throughout their lives, even institutionalized care. High-functioning adults with ASD manifest deficient social and communication skills.

In the words of Dr Meredith Belbin, a Team Role is “A tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way. ” The concept originated in a study conducted at the Henley Management College in the UK. The Belbin Team Role model has become the de-facto standard since then and is used by approximately 40% of the largest 100 companies in the UK, along with international organizations such as the World Bank and the UN.

Dr Belbin found that the difference in success and failure for any specific team did not depend on intellect, but was more linked to individual behaviors. Dr Belbin and his fellow researchers were able to identify eight distinct Team Roles that are as follows

• Plant (Pl)
• Resource Investigator (RI)
• Co- Ordinator (CO)
• Shaper (SH)
• Monitor Evaluator (ME)
• Implementer (IMP)
• Teamworker (TW)
• Completer- Finisher (CF)
• Specialist (SP).

Plants are the promoters, innovators, and the inventors in the Team. Plants are fairly introverted, highly sensitive to both constructive criticism and praise and tend to work independently. Plants can be relied upon to question the norm and provide an ‘out-of-the-box’ solution to a complex business problem. Plants are invaluable in the initial stages or when the project runs into a bottleneck. However, many PL’s in a single Team could become problematic as each would try to reinforce their own idea, leading to potential conflict and disagreement. Resource Investigator Resource Investigators are the go-getters of the team. Naturally extroverts, they have no trouble communicating with both internal stakeholders as well as customers. While Resource Investigators may not be the best at conception, their talent lies in honing their team member’s idea and effectively promoting it. The RI is well-suited to negotiating as they can think on their feet and probe others to extract the necessary information. However, their initial enthusiasm can fade rapidly and they may require external stimulation.

A Co-Ordinator is able to help Team members work towards achieving the shared goal and is confident and trusting, making it easy for them to delegate responsibility. A Co-Ordinator can spot individual talents and exploit them to pursue the common objective. Co-Ordinator’s have a broad perspective and outlook and perform better with colleagues of an equal or near rank, as opposed to working with juniors. The Co-Ordinator often has a laser-like focus on the goal, setting them up for potential clashes with Shapers.

Shapers always have their eye on the goal and are filled with zest. Shapers are unafraid to push the Team to the very limit and can even overcome challenging obstacles through sheer grit. Shapers have a direct style of management, are assertive, and seldom take defeat well. Shapers progress rapidly in an organization because their management style is perfect for getting the desired result in the shortest timeframe. Shapers can be considered argumentative or even aggressive, making them thrive in crunch situations with tight deadlines.

Monitor-Evaluators are prudent individuals who err on the side of caution. Monitor Evaluators cannot be rushed into decision making and will take their time to weigh all options carefully before making the final choice. Monitor Evaluators are critical thinkers with a natural intuition for taking all aspects into consideration. A Monitor Evaluator is more comfortable dealing with logic and facts as opposed to intuition and emotion and can be regarded as overly critical. Monitor Evaluators can do very well in managerial positions as their innate ability of careful analysis makes them highly sought after.

Implementers are practical, self-controlled, and disciplined individuals. An Implementer is a hard worker who is willing to accomplish a task in the prescribed way. Implementers are loyal workers that rarely deviate from the established norm. An Implementer is unlikely to prioritize self-interest over the common goal. An Implementer attains professional success because of their practicality, sensibility, and because they never shy away from doing what is necessary – even if it is not to their liking.

A Teamworker is a mild-manner individual who has a great deal of empathy for other members in the Team. A Teamworker is able to seamlessly adapt to unfamiliar situations and different people. A Teamworker is perceptive, a good listener, and a diplomat extraordinaire, making them very popular amongst colleagues. A Teamworker goes out of their way to promote harmony and avoid disagreement, making them indecisive in a managerial role. Nonetheless, a Teamworker can rise to senior positions in an organization as they have few enemies and listen attentively to others’ views.

A Completer-Finisher strives for absolute perfection and is renowned for attention to detail. A Completer- Finisher does not require external stimulation and can complete the deliverables within the allotted time and by adhering to the expected standard. Completer – Finishers re reluctant to delegate responsibility, preferring to accomplish a given task themselves. The Completer-Finisher is key where precision and close concentration are essential. A Completer-Finisher also expects the same level of performance from their colleagues, creating their own bubble where nothing less than complete excellence is expected.

