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There are many different kinds of deviance in today’s society (Bates, Gainey, Inderbitzin, 2014). This essay will discuss the designation of deviance, the different kinds of deviance, the biological, social, and psychological factors on deviant demeanor, and how they differ from each other. In previous papers, there have been omissions in the areas of sexuality (Walters, 2013). According to Down to Earth Sociology (Henslin, 1972), for society to exist, people must be able to know what to expect of others. So according to Henslin, we all have deviant habits in us at some point in our lives. We all infringe rules and prospects others have breeded whether it is a minor or immensely colossal-scale offense. In today’s society, the word deviant is utilized very commonly and its meaning becomes distorted. People might associate the word deviant with being convoluted, nasty, or perverted. Deviance is not a term for negative judgment. It just betokens anyone to breach the prospects of others. The norms that we breed cover three rudimental aspects of human comportment: our appearance, manner, and conduct. The rules of appearance and manner, if broken, are conventionally called civil incompliance and conduct is conventionally called criminal insubordination. The first major type of deviance that will be mentioned is the appearance norm. The prospects of appearance concern apparel, cosmetics, hair, and other “social extensions of a person.” The second major type of deviance that will be mentioned is the sexual norm. The prospects of sexuality concern marriage, orientation, and abstinence. The third and final major type of deviance that will be mentioned is the familial norm. The prospects of family concern defiance, sexuality, and religion.

Deviance in terms with conformity is shaped by the society around it. Emile Durkheim breeded the system of structural Function, which states that “Society is visually perceived as a perplexed system where stability is promoted when involute components collaborate.” However, Durkheim grants credit to deviance and that it elucidates norms and increases conformity, it fortifies social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant, and it can avail lead to positive social change. Deviance breeds jobs for the segments of society - police, prison sentinels, criminology edifiers, and so forth - whose main focus is to deal with deviants in some manner (Gans, Smart, 1995). Social norms are the rules of comportment that are considered acceptable in a group or society. Emile Durkheim authentically believed that deviance brings a society together.

Robert K. Merton developed the strain theory which entitles that our culture's insistence on wealth and the circumscribed opportunity to get opulent gives elevated, especially among the poor, to larceny, the sale of drugs and other street malefaction; ergo, giving an exact example of the definition of deviance. Symbolic interaction defines how people in society explicate deviance in everyday situations, in comparison the labeling theory accentuates that deviance and conformity are not the result of what we obligatorily do, but how our peers respond to what we do. Branching from this theory is a primary and secondary deviance. Edwin Lemert conceptualized primary deviance as engaging in the initial act of deviance and then posited secondary deviance as the stage in which one internalizes a deviant identity by integrating it into their self-concept. Travis Hirschi argued that human nature is fundamentally selfish and thus wondered why people do not commit deviance. His answer, which is now called social control theory (withal known as social bonding theory), was that their bonds to conventional social institutions such as the family and the school keep them from breaching social norms. Hirschi's fundamental perspective reflects Durkheim's view that vigorous social norms reduce deviance.

Not surprisingly, conflict explications have sparked much controversy (Akers & Sellers, 2013). Many philomaths dismiss them for painting an extravagantly critical picture of the United States and ignoring the excesses of non-capitalist nations, while others verbalize the theories and overstate the degree of inequality in the licit system. In assessing the debate over conflict explications, a fair conclusion is that their view on discrimination by the licit system applies more to victimless malefaction than to conventional malefaction, as it is arduous to argue that laws against such things as murder and larceny reflect the desiderata of the potent. However, much evidence fortifies the conflict assertion that the poor and minorities face disadvantages in the licit system (Reiman, Leighton, 2013). Simply put, the poor cannot afford good attorneys, private investigators, and other advantages that mazuma brings in court. As just one example, if an individual is much more poor than O. J. Simpson (former football player and media celebrity) had been apprehended, as he was in 1994, for viciously murdering two people, the defendant would virtually have been found censurable. Simpson was able to afford a bulwark costing hundreds of thousands of dollars and won a jury acquittal in his malefactor tribulation (Barkan, 1996). Supplementally in accordance with conflict theory’s views, corporate executives, among the most potent members of society often transgress the law without trepidation of confinement, as we shall optically discern in our discussion of white-collar malefaction later in this chapter. Determinately, many studies support conflict theory’s view that the roots of malefactions by poor people lie in social inequality and economic deprivation (Barkan, 2009).

The first major type of deviance that will be mentioned is the appearance norm. Travis Hirschi says that persons with a weakened bond to their social group are likely to become deviant. The appearance of an individual gives an automatic opinion of whether the individual or group judging is socially acceptable or the contrary. Today’s society has groomed everybody that everyone has to have the newest fashion, how our hair looks, etc. How to dress opportunely to work, how to appear allegiant to the organization and to one's own group, how to appear diligent- these are all appearance norms. Some companies insist on employees following an indispensable attire (this takes the form of a formalized norm). However, even in companies that lack a formal indispensable attire, informal norms govern the way employees dress to work. In many organizations, for appearance's sake, employees have to show staunchness to the organization and desist from openly probing for another job. Appearances may be engendered by the way the person is dressed (medicos in white lab coats with stethoscopes, and purloiners dressed like the meter reader), by their designation (Dr. So-and-so, Reverend Blah-blah), by their office (the more impressive the office the more likely the person has some authentic weight), or some other effect.

The second major type of deviance that will be mentioned is the sexuality norm. Sexual demeanor and sexual deviance aim to take over America's news media as more than ever before. The prospects of what’s acceptable sexual behavior—also affect men, women, and trans people in cognitions both with same and opposite sex partners. “Common” sex is intercourse between a man and a woman. Other forms of sexual demeanor are often stigmatized and silenced. Sex is supposed to occur within the institution of espousement or within stable partnerships; multiple sexual partners or paying for sex is stigmatized (and in many instances criminalized). Verbalizing about sexuality openly is still often taboo; most people do not feel comfortable verbalizing about sexual practices. Former Air Force Lt. Kelly Flinn is now out with her incipient book reviewing the doleful saga of her sexual cognitions on an isolated Air Force Base in North Dakota. A "norm" is a rather cryptic term referring to shared prospects of felicitous and desirable comportment in categorical situations. The concept of a norm is inscrutable because it refers to a concept which subsists "out there" as a component of a culture, but is something which generally - unlike laws, for example - is never indited down or codified formally.

Survey research provides an excellent mechanism for gregarious scientists to utilize to analyze a society's norms. If 80% of the members of a society concur that a certain comportment is opportune in a given situation, then it can be hypothesized that this represents a fairly widely shared norm. If only 20% accede, than the deportment is more congruously characterized as deviant rather than normative. Many observers are expeditious to note, of course, that the esse of a norm does not - by any betokens - implicatively insinuate that authentic deportment follows the norm. As we will optically discern in the sections which follow, this may be categorically true in regard to American sexual deportment, concerning which there seems to have always been a consequential gap between what is considered normative, and what people authentically do. In fact, the tension between the very fundamental human sexual drive, the key mechanism in the society's competency to reproduce itself, and the culture's endeavor to control and channel this astonishingly puissant instinct, is one of the most fascinating aspects of the scientific study of human beings. And, as noted above, not only is sex and its regulation and control by society fascinating to gregarious scientists, it ostensibly retains a unique position as one of the most fascinating and compelling topics of interest and conversation to the average lay person as he or she toils through their presumably otherwise boring daily esse.

The third and final major type of deviance that will be mentioned is the familial norm. Social norms exert a puissant influence on families. They shape major life decisions, such as whether to espouse and how many children to have, as well as everyday decisions, such as how to discipline children and divide household labor. Emotion is a defining feature of these familial gregarious norms, giving force and content to norms in contexts as varied as reproductive cull, parenting, and same-sex relationships. These emotion-laden norms do not stand apart from the law. Falling along a continuum of involution that ranges from direct regulation to cull architecture, state sway over gregarious norms through their emotional valence is an underappreciated aspect of the family-state relationship.

Albeit philomaths have explored aspects of familial convivial norms, current accounts offer an incomplete picture of both families and family law because they inadequately account for the elemental relationship between convivial norms, emotion, and the state. By exploring the confluence of these forces, this article makes two contributions to the literature. Descriptively, this article identifies the centrality of emotion in engendering and defining familial convivial norms. First, emotion is often the content of a familial convivial norm; ergo it is infeasible to understand the norm without understanding emotion. Second, emotions can trigger gregarious norms, with particular emotions leading to transmutations in deportment. Third, familial convivial norms carry tremendous emotional weight, which expounds why the cost of noncompliance can be categorically high in the family context. Conclusively, the emotion-laden nature of familial convivial norms perplexes any predictive enterprise for law and policy. Normatively, a more consummate understanding of the operation of familial gregarious norms sanctions for more efficacious regulation of families. The state should apperceive that emotion is a potent point of ingress when it seeks to influence norms and shape comportment. There are risks to this influence, but exposing the uncomfortable authenticity that the law often endeavors to manipulate our affective lives engenders an opportunity to utilize this dynamic for more appealing ends, such as cultivating more preponderant tolerance for parental conduct that falls outside ascendant norms.

In conclusion, there are many different kinds of deviance in today’s society. When a group of teenagers between the ages of 14 and 18 were asked about the sexuality norm, many said that homosexuality is deviant. When that same group was asked about the familial norm, the majority said that skipping school is deviant. This data shows that some teenagers recognize deviance in society and take heed of it.

Data Analysis

In a group of 22 students, 18 students (82%) are African-American, 3 students (14%) are Caucasian, and 1 student (4%) is of mixed race. 15 students (68%) are females and 7 students (32%) are males.

When asked the question, “Is being gay deviant,” 19 students said yes and 3 students said no.

Of the 17 students that said yes, 2 students (12%) were Caucasian, 14 students (82%) were African-American, and 1 student (6%) was of mixed race. Also, out of those 17 students, 10 students (59%) were female and 7 students (41%) were male.

Of the 5 students that said no, 1 student (20%) was Caucasian and 4 students (80%) were African American. Also, out of those 5 students, all 5 students (100%) were female.

When asked the question, “Is skipping school deviant,” 9 students (41%) said yes, and 13 students (59%) said no.

Of the 9 students that said yes, 1 student (11%) was Caucasian and 8 students (89%) were African-American. Also, out of those 9 students, 5 students (56%) were female and 4 students (44%) were male.

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Of the 13 students that said no, 2 students (15%) were Caucasian, 10 students (77%) were African American, and 1 student (8%) was of mixed race. Also, out of those 13 students, 10 students (77%) were female and 3 students were male.

Disneyland Park is the most popular place for the children. It is located in United States. It is called Disneyland according to Walt Disney. It is owned by Walt Disney Company. It was established in 1955 in California. Disneyland can found in several places such as California, Florida, Tokyo, Paris, Hong Kong, Shanghai and modern in Algeria. The idea of Disneyland came from the trip when Walt Disney and his daughters have a trip, then he decided to create entertainment and interesting place. First he made it in his own studio. Then, it turned out later that the place is small for the project. After that he searched for a broader place, then he created in California a year after Disneyland have expanded. Many cartoon characters and toys were added to become the biggest and the most famous game city in the world. The visitor came from the whole world. The number of visitor arrived at more than 650 million visitor since its opining. There are many facts that many people don’t know about this city that look like being fantasy from the most important of them having secret tunnels underground to facilitate the transfer of staff from place to another due to overcrowding. In addition to the presence of graphic for Mickey mouse in everywhere.

Disneyland has become a popular place over time. The visitor thought that, they are come from real word to cartoons films because for what they see from the bright walls to cartoon characters to the music which are come from everywhere. In addition to the buildings which are similar to those films that produced by the Wallet Disney company and unique games which are don’t have a similar to them in the world. The city opens its doors to the visitors at 10:00 Am to 16:00. It’s become very busy on Saturday and Sunday due to the weekend. So it is preferred to visit it in the rest of the week. The visitor can eat from different restaurant which are spread in the city.

Disneyland in France (Paris)

Disneyland is located 30 Km from Paris. It is accessible by metro, and the tickets can be bought upon arrival or booking by their website, to facilitate the entry to the park rather than standing along. This city has a lot of studios, which are similar to studios that produce Hollywood movies and this acts as opportunity to visit the film industry there. The city has luxurious and attractive hotels. The hotels contain 8005 rooms. As well as shops, golf course, shopping centers and medical centers. When entering the resort, the visitors can get a map that contains everything that provides information for visitor. As well as the timing of the daily performances, role plays and cartoons show which is represented by people within Disneyland so, it’s the place which is the most appropriate for children. There are also 6 restaurants which have different and unique design and decoration. The restaurants offer different meals from famous dishes in France. Moreover, the most beautiful thing in the Disneyland is a department which called United States Street which present though a small buildings made of wood this the tradition form of the United states in the past. In short, It can be said that Disneyland offers everything for adults and young people from entertainment and multi – cultural dining.