Works Cited

1. Belbin, R. M. (2010). Management teams: Why they succeed or fail. Routledge.
2. Belbin, R. M. (2018). Team roles at work. Routledge.
3. Dulewicz, V., & Higgs, M. (1999). Can managers really identify leadership potential? Journal of Management Development, 18(4), 275-291.
4. Furnham, A. (2014). The psychology of behaviour at work: The individual in the organization. Psychology Press.
5. Margerison, C. J., & McCann, D. R. (2013). Team management profile: Team roles, knowledge areas and team performance. Routledge.
6. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.
7. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40(3), 437-453.
8. Senge, P. M. (2006). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Random House.
9. Tuckman, B. W. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63(6), 384-399.
10. West, M. A. (2012). Effective teamwork: Practical lessons from organizational research. John Wiley & Sons.

Table of contents

1. Movie Description
2. Relevance to Intercultural Communication
3. Literature Review
Deep Structure of Culture AnalysisThe Worldview Analysis
4. Conclusion
5. References

Movie Description

Bend it Like Beckham follows the story of Jess Bhamra as she is growing up while trying to find a balance between the society she lives and her family. The movie is set in the United Kingdom during the early 21st century when David Beckham was a futball star. Jess Bhamra has always idolized David Beckham, which shows with all the posters draped along her bedroom walls. Growing up, Jess always found time to play futball with the neighborhood boys in the park. One day while playing in the park, she caught the eye of Jules, a woman's club soccer player. In just a few short minutes Jules was astonished by Jess' skills and convinced her to come to try out for her team. Jess showed up to tryouts without any proper equipment, but easily impressed the team and earned her spot on the team lying to the coach that her parents approved of her joining. Jess continues lying to her parents and hiding away to practices and games quickly racking up the points for her team.

Jess and Jules quickly put their team on a winning streak earning them a spot in the finals where a scout from the United States will be there watching both girls to give them a chance at playing overseas. Jess is at crossroads since the final falls on the same day as her older sister’s wedding. During the reception, Jess’ father approaches telling her to go play in the second half of the game so that he has the opportunity to see both his girls happy the same day. Jess takes her opportunity and led by Jules and Jess the team takes the championship, which is not the biggest prize of the night. Jess and Jules both are given the opportunity to play in the United States which through some convincing Jess’ family eventually agrees to. Jess ends the movie with not only her futball dreams at arm’s reach, but she also has the man of her dreams.

Relevance to Intercultural Communication

Bend it Like Beckham mixes two cultures, the Indian culture with the British culture. Jess Bhamra and her family are a part of the Indian culture living in the United Kingdom. At the beginning of the movie, it seems as if the two cultures are strictly divided and interreact only through necessity and in a reserved manner. When Jules invites Jess to try out for the team, they deny this social normality, and the cultures soon unite. Together both girls are just seeking a way to make their dreams come true in a place where it is not encouraged for women to play futball. Although the British culture is not in support of women playing futball, but in the Indian culture that this idea is practically taboo. As Jess continues to fight her cultural restrictions and family bonds, she builds relationships with her teammates who enthusiastically learn about Jess' culture. As the team fights for wins and fights for acceptance, these cultural differences seem to dissipate among the players.

Literature Review

To this day it is still a mystery to humanity as to how the world works, yet individuals have their own opinions and ideas. These assumptions are common among a culture developing unification through the deep structure of culture. The deep structure of culture is developed through family, state, and religious institutions. The family institution develops the structured gender roles of a culture. While growing up, girls and boys have distinct differences that are developed through culture and family rather than biological differences (Samovar, Porter, McDaniel, & Roy, 2017). From the earliest aspects of one’s life, they are given a specific path and expectation concerned with their biological gender that they are to follow to be molded into what is viewed as a successful individual in any given culture.

Gender roles are prominent in Indian culture and are a building block of culture from birth. In traditional India, women were viewed as severely inferior to the males although this idea is changing as globalization has begun to influence society in India. This idea in India comes thanks to the history of isolation in India paired with strict and consistent religious beliefs. India is a collectivist culture evident from their old proverb, “An individual could no more be separated from the family than a finger from the hand” (Samovar et al., 2017). In the role of Indian women, the group that their focuses and sacrifices are being made for is their families. Women are held to and expected to maintain their wifely duties while maintaining the happiness of her husband and without the ownership of any assets in her own name. Housework, caring for the children, preparing all meals, and performing all religious duties are just some of the long list of these wifely duties. While women are conducting these duties, it is expected for them to ignore their self-interests and needs in order to focus on the fulfillment of the home.

Just as the deep structure of culture aims to explain how the world works, the world view of a culture is used to develop assumptions made about the nature of reality. When life seems to be confusing and unexplainable, our worldview is what is used to explain these random events that seem illogical in our lives and society. A worldview can be portrayed through three different spectrums; atheism, spirituality, and religion. Religion is what provides the worldview for over a billion people across the world. Religion helps bring this view by intertwining itself with perception and behavior. Hinduism is an example of the many religions practiced and celebrated around the world. Hinduism is unique compared to the other common religions due to its collaborative attributes meaning they do not believe in one supreme being, but rather a variety and plethora of beings for various aspects of life. Additionally, Hinduism does not align itself with a single founder, a single religious symbol, a single doctrine, or even a single holy center, rather Hinduism is celebrated using a variety of each of these religious spectrums.