Works Cited

1. Disneyland Resort Official Website. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://disneyland.disney.go.com/
2. Disneyland Paris Official Website. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.disneylandparis.com/en-gb/
3. The Walt Disney Family Museum. (n.d.). About Walt Disney. Retrieved from https://www.waltdisney.org/about-walt-disney
4. Miller, S. (2018). Disneyland: The hidden facts and secrets of Walt Disney's theme parks. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
5. Sorkin, M. (2016). From Disneyland to Disney World: The business of magic. Routledge.
6. The Walt Disney Company. (2021). 2020 Annual Report.
7. Poole, K. (2017). Secrets of Disneyland: Weird and wonderful facts about the happiest place on earth. Summertime Publishing.
8. Krasnostein, M. (2019). The land of permanent goodbyes: A moving, powerful and timely intergenerational story that will touch every heart. HarperCollins.
9. Theme Park Insider. (n.d.). Disneyland.
10. Chung, J., & Lee, T. (2015). Disneyland Resort: A family vacation destination. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 3(1), 22-34.

Table of contents

1. Types of Dissociative Identity Disorder
2. Signs and Symptoms
3. Diagnosis
4. Conclusion

Dissociative identity disorder is a condition in which the affected individual has a minimum of two distinct personalities. It refers to a severe form of dissociation which is a mental process that produces a lack of connection in a person’s thoughts, feelings, memory, actions, or sense of identity. This also includes the inability to recall everyday events, and important personal information that would not typically be lost with ordinary forgetfulness. This condition was also previously known as multiple personality disorder or split personality. Although it is very common for a person to have moments of dissociation between thoughts and actions, it is more severe for a person living with dissociative identity disorder.

This disorder, like many others, is thought to stem from multiple factors that may include trauma experienced as early as childhood. The dissociative aspect is thought to be a coping mechanism. When a person experiences something that is violent, traumatic, or painful, they will completely shut down or dissociate from the situation or event. The causes of dissociative identity disorder are not yet determined but research indicates that is it likely a psychological response to interpersonal and environmental stress. This is most likely to occur during early childhood when emotional abuse or neglect can interfere with personality development. “As many as 99% of individuals who develop dissociative disorders have recognized personal histories of recurring, overpowering, and often life-threatening disturbances at a sensitive developmental stage of childhood.”

Types of Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative identity disorder can be classified into two forms, possession, and non-possession. In the possession form, the identities are usually displayed as a supernatural being, or another person who has taken control of the person, causing them to speak and act in an unfamiliar way. In this case, the different identities are very overt. On the other side, the non-possession form tends to be much less overt. A person may feel as though they have a sudden alteration in their identity. They may feel as though they are observers of their own speech, emotions, and actions.

Signs and Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of dissociative identity disorder vary from each of the two forms. In the possession form, the different identities are very apparent. The patient will speak and act in a manner as though someone or something has taken over their body. In the non-possession form, the different identities are not as observable. Instead, the person feels like they are watching themselves inside of a movie and that they cannot control what is going on. They feel very removed from self, and detached from their mental and physical state. They may feel as though their body is that of a small child or the opposite sex that does not belong to them. Some things such as a sudden change in a person’s attitude, opinion, or general preferences may be observable but most of the non-possession form of dissociate identity disorder is not noticeable.

Another symptom that people with dissociative identity disorder typically have is known as amnesia. This creates gaps in past personal events, lapses in dependable memory, and the discovery of evidence of things that they have said or done that they don’t remember doing and that seem unlike themselves. This may lead a person to have something in their possession that they cannot account for having, or end up in different place from where they last remember being and have no recollection of how they got there. Amnesia may be noticed by others when a person cannot remember things they have said or done, as well as things such as what their name is. There are also mental health issues that are comorbid with dissociative identity disorder. These are:

• Depression
• Mood Swings
• Anxiety
• Sleep disorders
• Eating disorders
• Suicidal thoughts and/ or self-harm.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of dissociate identity disorder usually involves different types of assessments and then looking to rule out medical conditions that could cause the symptoms. A diagnosis is made by a mental health professional after a referral is made. The three types of evaluations are physical exams, psychiatric exams, and diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5). Physical exams may be completed by a family physician. In depth questions are asked and a person’s history is reviewed. A mental health professional would complete a psychiatric exam by asking questions about thoughts, emotions, feelings and behavior and then discussing the results. The mental health professional may then compare a person’s symptoms to the criteria for the DSM-5. The DSM-5 provides the following criteria to diagnose dissociative identity disorder:

1. Two or more distinct identity or personality states are present.
2. Amnesia must occur.
3. The person must be distressed by the disorder or have trouble functioning in one or more major life areas because of the disorder.
4. The disturbance is not part of normal culture or religious practices.
5. The symptoms cannot be due to the direct psychological effects of a substance or a general medical condition.

Although having dissociative identity disorder can be detrimental to a person’s life, with time and proper treatment, it can become manageable. On the other hand, if left untreated, it can last a lifetime. Persons with this disorder should be treated by a mental health professional that has training and experience with dissociation. There are three types of treatment for dissociative identity disorder. They are:

Psychotherapy - treatment primarily consists of psychotherapy and can last for an average of five to seven years in adults. Individual therapy is the most common form as opposed to family, group, or couples’ therapy. The main goal is to integrate the separate personalities states into one personality unless the person is not ready. Psychotherapy treatment may include the following steps:

• Uncovering and mapping out the different personalities.
• Treating the traumatic memories.
• Fusing the personalities together.
• Taking a look at the new personality.

Family therapy - this is recommended to help educate the family on dissociative identity disorder and also to understand the changes that may take place as the person goes through psychotherapy.

Medications - there is no medication to treat the disorder however, there are antidepressants and anxiolytics that may help with mood disorders.