In Hinduism, there is no separation between religion and culture instead these two factors align to become a follower’s complete way of life. Hinduism proposes the ideas of dharma, karma, and reincarnation that are important and structure the ways in which Hindus conduct themselves. Dharma is a set of laws that apprise Hindus on how they are to conduct themselves, explains their duties to other people, and how they should act during the four stages on life (Samovar et al., 2017). Karma states that for every action, there is an effect as a result. In Hinduism, this means that if you live by your dharma you will find success and have positive reactions. Reincarnation is tied to Karma since rebirth occurs in order for one to right their previous wrongs in order to reach salvation. Additionally, the caste system is under Hindu law and rendered secure by the claim of divine relation by the previous Aryan priests. Hinduism is a religion, but it presents a complete way of life as well as structure its follower’s worldview.

Deep Structure of Culture Analysis

Throughout the entire Bend it Like Beckham movie, you can see a distinction between the opportunities for men and women in both the Indian and British cultures. The families are the leading controls throughout the film distinguishing these roles and differences. In both the British and the Indian culture, it becomes clear that there are negative emotions about women playing sports. In British culture, this is predominantly portrayed through the character of Jules' mother. It is quite evident that Jules' mother is resistant to her daughter playing futball thinking that this makes her masculine and ruins her chance at finding an adequate husband. Jules' mother is not the only person in the British society with these feelings as Jules admits that she had to fight Joe to form a team for the women to play for since they have no sports options in society. Woman playing sports in Britain is not viewed as an opportunity or to learn lessons and excel, rather it is viewed as something that only lesbians would take part in making these girls outcasts and degenerates in society.

Jules' mother's hatred for her daughter playing futball does not even compare to the level of revulsion that the Bhamra for their daughter to be playing futball. Playing sports strictly opposes the role a woman is structured to play in the Indian culture. Jess’ mother presents a long list of ways in which Jess has broken Indian culture and how she is bringing dishonor to her family. Indian women are not supposed to pursue their pleasures in life, rather their role is strictly to support and make sacrifices for the family. As an Indian woman, the movie shows that the main goal is to become an eligible wife at an early age, as Mrs. Bhamra likes to remind Jess about seeing as how she was married to Mr. Bhamra before she reached Jess’ age. At one point during the film, Mrs. Bhamra becomes distressed exclaiming to her daughter that no family will want a daughter-in-law who can kick a soccer ball yet does not even know how to make traditional Indian recipes. Both mothers in Bend it Like Beckham are repulsed at their daughters for playing futball and taking part in what is viewed as a masculine activity.

The Worldview Analysis

From the moment we are born, we are raised by our family’s worldview and this is what we know and believe about reality. The worldview that your family follows is the only worldview and understanding of the world that you have as a child until you grow up and encounter other cultures out in the world. Jess Bhamra has this experience when she is asked to join the soccer team and has the opportunity to spend regular time with girls who are not following the strict and traditional Hinduism religion that Jess has grown up under. A major factor in Jess' religion that is misunderstood is the concept of marriage. From the caste system, it is expected that Indian women will marry someone of equal or higher status resulting in arranged marriages becoming a common practice (Maistry, 2009). Pinky, Jess’ sister is getting married during the film and it is what Jess refers to as a love match meaning that is not arranged. This idea perplexes Jess’ teammates and she has to explain to them that although her husband is not arranged, at this time, she is still expected to marry an Indian boy because that is her culture’s expectations. The idea of status through marriage also comes up when Mrs. Bhamra is concerned about Jess bring able to find a suitable husband. These expectations come as a result of the caste system and the superiority idea enclosed in her religion, which is what causes Mrs. Bhamra to be so focused on sculpting her perfect daughter in order to make her eligible to move her family to a higher caste.

During the movie, Mrs. Bhamra wails out wondering what she did in her past life to have such deceiving daughters. This follows her finding out about Jess' futball playing and lies about having a job and Pinky's help at keeping her secret undercover. This simple sentence exposes her belief in reincarnation as she prays to Babaji for forgiveness. Babaji is one of the many saints and Gods in the Hinduism religion and his image is framed among the Bhamra family’s mantel exposing his importance from first entering their home. Babaji also is seen as an important religious figure as the Bhamra family prays in front of him before opening Jess’ exam scores upon receiving them in the mail. Pinky’s wedding is very important to the Bhamra family since this is moving her into the second stage, the householder’s stage of life. Overall, Mrs. Bhamra has the best interest at heart for her daughters and wants them to reach salvation by living their lives according to their dharma.