Conclusion

To conclude, dissociative identity disorder is diagnosed when two or more personalities are present in a person. There are signs and symptoms that can allow family, friends, and medical specialists to be aware that a person may have this disorder. Once diagnosed, there are treatment options available for anyone that is living with dissociative identity disorder. It is important to be educated on the topic and to know when and how to take interventions.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
Causes & Symptoms
2. Diagnosis & Treatment MethodsSupport Groups
3. Conclusion

Introduction

Epilepsy is a disease that affects the nervous system and causes the body to have seizures. Expert researchers at the Mayo Clinic (2019) tell us that it is a disease that affects the central nervous system where the activity in the brain causes a person to lose control and behave differently. This loss of control of the body is like having a seizure. According to the Epilepsy Foundation and Fisher (2014), the difference between epilepsy and common seizures is that epilepsy is the recurring action of having seizures which means a seizure is an event, but epilepsy is a disease. This disease affects every area of a person’s biological, neurological, and psychological being. This makes it difficult for those who suffer with this disease to have a normal social life because the seizures can happen at any time without any warning.

Causes & Symptoms

According to Fisher (2014), there are two things that determine if a person has epilepsy. Fisher suggests:

1. At least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring greater than 24 hours apart.
2. One unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk (at least 60%) after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years.

Diagnosis & Treatment Methods

It can sometimes be hard to determine if a person is having a seizure. It can look like a blank stare, or it can be a person twitching, or moving arms and legs uncontrollably. Doctors will test brain function for behavior, motor skills, and mental function to see if there are any abnormalities. They will also conduct blood tests for infections or genetic history to determine what is happening. If there are signs of abnormalities, then a series of other tests will be conducted to understand the cause and severity of the seizures. The most common is the EEG (electroencephalogram) where electrodes are attached to the head and brain activity is recorded. In addition, other test may be used such as a CT scan, MRI, fMRI, PET scan and SPECT to determine brain activity.

Deciding to make a diagnosis of epilepsy is not the same as deciding to treat seizures. Some people feel that they do not need medication because the seizure is considered mild and may not happen often; this is another way to avoid side effects of drugs. Some of the side effects of drugs can be fatigue, dizziness, memory problems, weight gain, skin rashes, depression, suicidal thoughts, and inflammation of organs. Treatment decisions depend on each case and is determined by a person’s doctor and the severity or frequency of the seizures. However, it takes a long time to determine if it should be called epilepsy or if it’s simply seizures. Researchers at the Mayo Clinic (2019) state that many times people outgrow epilepsy, while some cases last a lifetime. However, treatment can be medications or even surgery to control epileptic seizures for most people. Newer treatments include therapies such as vagus nerve stimulation and the keto diet. Vagus nerve stimulation is a device that is inserted under the skin and it sends small shocks to the brain similar to a defibrillator. The keto diet breaks down fats instead of carbohydrates and has implications for decreasing seizures.

Support Groups

When dealing with diseases as complicated as epilepsy it is encouraged to have strong support groups that a person can depend on. Friends and family need to understand and learn about the disease, and even join a group for people who suffer with it or who have family members that are affected by it. The more people know about it, and understand the myths about it, they can better control their own negative emotions and ignore people who have no idea of what is going on. The Epilepsy Foundation has lots of information and support groups specific to parents with children who have epilepsy, family networks, adult and teen support groups, travel assistance programs and even respite care programs and support. The idea is that providing support for the whole family unit is important for adjusting to a diagnosis, learning about medication and side effects, how to live and function well with the disease, and even support for extreme cases. People come together, listen, encourage and relate to others who have the same or similar challenges.

Mickie’s Miracle is a faith-based non-profit organization that supports pediatric epilepsy. This organization promotes awareness, education, and advocacy of epilepsy in children.

Conclusion

Epilepsy is a disease that affects boys and girls, men and women of all ages. It can last a lifetime or people who have it in childhood can outgrow it. While it is scary to watch and hard to understand because of the seizures and not being able to control the body, it can be treated through medication, surgery or therapy. Living with epilepsy can be a struggle but there are support groups available for friends and family members to be educated and supported as they help their loved ones to live a better quality of life.

Table of contents

1. Application of Fiber Optical Communication
Technology in Fiber Optical CommunicationTransmitters

Fiber optical communication is a technique of communicating from one place to another place by sending the vibration of light between an optical fiber. The light appearance an electronic magnetic convey a signal that is adjusted to convey the data. fiber is preferred over the electrical cable when huge bandwidth long distance, resistance to electromagnetic intercession are needed optical fiber is used in numerous telecommunications companies to transfer telephone signals, internet communication, and cable television signals. A scientist at Bell labs had reached to internet speeds of over 100Pb×Km per second using fiber optical communication

Application of Fiber Optical Communication

Fiber optical communication is used numerous telecommunication companies to transfer telephone signals internet communication and cable television signals. Due to abundant lower attenuation and interference, the optical fiber had possessed a large advantage over existing copper wire in long distance, high demand application, and high-resolution contents. But infrastructure evolution within the cities relatively difficult and it will take time and fiber optic system was complex and it will cost more money to install and to control. But to this difficulties, fiber optic communication system had essentially been installed in long-distance applications where they can be used to their full transmission capacity offsetting the enlarge cost. The cost fiber optical communication had stopped sustainable over 2000

The cost for rolling out the fiber to the houses had currently become more cost-effective than that the rolling out a copper-based network. Costs had reduced to $850 per subscriber in the United States and lower counters like the Netherlands.

Over 1990's when the optical amplification systems became commercially obtainable, the telecommunication production had placed a wide network of intercity and transoceanic fiber communication lines. Since 2002 an intercontinental network of 250,000Km of submarine communication cable with a capacity of 2.56Tb per second was accomplished and although particular network capacities are prosperous information telecommunications expenditures reports designated that network had developed since 2004.

Technology in Fiber Optical Communication

Present days fiber optical communication systems mostly included an optical transmitter to transform electrical signals into an optical signals to communicate through optical fiber , a cable accommodate the clump of multiple of optical fibers that are scattered through underground conduits and buildings, multiple kinds of amplifiers and an optical receiver to recover the signal as an electrical signals . The data transmitted is typically digital data created by computers, telephones systems, and cable television companies.

Transmitters

The most frequently used optical transmitters are semiconductors devises such as light emitting diodes and laser diodes. The dissimilarity between LED's and laser diodes is that LED's manufacture incoherent light. But laser diodes manufacture coherent light. In optical communications, semiconductors optical transmitters must be designed to be compact, efficient and reliable, while operating in an optimal wavelength range and directly modulated at high frequencies

In its smallest form, an LED is a forward biased pun junction, emitting light is incoherent with a relatively wide insubstantial with 30 to 60nm. LED light transmission is also ineffective, with only about 1% of input.

John Berger wrote an article entitled Ways of Seeing . In this article of his, he imposes his opinion of works of art , what constitutes a work of art. He also talks about reproductions of art. His perception of reproductions is that they pervert the original piece, and that by reproduction the beauty and value of the piece is taken away, that the piece is not the same because it does not represent anymore what the artist originally intended. I do not agree with Berger. I do not see reproductions of art to be perversions of the original, and I also do not agree with his outline for a work of art . Reproduction allows people to see something they might never have, they allow the artist to gain more exposure, whereas if there had been no reproduction, only a handful of people might have seen it. As to what a work of art is, that is something I believe to be totally up to the observer. What one may perceive to be beautiful, an opinion perhaps brought on by personal experiences, another may not see the same way.

A work of art I truly enjoy and respect is Salvador Dali s Table with Landscape . The joy of the painting for me comes from the intricacies that Dali weaves into the painting. The painting has many levels to it, a succession of realizations occur if the painting is studied long enough. When I first saw this painting, I saw a cup on a table, with a lot of scenery in the background. I do not consider myself someone who appreciates art in any particular form, so at first all I saw was a bland table with a cup on it. When I looked closer however, I began to see much more to the picture. The neck of the cup seemed to be part of a face, the mouth and nose of the face lying in the table. The scenery that I had previously disregarded as unimportant revealed itself to be much more. At the very top of the painting was a mountain landscape, and below it, mixed into the scenery, standing behind the cup on the table, was a dog! A dog? I said. Why on earth would Dali put a dog in his painting, and moreover, why would we make it such a concealed part of the painting. I did not understand at first Dali s reasoning for this strange painting, but as soon as I let go of my confusions, the painting started to make sense to me. I no longer cared what the painting had meant to Dali when he was painting it, but rather I was interested in what the painting meant to me. Perhaps this was wrong of me to totally disregard the painter s initial reason for creating the picture, but what concerned me most was the idea of the painting that was taking shape in my mind. I saw the painting as a part of my mind, seemingly one huge mass of thoughts and ideas thrown together making completely no sense. But when I looked closer, I could pick out individual parts of the painting. The parts might not have been related, but never the less they were separate. I found that my mind was the same way. It was a huge mass of ideas thrown together, but if I took the time to think, I could separate all the different things I was thinking, and individually they all made sense. This is something I would do when I am confused, if there is too much going on in my head that it seems it is all one big mess, I take the time to separate the ideas and I slowly begin to understand my situation better. When I tell people about this painting and what it means to me, they often have no idea of what I could possibly mean, but the fact that they don t understand me is inconsequential, because the painting is special to me for my own reasons, and that is what is important to me.

Before in this essay, I referred to Dali s painting as a work of art . What is a work of art ? Who determines what is or is not a work of art ? Berger talks about works of art , mainly when he refers to common paintings that most people recognize by name. Is this to imply that a piece of art has to be well known in order to be considered a work of art ? What about before these works of art were famous. They were merely canvases filled with paint, the same as they are today, yet at the time when they were produced, they were not immediately considered revolutionary and inspirational for their time. It took people to who had the means to view these paintings to give them such a distinction. Once again, I will repeat, people who had the means. The poor people of the time could not afford such luxuries to view pieces of art, so a painter obtained his praise from the high class solely, and only once the painting was famous enough to gain exposure could the lower class see it and make their own judgements, too late of course since the piece had already been dubbed a work of art and was revered. The fact that the piece was considered a work of art by one group may mean nothing to another person. This is because what one person may see to be an example of beauty in a painting, another person might have a different opinion. That is why I say a work of art is completely in the eye of the beholder, that is, art is a personal thing and we cannot expect a person to see exactly what we see, and appreciate it the same way as we may.

Berger is strongly against reproduction of art. He says it perverts the original piece and takes away from its meaning. I cannot totally disagree with Berger that the idea of art may change with other people s perceptions, but I cannot agree with him that it is necessarily a bad thing. With the reproduction comes the void of what the painting means. The artist is no longer always there to tell you what he felt when painting that specific piece. That however, is to me the beautiful part of art. Being able to interpret the painting for your own reasons is a freedom that allows us to be creative. Berger argues that this sense of understanding the painting is called mystification (Berger, 108). It is nothing less than the painting working upon us (Berger, 109). He considers the artist to be a seducer, to make us think we understand the painting. Well then, which is it, do we understand the painting or don t we? It is true that we cannot understand the painter s perspective from looking at the painting itself, but we can understand the painting for our own reasons, based on our own experiences. In the painting I described earlier, there are many possibilities as to what someone s first interpretation might be, or what would be the first thing they saw in the painting. I myself initially saw a cup on a table, but someone else might see the face in the cup first, or the dog in the background. All these reasons are because the painting means something different to each person. Also, would other people see all the aspects of the painting as I did, or would they merely see one thing surrounded by a massive amount of random items in the painting that seem to have no connection. The fact is, it does not matter. The way I interpret the painting will most probably be different from someone else s interpretation, that is because we look for different things in the painting. Our minds are stimulated in different ways. If we were not allowed to see the painting in our own light, if we were forced to see what the painter had originally intended, then our creative forces would be crippled, and our own ideas would mean nothing. In reality, our own ideas mean everything to us, they make us who we are, allow us to think freely, and draw our own conclusions.

As I said, I do not believe a work of art can be decided upon by a small group of people, because then only their points of view are considered when making the decision. Berger was entitled to his own opinion on art reproduction. His own opinion is valid purely for the fact that it is his opinion and cannot be proven wrong by anyone because a person s opinion is his or her own idea, not a true or false statement.