Conclusion

Bend it Like Beckham shows the unity of two cultures joining together for a common goal, both Jess and Jules pursuing their passion and working towards the opportunity to play futball in America. Jess Bhamra has always lived in the United Kingdom, but her family and neighborhood still adhere to the traditional Indian culture. Throughout the film, there is evidence to show both the gender roles and worldview of the Indian culture shown through the Bhamra family. As Jess Bhamra continues to rebel against her family the more you learn about the expectations placed upon her by her family and culture. Due to her religion, Jess Bhamra is expected to live her life in order to please the Gods and reach salvation.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Although, intercultural communication is evident throughout the entire movie. Without further research into the movie and about the Indian culture it was confusing as to why Jess was forbidden to play futball and why her parents were so persistent about her getting married specifically to an Indian man. After further investigating one is able to connect these actions back to Indian culture and connect the film to Intercultural Communications.

References

• Abdel-Shehid, G., & Kalman-Lamb, N. (2015). Multiculturalism, Gender and Bend it Like Beckham. Social Inclusion,3(3), 142. doi:10.17645/si.v3i3.135
• Algeo, K. (2007). Teaching Cultural Geography with Bend It Like Beckham. Journal of Geography,106(3), 133-143. doi:10.1080/00221340701632781
• Batra, R., & Reio, T. G. (2016). Gender Inequality Issues in India. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(1), 88.
• Bhangaokar, R., & Kapadia, S. (2009). At the interface of ‘Dharma’ and ‘Karma’: Interpreting moral discourse in India. Psychological Studies,54(2), 96-108. doi:10.1007/s12646-009-0018-1
• Maistry, A. (2009). The Multicultural Traveller: Representations of Indian Female Identity in Gurinder Chadha’s Bend It Like Beckham and Bride and Prejudice. (Doctoral Dissertation).
• Michaels, A., & Harshav, B. (2006). Hinduism: Past and present. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
• Rings, Guido. (2011). Questions of Identity: Cultural Encounters in Gurinder Chadha's Bend It Like Beckham. Journal of Popular Film and Television, vol. 39, no. 3, 2011, pp. 114–123., doi:10.1080/01956051.2010.541954.
• Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., & Roy, C. S. (2017). Communication between cultures. Boston: Cengage Learning.

If you were to be asked to describe a hero, would you say your mum, a surgeon that performed a miracle surgery? Or would you say a strong, brave male who lurks the streets looking for citizens to help? The depiction of a hero has changed over the course of history. However, their characteristics, personality and physical capabilities greatly differ from the epic heroes to the heroes of the modern day. Most people in the 21st century would refer to epic heroes as ‘braggarts’ because they are known to always boast about their adventures, treasures, or battles. Now, heroes are more like ordinary people. A firefighter is a modern-day hero and could reside in the home next to you. Modern heroes are not out looking to accomplish great deeds. Their actions are often spontaneously performed, whereas epic heroes look for people or villages in distress. Epic heroes also work for a reward, while most modern-day heroes do not.

In most instances, heroes exemplify not only what society considers remarkable and impossible feats, but also the ideals of that society. Throughout history, the definition of a hero has changed concurrently with the values, morals, and challenges of humanity. Presently, Google defines a hero as, 'a person who is admired for their courage, outstanding achievements, or noble'. In the eighth century, a hero was defined by his courage, constancy, and self-sacrifice. The epic poem 'Beowulf', one of the first works of English literature, chronicles the adventures of Beowulf, the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon epic hero. The poem explores Beowulf's heroism in three progressively difficult feuds against Grendel, Grendel's mother, and a dragon. With every victory, Beowulf further validates his place as a hero in the hearts and minds of Geats and Danes alike. Being an epic hero contrasts modern heroes because of the society differences. At that time Beowulf lived when the problems of society were not terrorism, disease, or injustice. People worried about rival armies and great monsters. In defining a hero, there are three fulfillments to evaluate. The person must overcome extremely difficult obstacles, show great courage, empower and inspire the people, and typify the traits of a hero.

Throughout the poem, Beowulf was largely encouraged by his desire for honor and fame undeniably, but this pursuit of fame was not of personal interests and material wealth. Instead, it was earned through fighting for his people or protecting others, during which process he demonstrated his strength and bravery. Fame is most important to a warrior like Beowulf to establish himself, but Beowulf never lets fame overdevelop into egocentricism and overconfidence, because fame means responsibility and greatness, pride is purely a desire to be great regardless of its harmful costs. In other words, generosity(distributing wealth to his followers and people) and interests of community, rather than greed for personal wealth and selfishness, are the way and purpose of Beowulf when pursuing his honor. When the dragon takes vengeance by ravaging the countryside at night, burning the land and buildings, including Beowulf's own mead-hall, Beowulf realized immediately the threat it brought to his kingdom and people. Therefore, he decided to fight the dragon with 11 Geatish warriors, not purely out of pride really, but also of the heavy responsibility of king to protect his people from harm as far as possible while he himself undertook the risk of death. Ten of the eleven warriors, however, betray Beowulf(only Wiglaf stayed and helped), which serves as a foil to the honorable deeds and morals of Beowulf and Wiglaf. In a result, beowulf and Wiglaf won fame through their valorous fight while the ten warriors brought eternal shame.

Beowulf’s life meaning was further fulfilled as his fights became a representation of general good and justice — his attempts to minimize violence in his violent social environment was distinctive. Though often considered violent and bloody in the fights, Beowulf is certainly different from the war-mongering conqueror Scyld, whose funeral is depicted in the beginning of the epic. Instead of gaining fame by conquering neighboring peoples like most of other kings at that time, Beowulf did not seek conflict. Beowulf was indeed a warrior who is eager for fame, but he is not praised for his conquests but for his courage, kindness, mildness, and graciousness, though the peace he tries so hard to maintain is to the end vulnerable and not long lasting. In the poem, the three major violent fights was between monsters and Beowulf, and those fights are epitomes of the great fight between good and evil, human and inhuman. The first fight unfolds was between Grendel, destined to be evil as his jealousy for human being able to enjoy life drives him perform evil acts, and Beowulf, embodiment of all possible heroic virtues. Grendel is condemned to darkness and misery as he is depicted to be the descents of Cain. He has no desire to end the feud, or to pay compensation for those he kills or make peace with their families. Beowulf thus by defeating Grendel, Grendel’s mother and the dragon, became a representation of the belief that good will eventually defeat evil.(likely to be the influence of author’s christian worldview) Moreover, Beowulf was presented as the protector of humanity. He is against violence between humans, or more precisely, against the Northern European culture he lived in of continual violence and revenge between peoples. As he recalls his life, Beowulf is proud of having maintained peace for fifty years: “I have guided my people for fifty winters, no folk-king … dared to meet me with war-friends… neither sought contrived conflicts…[no] murderous bale against my kindred.”

Beowulf reached self-realization through continual fights against obstacles throughout his life regardless of the destined end. He did not feared death and that is one of the sign of being a hero. He knew that death can be around the corner with every steps he take but always dive head first into challenges. Beowulf mentions several times through the epic that fate stands with him because of his courage. No one can defeat Grendel, as he is told, but he lets no fear stop him because he himself would determine his action, and he believed in his power, which was indeed proved in his following victories. Before he went on the final march to the dragon, sitting on the cliff top, he already foresees the incoming death. He is sad at heart, “unsettled yet ready, sensing his own death,” while at the same time he feels his “spirit would spin free from his body.” In spite of this self-awareness, he still pursue his own purpose, went to beat the dragon and sustained fatal injuries. He viewed personal resistance as a bridge to transcend the limitation of life, and regards the destruction of personal tragedy in exchange for people’s happiness as a realization of personal value. As he went through a series of battles and died eventually, his struggles against fate continuous and fierce by not giving up any chance to fight over the enemy. Beowulf’s ending was often considered as a tragedy because of his inevitable fate of death, but he resisted the god of fate that dominates humankind and it is through this resistance that the subjective human power is emphasized.

Beowulf as perhaps the oldest English literature was deeply rooted in ancient northern European cultural and social background and was written essentially by a Christian priest. It is widely consider as a work that reflect the tragic cycle of violence and revenge that would finally lead to the decay of northern European societies, and to praise the superiority of as well as promote Christian world view. Beowulf was depicted as a typical ancient epic hero who was imbued with outstanding power and moral virtues and who fought for fame and treasure(which is particularly important to northern European culture), and thus was inevitably a relic of a past. However, the hero Beowulf together with the worldview presented in the poem was far more than endless brutal killings, revenges and pursuits of treasures. More importantly, Beowulf strived to find the meaning of his life regardless of his understanding of its transitory character and its destined destruction, through fighting for his honor and people to fighting for higher justice and general good, and finally reaching self-realization, which can inspire contemporary society and individuals when searching for their purpose of life.

The Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791, was written to protect basic American rights, yet the freedoms it presented were kept from countless African slaves. During the same year, Benjamin Banneker, a free African American and the son of former slaves, decided to challenge society’s viewpoint of slavery. In a letter to Thomas Jefferson, Banneker illustrates the hypocrisy of the Declaration of Independence, describes the oppressive conditions that slaves had to endure, and offers a solution for equality in order to argue against the cruel nature of slavery.