Works Cited

1. Berger, J. (1972). Ways of seeing. Penguin Books.
2. Folsom, C. (2005). The aesthetic appeal of art reproductions. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 63(4), 337-349.
3. Danto, A. C. (1981). The transfiguration of the commonplace: A philosophy of art. Harvard University Press.
4. Elkins, J. (2008). What painting is: How to think about oil painting using the language of alchemy. Routledge.
5. Benjamin, W. (1936). The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 5(1), 40-68.
6. Shiner, L. E. (2003). The invention of art: A cultural history. University of Chicago Press.
7. Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The story of art. Phaidon Press.
8. Arnheim, R. (2004). Art and visual perception: A psychology of the creative eye. University of California Press.
9. Derrida, J. (1987). The truth in painting. University of Chicago Press.
10. Baxandall, M. (1985). Patterns of intention: On the historical explanation of pictures. Yale University Press.

Table of contents

1. Topic analysis
2. Conclusion
3. Bibliography

Lebanon is located at the intersection of the African, Arabian, and Eurasian tectonic plates. Because of the intersection of the three plates happens here, the region has a complex history and an interesting geography. Lebanon has three major mountain ranges: Mount Lebanon, the Bekaa, and the Anti-Lebanon range. Lebanon also has a western flexure and the lower regions of the Palmyrides and the Syrian arc. These features of the region all have important geological significance.

Topic analysis

Mount Lebanon is the first of a few NNE-SSW aligned ranges (Walley, 1998). Jurassic and Cretaceous period rocks form the largest mountain range in Lebanon. Being both the largest and the closest to the coast makes Mount Lebanon a major geological feature. The range has been separated into the northern and southern zones, both of which have been useful in studying Lebanon’s geological history considering the area is hard to study and most things known about its history come from tectonic plate models (Walley, 1998).

The northern zone of Mount Lebanon is mostly over one thousand meters in elevation despite its deep-cut valleys. The range has clearly been influenced by the East-West fault zones I the immediate region of the mountain range. The southern zone of the range is closer to the shoreline and is subsequently lower in elevation. Magnetic and gravitational occurrences in this region suggest that the crust is thinner. The size of the range and proximity to the coast and populated areas leads to runoff and erosion, which is one contemporary issue the geography causes for the area (Khawlie, 2002). The erosion goes back hoistoricaly as well, the Levant margin in the Miocene period was eroded because of the evolution of the Levant Facture System combined with the continued collision of Arabian with Eurasian plates (Hawie, 2013).

In addition, the elevated basin of the Bekaa is another significant mountain range in Lebanon. This, along with the Anti-Lebanon range, are the two more inland mountain ranges, encompassing Mount Hermon at the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon range. Despite differences in age and history, both follow the same general North-South direction along East-West faults. The Bekaa is interesting because it contains more deposits from the Quaternary.

There are basically two major crustal uplifting that have happened within the past six thousand years affecting these ranges (Morhange, 2006). Elevated fossil benches between Tripoli and Beirut called the “Tabarjan” were first reported on the coast 40 years ago. These features ascribed to historical tectonic movements, lasting from the second century BC to the second or third centuries AD.

Although there is no current volcanic activity in the region, the geological makeup of these features shows there was a significant and notable amount of volcanic activity within the last ten million years. The Golan volcanism in particular seems to have died out very recently, likely within the last ten thousand years. Older volcanic artifacts can be seen existing within a significant number of Late Jurassic volcanic vents. There is a good one at Aintoura on the Dour Choueir-Zahle road.

The Western Lebanon Flexure links the region to the Israel/Palestine region along with the eastern Mediterranean region (Walley, 1998). As a feature of Mount Lebanon, the NNE–SSW monoclinal flexure zone has dips ranging between 45° to 90°. It contains both outward-dipping faults and inward-dipping high-angle reverse faults, spanning for over 100 km. There is a notable diffence on the east and west sides of the flexure: the east side carbonates show shallow-marine sediments whereas the westward side has chalkier sediments, demonstrating a historical environmental difference (Walley, 1998). The indication is clear of a basin from the Mesozic, referred to as the Lebanon hinge line.

This hinge line runs more or less along a NNE-SSW trend from eastern Sinai, around the coastline of southern Israel/Palestine. Once again we see this Jurassic and Cretaceous period development carries over into the Carmel-Sinai hinge that continues westward.

Parallelism between the present coastline, the flexure, the Mount Lebanon, Bekaa and Anti-Lebanon mesostructures, and the Yammouneh Fault strongly suggests a common control on these features. The structure is likely the early Mesozoic development leading to the opening of the Levant branch into the NeoTethyan Ocean. The structure had probably formed by end Early Miocene period based on the unconformity dated surface.

The Palmyride ranges of Syria is connected to Lebanon in Cenozoic history. The NE-SW-trending range has a max elevation at only 1385 meters and is flanked by Rutbah and Aleppo, to the south and north respectively (Wally, 4). The Palmyrides seem to correspond to Mount Hermon Massif of the Anti-Lebanon, but the exact relationship between the Palmyrides and the Lebanon geology is not clear.

The Palmyride Fold Belt can be discussed as its northern and southern zones. The southern zone is the major section, which has smaller, asymmetrical folds. The northern zone has larger folds that go as far back as the Paleozoic and Precambrian times. The Mount Lebanon Massif feeds into the northern zone through Aleppo. In how they compare to the southern section of Mount Lebanon, both are topographically lower lying with respect to their norther counter parts. A demonstrated bias in elevation happens in the northern area of the region. Sedimentary facies variations suggest this higher elevation around Mount Lebanon and the northern region existed from the Late Burdigalian period until present day (Hawie, 2013).

The quick build-up in the Mediterranean during the Early Pliocene led to deposition of deposits that added to existing structures. Likewise, the absence of such deposits or a hinge line in the southern area of the Lebanon region corelates to connections in the southern geography, providing a historical trend of development between northern and southern structures.

The Syrian arc is a fold of belts between Egypt and Sinai through the Palmyra folds of Syria (Wally, 5). The concept originally referred to the continuous northwestern facing arc but now refers to the belt of folds that as a whole is southeastern facing. It used to be thought to be a product of the Dead Sea fault, but based on the age and expansiveness of the Syrian arc, that is now widely disbelieved. Three distinct segments exist within the Syrian Arc Fold Belt: the western, central, and eastern.

The western segment is aligned NE–SW in Sinai, the central one is aligned NNE–SSW to almost N–S (a noticeable shift in curvature) in Israel/Palestine and Lebanon and the eastern segment trends NE–SW into the Palmyrides. Chronologically, the main part of the first Syrian Arc appears to have formed in early Senonian period. There is a widespread break in deposition in Israel/Palestine, which separates the Judea and Mount Scopus Groups, dated as late as the Coniacian period, making an early Senonian age seem reasonable.