Banneker employs exemplification, providing a specific case to support his argument, to illustrate the hypocrisy of the Declaration of Independence. Aiming to take advantage of America’s historical struggles, Banneker forces his audience to remember the time when they themselves were victims of oppression. He provides a sensitive example in which America has been reduced to a “State of Servitude” by the controlling “tyranny of the British Crown” to appeal to his patriotic audience who fought so hard to free their country from oppression. Comparing America’s previous helpless state to the plight of slaves establishes a feeling of guilt among audience members who have experienced the same oppression, convincing them to take on an anti-slavery viewpoint.

Banneker candidly describes the grotesque conditions that slaves are forced to endure through a use of strong language such as the “horrors of its condition” and the “groaning captivity” and “cruel oppression”. Horrific and appalling, the description evokes a sense of pity from the audience as they imagine the insufferable obstacles that slaves have to face on an everyday basis. The audience — still guilt-ridden from the memory of their own battle with oppression — is able to emotionally connect with the plight of slaves and is more likely to be swayed to take a stance against slavery.

His compelling description of slavery still resonating, Banneker offers a solution of equality. Like a wise and patient mentor teaching his student, Banneker proposes that society “put your their souls in their souls” and promises that by doing so people will begin to adopt a sense of “kindness and benevolence”. In other words, Banneker urges his audience to put themselves in the shoes of slaves and look at the situation from the perspective of the oppressed. He backs up his claim with religious allusions, for instance, how God created all of mankind equal with an “impartial distribution of those rights and privileges”. While Banneker could have suggested a radical approach to end slavery, he gently advises society to gradually accept slaves as human beings though a peaceful method of changing one’s own nature. By justifying equality with religion, Banneker appeals to the religious members of his audience and convinces them to follow in the footsteps of God and stand against slavery.

Through the use of description, exemplification, and solution to a problem, Banneker argues against the inhumane nature of slavery. Appealing to their sense of morality with historical references, graphic imagery, and religious allusions, Banneker’s letter exerted a powerful influence on persuading people to join the abolitionist cause.

Works Cited

1. Banneker, B. (1791). Letter from Benjamin Banneker to Thomas Jefferson. In National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/banneker-letter.
2. Carson, C. (1981). In struggle: SNCC and the Black awakening of the 1960s. Harvard University Press.
3. Finkelman, P. (Ed.). (1998). The Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. Charles Scribner's Sons.
4. Foner, E. (1980). Politics and ideology in the age of the Civil War. Oxford University Press.
5. Franklin, J. H. (1961). The Militant South, 1800-1861. Harvard University Press.
6. Gates Jr, H. L. (Ed.). (2003). The Classic Slave Narratives. Signet Classics.
7. Harris, L. H. (2015). In the shadow of slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. University of Chicago Press.
8. Horton, J. O. (Ed.). (2004). Slavery and Public History: The Tough Stuff of American Memory. The New Press.
9. Katz, W. L. (1970). Eyewitness: The Negro in American history. J. Messner.
10. Miller, W. L., & Mooney, L. A. (2017). Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity, and Human Bondage in Italy. Springer.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Image Pre-processing and Analysis

Introduction

A big part of the population in Rwanda lays in farming communities where agriculture is the main source of income and livelihood hood. This may lead to severe land degradation due agriculture activities and the high demand for firewood. Apart from that, large number of parcels of land are cleared.

Biomass plays an important role by providing different ecosystem services which may help to adapt and mitigate the global climate change. Spectral vegetation index data are used to investigate the relationship between climate and vegetation at the landscapes level, to assist land management and sustainable utilization of forest and other vegetation resources and also to investigate climate change impacts and carbon sequestration by different vegetation types (Nurhussen, 2016). Currently, the global vegetation cover is decreased due to human induced activities mainly through deforestation for other different land uses in need.

Remote sensing is broadly defined as a science of collecting and interpreting information about a target without being in physical contact with the target (Sabins, 1997). The remote sensing process mainly consist in the analysis and interpretation of data collected by a sensor. Remote sensing approaches provide useful information about the subject under investigation from different perspective of view , it include diverse techniques , ranging from traditional methods of visual interpretation to digital information extraction methods using sophisticated computer process.

This study aimed to analyze the biomass change seasonally using satellites remote sensed data, Musanze District, Rwanda, with following specific objectives; to Map existing and current status of biomass in Kimonyi sector, to produce NDVI maps and biomass class’s trends across the study area, to seasonally assess vegetation condition, to seasonally detect the changes in vegetation biomass. Therefore, the study reveals that Remote Sensing is powerful tools to monitor biomass change in a given period, hence directly contribute to any planning activities especially in environment degradation and agriculture domains.

Methodology

Kimonyi Sector is one of fifteen Sectors of Musanze District in Northern Province of Rwanda. Kimonyi sector has 4 cells including Birira, Buramira, Mbizi and KivumuI. It has fifteen thousand, five hundred and eighty-nine (15,589) of population (NISR, 2012). Kimonyi sector relay in volcanic plain part with an average altitude of 1860 m and it has an area of 21, 60 km2 (Luis & Byizigiro, 2012). There are four seasons in the study area, namely long rain season that starts from march to May, long dry season which starts from June to mid-September, short rain season which starts from October to November, and lastly short rain season which starts from December to February.

To perform this study, four Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images of May 2016, august 2016, November 2016, and January 2017 were downloaded from USGS web platform (www.earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.). Landsat satellites sensors provides data in 11 spectral bands with 30m spatial resolution for multispectral band and 15m for panchromatic band.

Image Pre-processing and Analysis

The geometric image registration was performed in order to minimize all geometric distortions inherent to the image. The Land sat L8 OLI images was registered to a common Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, 35 Zone with WSG84 as Datum, Thereby removing a large amount of the geometric errors in the raw data.

This step was performed to combine separated bands into one multispectral image. The combined bands for Landsat 8 OLI are band2, band3, band4, band5, band6, and band7(Barsi et al., 2014).This allow research to extract and analyze vegetation cover using Landsat imagery, bands 3,4 and 5 are most suitable for this analysis as they combine the most important spectral reflectance aspects of vegetation

Resolution merge was performed, where multispectral bands were combined with panchromatic band in order to get an image of 15 meter resolution, to enhance and increase the visibility of images (Johnson et al., 2012).

The Landsat tile is much larger than a project study area. In this case it is beneficial to subset the downloaded image to remain with the area of interest only (JARS, 1993). The study area shapefile was re-projected to be given theprojection similar to the one of satellite image. Then it was used to subset that satellite image using Erdas imagine 2014 software.

Image interpretation is the process of manually and digitally examining a digital remote sensing image to extract necessary information or to identify features in that image. Image characteristics (also called image attributes) are made of seven elements that are used to derive information about objects in an image

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was computed using the model maker tool in ERDAS Imagine, this is normally the ratio between measured reflectivity in the red (band4) and near infrared (band5) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. NDVI values range from -1 to 1. NDVI was computed using the following formula (Richardson & Everitt, 1992):

NDVI= (NIR(band5)-RED(band4))/(NIR(band5)+ RED(band4) (1)

VCI quantifies the weather component. The weather-related NDVI envelope is linearly scaled to 0 for minimum NDVI and 100 for the maximum for each grid cell and week (Parrinaz et al., 2008). It is defined asVCI = (NDVI-NDVImin)/(NDVIMAX-NDVI Min) (2)

Where NDVI max and NDVI min are the maximum and minimum value of that NDVI image. VCI changes from 0 to 100, corresponding to changes in vegetation condition from-to extremely unfavorable to optimal.

Calculated NDVI was reclassified in ArcGIS 10.3 reclassification is preformed to assign values of preference, sensitivity, priority, or some similar criteria to a raster. For the present study NDVI was reclassified into three main classes.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. The Artist
3. The Lyrics
4. The Music
5. The Legacy

Introduction

Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American boy in 8th grade at the McCosh school, was visiting his cousins in Money, Mississippi during August 1955. He was originally from Chicago, and he lived with his mother. On August 24, he went into a grocery store to buy a pack of bubble gum while in Mississippi.

On his way out, he whistled or flirted with the white female store clerk who took great offense to it, and she told her husband, Carolyn Bryant. Four days after this incident, Bryant and his half-brother, J.W. Millam, kidnapped Till from his uncle's home. They then beat him and killed him, shooting him in the head. They also tied him to a large piece of metal with barbed wire and threw him into the Tallahatchie River. His body was found three days after the incident. His face was so badly injured and distorted that the only way the police could identify him was his ring, which was originally his father’s.

Eventually, the brothers were charged with the murder of Emmett Till, and, on September 19, 1955, the court case was started. However, the jury was all white, and the brothers were acquitted although there was an overwhelming amount of evidence against them. The deliberation only lasted around an hour, which is extremely short. In January 1956, the brothers admitted that they murdered Till and gave the full story to Look magazine.

In the magazine, one of the last things that the brothers tell Till is, “Goddamn you, I'm going to make an example of you – just so everybody can know how me and my folks stand”. The brothers killed Till to send a message, that they did not approve of African-Americans being able to “flirt” with white women. They could not be charged again however because of the double jeopardy laws.