In Syria the timming of deformation is still up for reasonable debate and likely post-Turonian and pre-late Maastrichtian. What is known is that the first major opening of the Euphrates Graben, believed to be related to the Palmyride compression, started in the Coniacian or Santonian time. The process of formation seems to last all the way through the late Campanian into the early Maastrichtian periods.

Understanding these issues in Lebanon is an integral part of informing our knowledge of history. For example, a palaeoseismic trench investigation exposed a complex fault zone as a potential source of the double shock earthquake of in 1956 on March 16 (Nemer, 2006). The epicenter of the 1956 earthquake is right near the prohatic fault.

Conclusion

To summarize, the geology of Lebanon is more complex than it may at first seem and is greatly influenced by a variety of faults (the African, Arabian, and Eurasian tectonic plates) that converge on the area and have created different structures over time. The Mount Lebanon, the Bekaa, and the Anti-Lebanon ranges are the parallel structures that show most of Lebanon’s geographical history and create an impact to this day.

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The Western Flexure and Syrian Arc are among other significant structures in the surrounding region. The deposits and erosions that create the highs and lows of the area goes back well into the Miocene period and beyond. A great deal of similarities are seen both laterally between parallel structures and between regional trends in north and south zones. As features are assessed, such as the Syrian Arc, there continue to be new opinions on these issues, such as the dismissal of the Dead Sea fault theory for the creation of the arc.

Bibliography

1. Hawie, Nicolas, et al. “Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of the Northern Levant Basin (Offshore Lebanon).” Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 48, 2013, pp. 392–410., doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.08.004.
2. Khawlie, M, et al. “Remote Sensing for Environmental Protection of the Eastern Mediterranean Rugged Mountainous Areas, Lebanon.” Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 57, no. 1, 2002, pp. 13–23., doi:10.1016/S0924-2716(02)00115-6.
3. Morhange, Christophe, et al. “Late Holocene Relative Sea-Level Changes in Lebanon, Eastern Mediterranean.” Marine Geology, vol. 230, no. 1, 2006, pp. 99–114., doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.04.003.
4. Nemer, Tony, and Mustapha Meghraoui. “Evidence of Coseismic Ruptures along the Roum Fault (Lebanon): A Possible Source for the Ad 1837 Earthquake.” Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 28, no. 8, 2006, pp. 1483–1495., doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.03.038.
5. Walley, C. D. (1998). Some outstanding issues in the geology of Lebanon and their importance in the tectonic evolution of the Levantine region. Tectonophysics, 298(1-3), 37–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00177-2

In this essay I am going to explain my family history. It is almost a tradition to go into the army, or into different areas related to that, like the Marines, in my family. My uncle, my mother’s father, my great grandfather, and the father before that were all in areas like this.

My great grandfather Robert William Smith Jr. was born in 1927 in Nebraska. He contributed to the second world war. The Second World War, or World War 2, was a time of great destruction. The Holocaust was going on at this time. Hitler was in power and was trying to wipe out an entire race of people, the Jews. My grandfather did not so much as battle during this time, but was an engineer for the army. He kept this job until he decided to change to a private consultant in the same field. He married my great grandmother, Mary Elda Dryer on June 19, 1953.

Mary Elda Dryer was born in Dallas, Texas in 1930, and later moved to Houston to retire with her husband. Their religion was Protestant. A Protestant is a Christian who belongs to the branch of the Christian church that separated from the Cathlic church in the sixteenth century. They were happily married and had three children Linda, Janette, and Donald Smith. Janette was the middle child, Donald being the oldest. Janette Smith, my grandmother, was born in Houston, Texas in 1957. Because these children grew up with a father was in the military, the family was always moving. The three siblings were very close because of this. They mostly grew up in Houston but they moved to New York, France, Holland, California, and then back to Texas. Janette’s religion was Assembly of God. The Assembly of God is a congregation belonging to a Pentecostal body founded in the U.S. in 1914. When she moved back to Texas she met Robby Brooks. Janette met Robby in South Houston at a pub. Robby was playing pool when Janette decided to try playing as well. They married August 9, 1979. They had three kids. Christine, Toby, and Guy Brooks.

Christine Brooks was born July 7, 1980 at The Woman’s Hospital of Texas in Houston. She spent a lot of time with her Grandmother and Great-Grandmother growing up. She was a very curious and helpful child who liked to learn When Cristine was four her mother had another baby girl. Christine was very happy to have someone to play with. Christine had a very close relationship with her sister. When she wasn’t studying she was playing Barbies with her sister, going to her grandmother’s house, or going to church every Sunday and Wednesday. When her baby brother Guy was born she was also very happy and would always stick up for him. She was very close with her brother as well, she would read him books every night. The family was a Christian family. They praised God and celebrated Christmas with their family. When Christine was a teenager she moved out of the house. By this time she met my father, John Fourmy. She had three kids with him. Sarah, Torin, and me.

Sarah was born in the late 1990’s. She grew up listening to popular artists like Demi Lovato, The Jonas Brothers, and Miley Cyrus. She now works at Dillards in Austin and lives with her boyfriend Colt and her dog Thomas. Six years after she was born, in 2003, Torin was born at the Texas Women’s Hospital in Houston. During 2003 the Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster happened. This took place on February 1st when NASA’s STS-107 mission carried seven crew members into space where they conducted scientific experiments for sixteen days. The Colunbia disintegrated while reentering the atmosphere, killing everyone on board. NASA’s space shuttle program was suspended for two years after this to investigate what happened.

I was born on June 8, 2005 at the Texas Woman’s Hospital in Houston, just like my siblings. During 2005 Hurricane Katrina was going on. Hurricane Katrina was a category 5 hurricane that on Florida and Louisiana in August 2005. It caused horrific damage, especially in the New Orleans area. Torin and I are growing up in a technologically advanced time period. In my opinion I am close with my siblings, but more so with my Torin than Sarah.