Even more recently in a 2007 interview the store clerk told the press that Till never whistled or tried to flirt with her and that she made it up. This interview was later released in 2017. Throughout the history of this murder, many civil rights activists and other members of society spoke out against it, including Bob Dylan.

The Artist

Bob Dylan, who was originally named Robert Allen Zimmerman, was born on May 24, 1941, the same year as Emmett Till. He grew up in Duluth, Minnesota and he always had an interest in music. He began to make a name for himself while performing folk music during college under the name Bob Dylan. He was inspired by the famous folk singer Woody Guthrie, who also sang protest songs.

Dylan arguably wrote this song for the same reason Guthrie wrote his songs, to try to draw attention to an unjust cause. He tried to follow in his idol’s footsteps and write a prevalent protest song. During the time that he wrote the song, there were many pressing issues relating to racial justice.

One of the most prevalent issues was Brown V. Board of Education in 1954. During this Supreme Court case, the “separate but equal” clause was created stating that facilities could be separate for whites and African Americans if they were equal. However, these facilities were rarely equal with the white facility usually being nicer. In the 1960s, when the song was written, the fight for equal rights in America was becoming more prevalent as Dr. King would give his famous “I Have a Dream” speech about a year after Dylan wrote his song. Later in his career, Dylan said that the main reason he wrote this song was to write about something topical. However, this song still had a positive impact because it was able to shine even greater light on Emmett Till’s murder.

The Lyrics

“The Death of Emmett Till” was a very literal song that went straight to the point, that the racial injustice in the south needed to change. He sang this song in the folk genre, which he is most famous for. Dylan uses simple and direct language to speak to his audience to get his point across.

In the song, Dylan skips almost no time and begins to describe the story of Emmett Till. He says, “The color of his skin was black and his name was Emmett Till. Some men they dragged him to a barn and there they beat him up. They said they had a reason, but I can't remember what”. Dylan begins by just giving some of the facts of the situation. He also says that the brothers had a reason, but he doesn’t remember. By doing this, he is discrediting the brothers and condemning their “reason.”

Soon after, Dylan says, “They tortured him and did some evil things too evil to repeat. There was screaming sounds inside the barn, there was laughing sounds out on the street”. Dylan is commenting on how this situation and murder was acceptable in southern culture. He argues that this murder was even supported by the community. The brothers even admit this, because when the brothers were taking Till to the river, Milliam says, “When we got to that gin, it was daylight, and I was worried for the first time. Somebody might see us and accuse us of stealing the fan'.

The brothers were more worried about someone seeing them with the fan than stopping them from getting rid of Till. This shows the reader that this behavior was completely acceptable in southern culture. Later Dylan is talking about the trial of the brother for the killing of Till. He says, “Two brothers they confessed that they had killed poor Emmett Till. But on the jury there were men who helped the brothers commit this awful crime”.

Dylan believes that the only reason the brothers were not charged with this crime was that the jury was made up entirely of white men because there was still racial discrimination while picking juries. Although there was enough evidence for a convention, the brothers were acquitted. Dylan decides to end the song by reminding us that “But if all of us folks that thinks alike, if we gave all we could give, We could make this great land of ours a greater place to live”. Dylan tries to remind his audience that the ideology and thoughts that allowed Till’s killers to get away still exist and that we need to fight against them.

The Music

Bob Dylan was able to convey the right emotions in his song by singing in as a folk song. The lack of other instruments besides his guitar makes his voice more prevalent and captivating. He sings this song in a somber mood to show that Till’s death was a tragedy and something that should not be taken lightheartedly. He believed that this was a serious topic, and he wanted his song to reflect his opinions.

He sang this song with a pain in his voice that almost convinces the listener that he had a personal connection to Emmett Till, although he did not. He sang this song like this so that people would remember it and remember the injustice of the murder of Emmett Till. Overall, Dylan sings this song so that the form fits the function. He sings in a way that the listener remembers, and in a serious mood.

The Legacy

The legacy of this song changes greatly from the time it was written. At first, Bob Dylan was proud of his song. He was proud when he heard it on the radio for the first time in 1962, and said that he was during interviews. This song helped improve his reputation as a folk singer, as he was not very well known at the time. Later, however, he was not proud of how literal the song was and the reasons he wrote it. He also later called his song a “bullshit” song after he released some of his better works.

Because of these other works, this song has been overshadowed and it is usually not remembered as Dylan’s greatest songs. Although it is not one of Dylan’s best, it is still remembered as one of the first protest songs that Dylan wrote, and the song did help draw attention to the murder of Emmett Till. Dylan’s song shows his attitude toward racial intolerance and shines a light on one of the most unjust murders and court cases of all time.