Works Cited

1. The Holocaust Encyclopedia. (2022). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved from https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/
2. Protestantism. (2023). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism
3. Janette Smith's Life Story: A Journey of Faith and Family. (n.d.). Personal memoir.
4. Assembly of God. (n.d.). ReligionFacts. Retrieved from https://www.religionfacts.com/assembly-god
5. The Woman's Hospital of Texas. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.texaschildrens.org/locations/womans-hospital-texas
6. NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster: STS-107. (2023). NASA. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/columbia/home/STS-107.html
7. Hurricane Katrina. (n.d.). National Geographic. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/hurricane-katrina/

A negotiation is an outstanding approach to problem-solving. Taking the case of the informal conference with OSHA, negotiation is paramount to ensure that the interest of the company does not conflict the working ethics. Occupation safety is essential in any organization. However, some provisions may be so high and expensive for the small companies to comply. Having negotiations with the OSHA officials is the best approach to ensure a safe working environment that does not oppress the company. Although such meeting is informal, it is important for the company to make prior preparations for the negotiations.

In the process of preparing for the negotiations, the company will be provoked to engage in research for alternatives to occupational safety. When the company presents these alternatives during the negotiation, an image of enthusiasm and concern for human safety in the workplace will be depicted. From this presentation, OSHA directors will note the company’s concern and good faith to foster human safety, hence withdrawing the perspective of ignorance. This will lead to the withdrawal of the fines to manageable sums. When the alternatives presented are bought by OSHA, the company will be in a better chance to embrace occupation safety at the least cost.

According to Menkel-Meadow (2017), creating alternatives when preparing for the negotiation will introduce new ideas in the discussion forums. The meeting is ideally on cited cases of concern, particularly the open elevator shaft and grounding prong that was removed from the extension cord. The alternatives presented will change the negotiation for a hard bargain to win partnered relationships. Instead of OSHA compelling the company to stick to the citations, the alternatives will harmonize the situation, creating a cooperative relationship between OSHA and the company with a key objective to foster occupational safety.

Preparing for the negotiation with a wide range of alternatives will make the company remain flexible. The company will not be bound to ‘take-it-or-leave-it proposition’ that may put it at a fix (Cleary, 2016). Instead, the company will engage the OSHA to a discussion centred to the manageable alternatives that the company will comfortably work on to enhance safety in work. Instead of confronting the OSHA director, or defending the company’s act of not enhancing human safety, the company will prove through negotiation that they can do it, but in a different approach. The alternatives will show how paramount safety is to a working place.

The case at hand cannot be defended. The company has already been subjected to $14,000 fine and has no room to explain why they could not conform to the OSHA provisions. The theme of the negotiation is not to prove the company's actions legitimacy, but to win a reduction or uplifting of the fine. This can only be done by giving alternative approach. Alternatively, the company could have negotiated to prove why it didn’t conform to the provisions of OSHA, which seem to challenge OSHA’s competence or expertise, simmering conflict and provoking more actions beyond the $14,000 fine.

In conclusion, negotiation stands as the best alternative to problem-solving. However, the preparation and approach to negotiation will determine its success. Coming up with alternatives is the best negotiation strategy that shows concern and interest instead of ignorance and negligence. The alternatives are tabled out to bring a solution without undermining the interest of the involved parties.

Table of contents

1. Ramadan
How is it celebrated?How is it significant?

Ramadan

One of the major Islamic celebration is Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and Muslims observe this month as the month of fasting. Fasting is considered as one of the five pillars of Islam. The month of Ramadan lasts 29 to 30 days based on the sightings of the crescent moon. Fasting is compulsory for all adult Muslims, unless they are sick, traveling, pregnant,diabetic,etc.

While fasting from dawn until sunset, Muslims avoid consuming food or drinks, smoking, and other behaviours that could be perceived as sinful like swearing or procrastination. Food and drink is served twice daily, once before dawn and once after sunset. Spiritual rewards for fasting are believed to be multiplied during the month of Ramadan.

Fasting becomes compulsory for Muslims when they reach puberty, so long as they have no disabilities or illnesses. Charity or zakat is especially important during Ramadan. Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam. Muslims are required to give a fixed percentage of their savings to the poor. As good deeds are more handsomely rewarded during the month of Ramadan. Most Muslims choose to donate most, if not all, of the money that they are obliged to give during this month. Many would also choose to give more than they are required to to maximize their spiritual rewards.

During Ramadan. Muslims are also encouraged to read the entire Quran. They go to mosques to recite a whole section, usually about 1/30 of the Quran every night, therefore the Quran would be completely recited by the end of the month.

What is Islam New Year and when is it? Islam New Year, also known as The Hijri New Year, is the day that marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year. It falls in the month of Muharram in 2015 is known to be from Wednesday, 14 October 2015 - Thursday, 12 November 2015. This began in 622 AD during which the emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra.

How is it celebrated?

Different Islamic denominations, namely Shi'a and Sunni, do different things to mark Muharram. Fasting varies among different Muslim communities. Some Muslims fast on or around the 10th day of Muharram, also known as the Day of Ashura, to mourn the death of the Prophet Muhammad's grandson, Husayn ibn Ali .In Iraq, some Shi'a Muslims make a pilgrimage to the Imam Husayn Shrine, on the site of the grave of Husayn ibn Ali. In Iran, the taziya or Condolence Theater will be performed.

How is it significant?

It is known that the tenth of Muharram was the day Allah selected to save the people of Prophet Nuh from the floods. Allah changed the circumstances of the people once they sincerely repented for their misgivings and they firmly entrenched themselves in the ways of their respective Prophets.

The above scenario is identical for the Islamic people of the present; they yearn to have their grievances alleviated and for justice and peace to be established, and thus on this day they will repent to Allah and become righteous. Without this vital step, their condition will not change and their sorrows will deepen.

Muslims uses their right hand to eat is a traditions for thousands of years. it is said by the Prophet Mohammed that one should only use his right hand to eat or drink and the left to clean themselves. However, there are exceptions, people with disabilities with their right hand are allowed to use their left hand to eat and drink and that there is no sin in do that if they are really incapable of using their right hand. The Hadith mentioned that only Satan uses his left hand to eat and drink. therefore for devoted muslims, the use of left hand to eat is strictly not allowed as it is seen as being disrespectful to their God. Apart from using the right hand to eat and drink, right hand is also largely encouraged to be used in writing and dressing. Using the right hand to eat and drink is counted as one of the muslims ethics of eating. In conclusion, the left hand according to the muslims are only used for unclean acts, like bathing and cleaning of their bodies, while right hand is used for clean acts like dressing, eating. muslims also do not use their left hand to shake people’s hands as it is counted rude to do so.